Baztan Et Al 2018 - Fate and Impact of Microplastics PDF

MICRO 2018
Fate and Impact of Microplastics:

Knowledge, Actions and Solutions.
conference proceedings
Baztan J., Bergmann M., Carrasco A., Fossi C., Jorgensen B., Miguelez A., Pahl S., Thompson R.C., Vanderlinden J-P.
ISBN 978-84-09-06477-9
To correctly cite this book:
Baztan J., Bergmann M., Carrasco A., Fossi C., Jorgensen B., Miguelez A., Pahl S., Thompson R.C., Vanderlinden J-P.
(Eds.) 2018, MICRO 2018. Fate and Impact of Microplastics: Knowledge, Actions and Solutions. 414 pp. MSFS-RBLZ.
ISBN 978-84-09-06477-9 . CC-BY-NC-SA.
MICRO* is a biannual international conference;
a collaborative process coordinated by the scientific community to share between colleagues and connect with society.
MICRO 2018 is hosted by: Cabildo de Lanzarote, UVSQ, Plymouth University, AWI, Cornell University, Università di
Siena and Marine Sciences For Society.
MICRO 2018 is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
Under the patronage of UNESCO

Organizing Board, Scientific and Artistic Committee *
Reserva de la Biosfera de Lanzarote, Cabildo de Lanzarote: Ana Carrasco, Aquilino Miguelez.
Université de Versailles, CEARC: Juan Baztan, Mateo Cordier, Jean-Paul Vanderlinden.
Plymouth University: Sabine Pahl, Richard Thompson.
CNRS: Thierry Huck, Ika Paul-Pont, Philippe Soudant.
Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya: Didac Ferrer-Balas, Agustín Sánchez-Arcilla.
Instituto Español de Oceanografía: Salud Deudero, Jesús Gago, Lucía Viñas.
IRD: Christophe Maes, Elodie Martinez.
Technical University of Denmark : Nanna Hartmann.
ISOE : Carolin Völker.
ULPGC : Ana Liria, Tania Montoto.
NTNU : Martin Wagner.
CSIC : Joaquim Garrabou.
UNAM : Ana-Carolina Ruiz.
IFREMER: François Galgani, Arnaud Huvet.
Université de Moncton: Omer Chouinard, Céline Surette, Julie Forgues.
Universidad de Cádiz : Andrés Cozar.
ILVO : Johan Robbens.
National Institute of Chemistry: Andrej Krzan.
Cornell University: Marianne Krasny, Bethany Jorgensen.
Université Libre de Bruxelles: Didier Peeters.
Alfred Wegener Institute: Melanie Bergmann, Gunnar Gerdts, Lars Gutow.
Plymouth Marine Laboratory: Matthew Cole, Pennie Lindeque.
Université du Maine: Fabienne Lagarde.
Universidade Federal de Pernambuco: Monica Ferreira-da-Costa.
Università degli Studi di Siena: Cristina Fossi.
SINTEF: Andy Booth.
Latvijas Universitate: Raimonds Ernsteins.
IOW : Juliana-A. Ivar-do-Sul, Matthias Labrenz, Sonja Oberbeckmann.
FCT MARE: Paula Sobral, Maria-Helena Costa.
Universidad de Vigo: Ricardo Beiras.
Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research: Annika Jahnke.
VLIZ: Lisa Devriese.
UNEP: Steve Fletcher, Heidi Savelli-Soderberg.
UNESCO MaB: Miguel Clüsener-Godt.
Université de Moncton: Julie Forgues *
Fragmenta Malta: Bettina Hutschek *
Le théâtre du Grain: Lionel Jaffrès *
i
MICRO 2018, Fate and Impact of Microplastics: Knowledge, Actions and Solutions. Lanzarote, 19-23 November 2018.
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________
Contents
Organizing Board, Scientific and Artistic Committee *..................................................................i
Oral presentations, by day and panel.............................................................................................23
November 19th.............................................................................................................................24
November 19th – Plenary 1: 10h - 12h (El Cabildo).................................................................24
Degradation of Polyolefin Plastics Under Marine Exposure Conditions..................................24
Clean Coast: project for the study and management of oceanic waste in the Peninsula de
Guanahacabibes Biosphere Reserve, Cuba...............................................................................24
Do antifouling paint particles pose a risk to sediment-dwelling biota?....................................25
Global Plastic Waste Fluxes from Coastal and Riverine Sources Doubled between 1990 and
2015...........................................................................................................................................26
Use of the risk assessment paradigm to organise and prioritize microplastic research needs. .27
Understanding the effects of the plastic additive Bisphenol A (BPA) on estuarine food webs 28
November 19th – Plenary 2: 14h30 - 17h (Arrecife Gran Hotel)............................................29
Are there microplastics in drinking water? – A study on microplastics occurrence at different
water treatment plants, Central Europe region..........................................................................29
Accumulation of plastic debris and associated contaminants in aquatic food webs.................30
What about us? Effects of nano- and microplastics on human immune cells...........................30
Occurrence of Microplastics in Commercial Seafood from Korea and Human Exposure.......31
Investigating the presence of microplastic in Danish drinking water.......................................32
Development of a jet pump based microplastic sampling system for freshwaters...................33
High Concentrations of Microplastics in the Bed Sediments of the Rhine River.....................34
A methodology to characterize macroplastic dynamics in rivers..............................................35
November 20th.............................................................................................................................36
November 20th – Panel 5.1: 8h30 - 10h (AGH), Panel chaired by Mateo Cordier................36
OC-TECH: PROTECTING THE MARINE ENVIRONMENT THROUGH INNOVATION.36
The Plastics Manufacturers efforts to prevent marine litter......................................................37
Acute need of Legal Framework for management of marine debris and Microplastics in India
...................................................................................................................................................38
Development of a novel technological approach for the reduction of microplastic pollution in
seawater desalination plants and for sea salt extraction............................................................38
Treatment stage effect on microplastic abundance and fate during passage through a tertiary
wastewater treatment plant........................................................................................................39
Understanding the retention of nanoplastics at rock and mineral surfaces...............................40
November 20th – Panel 5.2: 8h30 - 10h (EC), Panel chaired by Pennie Lindeque................42
From the sewer to the sea - microplastic transport and fate in freshwater systems..................42
Microplastics going Dutch: A systems approach to understand microplastics measured in
riverine surface waters and sediments.......................................................................................43
Laboratory and numerical testing of transport mechanisms of microplastics in rivers............44
Numerical modelling of microplastic transport in Weser estuary and Wadden Sea.................45
Giving value to plastic bottles: an effective solution for the top ocean polluter.......................46
Plastic input from the Seine River into the oceans: first results from the MacroPLAST project
...................................................................................................................................................47
November 20th – Panel 6.1: 10h30 - 12h30 (AGH), Panel chaired by Juliana-A. Ivar-do-Sul.
.......................................................................................................................................................48
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Microplastic pollution of the Akyatan Beach one of the most important sea turtle nesting area
at NE Mediterranean Coasts of Turkey.....................................................................................48
Marine litter monitoring in the Neva Bay (Baltic Sea): first results.........................................48
Microplastics pollution on the beaches at the northern Black Sea coast during the monitoring
of beaches sediments in 2016–2018..........................................................................................49
Accumulation of microplastics on sandy beaches of Mediterranean islands as an effect of
tourism......................................................................................................................................50
Microplastic pollution on Gran Canaria island beaches...........................................................51
Quantity and type of plastics in the beaches of the region of Murcia (SE Spain): towards a
monitoring of marine litter in the marine spatial planning.......................................................52
The french approach for msfd beach microplastic monitoring : presentation and first results.53
November 20th – Panel 6.2: 10h30 - 12h30 (EC), Panel chaired by Martin Wagner............54
Effects of microplastics presence on different developmental stages in invertebrate species. .54
The impact of microplastic ingestion on the behaviour of the Common Periwinkle Littorina
littorea.......................................................................................................................................55
Food quality and microplastics alter feeding behavior and digestive enzyme activities in
marine isopods..........................................................................................................................56
Do synthetic and natural microparticles cause similar cellular effects in marine invertebrates?
...................................................................................................................................................56
Zebrafish exposure to high-density polyethylene and polystyrene microplastics: effects on
liver transcriptome and gastrointestinal histology....................................................................57
Bioaccumulation and gut microbiome response in the great pond snail Lymnaea stagnalis
exposed to PBDEs in the presence and absence of nylon microplastics...................................58
TROPHIC TRANSFER OF MICROPLASTICS FROM COPEPODS TO
PLANKTIVOROUS AND THEIR IMPACTS.........................................................................59
November 20th – Panel 7.1: 14h - 15h30 (AGH), Panel chaired by Tania Montoto..............61
PHOTHOCHEMICAL FRAGMENTATION OF FRESHWATER (MICRO)PLASTICS
UNDER UV IRRADIATIONS.................................................................................................61
Influence of environment and polymer morphology on fragmentation and production of
micro/nanoplastics....................................................................................................................62
Characterization of nanoplastic aggregation as a function of temperature and ionic strength. 63
Photodegradation of PE small microplastics : erosion vs fragmentation..................................64
Woven metal filter media for microplastics sampling from water............................................65
An unexplored type of microplastics revealing a neglected way of plastic fragmentation found
in the beaches of Hong Kong....................................................................................................65
November 20th – Panel 7.2: 14h - 15h30 (EC), Panel chaired by Bethany Jorgensen..........67
Freshwater plastic pollution: recognizing research biases and identifying knowledge gaps....67
Sampling microplastics in turbulent rivers using a stationary net from a bridge: what should
be the sampling duration? How many samples are needed to reduce bias?..............................68
Evaluating citizen science as a technique for spatial analysis in freshwater ecosystems: A case
study in the Ottawa River watershed, Canada..........................................................................69
Microplastic pollution in the River Trent UK, and the use of EASYLIFT to optimise
microplastic recovery................................................................................................................70
Effectiveness of distinct methods for isolation of microplastics in freshwater systems...........71
Toward automated plastic detection in rivers............................................................................72
November 20th – Panel 8.1: 15h45 - 17h30 (AGH), Panel chaired by Matthew Cole...........73
Impacts and implications of plastic adhesion to corals surface................................................73
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Bioavailability and ingestion of microplastic by zooplankton in the natural environment......73

Mechanisms and effects of microplastic ingestion by planktivorous fish................................74
Novel methods for the determination of microplastic in sediment and biota from the
Norwegian continental shelf.....................................................................................................75
Gastropod pedal mucus facilitates uptake of microplastics by marine periwinkles.................76
Are sea squirts playing a role in the transportation of marine plastics?....................................76
Microalgae as Microplastics Bioflocculators............................................................................77
Does heat stress increase the susceptibility of marine bivalves to microplastic pollution?......78
November 20th – Panel 8.2: 15h45 - 17h30 (EC), Panel chaired by Melanie Bergmann......80
The role of vertical mixing on the global distribution of near-surface microplastic................80
How do different physical processes affect the pathways of floating microplastic? The Parcels
Lagrangian Ocean analysis framework.....................................................................................81
A large scale mesocosm approach to simulate chemical and biological effects of microplastics
in a high-plastic ocean...............................................................................................................82
MODELING PLASTIC WASTE FLOWS IN THE MEDITERRANEAN ENVIRONMENT:
A SOURCE TO SINK APPROACH.........................................................................................83
Numerical Model Simulation to improve the understanding of Micro-Plastics Debris in
marine environments: sensitivity of microplastics fate to particles physical properties and
behaviour...................................................................................................................................84
Laboratory experiments and numerical modelling of plastic particles beaching......................85
Why does floating microplastic accumulate in the subtropical gyre of the North Atlantic
Ocean?.......................................................................................................................................86
Tracking nanoplastics in aquatic organisms at environmentally realistic concentrations.........87
November 20th, JPI Oceans panels, Microplastics Projects Joint Final Meeting (AGH).....88
November 21st..............................................................................................................................93
November 21st – Panel 10.1: 8h30 - 10h (AGH), Panel chaired by Paula Sobral..................93
Microplastic distribution in coastal waters...............................................................................93
Spatio-temporal monitoring of coastal marine plastics.............................................................94
From coastal to oceanic micro-meso and macroplastics in the SE Bay of Biscay...................94
Microplastics in the Sea Surface Microlayer in Southampton Water, UK................................95
Distribution of microlitter in a gradient from a city to sea to identify main sources................96
November 21st – Panel 10.2: 8h30 - 10h (AGH), Panel chaired by Jesús Gago.....................98
Can a microbial community be artificially evolved to degrade plastic?...................................98
A deeper look into the biodegradation of micro-plastics through metabolomics approach......99
Beyond oil degradation: Enzymatic potential of Alcanivorax strain to degrade other natural
and synthetic polymers............................................................................................................100
Can biodegradable plastic contribute to the mitigation of marine plastic pollution?.............101
The determination of half-life of biodegradable polymers in the marine environment..........102
Nanoparticles produced from the degradation of biodegradable microplastic severely affect
aquatic microorganisms..........................................................................................................103
November 21st – Panel 10.3: 8h30 - 10h (AGH), Panel chaired by Gunnar Gerdts............104
Effects of nylon microplastic on development and energy reserves in coldwater copepods..104
Microplastics prevail at all ocean depths of the HAUSGARTEN observatory (Arctic).........105
An investigation of microplastic contamination in the Arctic Central Basin..........................106
Blown to the North? Microplastic in snow fallen out from the atmosphere of Europe and the
Arctic.......................................................................................................................................107
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May waterborne polyethylene affect gilthead sea bream eggs hatching and hatchlings survival,
by inducing changes in lipid metabolism?..............................................................................108
November 21st – Panel 11.1: 10h30 - 12h30 (AGH), Chaired by Juliana-A. Ivar-do-Sul and
Jesús Gago..................................................................................................................................110
Microplastic release by Wastewater Treatment Plants and study on ecotoxicological effects
induced by virgin microbeads on zebra mussel Dreissena polymorpha.................................110
Sources of microplastics pollution into the marine environment: importance of wastewater
treatment plant and coastal dump............................................................................................111
Microplastic dynamics in agricultural systems: Insights from Spanish and Canadian case
studies......................................................................................................................................112
Synthetic fibers affecting soil animals - soil animals affecting synthetic fibers.....................112
Microplastics in urban stormwaters – designing a method to evaluate the microplastic
discharges via stormwaters......................................................................................................113
Industrial compost as an important source of microplastics...................................................114
Release of synthetic microplastic fibres from domestic washing machines: Effects of fabric
type and washing conditions...................................................................................................115
Shipyards: a source of microplastic and micro-paint particles spreading to the marine
environment.............................................................................................................................115
November 21st – Panel 11.2: 10h30 - 12h30 (AGH), Panel chaired by Salud Deudero.......117
Sampling microplastics –a comparative study of a manta trawl and a filtering pump...........117
Distribution of microplastics in the mixed layer; results from the Volvo Ocean Race...........117
Microplastics at the first 200 meters of the water column in the Atlantic Ocean...................118
Floating microplastics in the Western Mediterranean Sea and their export by marine
aggregates................................................................................................................................119
PLASTICS AND EPIPLASTIC COMMUNITIES IN SURFACE WATERS OF THE SOUTH
ATLANTIC AND AUSTRAL OCEANS................................................................................120
Monitoring plastic pollution in the Azores Archipelago: from surface down to the deep
seafloor and in biota................................................................................................................121
Spatial distribution of microplastics in North Sea surface waters and sediments...................122
Tracing microplastic pollution in the Atlantic Ocean.............................................................123
November 21st – Panel 11.3: 10h30 – 12h30 (AGH), Panel chaired by Lisa Devriese........124
Development of a Py-GC/MS method and its application to identify marine microplastics..124
ADVANCES IN HIGH THROUGHPUT ANALYSIS OF MICROPLASTICS....................124
Freshwater compartments: Screening method for polymer identification and mass contents of
microplastic particles using TED-GC-MS..............................................................................125
Solvent extraction combined with Py-GCMS: A fast tool for microplastics analysis?...........126
Identification of microplastic particles and fibers using vibrational spectroscopy coupled to
multivariate analysis...............................................................................................................127
Deep Learning vs Classical Computer Vision Techniques for Microplastics Classification. .128
Microplastics identification and quantification with Py-GCMS – an improved method for
reliable weight related data.....................................................................................................129
Identification and characterization of biocidal microlitter particles from leisure boat and
commercial ship antifouling paint, using correlative microscopy (LM and SEM-EDS)........130
November 21st – Panel 12.1: 14h30 - 16h (AGH), Panel chaired by Annika Jahnke..........132
Microplastics in marine sediments of the Mississippi River delta (Gulf of Mexico).............132
Concentrations and morphology of microplastic in the Seine River estuary..........................133
Microplastics in sediments from stormwater retention ponds................................................134
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Process controls on microplastic recontamination in fluvial sediments due to flooding........135

Microplastic particles in the Ebro Delta, Spain: occurrence, composition and sources.........136
Assessing microplastic abundance and distribution in the surface waters of the Mondego river
estuary (Portugal)....................................................................................................................137
November 21st – Panel 12.2: 14h30 - 16h (AGH), Panel chaired by TBD............................138
MICROFIBER INGESTION IN OTARIIDS ALONG CHILEAN AND PERUVIAN COAST:
A POSSIBLE SENTINEL OF BIOMAGNIFICATION?.......................................................138
A STOCHASTIC MATRIX POPULATION MODEL REVEAL SUBTLE, BUT
IMPORTANT, POPULATION-LEVEL EFFECTS, OF THE ENTANGLEMENT WITH
MACROPLASTICS IN A SOUTHERN FUR SEAL POPULATION FROM NORTH
PATAGONIA, CHILE.............................................................................................................139
Marine plastic pollution in the Southern Ocean......................................................................140
Microplastic Pollution in the Southern Ocean........................................................................141
Beyond 62◦S: Plastic litter on the coasts of King George Island, Antarctica.........................141
Plastic pollution around Antarctica – preliminary results from the Antarctic Circumnavigation
Expedition (ACE)...................................................................................................................142
November 21st – Panel 12.3: 14h30 - 16h (AGH), Panel chaired by Paula Sobral..............144
Microplastic pollution in upstream river catchments..............................................................144
An opportunistic monitoring approach for the evaluation of surface plastic debris pollution in
Western Mediterranean Sea, Iberian Coasts and Macaronesia...............................................144
Citizen Observatories to reduce and identify marine plastic pollution loads..........................145
Aerial detection of plastic pollution in the marine environment using a novel, hyperspectral
infrared camera on a UAV.......................................................................................................146
Experiences and potentiality of a continuous microplastic sampler: performance onboard
opportunity vessels to increase oceanic sampling efforts.......................................................147
Microplastics in European Fleur de Sel and Sea Salts – a qualitative and mass-quantitative
geographic comparison...........................................................................................................148
November 21st – Panel 13.1: 16h30 - 18h30 (AGH), Panel chaired by Gunnar Gerdts......150
Analytical approach for the identification and quantification of microplastic particles in
aquatic samples by a combination of particle analysis with FTIR and Raman microscopy...150
Optimising the Workflow for Microplastic Analysis by FTIR Microscopy...........................151
Measuring the sub 10 Jm fraction - Microplastic analysis of particles < 10 Jm using JFTIR
imaging....................................................................................................................................151
nano-FTIR - from defined to environmental (nano)plastic samples.......................................152
Comparison of J-ATR-FTIR spectroscopy and py-GCMS as identification tools for
microplastic particles and fibers isolated from river sediments..............................................153
The use of spiked samples for the validation of microplastic recovery and analysis methods:
density separation, enzymatic purification and FTIR analysis...............................................154
A freeware tool for the manufacturer independent analysis of microplastics allowing the
automated analysis of FTIR imaging data..............................................................................155
November 21st – Panel 13.2: 16h30 – 18h30 (AGH), Panel chaired by Lars Gutow...........156
First data on plastic litter ingested by seabirds in the Bay of Biscay......................................156
Double trouble in the South Pacific subtropical gyre: Increased plastic ingestion by fish in the
oceanic accumulation zone.....................................................................................................157
Ingestion of plastic by fish: a comparison of Thames Estuary and Firth of Clyde populations
.................................................................................................................................................158
Microplastic monitoring in the Orkney Islands, Scotland......................................................158
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DISTRIBUTION AND BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF MICROPLASTICS IN MARINE

ORGANISMS FROM THE ADRIATIC SEA........................................................................159
Long-term community effects of nano- and microplastics on freshwater benthic
macroinvertebrates..................................................................................................................160
From Science to Solutions: Investigating the Impacts of Marine Litter on the Galapagos
Marine Foodweb.....................................................................................................................160
Microplastics in small coastal and off-shore fishes in the Baltic Sea.....................................161
November 21st – Panel 13.3: 16h30 - 18h30 (AGH), Panel chaired by Andy Booth...........163
A standard protocol for the assessment of microplastics toxicity using planktonic marine
organisms................................................................................................................................163
ADSORPTION OF MERCURY TO MICROPLASTICS AND VECTORIZATION TO
MARINE ORGANISMS........................................................................................................164
Are microplastics facilitating the accumulation of organic pollutants in benthic bivalves?...165
Microplastics as vectors of organic contaminants in the marine environment.......................166
Plastics debris as organic pollutants vector between littoral areas and the sea.......................167
Comparison of sorption capacity of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) on plastic resin
pellets from different origins using a quick sorption method.................................................168
Effects of Leachates from Weathered Microplastic in Cell-Based Bioassays........................169
November 22nd..........................................................................................................................170
November 22nd – Panel 15.1: 8h30 - 10h (AGH), Panel chaired by TBD............................170
Trace nanoplastic and microplastic fiber analysis in wastewaters and activated sludge:
synthesis and utility of metal doped plastics...........................................................................170
A NOVEL MICROPLASTIC EXTRACTION TECHNIQUE FOR THE DETECTION OF
MICROPLASTICS IN THE LIVER, BLOOD AND FILLET OF EUROPEAN SEA BASS,
DICENTRARCHUS LABRAX..............................................................................................171
New methodologies to collect and analyse micro-debris ingested by loggerhead turtle (Caretta
caretta).....................................................................................................................................172
Comparison of chemical extraction and microwave-assisted digestion techniques for metal
desorption from plastic pellets by ICP-MS.............................................................................173
Fingerprinting of chemicals released from plastic polymers by UV-light..............................174
November 22nd – Panel 15.2: 8h30 - 10h (AGH), Panel chaired by TBD............................175
Inter-annual monitoring of microplastics in marine intertidal sediments of the Firth of Forth
.................................................................................................................................................175
THE CONTRIBUTION OF AQUACULTURE INDUSTRY IN THE GLOBAL MARINE
MICROPLASTICS POLLUTION: FIRST RECORD OF LEVELS AND DISTRIBUTION IN
COASTAL SEDIMENTS COLLECTED NEAR A PRODUCTION SITE IN THE SOUTH
WEST OF NORWAY..............................................................................................................176
Fast and manageable determination of the microplastics in the sediment..............................177
Sediment trapping – A method for monitoring microplastic litter influx in aquatic sediments
.................................................................................................................................................178
The First Occurrence, Spatial Distribution and Characteristics of Microplastic Particles in
Sediments from Banten Bay, Indonesia: Potential Impact for Benthic-Pelagic Coupling Food
Web.........................................................................................................................................179
Combining hydrodynamic modelling-based sampling with FPA-JFTIR-Imaging automated
analysis: first evidence of microplastic pollution in the sediments of the Limfjord (Denmark)
.................................................................................................................................................180
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November 22nd – Panel 16.1: 10h30' - 12h30' (AGH), Panel chaired by François Galgani.
.....................................................................................................................................................181
Microplastics in the deep: an assessment from the Rockall Trough, Northeast Atlantic Ocean
.................................................................................................................................................181
The imprint of microplastics from textiles in southern European deep seas..........................182
Microplastic occurrence and distribution from discharge points to deep basins in an urban
model fjord..............................................................................................................................183
The role of bioturbation in distributing secondary microplastics in soft marine sediments...184
Assessing the overlap between plastics in seafloor habitats and ingested in species.............184
Current data does not confirm that deep sea sediments are the final sink for all microplastics.
A meta-analysis.......................................................................................................................185
Do microplastics in marine sediments affect inbenthic organisms?.......................................186
Tracing microplastics in aquatic environments based on sediment analogies........................187
November 22nd – Panel 16.2: 10h30' - 12h30' (AGH), Panel chaired by TBD....................188
A holistic approach to address plastic pollution on a local scale - The Roskilde Fjord case..188
University Freshmen’s Conceptions about Microplastics in Aquatic Ecosystems.................188
Principe Island UNESCO Biosphere Reserve - Towards a plastic free Island in 2020..........189
”OceanWise - Promoting social change”................................................................................190
“Less Plastic more Mediterranean”: a Research and Awareness campaign in the
Mediterranean Sea...................................................................................................................191
A social-ecological framework tackling plastic pollution.......................................................192
Plastic in the Environment – Sources, Sinks, Solutions.........................................................193
Putting the ‘Work’ back into Workshop – the EPHEMARE stakeholder workshop on
microplastics in the marine environment................................................................................194
November 22nd – Panel 17.1: 14h30 - 16h (AGH),
Panel chaired by Julie Forgues, Bettina Hutschek and Lionel Jaffrès.................................195
Communicating Plastic Pollution through Art........................................................................195
Simple Visuals = Powerful Messages = Real Change............................................................195
Marine Plastic Pollution in the Media: A Survey on German Daily Newspapers 2007 – 2017
.................................................................................................................................................196
Telling stories about (micro)plastic pollution: Media images, public perceptions and social
change.....................................................................................................................................197
Marine Debris: art, science and education to awaken environmental values.........................198
Consumer responses to single-use packaging.........................................................................199
Microplastics and Medusae – Expeditions into H2O. Art as a “mastic medium” to foster the
interdisciplinary exchange on plastic pollution of aquatic environments...............................200
November 22nd – Panel 17.2: 14h30 - 16h (AGH), Panel chaired by Arnaud Huvet..........201
Microplastics: an unexplored journey inside zebrafish embryos............................................201
Differential effects of pollutant-spiked microplastics on two model fish, zebrafish and marine
medaka....................................................................................................................................202
Contamination of the ichtyofauna by the microplastics in the catches of some species in the
southern Cameroon coast........................................................................................................203
Effects of small-sized plastics in marine organisms: mussels and fish...................................204
Physiological consequences of chronic exposure of marine medaka to microplastics...........205
Investigating marine litter in remote Arctic Islands................................................................206
November 22nd – Panel 18.1: 16h30 - 18h30 (AGH), Panel chaired by Tania Montoto.....207
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LITTERBASE: An Online Portal for Marine Litter and Microplastics and Their Impacts for
Marine Life.............................................................................................................................207
Lessons from the past: Using Machine Learning to mine the literature for past observations of
marine litter.............................................................................................................................208
Sustained ocean observations of marine plastic contaminants as an essential component of the
Global Ocean Observing System............................................................................................209
Plastic pollution from a Civic Ecology perspective: A Lanzarote case study.........................210
From the Plastics Strategy to microplastics: the policy framework........................................210
REACH Restriction on intentional uses of microplastics.......................................................211
Identification and Quantification of Microfibers and Microparticles via Automated Analysis
.................................................................................................................................................212
Future scenarios of global plastic waste production and disposal..........................................213
November 22nd – Panel 18.2: 16h30 - 18h30 (AGH), Panel chaired by Ricardo Beiras.....214
A long term exposure experiment tests the effects of irregular and spherical microplastics on
juvenile blue mussels Mytilus edulis......................................................................................214
Differential responses between two marine bivalves to environmentally relevant
concentrations of microplastics...............................................................................................215
Effects of exposure to microplastics alone and with adsorbed benzo(a)pyrene on marine
mussels M. galloprovincialis at cell, tissue and physiological levels.....................................216
Furthering the dynamic uptake model for virgin microplastics: application to the blue mussel
(Mytilus edulis).......................................................................................................................217
Physiological effects of small micro- and nanoparticles - A comprehensive review..............218
Mytilus spp. as sentinel species for marine water-borne microplastic pollution; a case study
from the Norwegian environment...........................................................................................218
Transfer of microplastics from the water column to sediments by the suspension- feeder
Mytilus galloprovincialis........................................................................................................219
November 23rd...........................................................................................................................221
November 23rd – Panel 20.1: 8h30' – 10h (AGH), Panel chaired by Carolin Völker..........221
Speculative ecologies: How to deal yet unpredictable effects of microplastics in the ocean
from a social science perspective?..........................................................................................221
Reducing and eliminating plastic waste via change in social behaviour................................222
Ecological risk assessment of microplastics in the marine environment................................223
Risk perception of microplastics. An explorative study identifying aspects potentially
influential in risk perception of microplastics.........................................................................223
A risk in the making – discussions on microplastics in science, media and public................224
“An invisible threat” – Representations of microplastics in the German media.....................225
November 23rd – Panel 20.2: 8h30' – 10h (AGH), Panel chaired by TBD...........................227
Recycled low-density polyethylene and tyre rubber cause erratic behaviour, oxidative stress
and mortality in brackish water copepod Limnocalanus macrurus in laboratory experiments
.................................................................................................................................................227
Microplastics alter feeding selectivity and faecal density in the copepod Calanus
helgolandicus..........................................................................................................................228
Microplastic Ingestion by Calanoid Copepods in the SE Black Sea......................................229
Microplastic properties and environmental conditions influence PAH sorption and
bioavailability to copepods.....................................................................................................229
Benchmarking the uptake and excretion dynamics of microplastics in the marine copepod
Calanus finmarchicus..............................................................................................................230
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Are fish that live in different zones reliable indicators of microplastic pollution?.................231
November 23rd – Panel 21.1: 10h30' - 12h30' (AGH), Panel chaired by Martin Wagner.. 233
Bioavailability of microplastic to marine zooplankton: effect of shape and infochemicals...233
The translocation of microplastics to lipid droplets of Daphnia magna is an artefact............234
Effects of low density polyethylene microplastics contaminated with PFOS on Daphnia
magna......................................................................................................................................235
Effect of chemical and biological ageing on polyethylene and the subsequent toxicity in D.
magna......................................................................................................................................235
Microplastics-Daphnia interactions: importance of surfactant...............................................236
Exposure to conventional but not biodegradable microplastics decreases fitness in Daphnia
magna......................................................................................................................................237
Towards improved predictions of dispersal of weathering microplastics in the aquatic
environment by numerical modelling.....................................................................................238
Microplastics Disrupting the Biological Pump?.....................................................................239
November 23rd – Panel 21.2: 10h30' – 12h30' (AGH), Panel chaired by Gunnar Gerdts..240
Microplastics concentrations in freshwater during a flood event, a case study of the Seine
river catchment........................................................................................................................240
Seasonal Patterns of Microplastic Occurence and Affiliated Bacterial Communities............241
Characterization of microplastics from sea turtles (Caretta caretta) stranded along the
northern adriatic sea................................................................................................................242
Dissolved organic carbon leaching from plastics stimulates microbial activity in the ocean.243
Plastic intake in mediterranean sea birds................................................................................243
Evaluating the effect of plastics on marine microbial communities.......................................244
Microplastic presence in loggerhead turtles (Caretta caretta) stranded in Gran Canaria Island.
.................................................................................................................................................245
COLONIZATION OF MICROPLASTICS AND TRANSFORMATION OF SORBED PCBs
BY A MARINE MICROBIAL COMMUNITY......................................................................246
November 23rd – Panel 22.1: 14h30' – 16h30' (AGH), Panel chaired by Arnaud Huvet.. .248
Nanoplastics exposures to gametes and embryos affect larval development of oyster..........248
Eat microplastics, die early? Do microplastics lead to higher mortality of barnacle larvae...249
Physiological responses of Crassostrea virginica larvae exposed to microplastics................249
Assessing effects of microplastics’ ingestion in fish: from innate immune responses and
intestinal barrier function to hepatic stress..............................................................................250
Do chemicals transfer to or from microplastics in the gut?....................................................251
Effects of polystyrene microplastics in different life stages of brown trout (Salmo trutta f.
fario)........................................................................................................................................252
Assessing the impact of environmental microplastics in fish using cell line, embryos, larvae
and juvenile.............................................................................................................................253
A mid-scale temporal and spatial analysis of microplastic ingestion in the deep-water red
shrimp Aristeus antennatus.....................................................................................................254
November 23rd – Panel 22.2: 14h30' – 16h30' (AGH), Panel chaired by Carolin Völker.. 256
Riverine macroplastics in Jakarta............................................................................................256
Microplastic prevalence in benthic macroinvertebrates: preliminary evidence of microplastic
particles among primary consumers in a lotic environment...................................................257
(Micro)plastics in Sediment and Water Samples of the Rivers Elbe and Lahn, Germany.....258
Spatio-temporal distribution of microplastics in water and sediments of a southern european
river (Antu ̃a river, Portugal)...................................................................................................259
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Microplastics in two contrasted rivers discharging into the Northwestern Mediterranean Sea
.................................................................................................................................................260
Microplastics in the Italian lakes: main results of two monitoring years...............................261
Microplastics monitoring in water bodies of the North-West of Russia.................................261
Posters..............................................................................................................................................263
Microplastics distribution in surface waters in the Western Mediterranean Sea....................264
Microplastics in sea water of Cienfuegos bay, Cuba..............................................................265
Osteotoxic effects of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons adsorbed to microplastics..............265
On the representativeness of bulk water samples versus manta sampling in microplastic
analysis....................................................................................................................................266
Microplastics in the municipal wastewater treatment plants at Turkey: Comparison of the
influent and secondary effluent concentrations.......................................................................267
Distribution of microplastics along the Scottish coastline using standardized sampling and
extraction methods..................................................................................................................268
Antifouling paint particles in coastal and estuarine ecosystems.............................................269
Who bit it? A field guide to bite marks on plastic pollution...................................................270
Is Phytoplankton dying to tell us its Nanoplastic story?.........................................................270
Evaluation of various digestion protocols within microplastic sample processing concerning
their efficiency of organic matter destruction and the resistance of different polymers.........271
First assessment of driving factors for microplastic pollution within the Lake Tollense
catchment................................................................................................................................272
Exploring the impact of microplastic on the Humboldt large marine ecosystem...................273
Can oysters be used as “passive samplers” for microplastics?...............................................274
Macro- and microplastics in sediments from Lake Tollense, Germany..................................275
Correlations between the small scaled microplastic pollution and grain size distribution of
beach sediments on the Isle of Rügen, Baltic Sea, Germany..................................................276
The impact of polystyrene microplastic on physiological activities of Calanus helgolandicus
in the Marmara Sea.................................................................................................................277
Biomacromolecules and bioplastics from fish waste for high added value applications........278
Spatial analysis and prediction of microplastics concentrations using geostatistics and
optimization............................................................................................................................278
The OceanWise European project...........................................................................................279
Plastic fluxes toward the oceans, contribution of the Schelde River (Belgium).....................280
The Baltic Sea in the microplastic research map: a model from sources to sinks..................281
PAEs level in European sea bass Dicentrarchus labrax experimentally exposed to PVC
microplastics...........................................................................................................................282
Review on microplastic studies in Brazilian aquatic ecosystems...........................................283
Hanging by a fibre: the risk of sample contamination by airborne plastic fibres...................284
Microplastic particles in atmospheric deposition of the metropolitan area of Hamburg,
Germany..................................................................................................................................284
Marine Microplastic: Realistic test materials for laboratory studies of ecosystem impacts...285
Thermoanalytical methods for the optimisation of microplastic detection in freshwater
sediment samples....................................................................................................................286
Subletal effect of cadmium in Donax trunculus (mollusca, bivalvia): Variation in vitellogenin
rates during the exposure and depuration period....................................................................287
Introducing quality criteria for the analysis of microplastic in biota samples........................288
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Study of Microplastic formation: Accelerated degradation of polyamide 6 in thermal and

