I.

OBJECTIVES
1. To familiarize the students with the different hand tools and uses.
2. To be able to make a split pattern (elbow).
3. To be trained in the shop operation.
4. To familiarize the students in different kinds of pattern.

II. METHODS/ ANALYSIS/ DISCUSSION

Split or two piece pattern is a most widely known pattern use for intricate casting of usual shapes. The pattern is split along the
parting surface, the position of which is determined by the shape of the casting. The upper part of the pattern is called a cope
and the bottom part of the pattern is called a drag, they are separated by a parting line. Split patterns can have cores, they also
have gates where the material can be poured in and it has vent holes to allow hot gases to escape during the pour.

The two halves of the pattern are held in register by pins called pattern dowels. The dowels hold the two halves of the pattern
together in close accurate register, but at the same time are free enough that the two halves can be separated easily for
moulding. The dowels are usually installed off center in such a manner that the pattern can only be put together correctly.
An elbow is installed between two lengths of pipe (or tubing) to allow a change of direction, usually at 90° or 45° angle. The
ends may be machined for butt welding, threaded or socketed. Elbows are categorized by design. The radius of a long-radius
(LR) elbow is 1.5 times the pipe diameter. In a short-radius (SR) elbow, the radius equals the pipe diameter. Ninety-, 60- and
45-degree elbows are also available.
A 90-degree elbow, also known as a "90 bend", "90 ell" or "quarter bend", attaches readily to plastic, copper, cast iron, steel
and lead and attaches to rubber with stainless-steel clamps. Available materials include silicone, rubber compounds, galvanized
steel and nylon. It is primarily used to connect hoses to valves, water pumps and deck drains. A 45-degree elbow, also known
as a "45 bend" or "45 ell", is commonly used in water-supply facilities, food, chemical and electronic industrial pipeline
networks, air-conditioning pipelines, agriculture and garden production and solar-energy facility piping.
Most elbows are available in short- or long-radius versions. Short-radius elbows have a center-to-end distance equal to
the Nominal Pipe Size (NPS) in inches, and long-radius elbows are 1.5 times the NPS in inches. Short elbows, widely available,
are typically used in pressurized systems. Long elbows are used in low-pressure gravity-fed systems and other applications
where low turbulence and minimum deposition of entrained solids are of concern. They are available in  ABS plastic, PVC, 
CPVC and copper for DWV systems, sewage and central vacuums.

III. TOOLS/ EQUIPMENT/ MATERIALS Pencil Rasps

1 pc. kiln-dried solid wood L 127 mm x W 12.7 mm x H 63.5 mm Bench Vise Half-round file
1 pc. kiln-dried solid wood L 152.4 mm x W 6.35 mm x H 38.1 mm Working Bench Flat File
180P Sandpaper
Compass Back Saw
1000CC Sandpaper
Electric Drill Press Round File Try Square
Nail Barbecue Stick Wood Glue

V. PROCEDURE
BODY
1. Prepare the tools and acquire the materials needed.
2. Carefully and accurately form the layout of the piping elbow in a L 127 mm x W 12.7 mm x H 63.5 mm kiln-dried solid wood.
3. After putting layouts, cut the wood in half using a back saw.
4. Draw the assigned markings for the dowel pins and use an electric drill press to bore a hole base on the markings.
5. Attach the dowel pins in the holes using a wood glue.
6. Draw a circle with a diameter of 1 1/4 inch on the surface of both ends of the wood.
7. Attach them together and carefully use a rasp and file to form the body of the piping elbow.
8. Use a 180P and 1000CC sandpaper to smoothen and finish the surface of the body.

CORE PRINTS
1. Prepare the tools and acquire the materials needed.
2. Layout 2 circles and 2 hexagons in the L 152.4 mm x W 6.35 mm x H 38.1 mm kiln-dried solid wood both having the diameter
or width of 1 1/4 inch.
3. Separately, cut the layout for the core prints using a back saw.
4. Carefully use the rasp and the file to form the hexagon and circle core prints.
5. Use a 180P and 1000CC sandpaper to smoothen and finish the surface and edges of the core prints.

PIPING ELBOW
1. After making the body and core prints of the piping elbow, cut the core prints in half base on the body.
2. Use a wood glue to attach them to the body, with the circle core print being the first, then the hexagonal core print.
3. Wait for them to dry before using a 1000 CC sandpaper to clean and further smoothen the piping elbow.

VI. TOPIC QUESTIONS

1.What is a plywood?
A:  A sheet material manufactured from thin layers or "plies" of wood veneer that are glued together with adjacent layers
having their wood grain rotated up to 90 degrees to one another. It is an engineered wood from the family of manufactured
boards which includes medium-density fibreboard (MDF) and particle board (chipboard).