hygrothermal environment......................................................................................................288
Macro-plastic occurrence and flows in large European rivers draining the Mediterranean Sea:
the Rhône (France)..................................................................................................................289
Microplastic pollution in aquatic environments of Estonia....................................................290
Litter rim of the Baltic Sea coast: monitoring, impact, and remediation................................291
MICROPLASTICS IN THE MARINE ENVIRONMENT: IMPLICATIONS ON
COMMERCIALLY IMPORTANT FISH AND INVERTEBRATE SPECIES OF THE
EASTERN AEGEAN SEA.....................................................................................................292
Variations in phtalates concentration present in fin whales (Balaenoptera physalus), gray
whales (Eschrichtius robustus) and humpback whales (Megaptera novaeangliae) in Mexican
Pacific......................................................................................................................................293
Modeling approach of micro- and nanoplastics in aqueous and cell environments...............294
Ingestion of plastic debris (Macro and micro) by longnose lancetfish (Alepisaurus ferox) in
the North Atlantic Ocean.........................................................................................................294
Influence of solar radiation and plastic type on the bacterial community composition of
plastic’s biofilm in the North Adriatic Sea..............................................................................295
Characterisation of microplastics (floating and ingested by mussels) in the harbor of Marseille
(French Western Mediterranean).............................................................................................296
Actions of a marine natural Park in France to reduce impact of marine debris and
microplastics in Iroise sea.......................................................................................................297
The microplastic abundance in surface water increases and the size of plastic particles
decreases near urban wastewater and stormwater sources in Lake Kallavesi, Finland..........298
Perception and consumption of plastic: A case study to provide research priority.................299
Impacts of microplastics on the duckweed Lemna minor and potential trophic transfer to the
amphipod Gammarus pulex....................................................................................................300
Microplastics in wild mussels (Mytilus sp.) from the north coast of Spain: Comparison
between digestive treatments..................................................................................................301
Cross-border assessment of microplastics in seafood and salt................................................302
Narrative role playing - a science multiplication tool- at the AWI school lab OPENSEA on
Helgoland................................................................................................................................303
A “green” analytical approach for the detection of plastic organic additives and related
compounds in marine organisms.............................................................................................303
Ingestion, Depuration and Translocation Kinetics of Microplastics in Blue Mussels (Mytilus
edulis)......................................................................................................................................304
Microplastics as a vector for exposure to hydrophobic organic chemicals in fish; a comparison
of two polymers and silica particles, using three different model compounds.......................305
Exposure to Polystyrene microbeads induced behavioural changes in Daphnia magna........306
Studying (micro)plastics in sediments of Lake Biel, Switzerland..........................................307
IMPACT OF RECOVERED MARINE DEBRIS: ECOTOXICOLOGICAL ANALYSIS
USING MARINE ZOOPLANKTON.....................................................................................308
Assessment of polystyrene uptake by analytical pyrolysis and relationships with physiological
responses in the Mediterranean mussel, Mytilus galloprovincialis........................................309
Microplastic ingestion in fish larvae in the western English Channel....................................310
Reporting on Microplastic in the Marine Environment: Does Coverage in German Print
Media meet the Standards of Quality Journalism?.................................................................310
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Compost - a potential source of microplastics: amount, source and composition of plastic

materials in feedstock organic wastes.....................................................................................311
Comparison of one-time spiking, multiple spiking and dialysis tubing methods for the
determination of plastic-water partition coefficient of one polycyclic hydrocarbons on
microplastic.............................................................................................................................312
Investigating tyre-road wear particles as contributors to microplastic waste.........................313
Abundance and composition of floating marine macro litter on the eastern sector of the
Polystyrene microplastics did not affect body growth and swimming activity in Xenopus
laevis tadpoles.........................................................................................................................315
Importance of micro and nano-plastics characterization to assess biodegradation processes.
.................................................................................................................................................315
Standardised Protocol for Monitoring Microplastics in Sediments........................................316
A comparison of new and conventional methods for isolating microplastics ingested by fish
.................................................................................................................................................317
Plastic debris in Posidonia oceanica egagropiles in coastal waters........................................318
Sub-lethal and embryo-toxicological effects of chrysene-loaded microplastics on the
Mediterranean mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis....................................................................319
Marine litter, a threat to biodiversity conservation in the Santa Luzia Marine Reserve.........320
Praia limpa é a minha praia: An environmental project to reduce plastics and microplastics in
marine and coastal environments............................................................................................321
Preliminary study on microplastic assessment in the digestive system of marine mammals and
turtles found stranded on Samos Island, Eastern Aegean Sea.................................................321
Dynamics of floating marine debris in the northern Iberian waters: A model approach........322
The relevance of particle characterization for microplastic particles (MP) in the environment
.................................................................................................................................................323
Multimedia modeling of nano- and microplastics in the environment...................................324
Microplastics in the Belgian Part of the North Sea: Spatial variability and ingestion by benthic
biota.........................................................................................................................................325
Fish, bivalves and polychaeta: microplastics ingestion in Portuguese Coastal waters...........326
Unravelling the pathogenic potential of microplastics in the Weser estuary (Germany)........327
Plastics in the beach sands of the Baltic Sea: Can some “background contamination” be
defined?...................................................................................................................................327
The Marine Plastic Microbiome: Microbial Colonization of Polymer Surfaces in the Arctic
Marine Environment...............................................................................................................328
Microplastics off Italian Coasts: A Comparison between Water Sampling Techniques.........329
Assessment of semi-persistent and emerging pollutants in microplastics on four Canary
Islands beaches........................................................................................................................330
The retention time of microplastics in barnacle naupliar larvae.............................................331
Do polystyrene microplastic particles modulate the toxicity of pesticides? Mortality and
biochemical responses of the snail Marisa cornuarietis and the non-biting midge Chironomus
riparius....................................................................................................................................332
Pollution of Algerian coastal marine ecosystems by plastic waste.........................................333
The Plastic-Seine research program: Integrated approach of microplastic fate and effects in
the Seine estuary.....................................................................................................................333
Microplastics in Galway Bay: Preliminary results..................................................................334
Snow as a route of microplastics from urban areas to sea......................................................335
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Assessment of the Trojan horse effect using PAH-contaminated polystyrene microplastics:

sorption studies and responses of adult zebrafish...................................................................336
Microplastics in freshwater: surface water, sediments and benthos – a review......................337
Numerical tracking of debris from a shipping containers spill in the East coast of Australia 338
Bioavailability of microplastic in laboratory exposure studies: What are we exposing to?...339
Toxicity of microplastic fibres and their role as a source of emerging pollutants..................340
Detection, characterization and removal of microplastics in wastewater treatment plants:
Conventional vs innovative process........................................................................................341
Impact of microplastics on phytoplankton..............................................................................342
The molecular effect of polystyrene microplastics in marine copepod Tigriopus japonicus..343
Bioavailability of benzo[a]pyrene transferred via microplastics to early life-stages of fish
through experimental trophic food chains...............................................................................343
Identification and environmental evaluation of compounds migrated from polymers in marine
medium biodegradation studies..............................................................................................344
Review of existing monitoring programs for marine litter in the Mediterranean Sea............345
Is Mullus barbatus a good bioindicator of microplastic marine pollution? Spatial and temporal
comparison of microplastic occurrence in the NW Mediterranean........................................346
Microplastic retention in a Danish storm water pond.............................................................347
Pilot study on possible micro plastic occurrence in marine mammals from German waters. 348
Biodegradability of pristine and weathered car tire particles and their individual components
.................................................................................................................................................349
Have your say: What are the risks of microplastics?..............................................................350
Adsorption of natural organic matter on microplastic and its effect on dispersion stability. .350
Microplastic at Slovenian beaches: Study repeated................................................................351
Do micoplastics induce oxidative stress in marine invertebrates?..........................................352
Combined effects of microplastics and gold nanoparticles on the marine microalgae
Tetraselmis chuii.....................................................................................................................353
May polyethylene microplastics affect ephyrae jellyfish survival and behaviour?................353
Biological Effects of virgin and weathered Microplastic Particles and their Leachates.........354
Microplastics in benthic, pelagic and demersal species along the North Sea coastline of
Schleswig-Holstein, Germany................................................................................................355
Microplastics in the Marine Environment and Biota of Israeli Coastal Waters......................356
Uptake of differently sized microplastics in gut passage by different species of Daphnia.....357
Exposure to microplastic: ingestion/egestion rates and behavioural impact on Solea solea. .358
Preliminary results of plastic pollution analysis in the White, Barents and Kara Seas..........359
How to get rid of ingested microplastic fibers? A demonstration by the shrimp Palaemon
varians.....................................................................................................................................359
Microplastics in cosmetics in the italian market: an overview...............................................360
In vitro effects of polyethylene microplastics on primary cultures and cell lines of fish.......361
Monitoring litter inputs from a river to the marine environment: Presence, diversity and
seasonal trends in two beaches located close to its mouth......................................................362
Microplastic prevalence in the River Weser...........................................................................363
Fate and Transport of Particulate Plastics in a Pilot Scale Wastewater Treatment Plant
(WWTP)..................................................................................................................................364
Toxicological effects of Solea senegalensis larvae after exposure to PCB contaminated
microplastics...........................................................................................................................365
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Exposure of juvenile turbot (Scophthalmus maximus) to contaminated microplastic diet:

Oxidative stress biomarkers, erythrocytic nuclear abnormalities and histopathological effects.
.................................................................................................................................................366
Evaluation of a microplastic sediment separator in the context of MSFD beach microplastic
monitoring...............................................................................................................................367
Adsorption rate study of persistent organic pollutants in function of physical and chemical
degradation of marine microplastics.......................................................................................368
Microplastics ingestion by deep-water catsharks Galeus melastomus and Scyliorhinus
canicula (Chondrichthyes) in the Tyrrhenian sea (Western Mediterranean Sea)....................369
The sorption potential of 9 pharmaceuticals on the surface of microplastics.........................370
Swimming behaviour as a new endpoint to assess microplastic effects on marine invertebrates
.................................................................................................................................................370
Microplastic marine pollution: European policy needs..........................................................371
Numerical modelling of plastic movement in coastal regions................................................372
Microplastics in freshwater systems ( southeast Poland) - preliminary results......................373
Three-dimensional numerical simulation of microplastics dispersal from point sources in the
Baltic Sea region.....................................................................................................................374
Tracking plastic incorporation into biogeochemical cycles....................................................375
Citizen science: a useful tool for both microplastic research and environmental engagement
.................................................................................................................................................375
Microplastics in polychaetes from the Norwegian continental shelf. Methods for
determination and preliminary results from analysis..............................................................376
Another top predator in the list: microplastics in Mediterranean Monk Seals.......................377
Textual synthetic fibres from machine washing and tumble drying: emissions and their
reduction..................................................................................................................................377
Antioxidant and immune status of European sea bass after ingestion, combined or separately,
of polyethylene microplastics and oxybenzone......................................................................378
Developing baseline for future research on microplastic contamination in urban waters of
Gujarat, through rapid evaluation of major water bodies in Ahmedabad...............................379
Exploring public views on the issue of microplastics in relation to the recent government
imposed plastic ban in western part of India: Perceived causes, perception of stakeholders and
the degree of change in the understanding of the issue...........................................................380
Occurrence and identification of small plastic litter in Algerian beaches...............................381
Performance of bio-degradable plastic in the marine environment........................................382
Microplastics presence in Fuerteventura beaches (Cofete and Gran Tarajal).........................383
Detecting microplastics pollution in world oceans using radar satellites...............................384
Exposure of polystyrene microplastics on +0 juvenile Sparus aurata: An assessment on
ingestion and fatty acid metabolism........................................................................................385
Isolation of Plastisphere phototrophs and a look at the early stage plastic colonisation in the
Characteristics of conventional and bio-based polymers during sewage sludge treatment....386
Are drifting microplastics entry vectors of alien species in the Canary Islands?...................387
Are microplastics vehicles of bacteria or virus pathogens for marine bivalves?....................388
Nanofragmentation of polyethylene and polystyrene macro-plastics under simulated
environmental weathering (thermooxidation and hydrodynamic turbulence)........................389
Evaluation of systems for reduction of fibre emissions from washing machines...................390
Plastics in freshwater dams with human impacts: microbial colonization and distribution...391
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Microplastic load from different land-based sources and reflection in abundances in coastal
waters and sediment in the eastern Baltic Sea........................................................................392
Plastic litters from the coastal inlets of the northeastern Sea of Marmara: Awareness and some
misapplications........................................................................................................................392
Object detection for microplastic using deep learning on microscopic images......................393
Macro and Micro(plastics) in the Environment of Some French Rivers................................394
Comparison of microplastic content in digestive tracts of two marine vertebrate species in the
Mediterranean: loggerhead turtles (Caretta caretta) and striped dolphins (Stenella
coeruleoalba)...........................................................................................................................394
Marine bacteria colonize and enrich on plastic pellets...........................................................395
CRISS project: an opportunity to integrate marine litter and micro plastics problematic within
interdisciplinary projects, while working Digital Competence in the school.........................396
A protocol to successfully extract DNA from different polymers to investigate microbial
diversity and the capacity of polymers to spread harmful marine micro-organisms..............397
Comparative weathering of the nine polymers that constitute the 'Baseman's Kit'................398
A Comparison between chemical and enzymatic digestion for the analysis of microplastics in
plankton...................................................................................................................................399
Direct determination of antimony in microplastics by ultrasonic slurry sampling and
electrothermal atomization atomic absorption spectrometry..................................................400
The use of Polysorbate 20 as an ”optimizer” component in the alkaline digestion of fatty fish
digestive tract for microplastic extraction...............................................................................401
The use of Polysorbate 20 as an ”optimizer” component in the alkaline digestion of fatty fish
digestive tract for microplastic extraction...............................................................................402
Chronic effects of polystyrene microplastics on two crayfish species...................................403
Marine plastic pollution as a planetary boundary threat – The drifting piece in the
sustainability puzzle................................................................................................................404
Bisphenol A and its effect on photoautrophic and heterotrophic organisms...........................404
Bisphenol A as an environmental pollutant with genotoxic effect on human lymphocytes. . .405
Impact of microplastics alone or with adsorbed oil compounds from the water accommodated
fraction of a North Sea crude oil on marine mussels Mytilus galloprovincialis.....................406
Microplastics in the Portuguese coastal waters.......................................................................407
Individual and mixture exposures of polyethylene, polypropylene and polystyrene micro- and
nanoplastics to freshwater microbial communities.................................................................407
List of participants.......................................................................................................................410
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Please find below the “Where and When” for the week; the conference programme in a nutshell.
8h30, Registration Desk in el Cabildo

El Cabildo 9h30, Inauguration Act
10h-12h, Plenary 1 in el Cabildo
Monday Nov. 19th
13h, Registration Desk in Arrecife Gran Hotel
Arrecife Gran Hotel 13h-14h30, Set Up Posters
14h30-19h, Plenary 2 and Posters in Arrecife Gran Hotel
8h30-17h30, Panels 5.1, 6.1, 7.1, 8.1 and posters
9h-17h, JPI Oceans Microplastics Projects

Joint Final Meeting
Arrecife Gran Hotel 18h-19h15, Science for Policy:
Tuesday Nov. 20th
TG Marine Litter Position Paper
19h15, Presentation 2nd JPI Oceans joint call on microplastics

19h30 Cocktail
El Cabildo 8h30-17h30, Panels 5.2, 6.2, 7.2 and 8.2
8h30-18h.30, Panels 10.1, 11.1, 12.1, 13.1 and posters

Wednesday Nov. 21st Arrecife Gran Hotel
19h, Daily Highlights
19h30-20h30, Public Keynote and Film

Arrecife Gran Hotel
Thursday Nov. 22nd 19h-20h, Public Keynote
El Cabildo
20h, Concert and cocktail
8h30-17h, Panels 20.1, 21.1, 22.1 and posters

Friday Nov. 23 rd
Arrecife Gran Hotel 8h30-17h, Panels 20.2, 21.2, 22.2 and posters
17h, Closing Event
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November 19th: 8h30 Registration desk in el Cabildo de Lanzarote.

November 19th: 9h30 Official Welcome.
Posters displayed from 19 to 23 November in the Arrecife Gran Hotel.
Oral presentations, length 15' max.
Keynotes and public discussions:

18h-19h15, Tuesday Nov. 20th
Science for Policy:
Marine Strategy Framework Directive - Technical Group Marine Litter Position Paper, Georg Hanke, JRC.
Panel Discussion :Andy Booth, Francesco Regoli, Annika Jahnke, Gunnar Gerdts and TG Marine Litter
Representatives.
19h30-20h30, Wednesday Nov. 21st

The Megafauna and microplastics tale: Evidence and future development, 25’ talk by Maria Cristina Fossi.
Plastic Is Forever, a 19' film by Dylan D'haeze.
Public discussion.
19h-20h, Thursday Nov. 22nd

Marine Litter: Are there solutions to this global environmental problem?, talk by Richard Thompson.
Public discussion.
Concert.
November 23rd 17h, Closing Event...

...see you at MICRO 2020 !
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Oral presentations, by day and panel
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November 19th
November 19th – Plenary 1: 10h - 12h (El Cabildo)
Degradation of Polyolefin Plastics Under Marine

Exposure Conditions
Anthony Andrady ∗ 1, Kara Lavender-Law , Giora Proskurowski , Jessica Donohue
1 University of North Carolina at Wilmington – College Street, Wilmington, NC 28403, United States
Solar UV-B radiation and temperature are well known to be the key agents of degradation of
plastics debris in the marine environment. In this study a laboratory accelerated weathering
experiment was carried out on polyethylene (LDPA and HDPE), polypropylene (PP) and a
photodegradable ethylene copolymer commonly used in degradable packaging applications.
Exposures were carried out with samples in air and floating in sea water and the progress of
degradqation was assessed by changes in mechanical integrity, surface cracking and spectral
changes indicative of oxidation of the polymers. The data shows that loss in mechanical integrity of
the plastics exposed in seawater cannot be explained solely by classical mechanisms of oxidative
scission of polymer chains. potential changes in crystallinity afforded by the swelling of plastics in
water. The efficacy of the photodegradable technology based on ethylene-carbon monoxide
copolymers for plastics exposed while floating in seawater will be demonstrated. The implications
of these results, especially those on the photodegradable copolymer, on the fragmentation of litter
into mesoscale and nanoscale plastics will also be discussed.
Keywords: Degradation, Seawater, oxidation
∗Speaker
Clean Coast: project for the study and management of

oceanic waste in the Peninsula de Guanahacabibes
Biosphere Reserve, Cuba.
Lázaro Márquez Govea ∗ 1, Odismarlyn Blanco Blanco 2
1 Peninsula de Guanahacabibes Biosphere Reserve – Cuba 2 Pinar del Rio University – Cuba
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The Peninsula de Guanahacabibes Biosphere Reserve is the only Antillean island territory with
coasts in the Caribbean Sea and in the Gulf of Mexico. This unique geographic location conditions
the richness and diversity of its biota, but also causes it to be bordered by a complex system of
intense marine currents that annually transport tons of waste, mainly plastics, to its coasts. This
phenomenon causes serious environmental damage with incalculable effects on biodiversity and
affects the tourist activities in the area by reducing the attractiveness of beaches and coastal areas.
The Clean Coast project is an initiative based on citizen participation that aims to determine the
volume of oceanic waste that is arriving at the biosphere reserve, clean the coasts and use the waste.
For the evaluation of the waste volume, 5 stations were established in the south coast, in which plots
of variable area were defined according to the site. The cleaning of beaches is done through manual
collection with the support of university and pre-university students and residents of local
communities. The collected waste is classified and weighed by types and used for different uses. The
project includes an educational component focused on raising awareness among citizens and
training volunteers through conferences, workshops and practical training. As a result, large sectors
of the coastal zone have been cleaned, a considerable volume of waste has been collected, mainly
plastics, which are used for recycling and in the manufacture of utilitarian objects. The
environmental awareness of young people and of the population and local authorities has been
increased.
Keywords: oceanic waste, plastics, biodiversity, local communities
∗Speaker
Do antifouling paint particles pose a risk to sediment-

dwelling biota?
Matthew Cole ∗† 1, Christina Muller-Karanassos 1,2, William Arundel 1,2, Thomas
Vance 1, Andrew Turner
1 Plymouth Marine Laboratory – United Kingdom 2 Plymouth University – United Kingdom
Exposure to microplastics has been shown to incite sub-lethal health effects and affect feeding,
growth and reproduction in marine invertebrates. Antifouling paints are widely applied to ships,
pontoons and buoys to prevent the growth of fouling organisms; these biocidal paints contain high
concentrations of metals (e.g. copper and zinc) that are toxic to microalgae and microorganisms, or
fluorocarbons that prevent the adherence of fouling organisms. Mechanical damage, weathering and
maintenance can all contribute to the environmental release and accumulation of ‘antifouling paint
particles’ (APPs) in estuarine sediments. Owing to their high metal content, we hypothesise that
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APPs will pose a significant health risk to marine life. In this study, we investigated the risk
microplastics and APPs present to the health of benthic invertebrates. Toxicity studies were
conducted using the ragworm Hediste diversicolor and the common cockle Cerastoderma edule
exposed to clean (i.e. controls) and APP-contaminated sediments for up to 28 days. Toxicity was
measured through the use of sub-lethal (e.g. metallothionein upregulation), behavioural and apical
(e.g. growth, survival) endpoints. Our studies elucidate the risks microplastics containing high
concentrations of metals pose to the health of estuarine and coastal biota.
Keywords: paints, microplastics, ecotoxicology
∗Speaker †Corresponding author: mcol@pml.ac.uk
Global Plastic Waste Fluxes from Coastal and

Riverine Sources Doubled between 1990 and 2015
Kevin Lang ∗† 1,2, Meike Vogt 2, Charlotte Laufkötter 1,3
1 Climate and Environmental Physics – University of Bern, Sidlerstrasse 5, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland 2
Environmental Physics Group, Institute for Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics – ETH Zürich, Universitätsstrasse
16, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland 3 Oeschger Centre for Climate Change Research – Zähringerstrasse 25, CH-3012 Bern,
Switzerland
Marine plastic pollution is an increasing global concern, as plastic particles are found ev-
erywhere in the ocean and pose various threats to marine life. First estimates quantify the
contemporary coastal or riverine plastic input at the country-level, but little is known about the
spatio-temporal distribution of its sources and sinks at the global scale. We use machine-learning
algorithms to estimate the global plastic input from coastal sources and riverine input for the years
1990-2015 on a 0.1x0.1◦grid. Using neural-network and random- forest models, we predict the
waste generation per country from socio-economic factors such as population density or GDP. We
then apply population size, waste management and composition, as well as distance-based
probabilities of land and river transport to derive the plastic flux to the ocean (figure 1).
Additionally, the effect of several waste management practise scenarios on plastic fluxes and the
sensitivity of the waste production models to parameter choices are assessed. Using a Lagrangian
particle-simulator driven by geostrophic current data we determine the fate of the floating marine
plastic debris for each scenario.
In line with previous findings, predicted global plastic input increased from 3.5Mt in 1990 to
7.9Mt in 2015 with 88% and 12% entering via coasts and rivers respectively in 2015. While the five
countries with the highest modelled plastic input accounted for 55% of the global input in 2015,
their fraction was only 43% in 1990 and the top eight countries account for 54%. Our models also
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suggest an increasing impact in several African and East-Asian countries in the time period
observed while European and Northern-American countries generally show a decrease. Our results
show the temporal and spatial development of marine plastic debris generation and the influence of
the socio-economic factors. This helps to assess where possible measures to reduce plastic pollution
will be most effective.
Keywords: oceanic plastic input, modelling
∗Speaker †Corresponding author: langk@student.ethz.ch
Use of the risk assessment paradigm to organise and

prioritize microplastic research needs
Albert Koelmans ∗ 1, Ellen Besseling , Noël Diepens 2, Merel Kooi , Svenja
Mintenig 3,4, Nur Hazimah Mohamed Nor 5, Paula Redondo Hasselerharm 6
1 Aquatic Ecology and Water Quality Management, Department of Environmental Science, Wageningen University
Research Centre – P.O. Box 47, 6700 AA Wageningen, Netherlands 2 Wageningen University (WUR) – Netherlands 3
KWR Watercycle Research Institute – Netherlands 4 Copernicus Institute of Sustainable Development, Utrecht
University – Netherlands 5 Aquatic Ecology and Water Quality Management, Department of Environmental Science,
Wageningen University Research Centre – P.O. Box 47, 6700 AA Wageningen, Netherlands 6 Aquatic Ecology and
Water Quality Management Group, Wageningen University (WUR) – P.O. Box 47, 6700 AA Wageningen, Netherlands
Researcher and media alarms have caused plastic debris to be perceived as a major threat to
humans and animals. However, although the waste of plastic in the environment is clearly
undesirable for aesthetic and economic reasons, the actual environmental risks of different plastics
and their associated chemicals remain largely unknown. Understanding the behaviour and ecological
risks of plastic debris in the environment is a crucial prerequisite for finding feasible solutions. We
analyse the problem using a systematic risk assessment approach. We show how a systematic
assessment of adverse outcome pathways based on ecologically relevant metrics for exposure and
effect can bring risk assessment within reach. This implies assessing and predicting environmental
concentrations (PECs) and ecologically relevant effect thresholds (LOECs), in order to be able to
quantitatively characterise risk. To increase ecological relevance, effect assessment includes the use
of Species Sensitivity distributions (SSD). Mechanistic modelling approaches are used to (a) allow
interpolation between experimental and field data that otherwise remain fragmentary and patchy,
and (b) extrapolate to domains where measurement is not yet possible, like the future or inaccessible
parts of the oceans. Model studies are complemented with experimental and field data to verify
trends and mechanisms that emerge from first principles. In the presentation a systems analytical
view on behaviour and effects of plastic debris and a provisional yet full ecological risk assessment
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will be provided. Results of such an assessment will help to respond to the current public worry in a
balanced way and allow policy makers to take measures for scientifically sound reasons.
Keywords: exposure, effects, environmental modeling, risk assessment
∗Speaker
Understanding the effects of the plastic additive

Bisphenol A (BPA) on estuarine food webs
Irene Martins ∗† 1, Joana Soares 1, Teresa Neuparth 1, Carlos Antunes 1, Miguel
Santos 1
1 CIIMAR- Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto – Novo Edifício do
Terminal do Porto de Leix ̃oes, Av. General Norton de Matos S/N, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal, Portugal
Bisphenol A (BPA) is a synthetic phenol extensively used in food packaging materials, dental
sealants, medical devices and other human-consumption products. Consequently, exposure to BPA
is ubiquitous via ingestion, inhalation, and dermal contact. On the last decades, numerous studies
have linked BPA to diseases such as cancer, diabetes, obesity, and various disorders in the
reproductive, neuronal, immune, and cardiovascular systems. Nowadays manufacturers are
switching away from BPA-based consumer plastics and using various ”BPA-free” alternatives (BPA
substitutes, such as Bisphenol S- BPS), yet bisphenols are found at relatively high concentrations
in rivers, lakes and estuaries worldwide. On the other hand, it is known that BPA properties (e.g.
leaching) can change with temperature. Evidence exists for transfer and uptake of plastic additives
by marine organisms, where contamination may occur via natural pathways (i.e. waterborne or
foodborne exposure) or via ingestion of plastic debris including MP. Here, we use a calibrated
ecosystem-model from a temperate estuary to understand and project potential effects of BPA on
estuarine food webs, particularly, under scenarios of climate change. Concentrations of BPA
measured in estuaries are used to force the model, as well as temperature oscillations according to
IPCC scenarios for temperate latitudes. We discuss the effects of BPA at the trophic-group level and
at the whole-system level and analyse potential interactions with temperature rise. Preliminary
simulations highlight the need for further data on ecotoxicological parameters of the various trophic
levels encompassing estuarine food webs.
Keywords: BPA, Plastic additive, estuary, ecosystem, model
∗Speaker †Corresponding author: imartins@ciimar.up.pt
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November 19th – Plenary 2: 14h30 - 17h (Arrecife

Gran Hotel)
Are there microplastics in drinking water? – A study
on microplastics occurrence at different water
treatment plants, Central Europe region.
Kateˇrina Novotná ∗ 1,2, Lenka cermáková 1,3, Martin Pivokonský† 1
1 Institute of Hydrodynamics of the Czech Academy of Sciences – Pod Paˇtankou 30/5, 16612 Prague 6, Czech Republic
2 Department of Water Technology and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Environmental Technology, University
of Chemistry and Technology, Prague – Technická 5, 16628 Prague 6, Czech Republic 3 Institute for Environmental
Studies, Faculty of Science, Charles University – Benátská 2, 12801 Prague 2, Czech Republic
The study examined the occurrence of microplastics (MPs) in raw and treated drinking water
obtained from different water treatment plants (WTPs) located within urban areas of the Czech
Republic, Central Europe. Three WTPs (WTP1-3) supplied by diverse kinds of water bodies and
applying distinct treatment technologies were selected. A substantial content of MPs was
determined in all samples, i.e. 1473 ± 34, 1812 ± 35 and 3605 ± 497 particles/L in raw water of
WTP1, WTP2 and WTP3, respectively, and 443 ± 10, 338 ± 76 and 628 ± 28 particles/L, resp., in
treated water. Although the number of MPs was always significantly lower (by 83% on average) in
treated than in raw water, considerable amounts of microplastics remained unremoved. Besides the
quantification of MPs, they were also characterized in terms of their size, shape and material
composition. Microplastics down to 1 im were determined and divided into five size classes (1-5 im;
5-10 im; 10-50 im; 50-100 im; > 100 im), as shown in Figure 1. The MPs belonging to the first
category (1-5 im) prevailed, comprising approximately 40-60% in raw water and 25-60% in treated
water, and in general, the vast majority was smaller than 10 im (up to 95%). Concerning the shape
of microplastics, fragments were the most plentiful in WTP1 and WTP2 raw water, while fragments
together with fibres predominated in the case of WTP3. Similar pattern was observed for treated
water samples, except for an increase in fibres proportion at WTP3, which might indicate their less
efficient removability by the employed technology. Further, 12 different materials forming the MPs
were identified, while PET (polyethylene terephthalate), PP (polypropylene) and PE (polyethylene)
particles were the most abundant. These results contribute to fill the knowledge gap regarding the
emerging microplastic pollution related to drinking water supply.
Keywords: Central Europe, drinking water sources, microplastics, plastic contamination, water
∗Speaker †Corresponding author: pivo@ih.cas.cz
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Accumulation of plastic debris and associated

contaminants in aquatic food webs
Noël Diepens ∗ 1, Albert Koelmans 2
1 Wageningen University (WUR) – Netherlands 2 Wageningen University (WUR) – Droevendaalsesteeg 4, 6708 PB
Wageningen, Netherlands
Hydrophobic Organic Contaminants (HOCs) are known to biomagnify in marine food webs.
However, the extent to which microplastics accumulate in food webs and how this influences the
uptake of HOCs remains unclear. We present a generic theoretical model (MICROWEB) that
simulates the transfer of microplastics and hydrophobic organic chemicals (HOC) in food webs. We
implemented the model for an Arctic case comprised of nine species including Atlantic cod, with
polar bear as top predator. We used the model to examine the effect of plastic ingestion on trophic
transfer of microplastics and persistent HOCs (PCBs) and metabolizable HOCs (PAHs), spanning a
wide range of hydrophobicities. In a scenario where HOCs in plastic and water are at equilibrium,
PCBs biomagnify less when more microplastic is ingested, because PCBs biomagnify less well
from ingested plastic than from regular food. In contrast, PAH biomagnify more when more
microplastic is ingested, because plastic reduces the fraction of PAH available for metabolisation.
We also explore non-equilibrium scenarios representative of additives that are leaching out, as well
as sorbing HOCs, quantitatively showing how the above trends are strengthened and weakened,
respectively. The observed patterns were not very sensitive to modifications in the structure of the
food web. The model can be used as a tool to assess prospective risks of exposure to microplastics
and complex HOC mixtures for any food web, including those with relevance for human health.
Keywords: marine plastic debris, contaminants, Atlantic cod, food web modelling, trophic transfer, bioaccumulation,
human health
∗Speaker
What about us? Effects of nano- and microplastics on

human immune cells
Annkatrin Weber ∗ 1, Anja Schwiebs 2, Martin Wagner 3, Borna Relja 4, Heinfried
Radeke 2
1 Goethe Universität Frankfurt, Department Aquatic Ecotoxicology – Max-von-Laue-Straße 13, 60438 Frankfurt am
Main, Germany 2 University Medical Center Frankfurt am Main, pharmazentrum frankfurt – Theodor-Stern-Kai 7/75,
60596 Frankfurt am Main, Germany 3 Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Department of Biology –
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Høgskoleringen 5, Realfagbygget, 7491 Trondheim, Norway, Norway 4 University Medical Center Frankfurt,
Department of Accident, Hand, and Reconstructive Surgery – Theodor-Stern-Kai 7/25A, 60596 Frankfurt am Main,
Germany
Recent research has mostly investigated nano- and microplastic toxicity in aquatic organism
while data on human health is scarce. Prior research on plastic implant abrasion indicates an
involvement of plastic particles in inflammatory responses, however, extensive experimental data is
lacking. Thus, the aim of our study is to assess the effects of nano-/microplastic spheres
(polystyrene (PS); 50, 100, 300 nm) and fragments (PS, polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA),
polyvinyl chloride (PVC); 50-2000 nm) on the pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokine signaling of
human immune cells (monocytes (MO), dendritic cells (DC)). MO (n=6) from blood donor samples
and MO-derived DC (n=5) were exposed to these particles (100 particles per cell) over 16 hours.
Additionally, we included an unexposed control, aqueous leachates of the particles and a detergent
control (0.01% Tween20 for PS fragments) as treatments in the test design. Cytokine expression in
response to the particle exposure was measured both in absence and presence of lipopolysaccharides
(LPS), which simulate a bacterial infec- tion (MO: 1 μg mL-1, DC: 50 ng mL-1). Post-exposureg mL-1, DC: 50 ng mL-1). Post-exposure
concentrations of the pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-6 and TNF-α and the anti-inflammatory
cytokine IL-10 in the supernatant were determined using ELISA. In MO and DC treatments without
LPS stimulation, PS, PMMA (only DC) and PVC fragments enhanced pro-inflammatory cytokine
secretion (Fig.1). The anti-inflammatory response in MO increased in PMMA and PVC fragments
treatments and decreased for the PS treatment. The leachates of the fragments induced cytokine
expression in MO, however to a lower extend compared to the particle treatments. With LPS
stimulation, exposure to PS and their leachate increased cytokine expression. In contrast, nano-sized
PS spheres partially reduced cytokine expression both in presence and absence of LPS. These
results indicate that plastic particles may have differential effects on the human immune system
provided that the particles reach the human circulatory system in relevant quantities.
Keywords: human, monocytes, dendritic cells, nanoplastics, microplastics, inflammation, cytokines
∗Speaker
Occurrence of Microplastics in Commercial Seafood

from Korea and Human Exposure
Nan-Seon Song ∗ 1, Hyun-Jin Cho 2, Seung-Kyu Kim† 1,2
1 Incheon National University – Department of Marine Science, College of Natural Sciences, Incheon National
University, 119 Academy-ro, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 22012, Republic of Korea, South Korea 2 Incheon National University
– Research Institute of Basic Sciences, Incheon National University, 119 Academy-ro, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 22012,
Republic of Korea, South Korea
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The amount of plastics produced worldwide is expected to increase to 966 million tons in 2050.
It is clear that this increase in plastic production will lead to an increase in the extent of microplastic
pollution in the environment. Microplastics ultimately enter into the marine environment, and they
are often mistaken for food by marine organisms. Despite concern to human exposure via seafood
consumption, there are limited researches that extensively investigated the most consumed seafood
so far. Particularly, Asian coastal region is known as a global hot spot of plastic emission and
pollution (Lebreton et al., 2017). In this study, we collected various taxonomic groups of seafood
which are popularly consumed in Korea to quantitatively assess microplastic exposure of Koreans
via seafood consumption. For that, nine species of seafood including shellfish (n=4), cephalopod
(n=2), crustacean (n=2), and fish (n=1) were collected from three major seafood markets in Korea in
February 2018. Analysis of all samples were triplicates (i.e., total number of samples = 81; 3
markets × 9 species × 3 replicate). For qualitative and quantitative determination of microplastics,
we developed a methodology to detect the microplastics remaining in seafood. Organic matter was
decomposed overnight at 40 and 120 rpm in a shaking incubator using 10% KOH, and filtered using
a 20μg mL-1, DC: 50 ng mL-1). Post-exposurem stainless mesh filter. Then, the mesh filter was treated with 17.5% H2O2 and sonicated to
remove residual organic matter. Finally, the filtered sample was identified using μg mL-1, DC: 50 ng mL-1). Post-exposure-FTIR (Bruker
LUMOS). This procedure generated average recovery of 97.8 ± 2.9%. In blank samples, cotton
fibers were detected but no microplastics were found. In this meeting, we will present the analysis
results of microplastics in Korean seafood and human exposure assessment. Our result will be also
compared with those from other regions.
Keywords: marine organism, seafood, human exposure
∗Speaker †Corresponding author: skkim@inu.ac.kr
Investigating the presence of microplastic in Danish

drinking water
Jakob Strand∗ 1, Fionn Murphy † 1, Louise Feld 1, Aiga Mackevica 2, Nanna B.
Hartmann 2
1 Aarhus University – Frederiksborgvej 399, 4000 Roskilde, Denmark, Denmark 2 Technical University of Denmark –
2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark, Denmark
Microplastic is a pervasive pollutant found throughout the environment. However, the extent to
which humans are exposed to this contaminant is not well researched. Recently studies have
indicated that microplastic is also present in tap water, bottled water and food destined for human
consumption. Here, we investigate the presence of microplastic in drinking water from 17 sites
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around Denmark. 50 L of drinking water was sampled per site directly from taps through 10 μg mL-1, DC: 50 ng mL-1). Post-exposurem
steel filters in a closed metal filter system to prevent contamination. These filters were then
examined visually and representative particles with sizes > 100 μg mL-1, DC: 50 ng mL-1). Post-exposurem were identified as either
potential microplastic or of uncertain origin and were picked and placed on ZnSe discs. These
potential microplastics were then identified using advanced μg mL-1, DC: 50 ng mL-1). Post-exposureFTIR utilizing focal plane array (128 x
128) mapping with a pixel resolution of 5.5 μg mL-1, DC: 50 ng mL-1). Post-exposurem. 44% of the visually picked particles were validated
with μg mL-1, DC: 50 ng mL-1). Post-exposureFTIR. These particles consisted of cellulose (76%) and microplastic (3%) such as PET, PP,
PS and PMMA. The remaining particles could either not be identified using reference libraries and
characterised as ”unknown” (7%) because of poor match with spectra in reference libraries or due to
poor spectra quality (10%) or were protein-like (4%). Three samples were also passed through
Anodisc membrane filters (0.2 μg mL-1, DC: 50 ng mL-1). Post-exposurem) suitable for μg mL-1, DC: 50 ng mL-1). Post-exposureFT-IR analysis to detect microplastic < 100 μg mL-1, DC: 50 ng mL-1). Post-exposurem.
This process meant that no visual picking of microplastic was needed before analysis removing any
potential for visual bias. 10% (49 mm2) of the Anodisc area were mapped with μg mL-1, DC: 50 ng mL-1). Post-exposureFTIR imaging with
single microplastic fragments of PET, PP as well ABS identified. This study shows that microplastic
is present in Danish drinking water, although in significantly lower levels than the studies that were
reported for other countries in 2017 that were highly publicised by the media.
Keywords: Drinking Water, μFTIR, Focal Plane ArrayFTIR, Focal Plane Array
∗Corresponding author: jak@bios.au.dk †Speaker
Development of a jet pump based microplastic

sampling system for freshwaters
Gabor Bordos ∗† 1,2, Balazs Kriszt 2, Zoltan Palotai 1, Sandor Szoboszlay 2
1 WESSLING Hungary Ltd. – 6. Anonymus st., Budapest, 1045, Hungary 2 Institute of Aquaculture and Environmental
Safety, Faculty of Agriculture and Environmental Science, Szent István University – 1. Pater Karoly st., Godollo, 2100,
Hungary
Freshwater studies have mainly been adopting sampling methods from marine research, thus the
most commonly used tool is the plankton or manta net, usually with a mesh size of 300 im or 333
im. There are certain conditions when application of these sampling systems is complicated on
smaller freshwater bodies. Also, the filtered water volume is not obviously defined (due to clogging)
even if a flow meter is used. To avoid these difficulties, another sampling approach is needed. The
technique using a pump and a set of filters is more common during wastewater sampling than in
lakes or rivers. Until now, only a few studies have presented sampling systems that were based on a
submersible or a jet pump, including stainless steel filters.
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We developed a mobile sampling system that has many benefits when it is applied in inland
freshwaters. The size of the complete apparatus enables sampling from a smaller boat or from the
shore as well. A jet pump is operated by an aggregator. A PVC hose with a brass foot valve
including a 2 mm mesh size strainer is put right under the water surface and is connected to the
pump. Water is filtered through a set of 10” stainless steel filter cartridges (variable mesh size) in
stainless steel housing. Water quantity is measured by a flowmeter precisely. To prevent clogging of
the fine mesh size filter (60 im), we coupled two cartridges and put in a 300 im pre-filter. This
system enables sampling of more than 2.000 L water even if the Secchi depth is no more than 10 cm
(e.g. due to flood or plankton). Project no. KFI 16-1-2017-0477 has been implemented with the
support provided by the Na- tional Research, Development and Innovation Fund of Hungary,
financed under the ”Vállalati KFI 16” funding scheme.
Keywords: microplastic, freshwater, jet pump, sampling
∗Speaker †Corresponding author: bordos.gabor@wessling.hu
High Concentrations of Microplastics in the Bed

Sediments of the Rhine River
Thomas Mani 1, Claudia Lorenz 2, Sebastian Primpke 3, Gunnar Gerdts 4, Patricia
Burkhardt-Holm ∗ 1
1 University of Basel – Vesalgasse 1, P. O. Box4001 Basel, Switzerland 2 Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Centre for
Polar and Marine Research – 27570 Bremerhaven, Germany 3 Alfred Wegener Institute Helmholtz Centre for polar and
marine research - AWI (AWI) – Biologische Anstalt Helgoland Kurpromenade 201 27498 Helgoland, Germany 4 Alfred
Wegener Institute Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research (AWI) – Biologische Anstalt Helgoland
Kurpromenade 201 27498 Helgoland, Germany
Knowledge about the fate of microplastics in rivers is still scarce. Here, we analysed 25 sediment
samples at water depths of 5–7.5 m from the bed of the Rhine River at the German locations of
Koblenz (n = 10) and Rees (n = 15). The samples were taken from the riverbed with a diving bell (n
= 19, undisturbed, sediment depth: 7 cm) and with a bucket chain of a shipping channel
maintenance vessel (n = 6, disturbed, depth: 0.5–1.1 m). Density separation on pooled samples (n =
3) was performed using an adapted ZnCl2 protocol, prior to purification with Fenton’s reagent and
chemical analysis using ATR-FTIR and FTIR imaging. Our study indicates high concentrations of
microplastic particles (< 0.5 mm) in riverbed sediments (264.63– 11,073.71 kg–1). Microplastic
particles smaller than 75 mm accounted for an average of 96 ± 6% (SD). Eighteen different types of
synthetic polymers were detected in the samples. Most frequently acrylates/polyurethane (PUR),
polystyrene (PS) and polypropylene (PP) were found. Non-expanded PS and high-density PUR and
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may weigh up to 1.05 g cm–3 and 1.42 g cm–3 respectively, and thus could be expected to sink in
freshwater. However, the high PP (0.85 g cm– 3) findings were unexpected in the sediments of a
turbulent waterbody. Data will be discussed in the light of the microplastic data from surface water
and riverine sites. The presented data suggests that riverbed sediments may act as an important sink
for riverine microplastics.
Keywords: microplastic*, sediment, river
∗Speaker
A methodology to characterize macroplastic dynamics

in rivers
Tim Van Emmerik ∗† 1, Thuy-Chung Kieu-Le 2, Michelle Loozen 3, Kees Van
Oeveren 3, Emilie Strady 4, Johnny Gasperi 5, Laurent Lebreton 3, Boyan Slat 3,
Bruno Tassin 5
1 The Ocean Cleanup – Netherlands 2 CARE, Ho Chi Minh University of Technology – Vietnam 3 The Ocean Cleanup –
Netherlands 4 University of Grenoble Alpes – University of Grenoble Alpes – France 5 University of Paris-Est –
University of Paris-Est – France
Land-based macroplastic is considered one of the major sources of marine floating plastic.
However, estimations of plastic emission from rivers into the oceans are scarce and uncertain,
mainly due to a severe lack of consistent observations. Especially detailed information on spa-
tiotemporal variation in plastic quantities and composition is crucial for assessing plastic fluxes, and
for potential mediation and recycling efforts. We present a new methodology to characterize
macroplastics in rivers. Furthermore, we discuss results from a first application in the Saigon river,
Vietnam. During a two-week period, hourly cross-sectional profiles of plastic flux were made across
the river width. Simultaneously, sub-hourly samples were taken to determine the weight, size and
composition of riverine macroplastics. Finally, extrapolation of the observations based on available
hydrological data yielded estimates of daily, monthly and annual macroplastic emission into the
ocean. Results suggest plastic emissions by the Saigon river are up to 4 times as large as previously
estimated.
Keywords: rivers, hydrology, method, measurements, plastic pollution, macroplastic, Vietnam
∗Speaker †Corresponding author: tim.vanemmerik@theoceancleanup.com
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November 20th
November 20th – Panel 5.1: 8h30 - 10h (AGH),
Panel chaired by Mateo Cordier.
OC-TECH: PROTECTING THE MARINE
ENVIRONMENT THROUGH INNOVATION
Santiago Miranda ∗
OCEAN CLEANER TECHNOLOGY, SL (OCT) has decided to focus on the industrial
manufacturing of the OC-TECH innovative vessel, which is protected by patents in Europe and in
other countries of the world. Spills’ accidents on the sea occur at random and it is therefore
impossible to predict the nature, place, time and magnitude of an accident. Pollution control
equipment must be permanently available, while being put to profitable use in the periods between
clean-up operations.
Two-fold benefits are presented by OC-TECH collecting a wide range of waste materials from
marine environments (cleaning) and offering a versatile boat capable to perform the full range of
port, oil industry or ocean-going tasks (workboat). This Innovative project has been selected and
financed by the European Commission through Horizon 2020 Programme Phases 1 and 2.
The OC-TECH project aims at offering an innovative polyvalent and versatile vessel that is able
to recover all types of floating and liquid waste as hydrocarbon spills, to deal with micro algal
blooms or to collect flotsam as floating containers or microplastics.
Our boat represents a suitable and highly efficient tool for smart coastal and hydrological cities.
We highlight some of our innovations:
- Self-regulating collection system: There is a multifunctional recovery system inside the tunnel,
capable of collecting liquids spills or floating waste. All the operative decantation and filtering
activities, except bagging, are performed under the deck of the boat. - On-Board polyethylene
bagging system: Spill and other contaminants can be contained safely during OC-TECH operation
in large floating bags, which once filled are sealed, are marked with a buoy and towed away by an
unspecialized auxiliary vessel for removal and treatment. For small spills and quantities of solids,
OC-TECH’S on-board tanks will be used for storage and later, safely unloaded in port.
Keywords: OC, TECH innovative vessel
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The Plastics Manufacturers efforts to prevent marine

litter
Anne-Gaelle Collot ∗ 1, Jeremy Fouriau
1 Plasticseurope – 4/3 Avenue E Nieuwenhuyse, 1160 Brussels, Belgium
Plastics have become indispensable to our lives and are too valuable to be lost in our en-
vironment and the oceans. However, plastic debris form a major component of marine litter,
negatively affecting aquatic life, leading to socio-economic costs and representing waste of valu-
able resources. Plastic products need to be responsibly managed throughout their life cycle, so that
they do not leak into the environment. In 2015, PlasticsEurope joined the Operation Clean Sweep
(OCS) programme, a voluntary industry initiative on plastic pellets loss. Plastic pellets are usually
produced in the microsize range to facilitate transport and conversion into products. OCS aims at
improving awareness, promoting best practices and providing guidance and tools to support the
plastic value chain in the implementation of prevention measures.
PlasticsEurope has committed to:
- To have 100% of its member companies sign the OCS pledge to which OCS is applicable by
the end of 2018.
- Develop by 2018 a transparent, harmonised monitoring scheme for the collection of relevant
and comparable information from all signed members to measure progress. Reports on progress will
be available to all key stakeholders on a yearly basis.
- In 2019 PlasticsEurope will explore the feasibility to develop a common assessment tool with
its members.
- To engage with at least one other major European port by the end of 2018. By 2030 we aim at
securing that all major industrial plastic pellet handling ports in the EU have taken measures to
implement OCS.
- To expand the work of the platforms with the supply chain and relevant stakeholders to
accelerate the implementation of OCS within the plastics industry.
At the conference we will present the latest efforts and achievements to prevent plastics pellet
loss.
∗Speaker
Keywords: plastics pellet, operation clean sweep, microsize, best practice sharing
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Acute need of Legal Framework for management of

marine debris and Microplastics in India
Shwetal Shah ∗ 1, Darpan Vaishnav 2
1 Shwetal Shah – Block 11 First Floor, New Sachivalaya Gandhinagar, India 2 Darpan vaishnav – Navarangpura
Ahmedabad - 380009 Gujarat, INDIA, India
India is the second most populous Nation of the world. Very high density of population puts a
big pressure over country’s natural resources. Everyday India produces around 175,000 metric tons
of solid waste, 65% of it gets collected, 15% of the total waste gets treated, 50% of the total waste is
dumped into the low-lying areas and in landfill sites and 35% remains scattered in the environment.
Plastics comprises 7 to 10% of total solid waste by volume, with increasing income of average
Indian, plastics will be 25% of total solid waste by 2030. The present annual consumption of plastic
in India is around 13.4 million metric tons which will grow to 22 million metric tons by 2020. The
average per capita plastic consumption in India is 11 kg per annum against world average of 28 kg.
The basic studies about concentration and abundance of microplastics in Indian rivers and oceans
are not available. However, based on random studies, it is evident that microplastic contamination is
increasing drastically in Indian marine environment. In absence of scientific treatment of solid waste
and lackadaisical approach in enforcement of legal provisions about solid waste management in
India, it pauses a big challenge for future. In this paper it is projected that potential concentration of
micro-plastics in Indian marine environment will be significantly higher than the global average and
if it is not addressed in scientific and timely manner, it will be one of the major roadblock on
sustainable development of not only of India but also of the whole humanity. India has articulated
Environment Protection Act (EPA) 1986. However, in present legal framework Microplastics or
marine debris is not defined of even mentioned. Therefore, it is high time that India should have
inclusion of microplastic management in the existing legal framework.
Keywords: Solid Waste, Legislative Framework, Micro plastics, Marine Debris
∗Speaker
Development of a novel technological approach for the

reduction of microplastic pollution in seawater
desalination plants and for sea salt extraction.
Michael Strum ∗ , Katrin Schuhen † 1
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1 abcr GmbH – Im Schlehert 10, 76187 Karlsruhe, Germany
An increasingly and widespread problem is the introduction of plastics into the water cycle. The
poor degradability leads to the plastic waste remaining in the water and over time it fragments into
smaller and smaller plastic particles, so called microplastics [1]. In case of seawater use (e.g.
desalination or sea salt extraction) micro particles represent a significant potential for blocking the
microfiltration membranes (pore size > 100 nm) in the pretreatment and reverse osmosis (RO)
membranes (pore size > 5 nm).
Our innovative approach for the removal of microplastics from seawater for industrial use com-
bines a chemically induced agglomeration and a new technological implementation step. The
particular challenge in removing the microplastics is not only their small size but also their inert
properties against most of the physical and chemical additives for flocculation [2]. The concept is
based on the application of organosilanes, which can attach to microplastic particles by forming an
inclusion compound with simultaneous particle growth (Figure) [3].
References
K.L. Law, R.C. Thompson, Oceans. Microplastics in the seas, Science (New York, N.Y.) 345 (2014) 144–145.
A.F. Herbort, M.T. Sturm, K. Schuhen, A new approach for the agglomeration and subsequent removal of polyethylene,
polypropylene, and mixtures of both from freshwater systems - a case study, Environmental science and pollution
research international (2018).
A.F. Herbort, K. Schuhen, A concept for the removal of microplastics from the marine environment with innovative
host-guest relationships, Environmental Science and Pollution Research (2016) 1–5.
Keywords: microplastics, removal, seawater, seawater desalination, sea salt extraction, organosilanes
∗Speaker †Corresponding author: k.schuhen@abcr.de
Treatment stage effect on microplastic abundance and

fate during passage through a tertiary wastewater
treatment plant
Reina Blair ∗† 1, Susan Waldron 1, Vernon Phoenix 2, Caroline Gauchotte-Lindsay 1
1 University of Glasgow – Glasgow G12 8QQ Scotland, United Kingdom 2 University of Strathclyde – 16 Richmond
Street, Glasgow G1 1XQ, Scotland, UK, United Kingdom
Microplastics (MPs; < 0.5 mm) are classed contaminants of emerging concern but currently are
not regulated by water quality standards. Quantitative and qualitative data of these materials in
aquatic systems remains limited, particularly for freshwaters and wastewater treatment systems that
are important transport vectors of land-based contaminants to oceans. This study was conducted in a
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tertiary wastewater treatment plant in the UK (Glasgow, Scotland) to characterise and quantify MPs
in the system and assess the stepwise effect of treatment stage in their abundance and fate before
final effluent discharge. The MPs were present during all sampling campaigns and in all treatment
stages, ranging from 1-23 items per L, but their prevalence exhibited a downwards trend from inflow
to outflow. Fibres comprised 66.59% of all items, followed by films (18.27%) and fragments
(14.60%), while abundances of primary MPs were minimal. These findings suggest that MPs
pollution is continuous, especially from secondary sources, and while current treatment processes
efficiently capture MPs, some particles may still be discharged. However, blank and recovery tests
using MPs-spiked samples showed evidence of background contamination of fibres and production
of fragments during the extraction protocol that if not considered could lead to over-estimation of
MPs abundance. Wastewater treatment systems are expected to play an increasingly important role
in regulating MPs pollution, thus this study contributes to understanding of wastewater effluent as a
source of MPs and to identify where controls should be implemented.
Keywords: microplastics, freshwater, wastewater, microfibres
∗Speaker †Corresponding author: r.blair.1@research.gla.ac.uk
Understanding the retention of nanoplastics at rock

and mineral surfaces
Gopala Krishna Darbha ∗ 1
1 Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata – Dept of Earth Sciences, IISER Kolkata, Mohanpur,
741246, India, India
In India, according to 2015 statistics announced in the parliament, 60 major cities are churn- ing
out 3500 tonnes of plastic waste every day and contributes a major share to the world’s overall
generation. The rapid development of technological innovation has opened the door for utilization of
vast variety of plastics in many industrial sectors and majority of these plastics are disposable.
Further degradation of microplastics by several pathways might result in the formation of
nanoplastics (< 1000 nm). Nanoplastics, due to their high surface-to-volume ratio, may
demonstrate distinctive chemical, physical, and biological properties compared to their bulk
material properties. The nanoplastics because of their size poses two potential problems 1) can be
easily ingested into marine organisms which emphasizes the high risk of disruption to marine food-
web 2) high efficiency to sorb contaminants and transport to longer distances to contaminate the
nearby aquifers. Hence, the interaction of nanoplastics with the rock and mineral surfaces is crucial
to assess their transport in the environment. Underlining the above points, we have recently
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published several publications emphasizing the importance of size of nanoplastics on their mobility,
roughness of the interacting media, hydrodynamics and charge heterogeneity of mineral substrates
and clay particles, including the impact of metal ion concentration on nanoparticle retention under
electrostatically unfavorable conditions. Here the deposition of nanoplastics on varying mineral
substrates such as calcite, micrite and granodior- ite was presented. The results predicted for
nanoplastic retention at rock and mineral surfaces 1) roughness of mineral surface plays an
important role under unfavourable conditions 2) there exists a critical velocity that is a function of
ratio of particle size to roughness of substrate beyond which particle is removed from the mineral
surface 3) an increase in contaminant concentration (metal) will overwrite the surface
heterogeneities of the mineral for its retention.
Keywords: Nanoplastics, deposition, transport, rock and minerals, roughness
∗Speaker
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November 20th – Panel 5.2: 8h30 - 10h (EC), Panel

chaired by Pennie Lindeque.
From the sewer to the sea - microplastic transport and

fate in freshwater systems
Merel Kooi ∗ 1, Annemarie Van Wezel 2,3, Albert Koelmans 1,4
1 Aquatic Ecology and Water Quality Management Group, Department of Environmental Sciences, Wageningen
University (AEW - WUR) – Wageningen University, P.O. Box 47, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands, Netherlands 2
van Wezel (A.P.) – Copernicus Institute of Sustainable Development, Environmental Science Group, Utrecht University,
P.O. Box 80115, 3508 TC Utrecht, Netherlands 3 van Wezel (A.P.) – KWR Watercycle Research Institute, P.O. Box 1072,
3430 BB Nieuwegein, Netherlands 4 Institute for Marine Resources Ecosystem Studies (IMARES) – Wageningen UR,
P.O. Box 68, 1970 AB IJmuiden, The Netherlands, Netherlands
Microplastics have been detected in rivers and streams around the world. Although these
measurements shed light on the occurrence of microplastics in freshwater systems, they are
fragmentary in both space and time. Moreover, the measurements cannot reveal all sources or
transport characteristics, and therefore hamper the development of exposure assessments. Mod- els
can help to integrate these fragmentary data into more comprehensive exposure overviews needed
for risk assessments. The models currently available are however focussing on small (sub)
catchments or are on a very coarse scale. In this study we modelled the transport and fate of
different microplastics in the Netherlands. Based on the WFD Explorer 2.2., a national-scale mass
balance model, the Dutch water network was divided into almost 19000 surface water units. We
identified and quantified different point sources including over 300 waste water treatment plants and
9 cross-boundary flows, but also took into account diffuse surface runoff of tire wear particles.
Emission input data were based on existing literature. We modelled the transport of different
polymers, both floating and settling, and analysed the effect of particle size on the fate of
microplastics. Also, we calculated the export of microplastics to the North Sea and Lake IJssel. We
compared our model results with measurements from both Dutch and non-Dutch rivers. Our model
provides the first comprehensive exposure assessment on a national scale, and will form the basis for
a prospective risk assessment, since modelled concentrations can be compared with effect
thresholds for different aquatic organisms. Also, management measures can be included in the
model, to illustrate how these measures would affect microplastic concentrations in freshwater
systems.
Keywords: rivers, microplastics, modelling. ∗Speaker
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Microplastics going Dutch: A systems approach to

understand microplastics measured in riverine surface
waters and sediments
Svenja Mintenig ∗ 1,2, Merel Kooi 3, Maarten Erich 2, Bart Koelmans 3, Stefan
Dekker 1,4, Patrick Bäuerlein 2, Annemarie Van Wezel 1,2
1 Copernicus Institute of Sustainable Development, Utrecht University – Netherlands 2 KWR Watercycle Research
Institute – Netherlands 3 Aquatic Ecology and Water Quality Management Group, Department of Environmental
Sciences, Wageningen University – Netherlands 4 Faculty of Management, Science and Technology, Open University
Heerlen – Netherlands
Our understanding of microplastic pollution in freshwaters is lagging behind. Although

receiving more attention, sources, pathways and fate of microplastics in rivers need to be inves-
tigated more. In this study microplastics were examined in the surface water and sediment of two
river systems in the Netherlands. The Dommel is an intermediate river with clear catchment
boundaries, its water originates mostly from discharges of various waste water treatment plants
(WWTPs). The second river, the Meuse, has a much higher discharge and is mostly rain fed.
Samples were taken over the lengths of both rivers. The sampling locations were chosen to, firstly,
quantify microplastics in the effluents of WWTP, as well as up- and downstream of the discharging
points to assess the relative contribution of WWTPs to the total riverine plastic concentration.
Secondly, microplastics were determined in surface waters and sediments in sedimentation and
resuspension areas to better understand the effects of river dynamics. This was repeated in Meuse-
related drinking water basins. Thirdly, seasonal and daily variations of microplastic concentrations
in surface water and WWTP effluents were assessed. Sampling the effluent was repeated under
normal weather conditions and during a strong rain event with a discharge ten times higher than
normally. Data were collected under high QA criteria. Microplastics down to 20 im were analysed
using FTIR microscopy and a subsequent automated analysis of generated data. Here, microplastic
numbers, shapes and masses of identified microplastics are presented.
Keywords: microplastic, riverine distribution, WWTP effluents
∗Speaker
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Laboratory and numerical testing of transport

mechanisms of microplastics in rivers
Kryss Waldschläger ∗ 1
1 Institute of Hydraulic Engineering and Water Resources Management of the RWTH Aachen University – Mies-van-
der-Rohe-Str. 17 52074 Aachen, Germany
The anthropogenic pollution of streams and oceans with plastic is rising steadily. More than 335
million t of plastic are produced annually, of which approximately ten percent end up in the aquatic
environment, where the plastic accumulates due to its high persistence. Especially microplastics
pose a health threat to the aquatic fauna, because harmful substances from the surrounding water
adhere to the small particles. Organisms tend to ingest those particles with their food and thus
enable the pollutants to bioaccumulate in their fat tissue and to move up the food chain. Therefore,
further input of plastics into our environment should be minimized and microplastics that are
already in the aquatic system should be removed. A basic requirement for the latter is a detailed
knowledge of the physical transport mechanisms of microplastics in rivers and oceans. Although
microplastics accumulate predominantly in the oceans, streams act as major transport pathways. As
particle properties of microplastics vary significantly depending on the polymer’s type and origin,
their transport processes within the river’s flow regime may vary as well.
Therefore, the effect of microplastics’ varying particle properties (density, diameter, shape and
concentration) on their behavior in the water will be examined by subdividing the transport
mechanisms into sedimentation, erosion, transport and infiltration. A combination of laboratory and
numerical testing will provide a better understanding of the transport processes as well as it will
give new insights regarding the fate of microplastics in rivers. As the research started in January
2018, solely the study design and some preliminary results on the sedimentation behavior of
microplastics can be presented yet.
Keywords: transport mechanisms, particle properties, freshwater
∗Speaker
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Numerical modelling of microplastic transport in

Weser estuary and Wadden Sea
Gholamreza Shiravani ∗† 1, Dennis Oberrecht 1, Jana Kristandt 1, Anne Ritzmann 1,
Andreas Wurpts 1
1 Forschungsstelle Kueste – Forschungsstelle Kueste NLWKN – Bst Norden/Norderney An der Mühle 5 26548
Norderney Deutschland, Germany
Microplastic (MP) is referred to disposed plastic particles, which are in the size of smaller than
5 mm. The main sources of microplastic contamination are the transported microbeads through the
outflow of wastewater treatment plants into rivers and coastal areas. In contrast to the extensive
researches about the environmental effects of MP on marine organisms, the quantitative studies on
MP-transport mechanisms along rivers and estuaries are rare. To fill this knowledge gap and
understand the MP-distribution, -transport and -accumulation mechanisms, a scientific research
program was planned to study and develop the measuring approaches as well as numerical tools
about MP contamination in Weser river and Wadden Sea of Germany, which is well-known as
PLAWES. One of the main objectives of PLAWES is to provide a chain of systematic tools to
manage and predict the MP fate from sources to receivers worldwide. To this end, the numerical
studies of PLAWES for MP-contamination in river and estuary are performed through a coupled
hydrodynamic model (using Delft3D-FLOW) with water quality and ecology module (using
Delft3D-WAQ). The model results are calibrated and validated through performed measurements
within the first successful measurement campaign in April 2018 by PLAWES-research group. More
information about the numerical results and model approach will be presented in the conference.
Keywords: microplastic, numerical modelling, water quality
∗Speaker †Corresponding author: Gholamreza.Shiravani@nlwkn-ny.Niedersachsen.de
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Giving value to plastic bottles: an effective solution

for the top ocean polluter.
Ana Gutierrez-Dewar ∗† 1
1 Retorna – Spain
The European Union, in line with international organizations, has finally admitted the catas-
trophic effect of plastic on the environment and is in the process of enacting urgent legislation to
curb this. Ten products have been identified as constitution the most recurrent in coastal and sea
clean ups. The first item on the list is bottles, caps and lids, which will become part of the
microplastics polluting the oceans1. A recent study reveals that 10 different types of plastic have
been found in the intestine of every human analysed2 and in Spain, 69% of marine food is infected
by mi- croplastics3. The Chinijo archipelago, in the Canary Islands, it is a perfect example of the
harm that plastic can cause to both our environment and our health4. The proposed directive by the
EU aims at a 90% collection rate and a 35% recycled content target, and identifies deposit return
systems as the best way to achieve this. A growing list of countries is studying this measure, along
with a series of bans and taxes, to curb the stream of waste flowing into the oceans. Bottle deposit
laws are already in place across the world and have significantly reduced litter and increased the
percentage of containers recycled. Other EU countries and Spanish regions are also on the way
towards this solution, due to the increasing ”on the go” consumption and littering of plastic bottles.
The presentation analyses DRS from different perspectives; consumer, municipal, retailers, local
and small fillers and from the labour perspective. The conclusion reached is that DRS is an
effective, viable, consumer friendly solution for one of the top polluters.
Keywords: Deposit, refund system
∗Speaker †Corresponding author: anagdewar@gmail.com
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Plastic input from the Seine River into the oceans: first
results from the MacroPLAST project
Romain Tramoy ∗ 1, Johnny Gasperi 2, Laurent Colasse 3, Cédric Fisson 4, Sarah
Sananes 5, Vincent Rocher 6, Bruno Tassin 7
1 Laboratoire Eau Environnement Services Urbains – Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 – France 2
Laboratoire Eau Environnement et Systèmes Urbains (LEESU) – AgroParisTech, Ecole des Ponts ParisTech, Université
Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 – 6-8 avenue Blaise Pascal, Cité Descartes, Champs sur Marne77 455
Marne-La-Vallée Cedex 2, France 3 Association SOS Mal de Seine – Aucune – Association SOS Mal de Seine AJ1
ernemont 117 rue Vincent Auriol 76300 Sotteville-lès-rouen, France 4 GIP Seine-Aval – Pôle Régional des Savoirs –
France 5 Ministère de la Transition écologique et Solidaire – Etat – France 6 Syndicat interdépartemental pour
l’assainissement de l’agglomération parisienne – Syndicat 7 laboratoire interdépartemental Eau, Environnement pour
et l’assainissement Systèmes Urbains de l’agglomération (LEESU) – AgroParisTech, parisienne – France. Ecole des
Ponts ParisTech (ENPC), Université Paris-Est Marne-la-Vallée (UPEMLV), Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne
(UPEC) – Université Paris Est - AgroParisTech, UMR MA-102, 6-8 avenue Blaise Pascal, 77455 Champs sur Marne
cedex 2, France
Most recent studies state between 0.1 and 4 Million t/yr of plastic enter the Ocean each year,
most of it being transported by rivers. Those global estimations are associated with great uncer-
tainties due to methodological difficulties to accurately quantify fluxes of plastic from continent into
oceans. In addition, only few studies at the basin scale exist and no standard methods are applied to
quantify those plastic fluxes. In this context, the Ministry of the Ecological and Sol- idarity
Transition (France), in response to European directives, has initiated the MacroPLAST project to
quantify macroplastic input from the Seine River into oceans. But, most importantly, the aim of this
study is to develop a methodology replicable in other rivers. Different methods are investigated
including modeling, field approaches, cameras, nets, etc. In this presentation, modeling and field
methods using statistical data, floating booms or data from association collecting plastic litter are
presented. The modeling method is based on Jambeck’s approach applied to the Seine basin.
Statistical and field approaches give similar order of magnitude, i.e. 1800-6300 t/yr entering the
oceans from the Seine River (Figure 1). But, they are associated with large uncertainties and rough
extrapolations. To avoid such extrapolations and statistical weaknesses, a new methodology has been
developed and is actually in progress. It focuses on a probabilistic approach combining the tracking
debris using GPS, tagged plastic litter and data from plastic litter collection along the riverbanks of
the Seine estuary operated since 2008. First results at the mid of June 2018 lead to fluxes of 800 t/yr,
an order of magnitude lower than the two other approaches. The results will be progressively
improved as long as new data will be available and by investigating the potential hiding the plastic
flux within the water column, below the water surface.
Keywords: Macroplastic, River, Flux. ∗Speaker
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November 20th – Panel 6.1: 10h30 - 12h30 (AGH),