2. Why is it important to check the layout?

A: Layouts primarily serves as guidelines, so that workers will have the necessary information to start and finish a work piece or
job. Checking your layout is important because a good work piece depends on the accurateness during the process of making
it. Another one is that through analyzing the layout you may come up with some techniques you can use to do the work piece
efficiently or shorten the process with same result or better, so a layout primarily gives the worker accuracy and efficiency
during the work.

3.What is the difference between a rip and a cross cut saw?

A: A rip cut is identified as cutting along the grain, while a cross cut is cutting a across the grain. Rip cut saws provides easy, fast
and straight cuts because it has a large saw teeth but it produces a rough kind of finish. Cross cut saws do not provide easy
cutting because it has a small teeth but it produces a finer and smoother cut finish. Basically their difference revolves around
how they are use and the number of saw teeth.

4. What is the meaning of (S2S) and (S4S) for lumber?

A: The SxS designation simply refers to how many sides have been pre-surfaced.
S2S –  The board has been run through a planer producing two flat faces, but the edges are left rough.
S4S – The board has been surfaced on both faces (S2S) and received a rip on both edges, resulting in a board with two flat and
parallel faces and two flat and parallel edges. This is the stuff you usually find for sale in the hardwood section of the big box
stores like Home Depot and Lowes.

5.When you buy a cross cut saw, what specification is needed?

A: A cross cut saw must be 1 ½ to 2 feet long with 8 to 12 teeth per inches. More tooth count makes finer cuts which is best for
dry lumber such as two by fours. And lesser tooth count makes rough cuts.

6. What do you call the opening at the bottom of the plane?

A: The opening part of a hand plane or a plane at the bottom is called the Mouth. The mouth is an opening in the bottom of
the plane down through which the blade extends, and up through which wood shavings pass.

7. What kind of saw is needed to cut curves? Give at least two.

A: There are different types of saws that can be use to cut circles, arcs, curves and many other complicated shape cuts but a
jigsaw and coping saw are two of the most common use saws in this kind of task.
Coping saws are the most common use saws use when cutting circles, arcs or curves. It has a narrow blade stretched across a U
or G-shaped frame, most often used for cutting fine external shapes and interior cut-outs.
Jigsaws uses motorized reciprocating blade to cut curves. They are great for quickly cutting curves and their saw blades can be
bend by applying pressure, thus causing your cut to be angled. 

8. What is the purpose of using a block plane?

A: Primarily, block planes are use to smoothen the surface or the edges of the wood but there are some other purpose of using
a block plane:
- used for cleaning up components to fit within fine tolerance
- use for Chamfering
- use for removing glue lines

9. What kind of tools is practically use in smoothening and shaping curve surfaces?
A: This tools are some of the following tools use in smoothing and shaping curve surfaces:
- Rasps
- Flat, Round and Half-round files
- Spokeshave
- Steel scrapper
- Coping Saw
- Drawknife

10.What is the best tool use in shaping and smoothing small and sharp curve?
A: There are a lot of different tools that can cope in creating a smooth, sharp and well-shape curve, but among the tools the
pair of a coping saw and a chisel can do the job. Cutting near or exactly on the mark using a coping saw and scraping it using
the chisel was the said process to achieve a smooth, sharp and well-shape curve.

VII. CONCLUSCION
In doing the project, I conclude that we have created a split pattern, the piping elbow. We were also able to know and learned
the functions of the piping elbow through the research that each one of us have conducted. In creating the piping elbow, we
have utilized and used the tools accurately and efficiently and we have also learned more applications of these tools through
the demonstration of our instructor. All in all, we have accomplished the given task with all of us having gained knowledge
about creating a split pattern through making a piping elbow and we have gained another experienced in another wood
working activity.

VIII. RECOMMENDATIONS
For those who will perform this project, I recommend that you utilize each of your skills and knowledge about the wood
working tools you have experienced before. Communication is very important, among your group mates and with your
instructor. I recommend some advice when constructing the piping elbow, make sure your layout for the body of the piping
elbow is accurate and be careful in using the rasp when making the core prints. Having the mindset of giving your best to finish
the work and make it presentable as much as possible is the best technique you can use to compensate for the lack of skill.
IX. REFERENCE
 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piping_and_plumbing_fitting
 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plywood
 http://woodworking.stackexchange.com/questions/307/what-is-the-difference-between-a-rip-cut-and-a-cross-cut
 http://www.thewoodwhisperer.com/articles/s2s-and-s4s-what-gives/
 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plane_(tool)#Parts
 http://www.doityourself.com/stry/how-to-cut-curves-in-wood
 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Block_plane
 http://www.progressivegardening.com/farm-shop/use-of-modeling-or-forming-tools-shaping-curved-and-irregular-
surfaces.html
 http://www.popularwoodworking.com/article/coping-with-curves