Panel chaired by Juliana-A. Ivar-do-Sul.
Microplastic pollution of the Akyatan Beach one of

the most important sea turtle nesting area at NE
Mediterranean Coasts of Turkey
Cem çevik ∗ 1, Sedat Gundogdu† 1
1 Cukurova University – Cukurova University Faculty of Fisheries, Turkey
Plastic pollution is widely recognized as an important issue for marine environment. Cur- rently,
a large proportion of the plastics found in the marine environment are in the form of microplastics
(< 5 mm). Microplastics are of most concern because they cannot be easily spotted, and are easily
ingested by marine organisms and make their way through the food chain. Akyatan Beach is one of
the most important green turtle nesting grounds in the Mediterranean with almost 50% of overall
nesting occurring at this site. Loggerhead turtles also nest on this beach but in many fewer numbers.
The beach is located on the eastern Mediterranean coast of Turkey and is almost 22 km in length.
The aim of this study was to investigate, the abundance, composition and distribution of
microplastics of Akyatan Beach. For this purpose, sediment samples were collected in May 2018 at
nine sampling points using 1*1 m quadrats. About 1000 g sediment with three replicate were taken
and dried at 70◦C. Microplastic particles were then selectively extracted from the sediment by
floatation in a sodium polytungstate solution of 1.8 g/cm3. Microplastics were classified by color,
shape, size and type. The results show that an average of 59.78±18.85 particles per kg
(629.43±352.6 particles per m2) collected at all nine sampling point. The most abundant type of
microplastics were fragments and the most abundant size were 1-5 mm size groups.
Keywords: Sandy Beaches, Sea Turtle, Microplastics, Mediterranean Sea
∗Speaker †Corresponding author: sedat.gundogdu.65@gmail.com
Marine litter monitoring in the Neva Bay (Baltic Sea):

first results
Tatjana Eremina 1, Alexandra Ershova ∗ 1, Mikhail Shilin 1
1 Russian State Hydrometeorological University [St.Petersburg] – Malookhtinsky prospect 98, St Petersburg, Russia
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The problem of marine litter pollution has been investigated for the first time for the Neva
estuary in the Russian part of the Gulf of Finland - an enclosed and highly populated water body at
the easternmost tip of the Baltic Sea. Neva River is the largest river in the Baltic region with an
annual discharge of 2 500 ub.m. River estuaries being unique aquatic ecosystems serve as an
accumulation spot for all types of wastes, including plastics. The metropolitan area of St.Petersburg
(largest city in the North-West of Russia) with the total population over 7 000 000 of permanent
residents produces annually about 112 000 tons of plastic wastes; much of it finds its way to the
adjacent waters. At the same time the water area of the Bay can serve itself as a source of beach
pollution by plastic particles released from bottom sediments during repeated dredging works in the
Neva Bay. Macro-, meso- and some micro-litter accumulation patterns were investigated during the
monitoring campaigns of Russian State Hydrometeorological Uni- versity in summer 2018 at 15
spots at sandy beaches of the Neva Bay and the Eastern Gulf of Finland, including urban and rural
spots, using in parallel several European methods of beach litter monitoring. Results showed that
there are differences in accumulation of marine litter in the northern and southern shores of the
Neva Bay; however, some common patterns also were observed. Main types of litter were glass,
fabrics, cigarette butts, and plastics. Analysis of local beach and coast types made it possible to
discuss the most appropriate monitoring methods. At the same time some adaptations and
modifications of existing European methods of beach litter monitoring are suggested considering
regional specific meteorological (storm surges), hy- drographical and geomorphological processes.
Project was funded by Russian Foundation for Basic Research (18-55-76001 ).
Keywords: beach litter, Gulf of Finland, Baltic Sea, monitoring methods
∗Speaker
Microplastics pollution on the beaches at the northern

Black Sea coast during the monitoring of beaches
sediments in 2016–2018
Elena Sibirtsova ∗ 1, Irina Agarkova-Lyakh† 2
1 The A. O. Kovalevsky Institute of Marine Biological Research of RAS (IMBR of RAS) – Nakchimov ave. 2, Sevastopol,
Crimea, Russian Federation, Russia 2 Institute of Natural and Technical Systems – Sevastopol, Lenin St., 28, Russia
During the monthly monitoring the study of qualitative and quantitative composition of
microplastics on two urban beaches of Sevastopol (Omega and Uchkuevka) is conducted. Such
studies were carried out on the northern Black Sea coasts for the first time.
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Simultaneously with microplastic the granulometric composition of the beaches sediments was
studied, to analyze the role of sediments size in spatio-temporal distribution of microplastic in
underwater and above-water parts of beaches.
The samples were collected during 2016–2018 from the top 5 cm of the numerous square areas
(1x1 m) placed at the four, 20 m-long transects located perpendicularly to the 100-meter-lines along
the shore. Three types of stainless steel sieves were used: with the mesh sizes of 5 mm, 1 mm and
0.3 mm. In the laboratory, the collected sediments were put into a glass tank with a high
concentration of sodium chloride (NaCl) 140 g·l-1. The floating plastic particles were recovered,
sorted and categorized by type, usage and origin.
The samples for granulometric composition were collected on the water boundary, underwater
at depth 1, 2, and 3 m, and on the beach at distances 10, 20, and 30 m from water boundary. The
samples were dried and sieved through 10 mesh form 0.1 mm to 10 mm. The relative abundance of
every sediment fraction was calculated.
The highest microplastics parameters are registered on Omega beach in May 2017 (6.9 ± 0.3
items·m-2) and on Uchkuevka beach in August 2016 (3.5 ± 0.1 items·m-2). The minimum were on
Omega beach in Januare 2017 (3,0 ± 0,17 items·m-2) and on Uchkuevka beach in May 2017 (1,5 ±
0,054 items·m-2).
The main sources of microplastic on the beaches are find out. Our data provide baseline
knowledge for designing the monitoring and modeling strategies in the Black Sea.
∗Speaker †Corresponding author: iva crimea@mail.ru
Keywords: Microplastics pollution, granulometric composition, beaches sediments, the Black Sea
Accumulation of microplastics on sandy beaches of

Mediterranean islands as an effect of tourism
Michaël Grelaud ∗† 1, Laura Simon 1, Patrizia Ziveri 1,2
1 Institute of Environmental Science and Technology (ICTA), Autonomous University of Barcelona (UAB) – Bellaterra
08193, Spain 2 Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA) – Passeig Lluís Companys, 23 08010
Barcelona - Espanya, Spain
The BLUEISLANDS project brings together 14 partners from 8 countries in a systematic effort
to properly identify, address and mitigate the effects of the seasonal variation of waste generation as
an effect of tourism on mediterranean islands. One of the main activity of the project is to assess the
accumulation of marine litter, in general, and of microplastics, in particular, on sandy beaches of 8
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Mediterranean islands (Mallorca, Sicily, Rab, Malta, Crete, Mykonos, Rhodes and Cyprus). For
each island three different beaches were selected for comparison: one very popular and touristic
beach, one popular beach but mainly used by locals and one remote beach. For each beach, 4
sampling campaigns were conducted in 2017: 2 during the low season and 2 during the high season.
For each campaign, 5 samples of sand were collected (3 in the middle of the beach and 2 in the high
water mark): the top 2-3 cm within a quadrat of 20x20cm were removed and stored into clean glass
jars for further analysis. The samples are now in the processing phase (extraction and
characterization of the microplastics). The first results show that, during the low season (February –
April 2017) all the islands and beaches tested are affected by microplastics pollution. Their
concentrations range from 10.3 particles/kg of dry sand on the remote beach of Cyprus to 809.6
particles/kg of dry sand on the touristic beach of Malta. The concentrations found on the touristic
beaches are always higher than those found on the remote beaches. Once obtained, the final results
for the 4 campaigns will be compared to the accumulation of marine litter on the same sites and the
number of tourists in order to assess the effect of tourism on the generation and the accumulation of
microplastics.
Keywords: Microplastics, tourism, beaches, BLUEISLANDS
∗Speaker †Corresponding author: Michael.Grelaud@uab.cat
Microplastic pollution on Gran Canaria island beaches

Jorge Rapp ∗ , Alicia Herrera, Theodore Packard, May Gómez
Marine Ecophysiology Group (EOMAR) – Facultad de Ciencias del Mar, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria,
Campus Universitario de Tafira s/n 35017, Spain
In recent decades, plastic pollution in the ocean has increased exponentially. With an es-
timation of more 270 thousand tons of plastics floating in the marine environment where they tend
to migrate to the oceanic margins, accumulating in convective zones. The Canary Islands, located
on the eastern margin of the Atlantic Ocean, are an obstacle to the Canary Current. There, it is of
great interest to study the amount and type of plastic that migrates around the archipelago, as well as
the proportion of plastic that washes up on the coast. This study of microplastic pollution on Canary
Island beaches is a starting point for seasonal monitoring of plastic waste and future research that
will aim to explain the consequences that this marine litter can have on marine ecosystems. The
majority of the items observed were fragments from bigger plastic objects, more of the 50% of the
items sampled. Even, the transparent resin pellets or nurdles, the semispherical items used as raw
material in the production of plastics, were found on most beaches and showing a 14% of the total
microplastic pollution. The Canary Islands do not have a plastics industry, so the origin of this
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marine debris is due to ocean circulation. On the other hand, microfibers were sampled too, showing
a mean maximum concentration of 2000 items/ mˆ2. The distribution of microfibers is totally
different from that of larger microplastics and mesoplastics, suggesting a possible endogenous
origin of the contamination, probably by wastewater discharges, ravines and beach users.
∗Speaker
Quantity and type of plastics in the beaches of the

region of Murcia (SE Spain): towards a monitoring of
marine litter in the marine spatial planning
J. Santos-Echeandia, J.R. Rivera-Hernández*, Vicenç Moltó, Joana R. Patrício-
Rodrigues
Instituto Español de Oceanografía, IEO, Centro Oceanográfico de Murcia, Varadero 1, E-30740 San Pedro del Pinatar,
Murcia, Spain.
During the last decades much attention has been paid to marine litter pollution, mainly due to
plastics and microplastics. The Descriptor 10 of the Marine Strategy Framework Directive
(2008/56/EC) is devoted to plastics in particular and marine litter in general. So there is a need to
control the quantity and type of plastics present in the marine environments.
Among these environments, beaches are one of the most impacted areas due to plastic pollution
but studies about content and type of plastics in Spanish beaches are scarce. There is a need to
implement a monitoring programme both in beaches but also in coastal waters for these emerging
contaminants.
In the present study, the amount and type of plastics present in several littoral sandy areas from
the Region of Murcia (SE Spain) are presented. In addition, the amount of a regulated contaminant
such as Hg in the plastics is also shown. The problem of these plastics is not only physical, but also
associated to the pollutants contained in this material during its production or adsorbed once the
plastics are released to the marine environment. Recent studies have demonstrated that once in the
environment, plastics are able to adsorb metals and concentrate them (Ashton et al., 2010; Holmes
et al., 2012). This fact can have several environmental and ecotoxicological implications as the
adsorption-desorption kinetics of metals and plastics under different environmental conditions (i.e.
pH, salinity or temperature) will release these metals from plastics to the water column or, in
contrast, will act as metal carriers (Brennecke et al., 2016) to the trophic chain, entering through the
filter-feeder animals for example.
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Acknowledgments: This research has been supported by the SIMWESTMED project “Supporting Maritime
Spatial Planning in the Western Mediterranean region” funded by the European Comission and the JPI-
Oceans project EPHEMARE, “Ecotoxicological effects of microplastics in marine organisms” funded by the
Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (PCIN-2015-187-C03-01). The authors wish to
acknowledge S. Marín for his assistance during the experiments.
Keywords: Plastic, metals, pollution, marine environment, spatial, planning.
∗Speaker †Corresponding author: jrivera@upsin.edu.mx
The french approach for msfd beach microplastic

monitoring : presentation and first results
Camille Lacroix ∗† 1, Tristan Macadré 2, Pierre Richard 2, Lo ̈ıc Kerambrun 2
1 Centre de documentation de recherche et d’expérimentations sur les pollutions accidentelles des eaux (Cedre) –
Cedre – 715 rue Alain Colas, CS 41836, 29218 Brest Cedex 2, France, France 2 Centre de documentation de recherche
et déxpérimentations sur les pollutions accidentelles des eaux – Cedre – 715 rue Alain Colas, CS 41836, 29218 Brest
Cedex 2, France, France
The descriptor 10 of the Marine Strategy Framework Directive (MSFD) requires that the
”properties and quantities of marine litter do not cause harm to the coastal and marine environ-
ment.” To achieve or maintain Good Environmental Status (GES) in European Seas, European
Member States (MS) have to develop strategies that should lead to programmes of measures. This
involves the establishement of monitoring programmes, enabling the assessment of the status of
marine waters on a regular basis. As French national MSFD scientific pilot for the indicator
D10C2 beach microplastic, the Centre of Documentation, Research and Experimentation on
Accidental Water Pollution (Cedre) is in charge of the French beach microplastic monitoring
program. Considering that microplastics could be either deposited on or buried in the sand, two
protocols have been developped. The first, based on recommendations of the MSFD Technical
Subgroup on Marine Litter (Galgani et al., 2013), targets burried microplastics (0.1 – 5 mm) and
involves sand sampling and subsequent microplastic extraction and analyses in lab. The second one
is optionnal as only applied in presence of stranded patches or ”slicks” of microplastics (1 – 5 mm);
based on a protocole commonly used for oiled shoreline survey during an oil spill, it consists in
calculating the volume of microplastics by visual assessment. In this communication, the French
approach for MSFD beach microplastic monitoring will be presented as well as first results obtained
for some French beaches.
Keywords: Microplastic, beach, MSFD, monitoring
∗Speaker †Corresponding author: camille.lacroix@cedre.fr
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November 20th – Panel 6.2: 10h30 - 12h30 (EC),

Panel chaired by Martin Wagner.
Effects of microplastics presence on different

developmental stages in invertebrate species
Silvia Messinetti ∗ 1, Silvia Mercurio 1, Marco Parolini 1, Roberta Pennati 1
1 Università degli studi di Milano [Milano] – Via Celoria 2 - 20133 Milano, Italy
When microplastics (MPs) reach the marine environment, they can interact with a wide range of
organisms. The main physical threats for marine species that ingest MPs are damaging and
blocking of the feeding appendages and digestive system and limiting of the food intake. Thus, we
investigated the effects induced by the presence of spherical polystyrene MPs particles on different
developmental stages in the invertebrate species Ciona robusta, Clavelina lepadiformis and
Paracentrotus lividus. The chosen species offered the unique opportunity to evaluate and compare
the impact of MPs on the development of animals with different feeding strategies: the pelagic
suspension feeding plutei and the sessile filter-feeding ascidian juveniles and adults. We tested four
different MPs concentrations based on available environmental data. Both ascidian juveniles and
plutei were able to ingest MPs beads with different feeding efficiency at all the concentrations
tested. In ascidians, survival rate of larvae and juvenile was not influenced while metamorphosis
was the process most affected by microplastics. The percentage of individuals that completed
metamorphosis was statistically lower in all the exposed groups, compared to control. In sea urchin
plutei, the body shape was altered after ingestion of MPs. Adults of C. lepadiformis filtered a huge
amount of water and quickly ingested MPs also at the lowest concentration tested. Our results
revealed that developmental stages of different species are highly sensitive to MPs presence,
prompting the necessity to monitor coastal invertebrate populations since MPs can alter generation
recruitment.
Keywords: polystyrene, sea urchin, ascidian
∗Speaker
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The impact of microplastic ingestion on the behaviour

of the Common Periwinkle Littorina littorea
Darragh Doyle ∗† 1, Róisín Nash 1, Jo ̃ao Frias 1, Martin Gammell 2
1 Marine and Freshwater Research Centre, Galway - Mayo Institute of Technology – Dublin Road, Galway, Ireland 2
Marine and Freshwater Research Centre, Galway-Mayo Institute of Technology – Dublin Road Galway, Ireland
The common periwinkle (Littorina littorea) is an intertidal gastropod of commercial impor-

tance. Consumed domestically and exported internationally, it is a species of great value to the Irish
seafood industry. Ecologically, the species is regarded as a keystone grazer on rocky shores, where it
reduces algal cover and allows space for other organisms to colonise. However, through this grazing
activity, the common periwinkle has been shown to ingest microplastic fibres and beads from the
surface of algae. Despite evidence of this phenomenon, no study has yet explored the behavioural
effects of microplastic consumption in the species. The goal of this study is to collect baseline data
on microplastic levels, and to explore possible behavioural implications of microplastic ingestion in
the common periwinkle. Preliminary results show that 99% of microplastics consumed by Irish
periwinkles are in the form of fibres and that microplastic levels are similar between clean and
contaminated sites (1.92 & 2.02 fibres/individual respectively). Future research will assess a number
of behavioural responses to microplastic ingestion, including feeding, movement rate, and predator
avoidance. This work has important implications both ecologically and commercially. As the
common periwinkle is consumed by humans, it is vital that microplastic levels in harvested
populations be quantified and monitored long term. Ecolog- ically, microplastic ingestion by
periwinkles could have a number of negative implications, both at the species and community level.
Potential reductions in movement speed, grazing capacity, or ability to evade predators could all
affect the ability of periwinkles to regulate algal cover, and thus maintain succession. In turn, this
could have negative consequences for the equilibrium of rocky shore communities. This study
provides the first data on microplastic levels in Irish periwinkles and will provide the first study into
the behavioural effects of microplastic ingestion in the species.
Keywords: Microplastic, Gastropod, Behaviour
∗Speaker †Corresponding author: Darragh.doyle@research.gmit.ie
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Food quality and microplastics alter feeding behavior

and digestive enzyme activities in marine isopods
Špela Korez 1, Lars Gutow 1, Reinhard Saborowski ∗ 1
1 Alfred Wegener Institute Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research – Am Handelshafen 12 27570
Bremerhaven, Germany
Ingestion of microplastics can impair nutrition of marine invertebrates. In a laboratory study, we

tested whether microplastics affect ingestion rates and gastrointestinal enzyme activities in the
marine isopod Idotea emarginata. Isopods were exposed for eight days to one out of four different
food treatments: natural food (the brown alga Fucus vesiculosus) or synthetic food consisting of
freeze-dried algal powder embedded in agarose, both, with or without microplastic particles at
concentrations of 40 items per mg of food. The isopods accepted both types of food but consumed
significantly more (average 3.7-fold) of the agar based synthetic food. I. emarginata responded to the
reduced content of digestible organic matter in the synthetic food by a compensatory adjustment of
the ingestion rates. Addition of microplastics had no effect on feeding rates. Apparently, the
influence of microplastics on the food quality is negligible compared to effects of nutrient
deprivation. Digestive enzyme activities were only marginally affected in the approach with natural
food. In the approaches with synthetic food, however, activities of unspecific esterase increased in
an organ-specific manner. Animals which were fed with synthetic food alone, showed elevated
esterase activities in the guts while animals, which received synthetic food blended with
microplastic showed elevated esterase activities in the midgut glands. The results suggest that
microplastics do not significantly affect digestive processes as long as sufficient nutrients are
available. Under nutrient limiting conditions, however, microplastics seem to generate combined
effects with so far unknown consequences.
Keywords: Marine invertebrates, isopods, feeding, food quality, enzymes, combined effects
∗Speaker
Do synthetic and natural microparticles cause similar

cellular effects in marine invertebrates?
Špela Korez ∗ 1, Lars Gutow 1, Reinhard Saborowski† 1
1 Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research – Am Handelshafen 12, 27570
In coastal areas, and especially in estuaries, organisms are constantly exposed to a variety of
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suspended particles. The particles are mostly of natural origin, i.e. fine sand grains, diatoms shells,
cellulose fibres or chitinous fragments. Since several decades, however, man-made synthetic
plastic particles are accumulating in the environment. The later are of great interest in
environmental and toxicological sciences as they are suspected to induce cellular modifications and
stress in organisms upon ingestion. This situation raises a number of questions whether natural and
synthetic microparticles induce similar effects and damage in cells and organisms. In order to
investigate this issue, marine organisms with different feeding modes will be subjected to natural
and synthetic particles. Blue mussels (Mytilus edulis) and brown shrimps (Crangon crangon) will
be collected from the field, acclimatized to laboratory conditions, and exposed to natural and
synthetic particles for 6, 24, and 48 hours. Microscopic analysis will be done to localize the
particles in digestive organs. Histochemical and biochemical analyses will be used to detect stress
markers in cells and tissues. The goal of this doctoral project is to understand the hazardous effects
of microparticles and to differentiate between anthropogenic and natural items. The findings will be
beneficial in estimating the actual hazard potential of microplastics and in defining actual threat
boundaries for marine invertebrates.
Keywords: Crustacea, Bivalvia, Oxidative Stress, Histochemical and Biochemical Analyses
∗Speaker †Corresponding author: reinhard.saborowski@awi.de
Zebrafish exposure to high-density polyethylene and

polystyrene microplastics: effects on liver
transcriptome and gastrointestinal histology
Cristina Panti ∗ 1, Giacomo Limonta 1, Annalaura Mancia 2, Luigi Abelli 2, Maria
Cristina Fossi 1
1 University of Siena (UniSi) – Via P.A. Mattioli, 4, Italy 2 University of Ferrara – Italy
Due to the constant increase of plastic use and production, microplastics (MPs) have become a
contaminant of serious concern for the aquatic environment. However, the biological pathways
affected by the exposure to different MP polymers still needs to be elucidated, in particular at the
”omic” level. The present study focuses on the identification of the molecular pathways affected by
the exposure of zebrafish (Danio rerio) to different concentrations of a mixture of two
environmentally relevant MPs. Adult zebrafish were fed daily with dry fish food (control group,
N=12) and food supplemented with a mix of pristine high-density polyethylene and polystyrene
microplastics (two experimental groups: 0.1 and 1 mg/L, N=12 each) for 20 days. The MPs
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dimension ranged from 25 im to 90 im for both polymers.

At the end of the exposure period, the fish liver was dissected, and its whole transcriptome was
analyzed by next-generation RNA-sequencing technologies on an Illumina platform. In addition, the
gastrointestinal tract and the gills were dissected and fixed for histology and im-
munohistochemistry. The exposure to polyethylene and polystyrene microplastics affected the liver
transcriptome in a dose-dependent way, inducing the differential regulation of specific suites of
genes compared to the control. Histological analyses evidenced changes in the inflammatory
response occurring at the two mucosal tissues selected for observation in the MPs treated fish. The
correlation of histological alterations with differential gene expression could represent a useful
approach to decipher early warning for effects at higher biological organization. This study provides
a comprehensive transcriptomic dataset, useful to understand a wide range of biological pathways
affected by MPs exposure as a model for studies on fish also in the field.
Keywords: microplastics, polyethylene, polystyrene, zebrafish, liver transcriptome, histology
∗Speaker
Bioaccumulation and gut microbiome response in the

great pond snail Lymnaea stagnalis exposed to PBDEs
in the presence and absence of nylon microplastics
Alice Horton ∗ 1, Lindsay Newbold , Angela Palacio-Cortés , Elma Lahive 1, Darren
Sleep , M. Gloria Dos Santos Pereira , Martina Vijver , Peter Van Bodegom , David
Spurgeon 1
1 Centre for Ecology and Hydrology [Wallingford] (CEH) – Centre for Ecology Hydrology Maclean Building Benson
Lane Crowmarsh Gifford Wallingford OX10 8BB, United Kingdom
It is recognised that microplastics will associate with persistent organic chemicals within the
environment, potentially changing their bioavailability and the interaction of organisms with these
chemicals. The aims of this study were to investigate how the presence of microplastics affect PBDE
bioaccumulation and the gut microbiome in the great pond snail Lymnaea stagnalis. Snails were
exposed to microplastics and PBDEs independently and in combination for 96 hours. Microplastic
particles (13-15 μg mL-1, DC: 50 ng mL-1). Post-exposurem nylon powder) were mixed with quartz sand sediment at 1% w/w. A PBDE
mix (containing BDE-47, 99, 100, 153 and PBB-153) was added to the sediment-microplastic mix
in glass vessels at six environmentally relevant concentrations (94, 188, 375, 750, 1500, 3000 ng g-1
each PBDE), with six replicates consisting of one snail per treatment. There was no significant
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mortality observed in any of the treatments after 96 hours exposure. Of the six snails per treatment,
three were analysed for PBDE tissue concentration and three were analysed for gut microbiome
composition. The presence of microplastics did not significantly change PBDE bioaccumulation.
However, our data indicate that that the presence of microplastics did influence gut microbial
community diversity. In snails exposed to microplastics only (without PBDEs), microbial diversity
was lower compared to those not exposed to microplastics (Fig. 1). In the presence of microplastics,
with increasing PBDE concentration, gut microbial diversity increased. In comparison, when
microplastics were absent microbial communities were less diverse at the higher concentrations
(Fig. 1). A similar trend is reflected in the community composition data. These data imply that
microplastics alone can influence the gut microbial community and they can also alter the effects of
PBDEs on the gut microbiome. Given the importance of the gut microbiome for nutrition, metabolic
function and immunity, such perturbation to the microbial community may have implications for
organism health and fitness.
Keywords: Great pond snail, freshwater, ecotoxicology, PBDEs, organic chemicals, POPs
∗Speaker
TROPHIC TRANSFER OF MICROPLASTICS

FROM COPEPODS TO PLANKTIVOROUS AND
THEIR IMPACTS
Raju Piliyan ∗ 1,2, Perumal Santhanam 3, Moorthi Kaviyarasan 4, Meril Divya 5,
Dinesh Kumar Sundarraj 1,6,7, Gunabal Shanmugam 8, Manickam Narasimman 9
1 BHARATHIDASAN UNIVERSITY – India 2 P. RAJU RESEARCH SCHOLAR – India 3 ASSISTANT PROFESSOR
BHARATHIDASAN UNIVERSITY – India 4 M. KAVIYARASAN RESEARCH SCHOLAR – India 5 M. DIVYA
RESEARCH SCHOLAR – India 6 S. DINESH KUMAR PDF – India 7 DINESH KUMAR PDF – India 8 GUNABAL
STUDENT – India 9 N. MANICKAM PDF – India
Microscopicplastic (MPs) debris, termed ”microplastics”, are of increasing environmental

concern. Recent studies have demonstrated that a range of zooplankton, including copepods, can
ingest microplastics. Copepods are a globally abundant class of zooplankton that form a key trophic
link between primary producers and higher trophic marine organisms. The increased widespread
occurrence of MPs corresponds to growth in the manufacture of plastic materials and include
sources such as cosmetic exfoliates, polyester fibres from fabrics, polyethylene fragments from
plastic bags, and other larger plastic items. Since microplastics occupy the same size range as many
planktonic organisms they can easily be mistaken for food and thus may affect a wide range of
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marine organisms, including copepods. Especially the planktivorous fish may erroneously capture
microplastics that resemble their evasive copepod prey. The consumption of microplastic debris can
result in gut blockages, growth, heightened immune response, loss of lipid reserves and significantly
reduced algal feeding in the copepod. The potential risk to food security and thereby human health
has led regulators to call for better understanding of the fate and effects of microplastic debris on
marine life. These studies provide fundamental information on the ingestion and biological effects
of microplastic debris upon copepods, knowledge of which is important given the key role that
copepod play in the transfer of microplastics to higher trophic levels and, thus, ecosystem function.
These findings provide pathways for further research and highlight the influence that feeding
strategy and prey selectivity may have in determining the negative effects associated with
microplastic uptake.
∗Speaker
Keywords: Marine copepods, Microplastic, Feeding, Ecotoxicology, Food web.
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November 20th – Panel 7.1: 14h - 15h30 (AGH),

Panel chaired by Tania Montoto.
PHOTHOCHEMICAL FRAGMENTATION OF
FRESHWATER (MICRO)PLASTICS UNDER UV
IRRADIATIONS
Haroutioun Askanian ∗† 1, Florence Delorjestin 1, Gaëlle Bissagou Koumba 2,
Vincent Verney 2
1 ICCF – Sigma CLERMONT – France 2 iccf – Institut de Chimie de Clermont-Ferrand – France
We begin to understand and describe more and more the fate of a plastic waste arriving (and
remaining) in the aquatic environment. Nevertheless, we still do not know many things, for example,
the time scaling of the process from the abandonment of a waste, its arrival, and its persistence in
the aquatic environment. During this period, the material will be exposed to various environmental
aggressions that will initiate and spread the photo aging of the material. This scenario is
accompanied by a physical fragmentation into particles of increasingly smaller sizes, and by a
chemical functionalization due to the photo-oxidation of the macromolecular chains. Finally, the
increase in both the specific surface area and the chemical functionality may influence strongly the
interaction parameters with persistent organic pollutants.
We have studied, in simulated laboratory conditions, the fate of various plastics fragments
(Polystyrene, Polypropylene and Polylactic Acid) immersed in fresh water and UV irradiated. We
worked either with real wastes (from post-consumer sector) or with model polymers totally free of
additives. The polymers were chosen for their different physical properties. Polystyrene behaves like
a glass (Tg = 104 ◦ C) at the temperatures of use, which is not the case of the PP (Tg = 0 ◦ C).
Finally, PLA can start hydrolysis reactions.
During the exposure time, solids and liquids (a small volume of water) are taken for analysis
(melt rheology, ion and liquid chromatography). The main result is that in all cases there is a
formation and leaching of short chain (1C, 2C, 3C) carboxylic acids (acetic and formic acids, lactic
and glycolic in the case of PLA) all known to be markers of polymer degradation. In the absence of
light no transfer of any acid in the liquid is recorded.
Keywords: microplastics, Oxidation, ageing, chemicals
∗Speaker †Corresponding author: haroutioun.askanian@sigma-clermont.fr
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Influence of environment and polymer morphology on

fragmentation and production of micro/nanoplastics
Fanon Julienne ∗ 1, Nicolas Delorme 2, Christophe Chassenieux 3, Taco Nicolai 3,
Fabienne Lagarde
1 Institut des molécules et des matériaux du Mans – Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique : UMR6283, Le Mans
Université – France 2 Institut des Molécules et Matériaux du Mans (IMMM) – CNRS : UMR6283, Université du Maine
– Faculté des Sciences Avenue Olivier Messiaen 72085 LE MANS CEDEX 9, France 3 Institut des molécules et des
matériaux du Mans (IMMM) – CNRS : UMR6283, Université du Maine – UFR Sciences et Techniques Université du
Maine - Avenue Olivier Messiaen - 72085 LE MANS Cedex 9, France
Weathering of non biodegradable polymers in the environment is a sum of complex phe-

nomena such as oxidation, hydrolysis and degradation governed by photo/thermal processes [1].
These phenomena strongly affect all physico-chemical properties of the polymer : chemical com-
position [2], crystallinity [1], wettability [3] leading to their fragmentation in microplastics. To
provide a better understanding of these processes and to predict the evolution of microplastics
environmental concentrations, laboratories experimentations are needed. ”Additive free”
polyethylene (PE) and polypropylene (PP) films were blown extruded in order to control their
morphologies and thicknesses and were placed during several months in an accelerated weathering
chamber. During the weathering process the physico-chemical properties of the films were regularly
analyzed through spectroscopy and water contact angle measurements.
Despite a high oxidative degree, no fragmentation was observed for polymer films in air. In
contrast, the films in the still Milli-Q water fragmented following distinct patterns and leading to
different fragments size distribution. (cf Figure 1).
By combining Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) and optical microscopy imaging, we were able
to show that the fragmentation process strongly depends on the morphological structure of the film
and on the water presence. Finally, although, nanofragments (< 1μg mL-1, DC: 50 ng mL-1). Post-exposurem) were not in sufficient quantity
to be detected by light scattering measurements (DLS), surface erosion of the films at the nanoscale
was confirmed for PP.
K. Rajakumar, V. Sarasvathy, A. T. Chelvan, R. Chitra, en C. Vijayakumar, ”Natural weathering studies of
polypropylene”, J. Polym. Environ., vol 17, no 3, 2009.
D. Mellor, A. Moir, en G. Scott, ”The effect of processing conditions on the UV stability of polyolefins”, Eur. Polym. J.,
vol 9, no 3, 1973.
H. Shen, E. Forssberg, en R. Pugh, ”Selective flotation separation of plastics by particle control”, Resour. Conserv.
Recycl., vol 33, no 1, 2001.
Keywords: Fragmentation, Polymer Weathering, Microplastics, Nanoplastics
∗Speaker
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Characterization of nanoplastic aggregation as a

function of temperature and ionic strength
Nisha Singh ∗ 1, Gopala Krishna Darbha 2
1 Department of Earth Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research – Department of Earth Sciences,
Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Kolkata, West Bengal -741246 India, India 2 Department of Earth
Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Kolkata – Department of Earth Sciences, Indian Institute
of Science Education and Research, Kolkata, West Bengal -741246 India, India
The wide range of applications, ubiquitous distribution and persistent nature of plastic has
become a global concern. Large plastic debris gets disintegrate into micro or/and in nano- size range
by a number of physical, chemical and biological factors in the environment. Its complexity due to
the presence of additives, tendency to absorb other contaminants or propensity to act as a vector to
cotransport pollutants with limited detection techniques has increased the concern in the scientific
community. Although there are extensive pieces of literature on the occurrence of microplastic/
nanoplastic debris in the environment, the aggregation behavior of nanoplastics that determines the
fate and transport of these particles in natural aquatic condition has received very limited attention.
A part of the study was to investigate the effect of varying temperature (15 0C, 25 0C, and 35 0C)
on the rate of aggregation of polystyrene nanoplastics over a range of monovalent (NaCl) and
divalent (CaCl2) salt concentration using time-resolved dynamic light scattering. The stability ratio
and critical coagulation concentration (CCC) was calculated for both salts and the temperature
ranges. The aggregation kinetics exhibit reaction- limited (slow) and diffusion-limited (fast) regimes
for both NaCl and CaCl2. Moreover, high aggregation due to charge neutralization was observed in
presences of low concentration of CaCl2 followed by NaCl. However, at higher concentration of
CaCl2 charge reversal is observed that stabilizes the nanoplastic. In addition, with a decrease in
temperature, a rise in stability ratio for the polystyrene nanoplastic was observed. Preliminary
results indicate that the stability of nanoplastics is highly influenced by the presence of electrolytes
and the temperature of the aquatic body.
Keywords: Nanoplastic, polystyrene, aggregation, stability ratio
∗Speaker
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Photodegradation of PE small microplastics : erosion

vs fragmentation
Gireeshkumar Balakrishnan Nair ∗† 1, Taco Nicolai 1, Christophe Chassenieux 1,
Fabienne Lagarde 1
1 Institut des molécules et des matériaux du Mans – Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique : UMR6283, Le Mans
Université – UFR Sciences et Techniques - Le Mans Université - Avenue Olivier Messiaen - 72085 LE MANS Cedex 9,
France
Please contact the author for more details…

∗Speaker †Corresponding author: Gireeshkumar.Balakrishnan Nair@univ-lemans.fr
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Woven metal filter media for microplastics sampling

from water
Dominik Herper ∗ 1, Markus Knefel 1, Daniel Venghaus 2
1 GKD - Gebr. Kufferath AG – Metallweberstr. 46 52353 Dueren, Germany 2 Technische Universität Berlin – Germany
Woven wire meshes represent an important category of filter media and are widely used in
various filtration tasks. The fact that they are a pure metallic filter media makes them a prior choice
for microplastic sampling from water as the filter material doesn’t contaminate the specimen.
Another advantage of a woven media is their geometrically determined pore shape and size,
delivering a very sharp cut point when used in filtration. Filter media are commonly characterized
by their opening. Unfortunately, this characterization by opening is not specific without knowing the
conditions under which this value was actually determined. As most manufacturers test the opening
of a woven media in different ways, the end user is subjected to very inhomogeneous and
unstandardized characterization methods. This ultimately leads to very subjective interpretation of
particle measurements conducted with woven wire meshes as filtration medium and results which
are not comparable. Table 1 gives a short overview of pore sizes for a 200 μg mL-1, DC: 50 ng mL-1). Post-exposurem mesh determined
with different testing methods. This paper intends to show how this problem can be avoided by
characterizing woven media by a standardized pore opening which is given by major suppliers of
woven wire mesh. Its goal is giving an overview of existing media and helping the end user to select
an appropriate mesh for microplastic sampling which then can be compared to other results which
have been achieved with the same method.
Keywords: Sampling, Filtration, Standardization
∗Speaker
An unexplored type of microplastics revealing a

neglected way of plastic fragmentation found in the
beaches of Hong Kong
Hoi Ki Beverly Po ∗† 1, Hoi Shing Michael Lo 2, Keng Po Lai 1, Siu Gin Cheung 1,2
1 State Key Laboratory in Marine Pollution, City University of Hong Kong – Hong Kong SAR China 2 Department of
Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong – Hong Kong SAR China
Microplastics in different environments vary in composition due to the variation of the sources
and factors that distribute them. In order to characterise the types of microplastics in the beaches of
Hong Kong, microplastics (size of 1 – 5 mm) were collected from 10 beaches. Out of 5000 pieces of
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microplastics analyzed, over 50% (by pieces) were plastic fragments with a predominance of white
or transparent (41%) and blue (28%) in colour. More importantly, a special type of fragment which
has not been reported before is revealed. These special fragments, composing about 13% of the
fragments collected, are interestingly triangular in shape with at least two of the three sides being
characteristically straight and resembling a cut made by compression, often coupled with signs of
tearing. Objective observations from some special pieces have made apparent differences between
these ”trimmed fragments” and those triangular fragments that were fractured randomly as the
plastic degraded. In addition, species of fish were examined to investigate their ability to make
these fragments by biting. Preliminarily findings showed that some species of the Tetraodontidae are
likely to be the causes. A brief review of photographs of microplastics from other parts of the world
supported that the ”trimmed fragments” discovered in this study could be widely distributed. If this
type of ”trimmed fragment” is confirmed to be formed by biological causes in macro-scale instead
of natural weathering, the finding here would have wide implications on current ecotoxicological
and modeling studies for microplastics since the active biting of large plastic debris has generally
not been considered as a factor.
Keywords: Microplastic ingestion, source, fragments
∗Speaker †Corresponding author: pobev@connect.hku.hk
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November 20th – Panel 7.2: 14h - 15h30 (EC),

Panel chaired by Bethany Jorgensen.
Freshwater plastic pollution: recognizing research
biases and identifying knowledge gaps
Martin Blettler∗ 1, Elie Abral 1, Khan Farhan †‡ 2, Nuket Sivri 3, Luis A. Espinola 1
1 Instituto Nacional de Limnología – Ciudad Universitaria (3000), Santa Fe, Argentina 2 Roskilde University –
Universitetsvej 1, PO Box 260, DK-4000 Roskilde,, Denmark 3 Istanbul University – Cerrahpasa, Engineering Faculty,
Department of Environmental Engineering, Istanbul, 34320, Turkey
The overwhelming majority of research conducted to date on plastic pollution (all size frac-
tions) has focused on marine ecosystems. In comparison, only a few studies provide evidence for the
presence of plastic debris in freshwater environments. However, owing to the numerous differences
between freshwater studies (including studied species and habitats, geographical locations, social
and economic contexts, the type of data obtained and also the broad range of purposes), they show
only fragments of the overall picture of freshwater plastic pollution. This highlights the lack of a
holistic vision and evidences several knowledge gaps and data biases. Through a bibliometric
analysis we identified such knowledge gaps, inconsistencies and survey trends of plastic pollution
research within freshwater ecosystems. We conclude that there is a continued need to increase the
field-data bases about plastics (all size fractions) in freshwater environments. This is particularly
important to estimate river plastic emissions to the world’s oceans. Accordingly, data about
macroplastics from most polluted and larger rivers are very scarce, although macroplastics represent
a huge input in terms of plastics weight. In addition, submerged macroplastics may play an
important role in transporting mismanaged plastic waste, however almost no studies exist. Although
many of the most plastic polluted rivers are in Asia, only 14% of the reviewed studies were carried
out in this continent (even though the major inland fisheries of the world are located in Asia’s
rivers). The potential damage caused by macroplastics on a wide range of freshwater fauna is as yet
undetermined, even though negative impacts have been well documented in similar marine species.
We also noted a clear supremacy of microplastic studies over macroplastic ones, even though there
is no reason to assume that freshwater ecosystems remain unaffected by macro-debris.
Keywords: plastic pollution, freshwater environment, macroplastic, developing countries, endangered fauna.
∗Corresponding author: mblettler@inali.unl.edu.ar †Speaker ‡Corresponding author: frkhan@ruc.dk
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Sampling microplastics in turbulent rivers using a

stationary net from a bridge: what should be the
sampling duration? How many samples are needed to
reduce bias?
Antoine Bruge ∗ 1, Marius Dhamelincourt 1
1 Surfrider Foundation Europe – Surfrider Foundation Europe – 33, allée du Moura 64200 Biarritz, France
Rivers are recognized as a major pathway for plastic entering the ocean; however, few studies
have investigated microplastic inputs from rivers to the ocean. Moreover, there is currently no
harmonized protocol or guidelines dedicated to microplastic sampling in rivers. This presentation
aims to improve microplastic sampling in rivers and to bring answers to two important questions:
what should be the sampling duration? How many samples are necessary to reduce bias?
Sixteen samplings were carried out April 6th, 2018. A 300 im stationary net was set up from a
bridge downstream of Pau city, southwest of France, on the Gave de Pau river. Ten samples were
collected with a sampling duration of 5 minutes, three with a sampling duration of 3 minutes and
three with a sampling duration of 7 minutes. The macro fraction was removed with a 5.6 mm mesh
sieve. The thinner fraction was then digested using a hydrogen peroxide oxidation. Microplastics
were then counted under a binocular microscope. A subsample of the identified microplastics were
tested through spectrometry FT-IR. Microfibers were excluded from the analysis.
Our sixteen samples show a mean density of 3.34 ± 0.20 microplastics per m3 with 61% being
made of polyethylene. Statistical analysis didn’t show any differences between mean microplastic
densities for our different sampling durations. All three durations seem therefore relevant for a water
speed surrounding 1.4 m/s. Our calculation shows that the collection of 11 samples is needed to
divide by two the standard error. Considering that microplastic distribution is homogenous in the
water column of turbulent rivers, the annual microplastic load of the Gave de Pau river is estimated
at 5.46E11 ± 3.33E10 fragments. Overall, this study contributes to the development of a
methodology to sample microplastic in rivers. Such method is expected to facilitate data collection,
comparison and model calibration.
∗Speaker
Keywords: microplastics, sampling, rivers, standard error
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Evaluating citizen science as a technique for spatial

analysis in freshwater ecosystems: A case study in the
Ottawa River watershed, Canada.
Shaun Forrest ∗ 1, Jesse Vermaire 1, Meaghan Murphy 2
1 Carleton University – 1125 Colonel By Drive Ottawa, ON, Canada, Canada 2 Ottawa Riverkeeper – 275 Bay St 301,
Ottawa, ON, K1R 5Z5, Canada
A collaboration between Carleton university researchers and volunteers from the Ottawa
Riverkeeper network provided a citizen science partnership to examine the spatial distribution of
microplastics in the Ottawa River, Canada. Citizen scientists sampled 100 litres of river water along
the Ottawa River and submitted samples to the Carleton University research team for analysis. 43
samples were received representing 23 sample locations across an approximate 600-kilometre
length of the Ottawa River. The advantages of using citizen science collaboration for freshwater
microplastic research include engaging the citizen scientists in the issue of microplastic pollution.
The expansive network of volunteers through the Ottawa River valley enabled a relatively
inexpensive method for data collection in comparison to a research team conducting the research.
However, there are draw- backs to this method. For example, not all citizen scientists followed the
specific directions, in addition some citizen scientists failing to conduct control samples. It is
recommended future citizen science projects should consider an established network of volunteers.
The current research had the advantage of utilising the Ottawa Riverkeeper and its volunteer base.
Furthermore, it is recommended to continually convey the importance of correctly filling out
standardised forms and conducting control samples to the citizen scientists. Lastly, developing a
method of enabling the citizen scientists to sample more than 100 litres of water at their desired
locations would be advantageous. This would help reduce the microfiber contamination influence on
samples. However, it must be noted, if you ask citizen scientists to sample for an unreasonable
amount of time, one could potentially decrease volunteer interest, as is important to keep the
scientists actively interested and engaged in the research process for an effective and successful
collaboration.
Keywords: citizen science, microplastics, Ottawa River, microfibres
∗Speaker
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Microplastic pollution in the River Trent UK, and the

use of EASYLIFT to optimise microplastic recovery.
Amy Osborne ∗† 1, Claire Gwinnett 1
1 Staffordshire University – College Rd, Stoke-on-Trent ST4 2DE, United Kingdom
Freshwater environments have not been extensively researched to determine the level of mi-
croplastic pollution. As freshwater systems will contribute to marine plastic pollution more research
into freshwater microplastic research is needed. The River Trent is the third largest river in the UK,
it passes through several major cities, it also runs through many nature reserves so the effect of
microplastic pollution in the Trent could be far-reaching. This project aims to quantify the level of
microplastic pollution along the duration of the river, by taking both 1-litre water and 132cm3
sediment samples from twenty-five locations along the river Sediment samples and water samples
were obtained using the ‘grab method’ outlined in Barrows et al, (2017). The River Trent could then
be characterised to determine how the concentration of microplastics will change as the river
progresses. The microplastics recovered were characterised by factors including the type of
microplastic, colour, length, width, cross-sectional shape and birefringence to determine the
polymer type. The use of EASYLIFT as a method for optimising microplastic recovery was
compared to previously used methods of manually searching for and retrieving fibres.
Approximately 1333 microplastics were found over 28 samples and seven locations, an average of
6.2 microplastics/l-1 were found in the water samples and for the sediment samples, there was an
average of 3.2 microplastics per 132cm3 of sediment. Using EASYLIFT to recover the
microplastics after they had been filtered recovered more microplastics than manually recovering
them. In all instances when manual methods of recovery were used first EASYLIFT recovered at
least one additional microplastic. Whereas when EASYLIFT is used first in most instances it
recovered all the microplastics present, this means that using EASYLIFT to recover extracted
microplastics could provide a more accurate indication of the level of microplastic pollution.
Keywords: microplastics, rivers, EASYLIFT, quantification, Trent, UK, pollution, freshwater, sediment, collection
method, recovery
∗Speaker †Corresponding author: amy.osborne14@hotmail.com
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Effectiveness of distinct methods for isolation of

microplastics in freshwater systems
Nelson Abrantes ∗† 1, Mariana Rodrigues 2, Fernando Gonçalves 2, Helena Nogueira
3, Jo ̃ao Carlos Marques 4, Ana Marta Gonçalves 2,4
1 Department of Environment CESAM, University of Aveiro – Portugal 2 Department of Biology CESAM, University of
Aveiro – Portugal 3 Department of Chemistry CICECO, University of Aveiro – Portugal 4 MARE, Department of Life
Sciences, University of Coimbra – Portugal
Plastics, one of the most demand material worldwide, are considered an emerging aquatic
pollutant due to their ubiquity, high persistence and insufficient management. Especially, mi-
croplastics (< 5 mm) are of scientific and social apprehension as they can reach high densities,
derive from a variety of sources and can interact with biotic and abiotic environment. Currently, the
concerning about microplastics (MPs) in freshwater systems has been increasing, notwithstanding
there is no unified method for MPs isolation in these systems. This result in inaccu- racy data that
differs in quality and resolution, not allowing data comparison between different studies. Hence, this
work aimed to assess the effectiveness of distinct separation methods as an attempt to identify and
establish the most cost-effective method. For that, artificial samples containing eleven plastics
belonging to the most common types of polymers (e.g. low/high-density polyethylene,
polypropylene, polystyrene, polyvinyl chloride, polyethylene terephthalate) were prepared and
subjected to distinct methods. These methods included the single use of distinct density separation
methods (using sugar, olive oil and zinc chloride), as well as organic matter degradation methods
using hydrogen peroxide (wet peroxide oxidation) and multienzymatic detergent (enzymatic
digestion), both combined with separation methods. The samples were then undergoing the
detection, quantification and identification of polymers using a dissection microscope and Fourier
transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Several criteria were considered in order to achieve the
aims of this work: effectiveness of density separation and organic matter degradation, the total mass
of polymers recovered, cost of each procedure, the time spent, the simplicity and the quality of
recovered polymers. Based on this multi-criteria approach, this study concludes that the wet
peroxide oxidation with addition of zinc chloride was the most cost-effective method, and therefore
their use is recommended in MPs monitorization studies in aquatic systems.
Keywords: Microplastics, freshwater systems, isolation methods
∗Speaker †Corresponding author: njabrantes@ua.pt
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Toward automated plastic detection in rivers

Kees Van Oeveren ∗ 1, Michelle Loozen † 1, Tim Van Emmerik ‡ 1
1 The Ocean Cleanup – Netherlands 2 The Ocean Cleanup – Netherlands
The majority of marine macro plastic is transported from rivers. Current estimations are based
on modelling approaches, because of the lack of measurements. On-site river observations are
necessary to improve our understanding of macro plastic behavior. Most of the current measure-
ment methods rely on labor and equipment intensive methods. To quickly expand the on-site
measurement dataset, The Ocean Cleanup is developing an automated monitoring tool based on
camera footage from bridges. From these images we can derive plastic particle counts, organic
particles and flow velocities. This system was currently tested under varying conditions, on several
locations. Application of this monitoring method is currently used as an expansion to current
applied measurement methods. It is most suited to better understand long-term variability and time
dependent variables. Now, expansion of the amount of camera monitoring locations could greatly
improve the understanding of plastic outflux estimations. The video dataset allows for several post
processing possibilities. In the future, the applications of camera imagery can be refined with more
optimized processing algorithms and applied to the currently created dataset.
Keywords: riverine, plastic, macro, automated, detection, cameras, photo, video, footage, machine vision, monitoring,
processing algorithms
∗Speaker †Corresponding author: michelle.loozen@theoceancleanup.com ‡Corresponding author:
tim.vanemmerik@theoceancleanup.com
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November 20th – Panel 8.1: 15h45 - 17h30 (AGH),

Panel chaired by Matthew Cole.
Impacts and implications of plastic adhesion to corals
surface
Cecilia Martin1*, Elena Corona2, Gauri Mahadik1, Carlos Duarte1
1. King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Red Sea Research Center (RSRC), Thuwal, 23955-
6900, Saudi Arabia, 2. University of Milano–Bicocca, Department of Biotechnologies and Biosciences, Piazza della
Scienza 2, 20126 Milan, Italy
Despite thousands of tons of plastic dumped yearly in the Red Sea, its surface waters support
one of the lowest concentrations of litter estimated worldwide. Given the extension of coral reefs in
the basin, we hypothesize a major role of reef organisms as corals in retaining smaller plastic
particles (<0.5 mm) missing in surface waters. While ingestion of plastic in corals has been
demonstrated, it is not clear weather environmental conditions as presence of the natural prey
affects or enhances plastic feeding rates. To this end, we conducted experiments with 3 coral species
common in the Red Sea (Pocillopora verrucosa, Acropora hemprichii and Goniastrea retiformis),
exposed to either plastic beads (sizes 53 to 500 µm), Artemia shrimps or a mix of the two. During
the experiment, e observed a significant logarithmic decrease of plastic in the water due to adhesion
of beads to the surface rather than ingestion, showing that the three-dimensional structure of the
coral is a sink for microplastics. Plastic ingestion was recorded in all specimens and correlates with
amount of plastic adhering to the animal surface, suggesting adhesion as a key mechanism to
deliver plastic to the polyp. This experiment was not able to show an influence of the natural prey
on the plastic ingestion, result that was masked by the more relevant retention of microplastics by
the coral surface. We indeed estimated that studied corals can sink up to 50% of the plastic present
in the water column, in a species-specific extent dependent on the complexity of their skeleton
structure.
Keywords: Microplastic, Ingestion, Corals, Sinks, Red Sea
∗Speaker †Corresponding author: cecilia.martin@kaust.edu.sa ‡Corresponding author: e.corona2@campus.unimib.it
Bioavailability and ingestion of microplastic by

zooplankton in the natural environment
Penelope Lindeque ∗ 1, Matthew Cole 2, Alice Wilson Mcneal 3, Elaine Fileman 3,
Amanda Beesley
1 Plymouth Marine Laboratory (PML) – Marine Ecology and Biodiversity, Plymouth Marine Laboratory, Prospect
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Place, West Hoe, Plymouth, United Kingdom 2 Plymouth Marine Laboratory – Prospect Place The Hoe Plymouth PL1
3DH, United Kingdom 3 Plymouth Marine Laboratory (PML) – Prospect Place, The Hoe Plymouth PL1 3DH, United
Kingdom
Microplastics have been documented in marine environments worldwide where they pose a
potential risk to a range of biota. Of particular susceptibility are zooplankton, small ubiquitous
marine animals that provide an essential link between primary producers and higher trophic levels
(e.g. commercial fish species). Laboratory studies have established that zooplankton, such as
copepods, readily ingest microplastics, and that such ingestion decreases their energy budget and
negatively impacts reproduction, health and survival. However, sampling, classifying and
enumerating the size range of micropastics readily consumed by zooplankton, and understanding the
extent to which zooplankton encounter and ingest plastic particles and fibres within their natural
environment is imperative, not least as there is potential to disrupt the link between primary
producers and higher trophic levels, and for trophic transfer and bioaccumulation of microplastics
within the marine food web. In this study, we compared the amounts of microscopic anthropogenic
debris collected using 100, 335 and 500 im aperture nets, across 14 sites in the western English
Channel, to determine if sampling with traditional 335 im aperture nets underestimates
microplastic. Our findings show that as mesh size decreases, the number of anthropogenic
microdebris items collected increases. Furthermore, the mean size of items collected was smaller in
nets with a smaller mesh size.
We also sampled six sites in the western English Channel over the course of one year to de-
termine the types and amount of anthropogenic debris ingested by zooplankton in the natural
environment. Our results demonstrate that zooplankton routinely encounter and ingest mi-
croplastics under natural conditions. Encounter rates resulting from ingestion ranged from 1
particle/every 6-125 zooplankton. The incidence of ingestion of different zooplankton at different
temporal and spatial locations and potential impact on the health of the population and higher
trophic levels will be discussed.
Keywords: microplastic, zooplankton, mesh size, English Channel
∗Speaker
Mechanisms and effects of microplastic ingestion by

planktivorous fish
Nicolas Ory ∗ 1, Catriona Clemmesen 1, Thorsten Reusch 1
1 GEOMAR - Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research [Kiel] – Wischhofstr. 1-3, 24148 Kiel, Germany
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Millimeter-sized plastic particles (microplastics) have been documented in many fish species
from most marine environments, but the factors influencing the ingestion still warrant to be tested to
better understanding microplastic pathways within tropic webs. The comparison of microplastics
and planktonic organisms in surface waters and in the digestive tract of juvenile planktivorous fish
captured along the coast of Easter Island revealed that fish ingested preferentially blue microplastics
similar to their common copepod prey. Experiments in the laboratory confirmed that visually-
oriented planktivorous fish capture mostly microplastics resembling their food. Moreover,
microplastics were only swallowed when co-captured with food, and were otherwise spit out,
suggesting that food produces a ‘gustatory trap’ that impedes the fish to discriminate and reject
inedible particles. Fish might thus ingest accidentally marine-weathered microplastics because they
are overgrown by a biofilm that alters the gustatory response of the fish. Experiments in the
laboratory will test whether juvenile fish ingest preferentially marine-weathered over unweathered
microplastics, and also examine potential impacts of microplastic ingestion on the behavioural and
physiological responses of the fish. The results of this study will be important to evaluate the threat
of microplastics to juveniles of important commercial and ecological fish species.
Keywords: Microplastic ingestion, planktivorous fish, gustatory trap, microbiota, behavioural and physiological
responses
∗Speaker
Novel methods for the determination of microplastic

in sediment and biota from the Norwegian continental
shelf
Arne Pettersen ∗ 1, Heidi Knutsen 1, Emma Jane Wade 1, Jens Laugesen 2, Thomas
Møskeland 2, Jakob Cyvin 1, Hans Peter Arp 1
1 Norwegian Geotechnical Institute – N-0806 Oslo, Norway, Norway 2 DNV-GL – Veritasveien, Høvik, Norway
NGI has developet a novel method for the extraction of microplastic in sediments and biota for
further qualitative and quantitative determination by FTIR microscopy. The method involves
separation i spetial Bauta separation towers using high density liquid and purification by organic
matter removal usin oxidation agents including hydrogenperoxide prior to FTIR analysis.
Keywords: Analytical method, sediment, biota, Norwegian continental shelf
∗Speaker
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Gastropod pedal mucus facilitates uptake of

microplastics by marine periwinkles
Lars Gutow ∗ 1, Kevin Bartl , Reinhard Saborowski , Jan Beermann
1 Alfred Wegener Insitute Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research (AWI) – Am Handelshafen 12 27570
A growing number of studies is showing that ingested microplastics can induce deleterious
effects in aquatic organisms. Accordingly, it is essential to identify mechanisms that facilitate the
uptake of microplastics to identify crucial exposure pathways. Marine gastropods produce pedal
mucus for locomotion. In order to compensate for the considerable amount of energy spent for
mucus production many gastropods forage on the mucus trails of conspecifics thereby taking up
particulate matter, such as microalgae, which adhere to the sticky surface of the pedal mucus. We
investigated (1) if suspended microplastics adhere to the pedal mucus of the marine periwinkle
Littorina littorea and (2) if the periwinkles ingest adherent microplastics when foraging on
contaminated pedal mucus. In laboratory experiments microplastics clearly accumulated in
gastropod pedal mucus. The number of microplastics in the mucus increased with the particle
concentration in the seawater but was independent of the incubation time. However, older mucus
retained less microplastic particles than fresh mucus indicating progressive aging of the mucus.
Periwinkles readily consumed pedal mucus contaminated with microplastics resulting in the
deposition of ingested microplastics in fecal material. Our results showed that the pedal mucus of
marine periwinkles collects suspended microplastics from the water column and makes it available
for ingestion by marine benthic invertebrates.
Keywords: ingestion, pathways, consumers, marine, mesoherbivores
∗Speaker
Are sea squirts playing a role in the transportation of

marine plastics?
Vicky Dewar-Fowler ∗ , Adam Porter , Matt Cole , Corin Liddle , Ceri Lewis 1
1 University of Exeter (UoE) – Geoffrey Pope Building, Biosciences, 201 Lab, Stocker Road, Exeter EX4 4QD, United
Kingdom
Microplastics are now found in all areas of our oceans, with many buoyant polymers being
found in sediments. However, the mechanisms of this transportation of plastic from the surface to
the seabed are not yet known. Marine biota may be pivotal in this transportation; ingestion and
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subsequent egestion may alter the properties of plastics causing them to behave differently in the
oceans. One organism that may be playing a role in this biotransformation of plastics are sea squirts.
Sea squirts are prolific filter feeders capable of filtering a volume of sea water equivalent to their
body volume every second. This filtering process is important for local ecosystems as sea squirts
remove and sequester toxins from the water they filter. However, this high filtration rate enhances
the chance of plastic ingestion by sea squirts. We looked at microplastic ingestion in the solitary sea
squirt, Ciona intestinalis, through both laboratory and field studies. We found that C. intestinalis
readily ingested a variety of plastics in laboratory exposures, but were able to rapidly eject them.
Ingestion did not appear to significantly affect the heart rate or feeding rate of the sea squirt.
However, excretion of these particles in faecal matter may be providing a mechanism for buoyant
plastics to be transported to the benthos. Wild specimens of C. intestinalis were also analysed for the
presence of microplastics. A number of plastic-like particles were found to be present within these
organisms, suggesting that ascidians may be susceptible to microplastic ingestion in the marine
environment.
Keywords: Invertebrates, microplastic ingestion
∗Speaker
Microalgae as Microplastics Bioflocculators

César Cunha ∗† 1, Marisa Faria 1,2, Natacha Nogueira 2,3,4, Nereida Cordeiro 1,2,4
1 University of Madeira [Funchal] – Campus Universitário da Penteada 9000-390 Funchal Portugal, Portugal 2
Oceanic Observatory of Madeira - ARDITI – 9020-105 Funchal, Portugal, Portugal 3 Mariculture Center of Calheta –
9370-133 Calheta, Portugal, Portugal 4 CIIMAR - Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research,
University of Porto – 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal, Portugal
Human consumerism and pollution gave rise to aquatic environments filled with plastic litter,
susceptible to breakage and release of increasingly smaller sized low-molecular-weight polymer
fragments, with increasing accumulation in the marine and freshwater environments. Microplas- tics
(0.1 μg mL-1, DC: 50 ng mL-1). Post-exposurem - 0.5 mm) have a strong influence in the aquatic ecosystems, as they are ingested and
transferred through the planktonic web and higher trophic levels, modify genetic expression and
exhibit toxicity and mortality in marine plankton. Plastic particles have been found throughout
oceans and rivers, from the surface to sediment on the seabed. Microalgae can ex- crete
exopolymers (a gel-like structure) with potential to form hetero-aggregates with plastic particles. In
this work two marine (Tetraselmis sp. and Gloeocapsa sp.) and two freshwater (Scenedesmus sp.
and Microcystis panniformis) microalgae were exposed to microplastics. In the present work, the
interactions between the microalgae and two types of microplastics (high and low density) were
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characterized and differentiated in terms of the potential production of exopolymers and hetero-
aggregation as a function of plastic particles type, size and density by means of fluorescence
microscopy and scanning electron microscope. Results showed that the hereto-aggregates were
composed by microalgae, exopolymers and microplastics and that the size, strength, viscosity and
exopolymers production, were very species-specific. Thus, Mi- crocystis panniformis and
Scenedesmus sp. exhibited a considerable amount of exopolymer production, but with lesser
capabilities to aggregate microplastics. Tetraselmis sp. displayed an excellent ability to aggregate
both low and high-density beads, being only semi-limited by the size of the MP. Gloeocapsa sp. is a
novel microalgae with outstanding exopolymer production and microplastic aggregation capabilities.
The results highlight the potential of the exopolymers to interact with plastic particles and the
hetero-aggregates importance for the plastics vertical transport from the water surface to the
sediment.
Keywords: Microalgae, Exopolymers, Microplastics, Polystyrene (PS), Acrylic (PMMA), Hetero, aggregates
∗Speaker †Corresponding author: cesar cunha@hotmail.com
Does heat stress increase the susceptibility of marine

bivalves to microplastic pollution?
Mark Lenz ∗ 1, Martin Wahl 2
1 GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel (GEOMAR) – Düsternbrooker Weg 20 24105 Kiel, Germany 2
GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel – Düsternbrooker Weg 20 24105 Kiel, Germany
Previous studies already documented that the pollution of the water column with microplastic
particles can have negative effects on marine filter feeders such as bivalves. However, it is still
unclear whether further environmental stressors such as heat, oxygen deficiency or fluctuations in
salinity, which are common in coastal habitats and should therefore frequently co-occur with
microplastics, can amplify its negative effects. We investigated this concept in identical laboratory
experiments that were conducted simultaneously at 4 sites in Chile, Indonesia, Japan and Wales
(UK). There, we exposed specimens of 6 bivalve species, Choromytilus chorus and Mytilus
chilensis (in Chile), M. trossulus and Crassostrea gigas (in Japan), Perna viridis (in Indonesia) and
M. edulis as well as C. gigas (in Wales) to 4 concentrations of irregularly shaped PVC particles (2 –
70 μg mL-1, DC: 50 ng mL-1). Post-exposurem). The microplastic concentrations, i.e. 0, 2, 20, 200 mg/l, were fully crossed with three
temperature regimes of which two simulated either moderate or severe heat stress. The third regime
represented the long-term average sea surface temperature at site. To assess the effects of these
treatment combinations on mussel health, we measured oxygen consumption, filtrations rates and
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faeces production after 12 weeks of exposure. We found significant interactive effects between heat
stress and particle concentrations, which indicate that additional environmental stressors can
increase bivalve susceptibility to microplastics. These interactions, however, were found in some but
not in all of the test species as well as for some but not for all of the assessed response variables. We
provide an overview over our results, inter- pret the observed interactions and discuss which factors
could influence the interplay between microplastic pollution and environmental stress.
Keywords: heat stress, exposure to microplastics, PVC, bivalves, filtration, respiration, experiments, interactive effects
∗Speaker
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November 20th – Panel 8.2: 15h45 - 17h30 (EC),

Panel chaired by Melanie Bergmann.
The role of vertical mixing on the global distribution

of near-surface microplastic
David Wichmann ∗† 1, Philippe Delandmeter 1, Erik Van Sebille 1
1 Institute for Marine and Atmospheric Research, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands – Netherlands
Buoyant microplastic particles at the ocean surface can be submerged to deeper layers through
wind induced turbulent mixing (Kukulka et al. 2012). Yet the fact that particles in deeper layers are
transported by currents that are different from those at the surface has not been explored so far. We
simulate the global-scale transport of passive microplastic particles constrained to different depths
in the ocean from the surface to 130m depth. We compute trajectories of approx. 1 million virtual
particles with the Parcels framework using hydrodynamic data from the global OFES model on 1/10
degree resolution. We find that particles constrained to deeper layers show significantly different
long-term concentration patterns to those at the surface (see Figure). We also study the effect of
vertical mixing on the global transport of buoyant microplastic by explicitly taking into account the
vertical displacement through surface mixing in the trajectory computation according to the
parameterization of Kukulka et al. 2012. We simulate both long- term distributions (garbage
patches) and short-time transients through global uniform and point location release experiments.
The results indicate that the locations of the garbage patches are only weakly affected by vertical
mixing because deeper currents have smaller convergence. Nev- ertheless, deeply submerged
particles follow a completely different dynamics, not governed by the surface garbage patches.
These results could be relevant for understanding how microplastic can be transported to remote
regions outside the garbage patches such as the Southern Ocean.
Keywords: Modelling, Lagrangian particle tracking, global microplastic transport
∗Speaker †Corresponding author: d.wichmann@uu.nl
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How do different physical processes affect the

pathways of floating microplastic? The Parcels
Lagrangian Ocean analysis framework
Philippe Delandmeter ∗† 1, Erik Van Sebille 1
1 Institute for Marine and Atmospheric Research, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands – Netherlands
The transport of plastic on continental shelves is complex. The difficulties of modelling plastic
dispersion are due to the limited understanding of how it moves in the environment. Furthermore, its
fate is affected by the wide range of hydrodynamics time scales and processes.
Here, we simulate the transport of floating microplastic released in the main estuaries of the
European Northwestern continental shelf. Different sets of hydrodynamics data, such as NEMO,
GlobCurrent and CMEMS are compared, assessing the plastic distribution sensitivity resulting from
these flow fields. The connectivity between the North Sea and Arctic basins is studied in terms of
microplastic transport.
To run the different simulations, we develop and use the Lagrangian ocean analysis framework
Parcels, which is freely available and open source (www.oceanparcels.org). The model is designed
to use the output of state-of-the-art ocean models for advecting and dispersing virtual particles. To
combine user-friendliness with efficiency, Parcels is implemented in Python before being just-in-
time compiled in C and executed as a library. It aims to decouple the model defined by the user from
the low-level implementation.
The large modularity of Parcels enables to read velocity fields from different ocean models,
since it processes the discretisation of these fields naturally. Furthermore, it gives the possibility to
freely define the particle dynamics, to evaluate the importance of different physical processes, such
as tides, wind and waves, that drive the plastic transport.
This presentation focuses on both the dispersion of the North Sea microplastic and the details
of the Parcels framework, which can be used to simulate the dynamics of very different types of
particles, from floating or non-floating marine litter, to plankton or tuna fish.
Keywords: Parcels, microplastic, Lagrangian, modelling
∗Speaker †Corresponding author: p.b.delandmeter@uu.nl
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A large scale mesocosm approach to simulate

chemical and biological effects of microplastics in a
high-plastic ocean
Luisa Galgani ∗ 1, Steven Arthur Loiselle, 2, Manolis Tsapakis 3, Paraskevi Pitta 3,
Anastasia Tsiola 3, Ioanna Kalantzi 3, Eleni Tzempelikou 3, Chiara Esposito 4
1 Università di Siena – Via A. Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy 2 Università di Siena – Italy 3 Hellenic Center for Marine
Research – Greece 4 Università degli Studi di Firenze – Italy
The Mediterranean Sea is a closed marine environment surrounded by a complex coastal area
and a population of more than 400 million. As in all populated areas, it has an elevated
concentration of marine litter and microplastics, with long-term consequences that are poorly
understood. The identification of accumulation hotspots, sources and fate of marine microplastics
and distribution processes is a priority research area. There is rising concern that microplastics
interfere with the marine carbon pump, by acting as substrates for microbial processing of organic
material.
Studying such dynamics would require hypotheses testing under controlled, repeatable con-
ditions simulating real oceanic environments. This is difficult to achieve in the field or in the
laboratory. We used large-scale mesocosms to study the effects of microplastics at the ecosystem
level, building on recent methodologies that have been applied to address other ocean processes and
changes. We simulated a ”high-plastic” ocean with high concentrations of polystyrene mi-
crospheres and in situMediterranean seawater in 3 m3mesocosms.
We followed the dynamics of biological and chemical characteristics of each mesocosm over
two weeks, observing variations in the production of organic material in the presence of mi-
croplastics with respect to controls. We encourage collaborative projects to expand the use of these
valuable infrastructures to improve our understanding of microplastics fate and effects in aquatic
environments. Given their ubiquitous nature, we expect that there are numerous unrecognized
feedbacks between microplastic pollution and other anthropogenic-driven ocean changes.
Keywords: Microplastics mesocosms ocean simulation
∗Speaker
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MODELING PLASTIC WASTE FLOWS IN THE

MEDITERRANEAN ENVIRONMENT: A SOURCE
TO SINK APPROACH
Lisa Weiss ∗† 1, Wolfgang Ludwig 1, Claude Estournel 2
1 Centre de Formation et de Recherche sur les Environnements Méditérranéens – Université de Perpignan Via
Domitia : VIADOMITIA - UPVD (FRANCE), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique : UMR5110 – 52, Avenue
Paul Alduy, 66860 Perpignan Cedex. France, France 2 Université Paul Sabatier - Toulouse 3, Institut national des
sciences de Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique : UMR5560 – 14 avenue
Edouard Belin 31400 Toulouse, France
The Mediterranean Sea is one of the most polluted zones of the world with more than a million
debris of plastic floating per km2. While garbage patches have been observed in the oceans, there is
still no accumulation zone clearly identified in the Mediterranean Sea. In order to better understand
the impact of plastic pollution on marine ecosystems and potentially on human health, it becomes
necessary to better quantify the plastics sources and to analyze their dispersion offshore. Here we
present a modeling approach that will combine statistical models of plastic inputs from rivers and
other land-based sources into the sea with a numerical model of ocean currents. Quantification of
plastic wastes that enter the Sea annually is based on the delineation of Mediterranean watersheds
and geo-referenced data for potential drivers such as population densities, waste management and
river drainage basin characteristics. It is this part of our work that will be presented during the
conference. In a further step, the model of plastic inputs will be used to initiate numerical
simulations of ocean circulation to analyze the plastics dispersion through the currents on the basis
of the 3D hydrodynamic model SYMPHONIE. This model commonly used for sediment transport
is able to integrate plastic particles with different size and density. Our modeling approach will
bring knowledge both on the origin and fate (beaching, sedimentation on the seabed, cascading or
surface drift) of plastics in the Mediterranean environment based on realistic particle and mass
concentrations. This will enable to integrate the increasing number of field observations and
measurements into realistic scenarios on plastic pollution in this key environment for global change.
Keywords: continent, ocean transfer, plastic pollution, Mediterranean Sea, ocean circulation modeling
∗Speaker †Corresponding author: lisa.weiss@univ-perp.fr
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Numerical Model Simulation to improve the

understanding of Micro-Plastics Debris in marine
environments: sensitivity of microplastics fate to
particles physical properties and behaviour
Isabel Jalon-Rojas ∗† 1, Erick Fredj 2, Xiao Hua Wang 1
1 The Sino-Australian Research Centre for Coastal Management, School of Physical, Environmental and Mathematical
Sciences, University of New South Wales – UNSW Australia at the Australian Defence Force Academy, Northcott
Drive,Canberra ACT 2600, Australia 2 Jerusalem College of Technology – Havaad Haleumi Street 21 Jerusalem 91160,
Israel
Understanding Marine micro-Plastic Debris (MPD) movement is a global issue of international
concern. Physical properties and processes of MPD particles can determine their motion and fate in
ocean and coastal systems. However, most of models of MPD movement assumed MPDs as neutral
particles drifting within the surface layer. These models are typically coupled to a specific ocean
model and focus on large special scales. In this study, we present TrackMPD, a new non-Lagrangian
tracking model for marine debris transport that consider (1) the behaviour of the particles of
different densities, sizes, shapes and fouling states, and (2) physical processes such as windage,
dispersion, degradation and refloating. TrackMPD is compatible with velocity data from many
different hydrodynamic models (e.g. POM, ROMS, MITgcm and FVCOM) and can compute
forward and backward trajectories in two or three dimensions. We describe and quantify the
influence of different microplastics behaviours and physical processes on the trajectory and fate of
microplastics using Jervis Bay (SE Australia) and its adjacent coast as natural laboratory.
Preliminary results show that the microplastics dynamical properties impacting their sinking have
a large effect on the distribution of MPDs, even more than other major physical processes such as
dispersion and refloating. In particular, the plastic density (Fig 1) and the fouling state play a key
role on the transport and final fate of both spherical and cylindrical microplastics, while the particle
size only has a high impact on the movement of spherical particles. A detailed sensitivity analysis
ranks the relative influence of each model parameter on the distribution and fate of MPDs. These
findings highlight the importance of the three-dimensional tracking of microplastics, and can help
prioritise experimental research on the particle dynamical properties and physical processes
involved on plastic transport, leading to more accurate predictions of their fate.
Keywords: microplastics transport, 3D modelling, dynamical properties, physical processes, mi-
∗Speaker †Corresponding author: i.jalonrojas@unsw.edu.au
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Laboratory experiments and numerical modelling of

plastic particles beaching
Cleo Jongedijk * 3, Jose M Alsina 1, Samuel Wetherell 2, Van Reeuwijk Maarten 3,
Agustín Sánchez-Arcilla 1, Erik Van Sebille 4
1 Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya [Barcelona] – C./Jordi Girona, 1-3, 08034 Barcelona, Spain 2 Atkins
Engineering Consultant – United Kingdom 3 Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering [Imperial College
London] – South Kensington Campus London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom, United Kingdom 4 Utrecht University
[Utrecht] – Heidelberglaan 8, 3584 CS Utrecht, Netherlands
The ubiquitous presence of plastic debris in the world’s oceans is globally recognized as a key
environmental challenge. The large amount of debris drifting in the ocean constitutes a grave threat
to marine life and ecosystems. Tackling this environmental challenge requires an understanding of
how much plastic is in the ocean, where it is accumulating and how it is transported there. However,
the fate of a large proportion of plastic currently thought to be in the ocean is still unknown due to
the difficulty of obtaining representative samples of plastic debris and the presence of sinks, which
include shorelines (beaching), the ocean bed and ingestion by marine life. Within the Tracking Of
Plastic In Our Seas (TOPIOS) project, laboratory experiments and numerical techniques are
combined to study the plastic fluxes through the coastline and the plastic returning to the emerged
beach (beaching) as a function of wave climate and plastic properties. Wave flume experiments to
quantitatively determine those fluxes are performed in controlled conditions varying the wave
steepness, and energy; and plastic particles density and size. A plastic particle tracking system using
video cameras and video image analysis is used. In parallel a numerical model is being developed
combining a hydrodynamic solver, SWASH, and a Lagrangian tracking model, Parcels. The
Lagrangian tracking solver is modified to introduce the particle inertia, drag, buoyancy, added mass
and turbulent dispersion. Particle beaching is estimated using the advection length, defined as the
maximum distance seawards from the shoreline from which particles end up beaching. The attached
figure shows laboratory experiments configuration (left), measurements of 3D lagragian trajectories
(middle) and numerical and experimental advection ratios (right). The full paper will present details
of the experimental technique, experimental data analysis of the plastic particles beaching and
numerical modelling results.
Keywords: plastic beaching, laboratory experiments, coastline, plastic transport
∗Speaker
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Why does floating microplastic accumulate in the

subtropical gyre of the North Atlantic Ocean?
Victor Onink ∗† 1,2,3, Erik Van Sebille 3
1 Climate and Environmental Physics, Physics Institute, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland – Switzerland 2
Oeschger Centre for Climate Change Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland – Switzerland 3 Institute for
Marine and Atmospheric Research, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands – Netherlands
While floating microplastic has been found in most of the world’s oceans, it is distributed
unevenly over the globe, with elevated concentrations in the subtropical ocean gyres in each ocean
basin. However, little attention has been given to the different physical mechanisms responsible for
this accumulation, with previous studies either focusing solely on the Pacific Ocean or simply
attributing the accumulation to wind-driven Ekman current convergence. In our research, we have
studied the roles of various current components such as the wind-driven Ekman currents, pressure
gradient-driven geostrophic currents and surface wave-driven Stokes currents in determining the
location of microplastic accumulation regions in the North Atlantic. We have run Lagrangian
particle simulations of floating microplastic to locate the position of greatest accumulation.
Hydrodynamic flow fields from the GlobCurrent and WaveWatchIII re- analysis projects were
obtained for the Ekman, geostrophic, total (Ekman + geostrophic) and Stokes currents, thus
allowing the use of assimilated rather than modelled circulation. By observing the final
microplastic distribution with each of the different current components, the respective contributions
to the microplastic accumulation could be isolated.
The model runs using the total currents resulted in a peak microplastic accumulation near the
middle of the North Atlantic in the subtropics (Figure 1), which matches observations and the
results of earlier modelling studies. The location of this peak accumulation is due to the wind-driven
Ekman currents, with the geostrophic currents not leading to accumulation in the subtropics. The
Stokes currents act as an accumulation mechanism in the subtropics, but also lead to microplastic
transport towards the equatorial and polar regions. This improved understanding of the contributing
mechanisms behind the accumulation of microplastics can benefit a range of follow-up studies,
including the efficacy of open-ocean plastic clean-up efforts.
Keywords: Global Ocean Circulation, Lagrangian Modeling, Stokes Currents, Garbage Patch, Mi- croplastic
Accumulation
∗Speaker †Corresponding author: victor.onink@gmail.com
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Tracking nanoplastics in aquatic organisms at

environmentally realistic concentrations
Maya Al-Sid-Cheikh ∗† 1, Rowland Steve J. , Karen Stevenson , Claude Rouleau ,
Theodore B. Henry , Richard C. Thompson‡
1 School of biological and Marine sciences, University of Plymouth – Circus Drake, Davy Building, Plymouth, PL4
8AA, United Kingdom, United Kingdom
Based on discharge models (1), at least 12 % of plastic litter that should be accumulating in
oceans is missing – or not detectable with actual analytical means. The fragmentation of plastic
debris into smaller particles, such as the largely ”undetectable” nanoplastics (NP, d < 1000nm) has
been suggested to be a potential explanation for this missing sink in the environment. Due to
concerns that the increasing production of manufactured and possibly non-manufactured NP might
present unintended hazards, a small number of studies have also investigated the uptake or the
effects of NP into biota. However, they all used concentrations exceeding those predicted to occur in
the environment; the latter range between 1 pg L-1and 15 μg mL-1, DC: 50 ng mL-1). Post-exposureg L-1(2). In fact, most studies used
concentrations between two and seven orders-of-magnitude higher than those predicted. For
instance, some studies attempted to track fluorescent particles, using surface-functionalized
polystyrene nanoparticles, to produce qualitative characterization of the ingestion of MP/NP and
tissue distributions in transparent aquatic organisms. However, the use of such methods has
important constraints, including high limits of detection, interference from fluorescent backgrounds,
the range of organisms that can been used and the weak resolution (e.g. due to internal light
diffraction/reflection) that can be reached. Overall, the important challenges that tracking plastic
particles in biological or environmental media represent, have impeded the quantification of the
uptake and the characterization of the accumulation patterns in realistic environmental settings. In
this presentation, we report the first biokinetic and quantitative tissue distribution data produced in a
study where aquatic organisms (i.e. the scallopPecten maximus) were exposed to predicted
environmentally realistic concentrations (15 μg mL-1, DC: 50 ng mL-1). Post-exposureg L-1) of two sizes of NP (d = 20 and 250 nm). (1)
Cozar, et al. (2014) Proc Natl Acad Sci111(28):10239–10244. (2) Lenz, et al (2016) Proc Natl Acad
Sci 113(29):E4121–E4122.
Keywords: biokinetics, isotopically labelled, tissue distribution, nanoparticles
∗Speaker †Corresponding author: maya.al-sid-cheikh@plymouth.ac.uk ‡Corresponding author:
R.C.Thompson@plymouth.ac.uk
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November 20th, JPI Oceans panels, Microplastics

Projects Joint Final Meeting (AGH).
9h-9h10, Welcoming Remarks, Objectives of the Day. Tim Eder, Federal Ministry of Education and
Research, Germany.
9h10-9h55, Project results BASEMAN: (i) General Introduction (Gunnar Gerdts); (ii)From the cradle to the
spectrum (Jesus Gago); (iii) Analytics of microplastics (Sebastian Primpke) and (iv) Challenges, limitations
and opportunites in identifying small microlitter particles (Martin Hasselöv).
Defining the baselines and standards for microplastics analyses in European waters!?
Highlights and pitfalls of JPI-O BASEMAN
Gunnar Gerdts (Alfred Wegener Institute Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research (AWI),
Helgoland, Germany) et al (the BASEMAN consortium)
Since the middle of last century rapidly increasing global production of plastics has been
accompanied by an accumulation of plastic litter in the marine environment. Dispersal by
currents and winds does not diminish the persistence of plastic items which degrade and become
fragmented over time. Together with micro-sized primary plastic litter from consumer products
these degraded secondary micro-fragments lead to an increasing amount of small plastic particles
(smaller than 5 mm), so called “microplastics”. The ubiquitous presence and massive
accumulation of microplastics in marine habitats and the uptake of microplastics by various
marine biota is now well recognized by scientists and authorities worldwide. A fundamental
issue precluding assessment of the environmental risks arising from microplastics is the lack of
standard operation protocols (SOP) for microplastics sampling and detection. Comparability of
data on microplastics concentrations was (and still is) hampered by the huge variety of different
methods applied, generating data of extremely different quality and resolution. JPI-O
BASEMAN as one of four projects funded in the framework of the JPI-O pilot action
“Ecological Aspects of Microplastics” aimed to overcome this problem by profound and detailed
comparison and evaluation of all approaches from sampling to identification of microplastics in
the marine environment. However, due to the increasing perception of microplastics as emerging
pollutant(s) in the environment (not only marine), these approaches now need to be harmonized
with those developed (and applied) in freshwater and terrestrial sytems for a holistic
understanding of the MP-pollution in interconnected ecosystems. In the framework of the JPI-O
Microplastics Projects Joint Final Meeting we will present our findings and methodological
suggestions concerning sampling and detection of MP in the marine environment („From the
cradle to the spectrum“, Jesus Gago) and our progress related to analytical approaches
(„Analytics of microplastics“, Sebastian Primpke & Barbara Scholz-Böttcher; "Challenges,
limitations and opportunites in identifying small microlitter particles", Martin Hasselöv).
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9h55-10h40, Project results WEATHER-MIC: (i) General introduction (Annika Jahnke); (ii) The influence
of weathering on the sinking behavior of microplastic (Erik Toorman); (iii) Characterization and effect
testing of leachates liberated during UV light-induced weathering of polymers (Christoph Rummel) and (iv)
Ecological relevance of microplastic effect testing with a focus on weathering (Zandra Gerdes).
WEATHER-MIC – How microplastic weathering changes its transport, fate and toxicity in
the marine environment
Annika Jahnke1, Christoph Rummel1, Matthew MacLeod2, Annegret Potthoff3, Elena Gorokhova2, Zandra
Gerdes2, Erik Toorman4, Mechthild Schmitt-Jansen1, Dana Kühnel1 and Hans Peter H. Arp5
1
Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Leipzig, Germany. 2 Department of Environmental
Science and Analytical Chemistry (ACES), Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden. 3 Fraunhofer-
Gesellschaft, Institute for Ceramic Technologies and Systems (IKTS), Dresden, Germany. 4 KU Leuven,
Heverlee, Belgium. 5 Norwegian Geotechnical Institute (NGI), Oslo, Norway.
Studies on plastic debris including microplastic in the aquatic environment are increasing.
However, it is still common to use pristine particles, which are of limited relevance since plastic
debris is weathered quickly when exposed to various environmental factors. The overall aim of
the JPI Oceans-funded project WEATHER-MIC was to assess the impacts that weathering has on
the transport, fate and effects of plastic debris and the related leachates, i.e., the chemicals being
liberated during weathering.
There is a range of environmental factors influencing the weathering of plastic material and
leaching of chemicals, including UV radiation, physical stress due to wave action near- and
onshore, and microbial degradation. Their relative importance depends on site-specific factors
and the polymer. As additives are not chemically bound in the polymers, they are expected to
leach relatively fast. Microbial colonization and biofilm formation on the polymer surface has
several implications: Besides shielding the particle from UV light, the polymer’s density is
altered, resulting in changes in buoyancy and sedimentation rate. Furthermore, biofilms add an
additional sorptive phase to the plastic fragments, which can slow down the sorption of
chemicals and leaching from the polymer. Furthermore, the fragmentation of large plastic debris
leads to formation of smaller, irregularly shaped particles with relatively large contributions of
biofilm per particle mass. These particles can be ingested by marine consumers and hence
potentially affect organism fitness as well as facilitate transfer in food webs.
In this overview, we present WEATHER-MIC results, with a focus on three main topics: (i) The
influence of weathering on the sinking behavior of microplastic; (ii) Characterization and effect
testing of leachates liberated during weathering of polymers induced by UV exposure; (iii)
Ecological relevance of microplastic effect testing with a focus on weathering. Additional
important aspects, such as advanced particle characterization, will also be addressed.
10h40-11h, Coffee Break.
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11h-11h45, Project results PLASTOX: (i) General Introduction (Andy Booth); (ii) Uptake and Accumulation
of microplastic (Laura Airoldi); (iii) Toxic effects of ingested microplastic (Paula Sobral); (iv)Adsorption
and desorption of pollutants to microplastic (Kaori Sakaguchi-Soder) and (v) Bioavailability of pollutants
adsorbed to microplastic (Andy Booth).
"PLASTOX: A big assessment of small particles?"
Andy Booth1 and the PLASTOX consortium for JPI Oceans.
1
SINTEF Ocean – Postboks 4762 Torgard, N-7465 Trondheim, Norway

Although MP ingestion has been demonstrated for a range of species representing most trophic
levels, the number of studies reporting impacts associated with MP ingestion is small. Impacts
observed for different species include reduced feeding, weight loss, reproductive and
developmental abnormalities, and phagocytic activity and inflammatory responses. These
impacts are significantly influenced by particle size, with smaller sizes typically eliciting more
significant effects on organisms. The role of MPs as vectors for transporting known
environmental pollutants (e.g. persistent organic pollutants and metals) appears to be important.
However, there is currently insufficient data available to be able to draw strong conclusions
regarding the impacts of MPs on marine organisms. Furthermore, there is a lack understanding
regarding the effects of MP exposure and uptake at the population level and across food webs.
There remains a need to address the following knowledge gaps concerning MP effects:
Potential effects of MPs on marine species at different life stages
Determination of MP uptake, internalisation and potential for trophic transfer
Understanding the role of MPs as vectors for exposure and bioaccumulation of POPs
and metals
The role of plastic additive chemicals on the potential effects of MPs to aquatic
species
Use of environmentally relevant MP test materials and the importance of
physicochemical properties
PLASTOX is funded under the JPI Oceans Pilot Action “Ecological Aspects of Microplastics”.
The project investigates the ingestion, accumulation, food web transfer, and ecotoxicological
impact of MPs, together with persistent organic pollutants (POPs), metals and plastic additive
chemicals, on key European marine species and ecosystems. Acute and sublethal
ecotoxicological effects of MPs are assessed on marine organisms from phyto- and zooplankton
to shellfish and fish. Adsorption and desorption behaviour of organic and inorganic pollutants to
MPs are investigated using common POP and metal contaminants. The influence of MP
physicochemical properties (size, shape, surface area and composition) on these processes will
be evaluated. To study ecological effects of MPs, laboratory tests and mesocosm studies will be
combined with field-based observations and manipulative field experiments at stations
representing a wide range of European marine environments (Mediterranean, Adriatic, North,
and Baltic Seas and the Atlantic).
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11h45-12h30, Project results EPHEMARE: (i) General Introduction (Ricardo Beiras); (ii) Uptake and
accumulation (Ronny Blust); (iii) Trophic Transfer (Thomas Braunbeck); (iv) Toxicity assessment (J Bellas)
and (v) Field validation (Stefania Gorbi).
ECOTOXICOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF MICROPLASTICS IN MARINE ECOSYSTEMS

(EPHEMARE); SYNTHESIS OF RESULTS
R. Beiras*, S. Keiter, R. Blust, X. Cousin, M. Albentosa, T. Braunbeck, F. Regoli, K. Kopke

*Ecology and Animal Biology, ECIMAT, University of Vigo, Galicia, Spain.
Microplastics (MP) have been found in every marine compartment where they have been
searched, from surface water to the bottom sediments, and in most marine species. Microplastics,
initially defined as plastics below 5 mm, have been traditionally sorted out by eye or under
binocular microscope. Manta trawls, neuston and plankton nets do not catch particles smaller
than ca. 300 µm, while those taken up by marine organisms are typically smaller than 100 µm.
Different organisms can be used as bioindicator species for MP depending on their habitat or diet
preference, mussels being particularly suitable for fibers. The most frequent typologies of
microplastics extracted in marine biota were PE (61%) followed by PP (19%).
MP have been shown to be easily ingested by zooplankton and transferred across these food
webs, but they are not acutely toxic (LOEC>30 mg/L) in the standard 24-48 h acute tests. New,
promising endpoints related to behavior, immune response, reproduction and development seem
more sensitive to test microplastic toxicity. Jellyfish larva behavior is affected at environmentally
relevant levels of MPs. Fish exposed to MPs are susceptible to stress increasing mortality rates,
inducing apoptosis, immunosuppression and histopathological damage. Long-term dietary
exposure lasting from hatching until adulthood reduced female growth, decreased reproductive
output, and increased abnormal offspring of embryos and larvae. Multi-stress experimental set-
ups seem most adequate to test the potential effects of MPs. MPs are not necessarily the prime
cause of toxicity but aquatic organisms may become more sensitive to additional insults in their
presence. The novel ecotoxicological tools developed within the framework of EPHEMARE
may contribute to set more protective environmental quality standards for microplastics than
current standard tests that fail to detect certain effects and interactions.
MP from consumer products obtained after compounding with chemical additives are more toxic
than polymer resins for both PE and PVC. Concerning chronic effects some plastic additives
have shown reproductive toxicity due to their endocrine disrupting properties, and have been
restricted in food-contact, children products or medical applications. However, even in those
cases the information of the composition of plastic products is not disclosed to the consumers. In
fact, no information at all on additives is included in labeling of consumer products which makes
very difficult to conduct a proper hazard or risk assessment.
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12h30-13h15, Lunch including Poster Session.

13h15-14h, Cross-cutting theme I: Towards standardized Methods. Short presentations (max. 6-7 min)
followed by an open discussion of the topic, chaired by Gunnar Gerdts: (i) Standardised methodologies:
Challenges of implementation (Joao Frias); (ii) Quantifying trophic transfer (Laura Airoldi); (iii) Measuring
presence and effects of MPs in biota (Francesco Regoli); (iv) The cost/information issue in microplastics
research (Arne Petersen) and (v) Towards a standards Initiative (Andrea Held).
14h-14h45, Cross-cutting theme II: Weathering and Degradation. Short presentations (max. 6-7 min)
followed by an open discussion of the topic, chaired by Annika Jahnke: (i) Annegret Potthoff: Advanced
particle characterization and weathering-induced changes (WEATHER-MIC); (ii) Soledad Muniategui-
Lorenzo: Highlights of the Photodegradation of the Baseman’s polymers (BASEMAN); (iii) Ketil Hylland:
The relevance of microplastic weathering for environmental impacts (EPHEMARE) and (iv)Andy Booth:
UV, mechanical and hydrolytic degradation of synthetic polymer fibres from textiles (PLASTOX).
14h45-15h, Coffee Break.
15h-15h45, Cross-cutting theme III: Ecotoxicological Impacts on Marine Organisms. Short presentations
(max. 6-7 min) followed by an open discussion of the topic, chaired by Ricardo Beiras: (i) Biofilm - Plastic
interactions (Mechthild Schmitt-Jansen, WEATHER-MIC); (ii) Title TBD (BASEMAN); (iii) Uptake,
transfer and toxicity of microplastics - from unicellular organisms to vertebrates (Xavier Cousin,
EPHEMARE ) and (iv) Effects of ingested and accumulated microplastics (Paula Sobral, PLASTOX).
15h45-16h30, Cross-cutting theme IV: Adsorption and Additives. Short presentations (max. 6-7 min)
followed by an open discussion of the topic, chaired by Andy Booth: (i) Sorption of persistent organic
pollutants on microplastics in European marine environment (Kaori Sakaguchi-Soder, PLASTOX); (ii)
Sorption and bioavailability of model pollutants on microplastics (Steffen Keiter, EPHEMARE); (iii)
PLASTOX and BASEMAN; lessons learned from the perspective of pollutants hitch hiking with plastic
particles (Dorte Herzke, BASEMAN/PLASTOX) and (iv) Release of chemicals from plastic under strong
UV radiation (Merle Plassmann, WEATHER-MIC).
16h30-17h, Concluding Remarks

18h-19h15, Science for Policy: Marine Strategy Framework Directive - Technical Group Marine Litter
Position Paper, Georg Hanke, JRC. Panel Discussion :Andy Booth, Francesco Regoli, Annika Jahnke,
Gunnar Gerdts and TG Marine Litter Representatives. Moderation: N.N., TG Marine Litter.
19h15-19h30, Presentation 2nd JPI Oceans joint call on microplastics. Tim Eder, Federal Ministry of
Education and Research, Germany.
19h30, Cocktail.
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November 21st
November 21st – Panel 10.1: 8h30 - 10h (AGH),
Panel chaired by Paula Sobral.
Microplastic distribution in coastal waters

Bhavani Narayanaswamy ∗† 1, Solene Giradeua-Potel 2, Callum Whyte 1
1 Scottish Association for Marine Science – Oban, Argyll, PA37 1QA, United Kingdom 2 University of the Highlands
and Islands – United Kingdom
Microplastics (MPs) are particles smaller than 5mm in length/diameter. They have been found in
every marine habitat that has been sampled for microplastics. Although MPs have been studied in
coastal regions, regular sampling of the habitat has not been undertaken, leading to a lack of
knowledge as to how MP abundance may vary over time. Water samples were collected from four
sites around Scotland, two mainland and two island locations over a 9-month period. Three of the
sites were on the westward facing side of the mainland/island. Samples were collected using a Lund
tube from a depth of 8m. After collection samples were stored in the fridge until processing could
take place. Water sample aliquots were allowed to settle in Hydrobios settling chambers following
the Utermöhl method for 20 hours. The chambers were then analysed with total MP counts being
undertaken.
There was considerable variation in the number of microplastic particles present in the water
samples when comparing location and the time-frame. Maximum number of MPs collected in a
sample varied from > 5000 MPs/l at a west coast island station, to a low of ̃30 MPs/l at an east
coast mainland site with a mean of 1230 MPs/l, through to 44 MPs/l at these same sites.
These preliminary results indicate big differences between locations i.e. west coast stations vs
east coast stations, but smaller differences between mainland and island sites. The hydrography of
the region undoubtedly influences the presence of MPs present in the water column. Particle
modelling in this area, found that cells in the surface waters of the west coast region would be
influenced by the Slope Current originating from the Atlantic and the Scottish Coastal Current
coming from the Irish Sea. Further analysis on the data especially in relation to other activities will
be undertaken.
Keywords: Microplastics, coastal waters, Scotland, hydrography
∗Speaker †Corresponding author: bhavani.narayanaswamy@sams.ac.uk
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Spatio-temporal monitoring of coastal marine plastics

Montserrat Compa ∗ 1, Carme Alomar 1, Salud Deudero 1
1 Instituto Español de Oceanografía - Centro Oceanográfico de Baleares – Spain
Coastal ecosystems are continuously affected by anthropogenic impacts such as urbanization,

maritime activities, recreational and commercial activities, all of which have been prominent
sources of plastic marine litter. Plastics are continually entering the marine environment and
overtime degrade posing a potential threat to marine wildlife. Currently in the Mediterranean Sea,
the concentration of plastic particles is between 0.116 – 0.40 items/m2 weighing an estimated
671.91-2020 g/km2.The current study aims to quantify and identify the spatial distribution of
marine plastics over time in coastal ecosystems of the Island of Mallorca in the archipelago of the
Balearic Islands located in the Western Mediterranean Sea. Sea surface samples were collected
during summer months in 2017 (July, August and September) at seven locations across the island
within 500 meters of the coastline. Three samples at each location were collected for posterior
quantification of floating plastics at the laboratory to assess autocorrelation within sampling
locations. Plastic items was observed in all collected samples of varying sizes, ranging from macro-
(> 25 mm), meso- (5-25 mm) and micro-plastics (< 5 mm), composed principally of fragments,
films and filaments. Despite initial results show plastics were present in the sea surface at all
sampling locations surrounding the island, no significant differences were seen between locations
(KW, p > 0.05). These preliminary results indicate the coastal marine plastic concentrations are
similar to those found offshore in the Western Mediterranean Sea.
Keywords: microplastics, marine debris, neuston nets, coastal
∗Speaker
From coastal to oceanic micro-meso and

macroplastics in the SE Bay of Biscay
Oihane C. Basurko ∗ 1, Beatriz Beldarrain 1, Joana Larreta 1, Deniz Kukul 1, Anna
Rubio 1, Irene Ruiz 1, Igor Granado 1, Andrés Cózar 2, Matteo Galli 3, Inma Martin
1, Ainhize Uriarte 1, Maite Louzao 1, Xabier Dávila 1, Ingrid Puillat 4
1 AZTI – Marine Research, Herrera Kaia, Portualdea z/g, 20110 Pasaia, Spain, Spain 2 ́Area de Ecología, Facultad de
Ciencias del Mar y Ambientales, Universidad de Cádiz – Campus deExcelencia Internacional del Mar, E-11510 Puerto
Real, Spain, Spain 3 Department of Physical Sciences, Earth and Environment, University of Siena – Via P.A. Mattioli
4, 53100, Siena, Italy, Italy 4 IFREMER – Ifremer, Brest – Laboratoire d’Océanographie Physique et Spatiale, UMR
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6523 CNRS-IFREMER-IRD-UBO, ZI Pointe du Diable, CS10070, 29280 Plouzané, France
Several numerical models predict that the SE Bay of Biscay is a critical area for oceanic litter
accumulation because of its geography and metocean conditions; and yet, the knowledge of marine
litter is limited in the region. This has led local authorities to seek scientific ad- vice to manage this
new challenge. Here we show the results of 3 oceanographic surveys that cover different oceanic
regions of the Bay of Biscay: BIOMAN (May 2017), ETOILE (August 2017) and LEMA (Sept-Nov
2017 and May-Sept 2018), where 210 water surface samples were taken with a 500 im mesh-size
neuston net. Results map the spatio-temporal distribution of micro-mesoplastic abundance, from
coastal to oceanic waters. Micro-mesoplastic abundance in general follows an expected gradient
from coastal to oceanic waters, but also shows high variability within the same water mass. Some
coastal water samples contained high abundance levels with almost 1500·103 items km-2 in coastal
waters in contrast to low levels (16·103 items km-2) in deeper waters, while no plastic was found in
others. Such variability highlights the importance of understanding how the meso and small-scale
ocean features (e.g. eddies, fronts), which are frequent on coastal waters, may influence and help to
predict micro-mesoplastic accumulation hotspots for management purposes. Micro-mesoplastic
abundance and characterisation results are completed with macro-litter mapping obtained for the
same region by: (i) fishing vessels devoted to collect marine litter from coastal waters (May-
September 2018); and (ii) visual detection of macro-litter (JUVENA and BIOMAN ecosystemic
surveys). We anticipate that our results have started to provide data of marine litter abundance and
sources, and that they are currently being used as a baseline to work with relevant authorities,
sectors and industries (such as the fishing sector) regarding their responsibility in the prevention and
the development of management strategies to deal with marine litter locally.
Keywords: Microplastic, Mesoplastics, Macroplastic, SE Bay of Biscay, management strategies,
∗Speaker
Microplastics in the Sea Surface Microlayer in

Southampton Water, UK
Jessica Stead ∗ 1, Andrew Cundy 1, Malcolm Hudson 2, Charlie Thompson 1, Ian
Williams 2, Andrea Russell 2
1 School of Ocean and Earth Science [Southampton] – National Oceanography Centre Southampton, European Way,
Southampton SO 14 3ZH, United Kingdom 2 University of Southampton [Southampton] – University Road Southampton
SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
Microplastics (MP) are detected in sediments and surface waters globally. They are considered
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ubiquitous pollutants, but there is little knowledge on how microplastics transfer between these two
environmental compartments. One proposed pathway for transfer in estuarine and coastal
environments is the sea surface microlayer. The sea surface microlayer (SML) is defined as the
upper 100im of the sea, and has been recorded as containing large abundances of microplastics. It
is thought that high microbial activity in the SML produces a ‘sticky’ microgel, which may play a
role in the trapping of microplastics in this layer. The SML is potentially a transfer pathway between
the sea surface and upper intertidal sediment accumulation zones. In calm conditions, where
microplastics have been able to accumulate in the SML due to a lack of turbulent mixing, the
flooding tide will cover mudflat environments. This may remobilise or incorporate surface deposited
microplastics in to the SML, and transport these into upper intertidal environments, such as upper
tidal flats and saltmarshes. This potential transfer mechanism has yet to be investigated, with limited
data on microplastics abundance and behaviour in the SML. A new method for sampling the sea
surface microlayer for microplastics using a dipped glass plate is detailed by Anderson et al. (2018).
Glass plate sampling was found to recover more microplastics than other methods of sampling the
sea surface microlayer, and also allow rapid shore-based sampling. Thus, this method was selected
to determine the spatial and temporal distribution of microplastics in the SML in Southampton
Water, UK, where MP abundances of up to 93 fibres/L have been observed. In particular, vari-
ations in SML MP abundance during a tidal cycle were investigated by high-frequency sampling in
a saltmarsh creek, to evaluate the supply and retention of MPs in the upper intertidal zone.
Keywords: microplastics, sea surface microlayer
∗Speaker
Distribution of microlitter in a gradient from a city to

sea to identify main sources
Karin Mattsson ∗† 1, Sinja Rist 2, Elisabet Ekstrand 1, Martin Hassellöv 1
1 University of Gothenburg, Department of Marine Science – Sweden 2 Technical University of Denmark, Department
of Environmental Engineering – Denmark
In order to launch effective mitigating measures for microlitter it is essential to be able to

identify which compositions and characteristics of microlitter that is most abundant so links could
be made to which human activities and pathways that should be targeted. Microlitter is very
heterogeneous group of matter which vary not only in size, but also largely in composition, shape
and density, which influence propensity to remain buoyant or deposit to the sediment close to
sources. We investigate the distribution of microlitter (> 1 um) in the surface water and in sediments
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from a city (Uddevalla, Sweden) and out to the ocean (Havstensfjorden). A horizontal gradient of
surface water collected with manta trawl (300 um), pump (100 um) and ruttner sampler (10 and 1
um) and sediment samples were taken together with a vertical gradient of water samples from the
deepest part in the fjord. Particles larger than 100 um were characterized visually and identified with
FTIR whereas the smaller particles will be identified with Raman. From the surface water the main
classes of identified particles were low density plastic particles, paint particles and paraffin while in
the sediment the main classes of particles were high density plastic particles, combustion particles,
paint particles and fibers. Highest concentration of particles was found closest to the city with a
decreasing amount following the gradient out to the ocean. For the manta trawl the concentration
ranged from 5. 9 to 0.1 plastic particles per m3and for the sediment samples (> 300 um) between
1.9 and 0.2 particles per gram of dry sediment excluding fibers. The smaller filters (10 um) follow
the same trend as the larger once with higher concentration of particles closer to the city with a
concentration between 700 and 346 particles/L where most particles were between 10 and 20 um.
Keywords: microlitter, FTIR, Raman
∗Speaker †Corresponding author: karin.mattsson@gu.se
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Panel chaired by Jesús Gago.
Can a microbial community be artificially evolved to

degrade plastic?
Robyn Wright ∗ 1, Matthew Gibson , Joseph Christie-Oleza
1 University of Warwick [Coventry] – Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
Up to 12.7 million tons of plastics are thought to enter the oceans every year, and this figure is
likely to increase. As recalcitrant synthetic polymers, plastics are notoriously difficult to degrade in
the marine environment and are therefore expected to persist indefinitely. To learn about the likely
fate of these synthetic polymers in the ocean, we can investigate the fate of recalcitrant natural
marine polymers, which are biodegraded by marine bacteria. Through artificial selection of a whole
microbial community, we have obtained a microbial community that degrades the natural,
recalcitrant polymer, chitin, more efficiently than that which naturally occurs. We found that the
evolved community exhibited higher chitinase activity, and therefore higher potential to degrade
chitin. We characterised the community using MiSeq and by obtaining isolates and found that it
became enriched in organisms that are able to degrade chitin, but only when important
methodological caveats, relating to the incubation time between selections, were met. We are
currently applying the same method to explore the degradability of the commonly used packaging
plastic poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET). Here, the community that is best at degradation is
determined based upon its ability to grow with PET as the sole carbon source. We have carried out a
community succession experiment prior to the selection experiment using a range of different types
of PET (i.e. PET, weathered PET, low-crystallinity PET, PET monomer) and will carry this out
again at the end of the selection. The community succession here is assessed using metabolic
activity assays, amplicon sequencing of the community and chemical monitoring for PET
degradation products.The results of this study will inform us on the potential for microbial
communities to develop the ability to degrade marine plastics.
Keywords: Degradation, Microbial community, Colonisation, Succession, Evolution, Biodegrada- tion
∗Speaker
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A deeper look into the biodegradation of micro-

plastics through metabolomics approach.
Boris Eyheraguibel ∗† 1, Maxence Brissy 1, Binta Diem 2, Martin Leremboure 1,
Martine Sancelme 1, Anne Marie Delort 1
1 Institut de Chimie de Clermont-Ferrand - Clermont Auvergne – SIGMA Clermont, Université Clermont Auvergne :
UMR6296, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique : UMR6296 – 24 Avenue des Landais / 63177 Aubière Cedex,
France 2 Plateforme d’Exploration du Metabolisme -Institut de Chimie de Clermont-Ferrand - Clermont Auvergne –
SIGMA Clermont, Université Clermont Auvergne : UMR6296, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique :
UMR6296 – 24 Avenue des Landais / 63177 Aubière Cedex, France
The environmental diagnosis carried out so far on micro-plastic pollution provides information
on the sources, the abundance, the distribution of plastic debris and their biotic or abiotic
interactions with the environment. The interactions of polymers with microorganisms result in the
formation of biofilms with complex communities and a wide range of metabolic activities. Among
these microorganisms, some have the ability to degrade and metabolize synthetic polymers, through
the production of enzymes or the establishment of co-metabolism. While an increasing number of
studies has demonstrated bacterial degradation of plastics, the metabolic pathways involved in the
biodegradation and the ultimate fate of plastic debris are still poorly understood. We developed a
non-targeted metabolomics approach to assess the biodegradation processes involved in micro-
plastics degradation. The study was carried out on pre-aged polyethylene fragments that provide low
molecular weight compounds and support the growth of bacteria. An efficient and reproducible
method was implemented to measure and compare the intracellular metabolites of Rhodoccochus
rhodochrous, an ubiquitous bacteria strain, cultivated with or without polymer. The metabolites
extracted were analyzed by liquid chromatography coupled to high-resolution mass spectrometry
Orbitrap. After data treatment, statistical analysis shows that the profile of metabolites produced by
R. rhodocchrous were significantly different for bacteria growing on a polymer as a sole carbon
source. These results confirm the involvement of a specific metabolism in presence of plastic and
allow the annotation of putative biomarkers. This study highlights the benefit of systems biology
approaches to provide new insights into the metabolic functioning of microorganisms onto plastics.
Such approaches could be used to investigate interaction between micro-plastics and
microorganisms, determine the ultimate fate of plastics and estimate their importance in
biogeochemical cycles.
Keywords: biodegradation, metabolomics, metabolites, LC/MS, Fate of micro, plastics
∗Speaker †Corresponding author: boris.eyheraguibel@uca.fr
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Beyond oil degradation: Enzymatic potential of

Alcanivorax strain to degrade other natural and
synthetic polymers
Vinko Zadjelovic ∗ 1
1 School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick. – School of Life Sciences
University of Warwick Coventry CV4 7AL UK, United Kingdom
Worldwide plastic production has been increasing year by year since its industrialization began.
The macromolecular architecture of these polymers has generated materials with high performance,
applicability, and durability. However, these qualities also make plastics highly recalcitrant
materials, which, as a consequence, contributes to their accumulation in the environment. Due to
the environmental implications of plastic pollution, it is relevant to know how these materials are
potentially being degraded in the environment. In this context, bacterial isolation efforts were
conducted using samples of plastic debris. From this procedure, it was possible to obtain a strain of
Alcanivorax, a genus that has been previously linked to the degradation of contaminants in marine
environments, especially alkanes from oil spills. Here, we have assessed the ability of this strain to
degrade different natural and synthetic polymers, for instance, polyhy- droxyalkanoates, alkanes,
polyethylene (PE) and monomeric units of polyethylene terephthalate (PET). In order to understand
if this strain has the potential to degrade plastics, several approaches have been taken. We have
sequenced and annotated the bacterial genome, degradation experiments have been conducted
using different polymers as a sole source of carbon and energy, and further cellular and
exoproteomic analyses from these cultures have been carried out. Our results indicate an active
process of degradation of Alcanivoraxwhen using different polymers as the source of carbon; the
exoproteomic profiles of cultures grown on long-chain alkanes and polyethylene indicates the up-
regulation of several monooxygenases, esterases, peroxidases, and enzymes related to the
metabolism of long-chain fatty acids. Enzymes similar to these have been involved in the
degradation of recalcitrant polymers such as long-chain alkanes and PE.
Keywords: Biodegradation, Marine, Bacteria, Plastics, Polymers
∗Speaker
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Can biodegradable plastic contribute to the mitigation

of marine plastic pollution?
Christian Lott ∗ 1, Andreas Eich 1, Miriam Weber 1
1 HYDRA Marine Sciences GmbH – Burgweg 4 76547 Sinzheim, Germany
Marine plastic pollution is a growing problem, and has become a priority topic on the interna-
tional agendas. Solutions as reducing, reusing and recycling matched with consumer awareness,
producer responsibility and regulation are needed, as is a strong improvement of waste man-
agement worldwide. So-called bioplastics are also considered as one possible solution. However,
already the term bio” is not uniformly used, and needs precise definitions. Reliable scientific
knowledge about the performance of plastic materials in the marine environment claimed to be
biodegradable” is still limited. Our results from systematic in-situ tests in several marine settings
show that there are polymers and blends with this material property. The availability of plastics that
are biodegradable under marine conditions within reasonable time meets the discussion whether at
all, and if, where these new materials could be most efficiently be used to mitigate the perpetual
pollution with plastic. Especially in sectors where (micro-)plastic loss to the environment is intrinsic
to its use, like abrasion (e.g. of car tyres), or where the loss during use is highly probable (e.g.
fishing gear) biodegradable materials could make a difference. We estimated the substitution
potential for biodegradable polymers on the material-based, habitat- based and item-based level
from data sources in the literature, and from beach waste analyses in order to support further
technological development and governance. Truly biodegradable plastic could have its role in
fighting marine plastic pollution. A replacement of some applications and items could be seen as a
transitory measure, but the general replacement of conventional with biodegradable plastic cannot
be recommended. Plastic in the natural environment is pollution - also if biodegradable. However,
biodegradable plastic will not endlessly accumulate and last ”forever”. It also can reduce the
environmental impact where loss can hardly be avoided.
Keywords: biodegradable plastic, mitigation, in situ test, substitution potential
∗Speaker
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The determination of half-life of biodegradable

polymers in the marine environment
Andreas Eich 1, Christian Lott 1, Miriam Weber ∗ 1
1 HYDRA Marine Sciences GmbH – Burgweg 4 76547 Sinzheim, Germany
Both bio-based and blue economies are growing. New, more sustainable materials, being for
example bio-based and biodegradable, are increasingly employed. Unfortunately, we have to assume
that in the near future also such new materials will end up in the environment, either by littering,
loss or simply by abrasion. Therefore, data for risk assessments are needed. To avoid similar
negative environmental effects as with conventional plastics, biodegradable materials shall be tested
and their inherent biodegradability proven. Biodegradation is the complete conversion of the
material into CO2/CH4, water and biomass. Such tests are usually done using standard test
protocols. One part of the European Commission funded project Open-Bio was to develop test
schemes for marine conditions. A 3-level approach was established to test new polymers in an
optimized laboratory system, a semi-controlled mesocosm system, and in the field under natural
coastal conditions. All materials which showed proof of inherent biodegradation in the laboratory
tests did show disintegration in the mesocom and field tests. Because a test under real field
conditions indicates how long the material will persist in nature, it is mandatory to complement
laboratory with field tests, ideally using the same matrices. Here, we present the determination of
the half-life of a material specific for one environment. Since marine ecosystems comprise many
habitats, in which conditions vary, tests appropriate for the relevant conditions are needed in order
to assess the half-life in the marine environment. Our outlook presents the next steps needed in
order to achieve a comprehensive environmentally relevant test scheme ready for standardisation.
All data combined can fuel into a sound risk assessment of new polymers which might or will enter
the marine environment, and will support policy makers, NGOs, industry and society.
Keywords: biodegradable polymers, half life assessment, plastic pollution, bioplastics, international standard tests
∗Speaker
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Nanoparticles produced from the degradation of

biodegradable microplastic severely affect aquatic
microorganisms
Miguel Tamayo-Belda ∗† 1, Miguel Gonzalez-Pleiter 1, Georgiana Amariei 2,
Gerardo Pulido Reyes 1, Keila Martin Betancor 1, Francisco Leganés 1, Roberto
Rosal 2, Francisca Fernandez-Piñas 1
1 Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain – Spain 2
Departamento de Ingeniería Química, Universidad de Alcalá – Departamento de Ingeniería Química, Universidad de
Alcalá, E-28871, Alcalá de Henares, Spain
Nowadays, the ecological impact of microplastics and nanoplastics in freshwaters is not fully
understood. Since biodegradable plastics undergoes abiotic hydrolysis, here, we have investigated
the effects of nanoplastic (< 100 nm) released from microplastic particles of different biodegradable
polymers towards three organisms representative of freshwaters, the filamentous cyanobacterium
Anabaena sp. PCC7120, the green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii and the macroinvertebrate
Daphnia magna. These nanoplastics induced a significant decrease in cellular growth in the two
photosynthetic organisms and in the mobility of Daphnia magna. After abiotic incubation, in liquid
suspension, of each biopolymer microbeads, the supernatant resulted to be very toxic to the three
microorganisms, but upon ultrafiltration, only a mild toxicity remained. We also performed
mechanistic studies of the toxic action by using a sof fluorescence dyes. We performed the
physicochemical characterization of nanometric agments of the biopolymers by DLS, NTA, FTIR
and SEM. In conclusion, nanoplastic realised from biopolymer microbeads exhibited toxicity
towards aquatic organisms due to thir direct interaction with the cells. Thus, our findings indicate
that biodegradable plastics may not be as harmless as previously suggested.
Keywords: Biodegradable microplastic, toxicity, impacts, nanoparticles, freshwater
∗Speaker †Corresponding author: miguel.tamayo@uam.es
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Panel chaired by Gunnar Gerdts.
Effects of nylon microplastic on development and

energy reserves in coldwater copepods
Matthew Cole ∗† 1, Rachel Coppock 1,2, Pennie Lindeque 1, Dag Altlin 3, David
Pond 4, Tamara Galloway 2, Andrew Booth 5
1 Plymouth Marine Laboratory – United Kingdom 2 University of Exeter – United Kingdom 3 Biotrix – Norway 4
Scottish Association for Marine Science – United Kingdom 5 SINTEF Ocean – Norway
Microplastic debris is a pervasive and widespread pollutant that poses a risk to aquatic biota and
healthy marine ecosystems. Copepods are an abundant and ecologically important class of
zooplankton, common to marine ecosystems across the globe. Field studies and laboratory
exposures have identified that copepods readily consume microplastic particulates. In the copepod
Calanus helgolandicus, prolonged exposure to polystyrene microbeads resulted in significant
reductions in feeding, egg size, hatching success and survival. We hypothesise exposure to
microplastics reduces feeding in copepods, resulting in energetic shortfalls for which lipids can act
as a proxy. The coldwater copepod Calanus finmarchicus is a keystone species, common to the
North Atlantic. During maturation, these copepods rapidly build-up their wax-ester store (oil sac);
this lipid reserve is essential to the copepod’s buoyancy regulation and energetic budget when
overwintering, and is of high nutritional value to predators. Following a 48-hour acclimation period,
juvenile C. finmarchicus were incubated in natural seawater containing a mixed assemblage of
cultured algae (control), with the addition of either nylon granules (10-30 im) or fibres (10x30 im)
at a concentration of 100 microplastics mL-1. Algal ingestion rates and developmental stage were
monitored throughout the exposure period, while prosome length and total lipids (mg) were
assessed following the six-day experiment. No significant differences in growth or sex-
differentiation were identified. We did however observe that juvenile copepods moulted into adults
significantly earlier (ANOVA, P< 0.05) when exposed to microplastic, and juvenile copepods
exposed to nylon granules showed significantly reduced lipid mass in comparison to controls
(ANOVA, P< 0.05). We discuss the impact microplastic exposure can have on feeding and
energetics of animals, in relation to the individual and marine food web as a whole.
Keywords: Copepod, zooplankton, effects, ecotoxicology
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Microplastics prevail at all ocean depths of the

HAUSGARTEN observatory (Arctic)
Mine B. Tekman ∗† 1, Gunnar Gerdts 2, Claudia Wekerle 3, Claudia Lorenz 4,
Sebastian Primpke 5, Christiane Hasemann 6, Melanie Bergmann 7
1 Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research – 27570 Bremerhaven, Germany 2 Alfred
Wegener Institute Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research (AWI) – Biologische Anstalt Helgoland
Kurpromenade 201 27498 Helgoland, Germany 3 Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine
Research – Am Handelshafen 12 27570 Bremerhaven, Germany 4 Alfred Wegener Institute Helmholtz Centre for Polar
and Marine Research (AWI) – Biologische Anstalt Helgoland, Kurpromenade 201, 27498 Helgoland, Germany 5 Alfred
Wegener Institute Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research – Biologische Anstalt Helgoland, Kurpromenade
201, 27498 Helgoland, Germany 6 Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research - AWI (GERMANY) –
27570 Bremerhaven, Am Handelshafen 12, Germany, Germany 7 Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar
and Marine Research (AWI) – Am Handelshafen 12 27570 Bremerhaven, Germany
Although recent research indicates that microplastic (MP) has spread to all marine ecosystem
compartments from the sea surface to the deep sea, our knowledge about the distribution through
the water column is still limited and largely based on model runs. To fill this gap, we deployed
WTS-LV large volume pumps at four different depths (sea surface, ̃300m, ̃1000m, near seafloor) at
five stations of the HAUSGARTEN observatory (west of Svalbard). These pumps filtered 218–560
litres of seawater during each deployment with 10 im mesh metal filters. Addi- tionally, sediment
was sampled at the same stations to understand accumulation mechanisms of MP in the sediment.
Our analyses of water column samples using iFTIR spectroscopy resulted in 0–1373 MP m-3,
comprising 15 different polymer types. MP concentrations in the sediment were found 1,200-33,000
times higher than in the water column. As the concentration measured within sediments are
cumulative numbers since 1950’s, hourly sedimentation rates of MP were estimated for each station
(1 – 57 MP m-3 dry sediment) to obtain comparable values. The northernmost station, which is
located in the transition zone between the open ocean and sea ice, harboured the highest mean
concentration (416 MP m-3) through the water column, and polyamide accounted for the largest
proportion. The surface waters had the highest MP concentrations at all stations with a decrease
towards the sediment. Our results will be compared with trends in the vertical distribution of
organic particles and discussed in the context of pre- vailing water masses and sea ice coverage.
Still, our preliminary results highlight that noticeable amounts of MP are present throughout the
water column, Earth’s largest biome, which has been largely neglected in previous estimates of
plastic in the world’s oceans.
∗Speaker †Corresponding author: mtekman@awi.de
Keywords: Arctic, HAUSGARTEN, water column, sediment, microplastic, ice, iFTIR, polymer, plastic, pollution, large
volume pumps
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An investigation of microplastic contamination in the

Arctic Central Basin
La Daana Kanhai ∗ 1, Katarina Gardfeldt 2, Richard Thompson 3, Ian O’connor 1
1 Marine and Freshwater Research Centre, Galway Mayo Institute of Technology – Marine and Freshwater Research
Centre, Galway Mayo Institute of Technology, Dublin Road, Galway, Ireland, Ireland 2 Department of Chemistry and
Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology – cDepartment of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering,
Chalmers University of Technology, Göteborg, SE-412 96, Sweden, Sweden 3 Marine Biology and Ecology Research
Centre, School of Biological and Marine Sciences, University of Plymouth – Marine Biology and Ecology Research
Centre, School of Biological and Marine Sciences, University of Plymouth, Drake Circus, Plymouth, Devon PL4 8AA,
United Kingdom, United Kingdom
Polar regions are among the most remote environments on planet earth. Despite this, an-
thropogenic contaminants such as microplastics have entered these ecosystems. In order to assess
the potential threats that microplastics pose to marine organisms that inhabit or depend upon polar
ecosystems, assessments regarding abundance, distribution and composition of microplastics are
important. The present study provided an assessment of microplastics in various environmental
compartments of the Arctic Central Basin (ACB). During the Arctic Ocean 2016 expedition
onboard icebreaker Oden, microplastics were assessed in (i) sub-surface waters, by using the bow
water system of the vessel (single depth of 8.5 m) and the CTD rosette sampler (multiple depths, 8 –
4400 m), (ii) surficial sediments, by sampling cores retrieved using gravity and piston corers
(depths, 900 – 4400 m) and, (iii) sea ice cores and water beneath the ice floes. Following sample
processing, visual inspection was conducted and potential microplastics were analyzed using
Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy. Microplastic abundance in the Polar Mixed Layer (PML)
ranged between 0 – 8 particles m-3 and in the other water layers between 0 – 375 particles m-3.
Microplastics were present in 7 of the 11 surficial sediments samples from the ACB. Microplastic
concentrations in sea ice cores (n = 26) were orders of magnitude higher than was recorded in the
water column. Results from this study indicate that microplastics are pervasive in the various
environmental compartments of the ACB. These findings suggest that in this oceanic basin (i)
microplastics are being vertically transported out of surface waters and, (ii) sediments are a
potential sink of microplastics while sea ice is functioning as an intermediate sink. Such findings are
particularly relevant as they provide information regarding the concentrations and types of
microplastics that polar organisms are exposed to in the ACB’s various environmental
compartments.
Keywords: Microplastic, Marine debris, Arctic Ocean, Water Column, Sediment, Sea ice
∗Speaker
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Blown to the North? Microplastic in snow fallen out

from the atmosphere of Europe and the Arctic
Melanie Bergmann ∗ 1, Sophia Mützel 2, Michaela Meyns 2, Sebastian Primpke 2,
Mine B. Tekman 1, Gunnar Gerdts 2
1 Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research – Am Handelshafen 12 27570
Bremerhaven, Germany 2 Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research – Kurpromenade
27498 Helgoland, Germany
There is a 99% mismatch between plastic debris estimated to enter the oceans and empirical
evidence pointing to yet unaccounted sinks. The FRAM pollution observatory was installed to
quantify plastic pollution in different ecosystem compartments to identify hidden sinks and
pathways in an area of increasing pollution. Indeed, our first analyses showed enormous quantities
of microplastics ≤ 25 im in both Arctic sea ice and sediments from the deep sea posing the question:
How is all this plastic transported so far to the North? The importance of atmospheric transport was
recently stressed by reports of microplastic in the atmosphere of Paris and Dongguan city. Here, we
analysed snow samples from ice floes in the Fram Strait (2016/17) and from snow collected on
Spitsbergen, Helgoland, Bremen and the Swiss Alps (2018) to assess the role of this potential
pathway of microplastic to the North. Identification of particles was carried out by i-Raman and
FTIR imaging. Microplastic particles appeared to be in all samples analysed but polymer
composition varied. As with previous data, the sizes of particles were mostly in the smallest size
range. The results are discussed in the context of data from other ecosystem compartments.
Keywords: Atmospheric fallout, Arctic, snow, pathway, distribution, microplastic, transport
∗Speaker
Determination of temporal changes of POP sorption and

additive release as well as spectrometric characteristics
to a variety of polymers under Arctic marine conditions
Dorte Herzke ∗† 1
1 NILU – Norway
As part of a long-term field experiment within PLASTOX, conducted at marine locations across
Europe, a range of different virgin polymer pellets, post-use polymers (LDPE, PP, PS and PET), as
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well as marine litter-derived microplastic particles, were deployed underwater for up to 12 months
in the small boat harbour of Tromsø, Northern Norway. The deployment device consisted of an
empty stainless steel canister, with the various plastic types placed in reusable, empty ’teabags’
made of PP, placed separately in nylon netting. Sampling was conducted 1 week, 1 month, 3
months, 6 months and 12 months after deployment. Hydrophobic persistent organic pollutants such
as PAHs, PCBs, DDTs, PBDEs and pesticides that had become associated with the plastic were
measured and their adsorption kinetics in seawater under Arctic conditions established.
Simultaneously we also measured the changes of FTIR- and DART MS signals over time,
documenting the change of the IR- and MS spectrum due to weathering. The results will be
presented at the conference. For the determination of sorbed POPs, samples were extracted using
ultrasound and non-polar solvents, followed by GPC and SPE clean up prior to chemical analysis
and quantification by GC/MS/MS and GC/qMS. The release kinetics of common plastic additives,
including phthalates, organophosphate esters, bisphenols and perfluorinated chemicals, were
estimated from four types of post-industrial virgin pellets (LDPE, PS, PVC, PET) according to the
same sampling protocol. Chemical analysis was performed using either GC/MS or LC-QTOF.
Results show that HCB and PCBs represented the dominant pollutant classes adsorbing to all of the
different polymer types, but at concentrations that are more than 10-times lower than those
previously reported. However, equilibrium between pollutants and the polymers was not reached
during the deployment period, indicating that Arctic conditions may result in different sorption
kinetics than observed in temperate regions. .
Keywords: adsorption, leaching, weathering, Arctic
∗Speaker †Corresponding author: dhe@nilu.no
May waterborne polyethylene affect gilthead sea

bream eggs hatching and hatchlings survival, by
inducing changes in lipid metabolism?
Paula Canada ∗† 1, Marisa Faria , Nereida Cordeiro , Natacha Nogueira
1 Centro de Maricultura da Calheta – Centro de Maricultura da Calheta, Direcç ̃ao Regional de Pescas, 9370-133 Vila
da Calheta, Portugal
Polyethylene (PE) was recorded as one of the most frequent polymers amongst microplastic
marine debris collected within zooplankton samples in Portuguese coastal waters, its average
abundance varying from 0,01 to 0,32±0,3 cm3/m3. Polymers, such as PE were suggested to induce
toxic effects in fish exposed to microplastic debris per se or by leaching chemicals that are
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incorporated into plastics during their manufacture or adsorbed in contact with polluted seawater.
Fish exposure has been previously tested either through diet or confused and ingested as ”prey”, but
also in fish just exposed to ”microplastic-polluted” water, with no clear signs of ingestion. In the
present study, we exposed gilthead seabream eggs at the morula stage and newly hatched larvae to
100-200μg mL-1, DC: 50 ng mL-1). Post-exposurem PE microbeads, at 0,32 and 0,64 cm3/m3 to study the effect of waterborne PE on
hatching success and hatchlings potential to survive, by evaluating: 1) hatching rate and eggs and
early stage larvae survival, when exposed to PE ”polluted” water; 2) utilization of yolk and oil
droplet nutritional reserves during embryonic and early larval development, with an emphasis on
lipids and fatty acids metabolism (FA), in particular on polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) which
are known to be essential to fish larvae.
Our results point for a non-significant effect of the tested waterborne PE concentrations on either
eggs or hatchling survival, hatching rates, oil droplet absorption or stress resistance in mouth-
opening larvae (3 days after hatching). Our preliminary results point for a non-significant effect on
lipid metabolism in mouth-opening larvae. However, further analysis on other developmental stages
will be carried, since yolk lipids are known to be an important energy source throughout the
embryonic and early larval development and its utilization was shown to have a strong impact on
the marine larvae further capacity to swim, feed and survive.
Keywords: fish larvae, hatching, survival, lipid metabolism, polyethylene
∗Speaker †Corresponding author: paula.canada@oom.arditi.pt
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November 21st – Panel 11.1: 10h30 - 12h30 (AGH),

Chaired by Juliana-A. Ivar-do-Sul and Jesús Gago.
Microplastic release by Wastewater Treatment Plants

and study on ecotoxicological effects induced by
virgin microbeads on zebra mussel Dreissena
polymorpha
Stefano Magni ∗† 1,2, François Gagné 3, Stefania Gorbi 4, Francesco Regoli 4, Lucia
Pittura 4, Camilla Della Torre 1,2, Carlo Giacomo Avio 4, Chantale André 3, Joëlle
Auclair 3, Houda Hanana 3, Camilla Carla Parenti 1, Francesco Bonasoro 5, Andrea
Binelli‡ 1,2
1 Department of Biosciences, University of Milan – Via Celoria 26, 20133 Milan, Italy 2 Society of Environmental
Toxicology and Chemistry (SETAC) Europe Italian Branch – Italy 3 Environment and Climate Change Canada – 105
McGill H2Y 2E7, Montréal, Québec, Canada 4 Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell’Ambiente, Università
Politecnica delle Marche – Ancona, Italy 5 Department of Environmental Science and Policy, University of Milan – Via
Celoria 2, 20133 Milan, Italy
The role of Wastewater Treatment Plants (WWTPs) as entrance routes for microplastics (MPs)
to aquatic environment are largely unknown worldwide, as well as their impact on freshwater
organisms. In this study we quantified and characterized, for the first time in Italy, MPs in both
sludge and wastewaters in one of the greater Northern Italy WWTP, using the Fourier Transform
Infrared Microscope System (iFT-IR). Despite the high MP removal efficiency (83%) of the WWTP,
we calculated a release of about 160,000,000 debris/day in the receiving waterbody, mainly
represented by polyesters, polyamide, polyethylene and polyacrylates. The great amount of MPs that
end up to sludge (113 ± 34 MPs/g dry weight) leads to suggest a possible MP translocation from
aquatic to terrestrial environment due to the use of WWTP sludge in agriculture as fertilizer.
Considering the high MP amount reaching the aquatic environment, we evaluated for 6 days both
the uptake and chronic toxicity of two different mixtures (MIX 1 with 1 × 10ˆ6 MPs/L and MIX 2
with 4 × 10ˆ6 MPs/L) of virgin microbeads on the freshwater filter-feeder zebra mussel Dreissena
polymorpha. The uptake of these MPs in the tissues of mussels was investigated using confocal
microscopy, while chronic toxicity was evaluated every three days, from day 0 (basal level) to day 6,
through a battery of 12 biomarkers of cellular stress, oxidative damage, neuro- and genotoxicity.
We observed a great number of MPs in the gut lumen, as well as their presence in mussel
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hemolymph and accumulation in some tissues. MPs induced a low alteration of the oxidative status
in exposed specimens, with a significant modulation of catalase and glutathione peroxidase
activities, and a significant increase of dopamine (Figure 1), probably associated to a reduction
mechanism of MP uptake across the mussel inhalant siphon.
Keywords: Microplastics, Wastewater Treatment Plants, Freshwaters, Chronic Toxicity
∗Speaker †Corresponding author: stefano.magni@unimi.it ‡Corresponding author: andrea.binelli@unimi.it
Sources of microplastics pollution into the marine

environment: importance of wastewater treatment
plant and coastal dump
Maria Kazour ∗† 1,2, Sarah Terki 1, Khalef Rabhi 1, Sharif Jemaa 2, Gaby Khalaf 2,
Rachid Amara ‡ 1
1 Laboratoire d’Océanologie et de Géosciences (LOG) - UMR 8187 – Université du Littoral Côte d’Opale, Université
de Lille, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique : UMR8187 – 28 av Foch 62930 Wimereux, France 2 CNRS,
National Centre for Marine Sciences – Batroun, Lebanon
Wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) effluent and coastal dumps constitute an important
source of microplastics (MPs) input to the aquatic environments. The objective of this study was to
assess the amount and types of plastic polymers found along a defined distance gradient from the
”EDELWEISS” WWTP outfall in Le Havre harbor and a coastal dump located nearby. Wild
mussels, Mytulis sp., were collected at five different sites situated near, downstream and upstream
the sewage treatment outfall with a respective distance of 50 m, 1.1 km, 1.6 km and 5.3 km and one
site near a coastal abandoned dump. Water from all sites including the WWTP effluent was filtered
on sieves with different mesh sizes: 500 im, 200 im, 80 im, and 20 im. Sediments were also
collected and analyzed. The results show the occurrence of MPs with various shapes: foams, beads,
fragments, and fibers that were classified along their polymer nature using micro-Raman
spectroscopy. Their amounts and occurrence in mussels indicate the latter ability to accumulate
plastics and fibers depending on the water dispersion and on the distance from the outfall. The
highest amounts of MPs were found in both water and mussels found near the coastal dump which,
therefore, contributes more than the WWPT effluent as routes of MPs to the marine environment.
Keywords: Microplastics, Wastewater Treatment plant, coastal dump, mussels, microRaman
∗Speaker †Corresponding author: maria.kazour@univ-littoral.fr ‡Corresponding author: rachid.amara@univ-littoral.fr
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Microplastic dynamics in agricultural systems:

Insights from Spanish and Canadian case studies
Rachel Hurley ∗† 1, Theresa Schell 2, Jill Crossman 3, Andreu Rico 2, Brent
Nawrocki 3, Mercedes Lavoy 3, Marco Vighi 2, Luca Nizzetto 1
1 Norwegian Institute of Water Research (NIVA) – Gaustadelléen 21, Oslo 0349, Norway 2 IMDEA (Water) – Avenida
Punto Com, no 2 Parque Científico Tecnológico de la Universidad de Alcalá 28805, Alcalá de Henares. Madrid, Spain
3 University of Windsor – 401 Sunset Ave, Windsor, ON N9B 3P4, Canada, Canada
Whilst the majority of microplastic research has been focused on marine contamination, greater
attention has recently been given towards freshwater systems. Yet, we still know very little about the
sources of microplastics to these environments. Wastewater treatment plants are capable of trapping
the majority (up to 99%) of microplastics. However, many of the captured particles are concentrated
into the solid sludge, which is often applied to agricultural soils as a fertilizer. Hence, soils in
agricultural areas are expected to represent significant environmental reservoirs of microplastic.
Moreover, these soils may represent a source to freshwater systems that ultimately transfer particles
to the marine environment. The Water JPI-funded IMPASSE project addresses several gaps in our
understanding of microplastic contamination and release associated with agricultural systems.
Sampling has been undertaken in river catchments in Spain (Henares; Guadalajara/Madrid) and
Canada (Beaver and Orillia; Ontario). Microplastics were quantified in sewage sludge, agricultural
soil, water and fluvial sediments across multiple sites to establish the role of sewage sludge as a
source of microplastics in the catchments. Control fields – where sludge has never been applied –
were used as an environmental background. Microplastics were extracted following a rigorously-
tested isolation procedure and characterised using FT-IR microscopy. The results highlight the
dynamics of microplastic particles within agricultural systems and river catchments. This represents
a crucial step towards the quantification of microplastic sources and fluxes.
Keywords: microplastic, agriculture, rivers, runoff, freshwater, sewage sludge, wastewater
∗Speaker †Corresponding author: rachel.hurley@niva.no
Synthetic fibers affecting soil animals - soil animals

affecting synthetic fibers
Salla Selonen ∗† 1,2, Lidia Parramon Dolcet 1, Anita Jemec Kokalj 3, Andraz Dolar
3, Cornelis A. M. Van Gestel 1
1 Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam [Amsterdam] – De Boelelaan 1105 1081 HV Amsterdam, Netherlands 2 Finnish
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Environment Institute – P.O.Box 140, FI-00251 Helsinki, Finland 3 University of Ljubljana – Kongresni trg 12, 1000
Ljubljana, Slovenia
Synthetic textile fibers have been identified as one major type of microplastics introduced into
the environment by humans. In wastewater treatment plants, most of the fibers released through
laundry end up in sewage sludge, which in many countries is used as soil fertilizer in green spaces
and agriculture. Despite this vast flow of microplastics in soil, the effects of synthetic fibers in the
terrestrial environment are still poorly known. We studied the effects of polyester (PET) fibers on
earthworms (Eisenia andrei), enchytraeid worms (Enchytraeus crypticus), springtails (Folsomia
candida) and woodlice (Porcellio scaber). We also compared the effects and accumulation of two
different size classes of PET fibers and investigated whether the size of the egested fibers differs
from those introduced into the exposure medium (soil or food).
Our results show that synthetic fibers can affect soil animals, but the effects are slight and
sometimes unexpected. Furthermore, it was not only the fibers affecting the animals, but also the
animals affecting the fate and size of the fibers. We found that soil animals, particularly earthworms,
ingest fibers and in this way can serve as a route of microplastics to the above- ground food web.
Our preliminary results also suggest that earthworms can transform the fibers to smaller pieces.
These shorter fibers may, in turn, be available for smaller fauna and potentially pose greater risks
to the environment. This study is part of the project IMPASSE – Impacts of Microplastics in Agro
Systems and Stream Environments
Keywords: soil, fiber, fauna, animal, ecotoxicology, effects, accumulation, earthworm, enchytraeid, springtail, woodlice
∗Speaker †Corresponding author: s.k.selonen@vu.nl
Microplastics in urban stormwaters – designing a

method to evaluate the microplastic discharges via
stormwaters
Julia Talvitie ∗ 1
1 Finnish environment institute – Mechelininkatu 34 A, 00260 Helsinki, Finland
Urban stormwaters have been suggested to act as a pathway for microplastics to the aquatic
environment. At present there is very little actual knowledge of microplastics in stormwaters and the
microplastics concentrations on stormwater discharges. In addition, the lack of a standardized
method for sampling the microplastics in stormwaters complicates the comparison of the results
obtained from few studies. In this study, we developed a flow-based high-volume sampling concept
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that gives event mean concentrations for the microplastics from sampled rain events. The sampling
concept is based on flow-based pumping and in-situ fractioning. Sampling concept is given in
Figure 1.
The samples are collected from the stormwater stream in the stormwater well. First, the V-dam is
installed to the discharge side of the well. This makes the surface level of the stormwater stream in
the well proportional to the flow rate of the stream. To determine the flow rate in real time (delay <
10 ms) the surface level is followed by using level transmitter. Programmable Logic Controller
(PLC) collects and saves this information and uses it to control electrical pump with frequency
converter. Pump is used for creating sample flow proportional to the stormwater flow. Also sample
flow is saved to the PLC. This information is then stored to Cloud Server and can be accessed with
PC either real time or later. PC programme and phone app is developed to follow and control the
process.
The sampling will performed repeatedly from one site with well known catchment area. The
quality of the stormwater is known to fluctuate due to several factors (e.g. land type and use,
intensity and depth of rainfall, antecedent weather conditions), hence it is required to sample
adequate amount of rain events to ensure reliable estimation of the total microplastic discharge.
Keywords: microplastic discharge, urban stormwaters, sampling device
∗Speaker
Industrial compost as an important source of

microplastics
Tamara Gajˇst 1, Martin Löder 2, Christian Laforche 2, Andrej Krzan ∗ 1,3
1 University of Nova Gorica, Faculty of Environmental Sciences, Nova Gorica – Slovenia 2 University of Bayreuth,
Department of Biology, Bayreuth – Germany 3 National Institute of Chemistry (NIC) – Hajdrihova 19, 1000 Ljubljana,
Slovenia
Composting and aerobic treatment are excellent end-of-life options for trating biogenic waste
and can significantly improve waste management efficiency as well as reduce environmental bur-
dens (e.g. green house gas emissions). In well developed waste management systems organic waste
is routinelly collected from households and other sources. The collected material however normally
contains a certain level of plastics which enter the process and is a source of contamination. In our
study we analyzed four samples of industrial compost for presence of plastic particles. Two methods
were used in parallel: the classical ”manual” method as routinely used in microplastics analysis,
and an automated density-based microplastics sediment separator (MPSS) by the general method
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described in Imhof et al. (2012). Infra red spectroscopy was used to determine the composition of
particles. Plastic particles were found in all samples at an average estiameted concentration of 0,12
wt.%. The majority of particles were composed of polyethylene followed by polypropylene. Fibres
were the most numerous particles representing 74 %, followed by fragments. The majority of fibres
were composed of PP and PET.
Keywords: plastic pollution, microplastics, compost
∗Speaker
Release of synthetic microplastic fibres from domestic

washing machines: Effects of fabric type and washing
conditions.
Imogen Napper ∗† 1
1 Plymouth University (-) – Drake Circus, Plymouth PL4 8AA, United Kingdom
Washing clothes made from synthetic materials has been identified as a potentially important
source of microscopic fibres to the environment. Our study examined the release of fibres from
polyester, polyester-cotton blend and acrylic fabrics. These fabrics were laundered under various
conditions of temperature, detergent and conditioner. Fibres from waste effluent were examined and
the mass, abundance and fibre size compared between treatments. Average fibre size ranged between
11.9–17.7 μg mL-1, DC: 50 ng mL-1). Post-exposurem in diameter, and 5.0–7.8 mm in length. Polyester-cotton fabric consistently shed
significantly fewer fibres than either polyester or acrylic. However, fibre release varied according to
wash treatment with various complex interactions. We estimate over 700,000 fibres could be
released from an average 6kg wash load of acrylic fabric. As fibres have been reported in effluent
from sewage treatment plants, our data indicates fibres released by washing of clothing could be an
important source of microplastics to aquatic habitats.
Keywords: Microplastic, Microfibers, Plastic pollution, Effluent, Laundry
∗Speaker †Corresponding author: imogennapper@gmail.com
Shipyards: a source of microplastic and micro-paint

particles spreading to the marine environment
Alvise Vianello1, Lasse Abraham Rasmussen1, Ulla E. Bollmann2, Jes Vollertsen1
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1, Aalborg University, Department of Civil Engineering, Division of Water and Environment, Thomas Manns Vej 23,
9220 Aalborg Øst, Denmark, Aarhus University, Department of Environmental Science, Frederiksborgsvej 399, 4000
Roskilde, Denmark
Microplastic (MP) pollution affects both marine and freshwater environments, and land-based
sources are suspected to contribute with a large amount of discharged plastic waste to the
environment. Beside MP, also the presence of micro-paint particles (MPP) have been recently
reported. MPP mainly originate from the degradation and abrasion of painted surfaces, such as
building and/or ship-paint materials. As many paints also contain organic compounds and heavy
metals used as biocides, these particles are potentially even more harmful to the environment than
MP. Here we present data obtained from the analysis of soil and sediment samples collected in a
recreational boat facility located on the shore of the Limfjord, the biggest transitional environment
of Denmark. We performed a multi-step sample preparation, involving air assisted flotation with
high density zinc chloride (ρ = 1.9 g cm3), enzymatic treatment, Fenton’s reaction (catalyzed
oxidation), and two phase separation. Then, we analysed the processed samples (<500 µm) using
FPA-µFTIR-Imaging and processing the data with MPhunter, a dedicated software for automated
MP analysis. All the analysed samples were contaminated by MP, and most of them contained also
MPP. We measured the highest concentration in proximity to the shipyard area (Site 1 - 46182 part.
kg-1) and the relative harbour (Site 2 - 175636 part. kg-1). Besides the most common polymers, we
detected a higher concentration of MPP at Site 2 (44% of the total synthetic particles), located
inside the shipyard, where the boats are laid up for winter. We successfully extracted and quantified
microplastic and micro-paint particles in a recreational harbour area, highlighting that the harbour
areas contribute actively to the production, accumulation and spreading of MP and MPP to the
surrounding area, ultimately also affecting the marine environment. We are currently investigating
the potential correlation between the MPP abundance and the biocides (organic/inorganic)
concentration.
Corresponding author: av@civil.aau.dk
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Panel chaired by Salud Deudero.
Sampling microplastics –a comparative study of a

manta trawl and a filtering pump
Therese Karlsson ∗ 1, Anna Kärrman 2, Anna Rotander 2, Martin Hassellöv 1
1 Department of 2 Marine MTM,Sciences, Orebro ̈University of Gothenburg – Sweden University – Sweden
A wide variety of methods have been developed and applied to sample microplastics (MPs). It is
important to understand how the methods differ in order to allow for comparisons between different
studies, to develop monitoring programs and to choose which method to use for a specific research
question. We therefore tested two commonly used methods; a manta trawl and a filtering pump.
During one day of sampling at the same spot ten replicates were taken with the trawl ( ̃60m3) and
six with the pump (20 m3). The trawl samples had between 9 and 33 MPs, which gave an arithmetic
mean of 0.32 MPs/m3. The pump had between 0 and 8 MPs per sample rendering a mean of 0.17
MPs/m3 and it was noted that expanded cellular plastics were sampled more efficiently with the
trawl. The results for both methods highlighted the importance of sufficient sample volume, in order
to decrease fluctuations in counting statistics. The probability of false null-values increase with a
lower true value of numbers of particles and it was seen that this starts to have a significant effect
below five particles per sample. Regardless of which method that is used, it is therefore crucial to
sample a sufficient number of particles to permit comparisons of spatial, temporal or compositional
differences. To further increase comparability in future monitoring studies, we also propose a
systematic categorization of plastic particles and other types of microlitter.
Keywords: sampling methods, trawl, pump, sampling volumes
∗Speaker
Distribution of microplastics in the mixed layer;

results from the Volvo Ocean Race
Toste Tanhua 1, Stefan Raimund , Arne Biastoch , Anne-Cécile Turner , Sören
Guteunst ∗
1 GEOMAR – Germany
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There are large gaps in the knowledge of the fate and distribution of plastics once the plastic has
entered the ocean. This is in part due to the vastness of the ocean, the probable uneven distribution
of plastics and the challenges in accurately estimating the concentration of plastics. Here we report
on a campaign that involved sampling for micro-plastics from two yachts racing around the world in
the Volvo Ocean Race. The race started in Alicante in October 2017 and ended in den Hague in
June 2018, providing a unique snap-shot of micro-plastic distribution along the race track. The
project is a cooperation between the science project, the Volvo Ocean Race and the sponsors of the
instrumentation, - the Volvo Cars Group. Samples for microplastics were sampled on 3 different
mesh-size SS filters while the boats open the through-hull fittings to run the water maker, allowing
for integrated samples over that time- period. The filters were brought to the lab in Kiel and
analyzed in a flow-through system with a Raman spectrophotometer.
We found micro plastics in almost all samples along the race track, with the highest concentra-
tions on the south European coast and Mediterranean, as well as in the South China Sea. On several
other locations we found higher than average microplastic concentrations that seems to be tied to
major ocean currents, suggesting a remote source. Here we will report on experience with the
sampling and analytical instrumentation, report on the distribution of the microplastic along the race
track and provide some initial ideas on the source of the plastic using numerical modelling. We will
also report on the utility of racing yachts as platforms for oceanographic measurements, including
micro plastics.
Keywords: microplastic worldwide distribution mixed, layer
∗Speaker
Microplastics at the first 200 meters of the water

column in the Atlantic Ocean
Daura Vega-Moreno ∗† 1, Bárbara Abaroa-Pérez , Joaquín Hernández-Brito
1 University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria (ULPGC) – Campus Universitario de Tafira s/n. Facultad de Ciencias del
Mar. Edificio de Ciencias Básicas, Spain
The presence of microplastic at open ocean is a well documented fact. But they have been
determined basically in the first 5 meters of the water column or near the seabed. The buoyant
microplastics more abundant are of polyethylene (PE) and polypropylene (PP) composition, with a
density significantly lower than seawater density. But there are other kind of plastics, as nylon of
fishing nets or fibers which have a density similar to seawater and due to their size, shape and
composition, can appear hundreds of meters below seawater surface. Taking into account that
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fishing nets represent a high percentage of marine pollution (Lebreton 2018), the possibility to find
these small fragments on the water column increase.
Based on this idea, they took place there specific sampling of microplastics at the European
Station for Time-Series in the ocean (ESTOC). This station is placed at open ocean at 100 km to the
North to the Canary Islands, on the subtropical gyre of the North Atlantic ocean. Sixty liters of
seawater were filtered by sample with a net of 100 μg mL-1, DC: 50 ng mL-1). Post-exposurem pore size. It was sampling at 0, 50, 100 and
150 meters depth at three different scientific cruises between April 2017 and March 2018. At all
sampling done it was observed the microplastic presence at every depths. Microplastics found were
basically small fragments of fishing net, lines, paint chips and fibers. This preliminary study
supposes that can exist an undetermined small size plastic amount with neutral buoyancy which are
not being taken into account at prediction models, underestimating the plastic tons existing at
marine environment.
Keywords: deep water, ESTOC, under the surface, POPs
∗Speaker †Corresponding author: daura.vega@ulpgc.es
Floating microplastics in the Western Mediterranean

Sea and their export by marine aggregates
William De Haan ∗ 1, Anna Sanchez-Vidal† 2, Miquel Canals 2
1 GRC Marine Geosciences, Department of Stratigraphy, Palaeontology and Marine Geosciences, Faculty of Earth and
Ocean Dynamics, University of Barcelona – E-08028 Barcelona, Spain 2 GRC Marine Geosciences, Department of
Stratigraphy, Palaeontology and Marine Geosciences, Faculty of Earth and Ocean Dynamics, University of Barcelona –
E-08028 Barcelona, Spain
Pollution by large-sized plastics and microplastic debris is widespread in all Earth environ-
ments, also threatening marine ecosystems worldwide. The view of the Mediterranean Sea as one of
the most impacted regions in the world by plastic litter has been recently confirmed. However,
coastal regions in the Western Mediterranean Sea have been omitted in large-scale surveys in
quantifying microplastics and little is known about their dispersal patterns and potential inputs.
Furthermore, the discovery of microplastic incorporation into marine aggregates underlines the need
to quantify and characterize aggregated microplastics in the marine environment. Whereas the
deep-sea has been suggested as a major sink for microplastic debris, the pathways for microplastics
to reach such remote environment remain poorly assessed. In this study we determine the
abundance, chemical composition, color and size parameters of free floating loose and naturally
aggregated microplastics from samples taken in the Western Mediterranean Sea offshore Spain,
from the Gulf of Lions to the Alboran Sea. We report microplastic abundances of 0.100 ± 0.048
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items m-2, with maximum values up to 0.5 items m-2, comparable to those found previously in the
Mediterranean Sea, which are subject to temporal changes as a function of human activities in the
areas of influence and shifting meteorological conditions. Our results show maximum abundances
of microplastics around 1 mm in length and with large surface areas in marine aggregates, which
represent 41% of all microplastics floating at the sea surface. Marine aggregates would behave both
as floats for high density polymers, such as nylon or polyethylene terephthalate, and ballasts for low
density microplastics, including polyethylene, polypropylene and polystyrene. Further research and
monitoring efforts are needed to understand the mechanisms controlling aggregate formation and
sinking, which may explain the removal of microplastics from the sea surface.
Keywords: Microplastics, Marine aggregates, Mediterranean Sea
∗Speaker †Corresponding author: anna.sanchez@ub.edu
PLASTICS AND EPIPLASTIC COMMUNITIES IN

SURFACE WATERS OF THE SOUTH ATLANTIC
AND AUSTRAL OCEANS
Ana Luzia Lacerda ∗† 1,2, Lucas Rodrigues 1, Fábio L. Rodrigues 1, Eduardo Secchi
1, Joe Taylor 2, Felipe Kessler 3, Maíra Proietti 1
1 Instituto de Oceanografia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande – Av. Itália km 6, Carreiros, Rio Grande, RS, Brazil 2
School of Environment and Life Sciences, University of Salford – University of Salford, Crescent, Salford M5 4WT,
United Kingdom 3 Escola de Química e Alimentos, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande – Av. Itália km 6, Carreiros,
Rio Grande, RS, Brazil
Even though marine plastic pollution has been the focus of several studies, when considering the
knowledge gaps for many regions of the oceans it is likely that current estimates of their
concentrations and impacts are underestimated. Our study aimed to quantify and characterize plastic
debris in oceanic surface of two regions, Brazil and Antarctica. Sampling was conducted using
manta net (330μg mL-1, DC: 50 ng mL-1). Post-exposurem mesh) surface trawls at 10 points along the Brazilian coast (26◦ to 34◦ S) and 12
points around the Antarctic Peninsula (61o to 64o S). Plastics were counted and classified in terms
of type, size, color and chemical composition. The diversity of epiplastic communities was
evaluated through morphological (Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and molecular (DNA
metabarcoding) methods. Using Illumina MiSeq High-throughput sequencing a multi-barcode
approach was used to characterize the full diversity of life associated with plastics, targeting
prokaryotes (16S), eukaryotes (18S and COI), and for the first time in any study in oceanic waters,
fungi (ITS). Mean surface debris concentration was estimated at 9059 items.km- 2 for South Brazil,
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and 1908 items.km-2 for the Antarctic Peninsula. Most sampled items were microplastics (< 5 mm),
including hard and flexible fragments, pellets, spheres and fishing lines. Plastics were found in nine
colors, and were composed of polyethylene, polystyrene and polyamide polymers. Based on SEM,
diatoms were the most abundant and diverse group within epiplastic communities. However, our
molecular data has revealed a much higher and more variable diversity of life associated with
plastics at these regions. This work provides the first description of the Plastisphere at oceanic
surface waters off Brazil and the Antarctic Peninsula, and has increased our knowledge of the
distribution, concentrations and characteristics of plastics and epiplastic communities in the oceans.
This is essential information when considering the potential impacts of plastic pollution on marine
wildlife and human.
∗Speaker †Corresponding author: analuzialacerda@gmail.com
Keywords: Marine plastic pollution, Epiplastic communities, Metabarcoding
Monitoring plastic pollution in the Azores

Archipelago: from surface down to the deep seafloor
and in biota.
Yasmina Rodríguez1, Noelia Ríos2, João Pereira1, Adriana Ressureição1, Nina Vieira1,
Frederic Vandeperre, Rita Carriço1, João Frias3, Sofia Garcia3, Kirsten Jakobsen 4,
Veronica Neves1, Adam Porter 5, Ceri Lewis 5, Christopher K. Pham1
1
IMAR/OKEANOS - Universidade dos Açores, 9901-862 Horta, Portugal , 2OMA - Observatorio do Mar dos Açores - Horta – Portugal, 3MFRC –
Marine and Freshwater Research Centre, Galway-Mayo Institute of Technology (GMIT), Dublin Road, Galway, Ireland – Portugal, 4Rebikoff-
Niggeler Foundation, Rocha Vermelha, Horta, Portugal, 5College of Life and Environmental Sciences: Biosciences, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4
4QD, UK
The Azores archipelago is a remote group of nine volcanic islands located off the North Atlantic
Subtropical Gyre. Plastic pollution is ubiquitous in the archipelago but knowledge on its abundance
and distribution are poorly known. In this presentation, we provide an overview of recent research
efforts dedicated to studying the issue in this remote region of the North Atlantic. Surveys aimed at
quantifying plastic debris on the seafloor, along the island’s coastlines and at the surfae demonstrate
a high abundance of debris in the region. Furthermore, results on monitoring plastic ingestion by
different components of the food-web confirm a high exposure of marine fauna to these pollutants.
Finally, preliminary results on the socio-economic impacts associated with marine debris also reveal
significant costs for local populations.
Keywords: plastic, remote islands, atlantic, north atlantic gyre
∗Speaker †Corresponding author: christopher.k.pham@uac.pt
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Spatial distribution of microplastics in North Sea

surface waters and sediments
Claudia Lorenz ∗† 1, Lisa Roscher 1, Melanie Meyer 1, Lars Hildebrandt 1, Julia
Prume 1, Sebastian Primpke 1, Gunnar Gerdts 1
1 Alfred Wegener Institute Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research (AWI) – Biologische Anstalt Helgoland
Kurpromenade 201 27498 Helgoland, Germany
It is well known that microplastics (< 5 mm in size) are omnipresent in the marine environment
and will hardly degrade but merely fragment over time. Furthermore, standardized and reliable
methods to securely detect microplastics are yet to be set. Determining the abundance and identity
of microplastics is a crucial objective in microplastic research, especially with regard to requested
monitoring. Nevertheless, information on the abundance and composition of microplastics in the
North Sea is still scarce particularly concerning the lower-micrometer range (< 500 μg mL-1, DC: 50 ng mL-1). Post-exposurem). Hence, we
analysed samples from two complex environmental matrices at 24 stations in the southern North
Sea. Surface water samples were collected with a 100 μg mL-1, DC: 50 ng mL-1). Post-exposurem net attached to a neuston catamaran and
sublittoral sediments were taken with a Van Veen grab. To isolate microplastics (11–5000 μg mL-1, DC: 50 ng mL-1). Post-exposurem)
sediments were first subjected to a density separation performed with the MicroPlastic Sediment
Separator (MPSS) and a zinc chloride solution (ρ = 1.7 g cm-3). Subsequently, a highly promising
enzymatic-oxidative purification was applied to all samples using newly developed microplastic
reactors. This was followed by a state-of-the-art analysis via Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy
(FTIR) imaging. This provides information on polymer quantities, types and sizes as well as spatial
distribution of microplastics in North Sea surface waters and sediments. Results show that
microplastics are present in all of the analysed North Sea samples exhibiting a variety of polymer
types, dominated by rubbers, polyethylene, polypropylene and acrylates/polyurethane.
Concentrations ranged from 0.1 to 2.1×102 particles m-3 in surface waters and from 2 to 1.5×103
particles kg-1 of dry sediment. Concerning size, the vast majority of the detected microplastic
particles (95%) was less than 75 μg mL-1, DC: 50 ng mL-1). Post-exposurem in length. Finally, this study aims at contributing to a basis for
future monitoring measures and stresses the need to include microplastics in the lower-micrometer
range into these approaches.
Keywords: microplastic quantification, sediment, plankton, extraction methods, density separation, enzymatic, oxidative
purification, FTIR imaging
∗Speaker †Corresponding author: claudia.lorenz@awi.de
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Tracing microplastic pollution in the Atlantic Ocean

Katsiaryna Pabortsava ∗ 1, Richard Lampitt† 1
1 National Oceanography Centre [Southampton] – Waterfront Campus, European Way, Southampton SO14 3ZH,
Microplastics are considered the most dominant non-degradable particulate contaminant in the
marine environment. Yet, abundance, distribution, and characteristics of microplastics in the open
ocean and how they change in time and space still require rigid quantification, especially for smaller
microplastics. Interactions of microplastics with marine physical and biogeochemical processes are
also largely unknown. These fundamental knowledge gaps hinder our understanding of the exposure
of marine ecosystems to microplastics, and thus its potential harms. We traced latitudinal and
vertical distribution of microplastics in the top 350 m of the Atlantic Ocean along the passage of the
Atlantic Meridional Transect cruise (UK to the Falklands) in 2016. The geographical extent of the
samples covered all the Atlantic biogeochemical provinces allowing to constrain the importance of
biogeochemical factors such as primary production in redistributing microplastics spatially and
through the water column. The role of aggregation with particulate organic matter and subsequent
downward flux in transporting microplastics to the abyss was established by quantifying and
characterising microplastic flux to 3000 m in time- series sediment trap samples from three
locations in the northeast Atlantic (PAP-SO) and in the North and South Atlantic Oligotrophic
Gyres (NOG and SOG) during the relevant periods. Our depth-resolved water column and sediment
trap data account for microplastics of the lower micro-size limit (25 μg mL-1, DC: 50 ng mL-1). Post-exposurem to 1.5 μg mL-1, DC: 50 ng mL-1). Post-exposurem) which is
unprecedented for marine microplastics sampling programmes and critical for understanding
microplastic pollution, its fate and biological and environmental risks.
Keywords: microplastics, abundance, downward flux, vertical distribution, ocean biogeochemistry
∗Speaker †Corresponding author: r.lampitt@noc.ac.uk
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November 21st – Panel 11.3: 10h30 – 12h30 (AGH),

Panel chaired by Lisa Devriese.
Development of a Py-GC/MS method and its

application to identify marine microplastics
Ludovic Hermabessiere∗ 1, Charlotte Himber 1, Béatrice Boricaud 1, Maria Kazour
2,3, Rachid Amara 2, Michel Laurentie 4, Ika Paul-Pont 5, Philippe Soudant 5,
Alexandre Dehaut †‡ 1, Guillaume Duflos 1
1 Laboratoire de Sécurité des Aliments - Département des Produits de la Pêche et de l’Aquaculture – ANSES : LSAl-
DPTPPA – Anses Boulevard du Bassin Napoléon 62200 Boulogne-Sur-Mer, France 2 Univ. Littoral Côte d’Opale,
CNRS, Univ. Lille, UMR 8187, LOG – Univ. Littoral Côte d’Opale, CNRS, Univ. Lille : UMR8187 – Laboratoire
d’Océanologie et de Géosciences 32 Avenue Foch 62930 Wimereux, France 3 CNRS, National Centre for Marine
Sciences – CNRS, National Centre for Marine Sciences PO Box 534 Batroun, Lebanon 4 Laboratoire de Fougères –
ANSES : Laboratoirede Fougères – ANSES 10 B rue Claude Bourgelat – Javené 35300 Fougères, France 5
Laboratoire des Sciences de l’Environnement Marin (LEMAR) – CNRS : UMR6539, Université de Bretagne
Occidentale (UBO), Institut Universitaire Européen de la Mer (IUEM), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement,
Institut Français de Recherche pour l’Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER) – Technopôle Brest-Iroise, Place Nicolas
Copernic, 29280 Plouzané, France

∗Corresponding author: ludovic.hermabessiere@gmail.com †Speaker ‡Corresponding author: alexandre.dehaut@anses.fr
ADVANCES IN HIGH THROUGHPUT ANALYSIS

OF MICROPLASTICS
Mikaël Kedzierski ∗ 1, Mathilde Falcou-Préfol 1, Jonathan Villain 2, Marie
Emmanuelle Kerros 3, Maryvonne Henry 4, Maria-Luiza Pedrotti 5, Stéphane
Bruzaud 1
1 Institut de Recherche Dupuy de Lôme (IRDL) – Université de Bretagne Sud, CNRS : UMR6027, Université de
Bretagne Sud – Centre de Recherche Rue de Saint Maudé BP92116, 56321 Lorient Cedex, France 2 Laboratoire de
Mathématiques de Bretagne Atlantique – Université de Bretagne Sud, Université de Brest, Centre National de la
Recherche Scientifique : UMR6205 – Université de Brest, 6 avenue Le Gorgeu, CS 93837, 29238 Brest cedex 3 /
Université de Bretagne-Sud, Centre Yves Coppens, Bât. B, Campus de Tohannic, BP 573, 56017 Vannes, France 3
Laboratoire dócéanographie national des sciences de l’Univers de Villefranche – Université Pierre et Marie Curie -
Paris 6, Institut Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique : UMR7093 – Observatoire Océanologique Station
zoologique 181, chemin du lazaret BP 28 06230 VILLEFRANCHE SUR MER Cedex, France 4 IFREMER - Laboratoire
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Provence Azur Corse – Institut français de Recherche pour l’Exploitation de la Mer – France 5 Laboratoire
d’océanographie de Villefranche (LOV) – INSU, CNRS : UMR7093, Université Pierre et Marie Curie (UPMC) - Paris
VI, Université Pierre et Marie Curie [UPMC] - Paris VI – Observatoire Océanologique Station zoologique 181, chemin
du lazaret BP 28 06230 VILLEFRANCHE SUR MER Cedex, France
The study of microplastic pollution often involves the analysis of a large number of mi-
croplastics. Multidisciplinary analyses on microplastics are also tending to develop, thus greatly
increasing the number of manipulations. Therefore, providing an overview of plastic pollution takes
time and, despite high throughput analysis, remains a major challenge. The objective of this study is
to develop a statistical approach: (1) to determine how many microplastics must be analyzed, based
on the total number of microplastics, to give a representative view and (2) to calculate the associated
error. This work is illustrated through the example of particle size distribution and chemical nature
of microplastic data (Fig. 1) from the Tara Mediterranean campaign (2014). This approach was
tested in two cases: first on a regional scale (north-west basin) and then on a local scale (manta by
manta). In the case of Tara Expedition data, the results show that only 10% of all microplastics need
to be analyzed to give an overview of the samples at the global scale (error < 2.6%), and 17.7% at
the local scale (error < 10%). This statistical approach is a major breakthrough for microplastic
studies. The interpretation of FT-IR spectra is another limitation of microplastics analysis. The inter-
pretation of these spectra is often long and error-prone. To solve these problems, a function has been
developed on the R software with machine learning tools. The preliminary results are encouraging
and seem to justify the use of this type of tool in the analysis of FT-IR spectra. Finally, the
POSEIDON software will be presented. The objective will be to organize the different functions
developed (Sizing of the elutriation column, calculation of extraction speeds, random drawing,
identification of FT-IR spectra) in a single data-processing tool.
∗Speaker
Keywords: Microplastic, Tara Mediterranean campaign, Statistical methodology, Machine learning, POSEIDON
software
Freshwater compartments: Screening method for

polymer identification and mass contents of
microplastic particles using TED-GC-MS
Korinna Altmann ∗ 1, Paul Eisentraut 1, Caroline Goedecke , Matthias Ricking 2,
Claus-Gerhard Bannick , Ulrike Braun
1 Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung – Unter den Eichen 87, 12205 Berlin, Germany 2
Umweltbundesamt – Germany
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The pathways of plastics, especially of microplastic (MP), in environmental compartments,

particularly in aquatic systems, are not well understood. The critical point is the lack of fast,
harmonised methods for sampling, sample preparation and sample analysis. These three analytical
steps are dependent on one another and must be optimised. In recent years, we developed a method
for representative sampling and fast detection of MP in aqueous systems. The sampling in different
freshwater bodies is performed in the field with a fractionated filtration system using mesh sizes of
500, 100 and 50 im. For water with an intermediate or high content of suspended particular matter a
minimum of 1000 L has to be filtered. In the lab, mesh sizes of 10 and 5 im are used for further
filtration. Subsequently, the water filtrates of the different particle size classes are sterilised, dried,
weighed and homogenised, if necessary. Conventional methods for MP analysis are infrared and
raman spectroscopy, giving information on the shapes and numbers of individually identified MP
particles. Our focus is on the determination of mass contents of various polymers potentially
contained in environmental samples. For qualitative and quantitative MP detection TED-GC-MS is
used, a two-step method based on gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) with previous
thermal extraction. This method not only enables us to screen the samples for characteristic marker-
molecules, thus identifying single polymers, but furthermore allows the calculation of mass contents
of individual polymers. In the present work, different freshwater compartments were exemplarily
studied to identify containing polymers and calculate their mass content in MP particles.
Keywords: freshwater compartments, microplastic, mass content, TED, GC, MS, polymers
∗Speaker
Solvent extraction combined with Py-GCMS: A fast

tool for microplastics analysis?
Maurits Halbach ∗ 1, Marten Fischer 1, Barbara Scholz-Böttcher 1
1 Institute for Chemistry and Biology of the Marine Environment (ICBM), Carl von Ossietzky University of Oldenburg –
P.O. Box 2503, D-26111 Oldenburg, Germany
The environmental research on microplastic (MP) is still an evolving research field. While mass-
based and particle-based quantification methods become more and more established, extraction
methods from complex samples are still divers and not standardized. In our study we tested the
analytical potential of a sequential solvent extraction for five major polymers
(PE/PP/PET/PS/PVC) with pressurized fluid extraction from different complex environmental
matrices. The extracts were analyzed by pyrolysis gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (PY-
GCMS), a mass-based method for simultaneous polymer specific identification and quantification
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recently introduced (Fischer and Scholz-Böttcher, 2017).

The analysis of extracts with PY-GCMS bears several attractive advantages. It enables con-
centration or dilution of aliquots dependent on sample MP load. Replicated measurements are
possible even under different PY-GCMS conditions. This neglects the singularity of PY-GCMS
measurements caused by its destructive character.
The extraction of different environmental samples revealed matrix reactions at high temper-
ature and pressure conditions, whose possible interferences with the microplastic quantification have
to be checked carefully. These matrix reactions increase with rising organic content of the
environmental sample. Furthermore, the promising results revealed different extraction optima for
the chosen polymers which lead to a sequential extraction procedure.
We emphasize the high potential and restrictions of pressurized fluid extraction as a fast and
cheap microplastic extraction method which can be adapted for targeted polymers even for highly
complex and polluted samples.
Fischer, M., Scholz-Böttcher, B.M., 2017. Environ. Sci. Technol. 51, 5052–5060. doi:10.1021/acs.est.6b06362
Keywords: microplastic, PYGCMS, solvent extraction, complex matrix
∗Speaker
Identification of microplastic particles and fibers using

vibrational spectroscopy coupled to multivariate
analysis
Maria El Rakwe ∗† 1, Kada Boukerma 2, Florence Mazeas 2, Catherine Dreanno 1,
Chantal Compère 3, Francois Galgani 4, Emmanuel Rinnert 5
1 IFREMER REM/RDT/LDCM – Institut Français de Recherche pour l’Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER) – France 2
IFREMER, REM/RDT/LDCM – Institut Français de Recherche pour l’Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER) – France 3
IFREMER, REM/RDT – Institut Français de Recherche pour l’Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER) – France 4
IFREMER, ODE/LITTORAL/LERPAC – Institut Français de Recherche pour l’Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER) –
France 5 IFREMER, REM/GM/LCG – Institut Français de Recherche pour l’Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER) –
France
Identification of microplastic samples based only on optical microscopy can lead to misiden-
tification and, depending on the size of the particles, to over- or underestimation. The identification
of microscopic particles comprises two main steps: firstly, the decision whether a particle is a
synthetic polymer or not and secondly, the identification of its chemical composition. The
spectroscopic identification of samples conducts to a clear assignment of a sample to a certain
polymer origin. Vibrational spectroscopic methods like Fourier Transform InfraRed (FTIR)
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spectroscopy or Raman scattering spectroscopy are commonly used, thanks to their comple-
mentarities. Some vibrational modes are more active in a technique than in the other depending on
the molecule symmetry and on chemical groups. To generate reliable results, the comparison with
reference spectra database is absolutely necessary to unambiguously identify polymer type. Given
the large number of spectra to analyze and since the spectra libraries usually consist of spectra of
pure substances, thus spectra obtained from environmental samples are expected to have low
congruity compared to reference spectra. The current solution does not allow easy assignment and
fast identification of particles. In order to extend this identification, an alternative solution is based
on multivariate analysis. The spectra were analyzed using Independent Component Analysis (ICA).
It consists to separate multivariate signal into subcomponents, sup- posing the mutual statistical
independence of the non-Gaussian source signals. This method of identifying microplastic particles
using multivariate methods is very powerful, as it takes into account the whole spectrum. This
method helps to identify particles type by identifying copolymers and plasticizers, and to
distinguish plastic particles and fibers from non-plastics. Those approaches will be presented on
both Raman scattering and FTIR techniques, and perspectives on fast microplastic identification will
be discussed.
∗Speaker †Corresponding author: maria.el.rakwe@ifremer.fr
Keywords: Microplastics, Spectroscopic Identification, Multivariate analysis
Deep Learning vs Classical Computer Vision

Techniques for Microplastics Classification
Javier Lorenzo-Navarro ∗ 1
1 University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria – Calle Juan de Quesada, 35001 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las
Palmas, Spain
Two key elements in the monitoring of the amount of microplastics in the oceans is the
standarization of sampling protocols, and the development of automatic tools to reduce the time
consuming task of counting and classifying the particles. The use of Artificial Intelligence
techniques, more specifically the use of Computer Vision, could speed up the processing the
microplastics samples, both from the sea and the beaches.
In this work, a comparison between two approaches for classifying microplastic particles is
presented (Fig. 1). Five types of particles commonly found in the Canary Island beaches are
considered. Three corresponds to plastics: pellet, lines and fragment; and two to non plastics
particles: oil and organic debris. The first approach is the Computer Vision classical pipeline which
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is made up of three main stages: image preprocessing, feature extraction and finally the
classification stage. The classifier is trained using as input the features extracted in the second stage.
On the other hand, Deep Learning is considered as the second approach. In this case, an end-to-end
classifier is obtained because the three stages of the classical approach are subsumed into the
training stage. Thus, only a set of labeled images is used and the method learns the features to
extract and also how to combine them.
For the classical approach a set of features based on color, geometry and texture of the particles
is fed to a classifier Random Forest, K Nearest Neighbor and Support Vector Machines has been
considered. For the Deep Learning approach, a Convolutional Neural Network has been trained
because this architecture has shown good results in other classification tasks. The best result is
obtained with the Deep Learning approach with 97.4
Keywords: Deep Learning, Computer Vision, Microplastic Classification
∗Speaker
Microplastics identification and quantification with

Py-GCMS – an improved method for reliable weight
related data
Marten Fischer ∗ 1, Barbara M. Scholz-Böttcher 1
1 Institute for Chemistry and Biology of the Marine Environment, University of Oldenburg – P.O. Box 2503 D-26111
Oldenburg, Germany
Microplastics are one of the emerging contaminants in the marine environment. Numerous
studies have been published on their spatial distribution in the marine environment in the last years.
Most of these studies used optical and (vibrational) spectroscopic techniques, such as FT-IR and led
to particle abundance related data. However, for modelling mass balances of MP and thus the
distribution and fate of MP in the different marine compartments, reliable weight related data is
essential. Thermoanalytical techniques coupled to gas-chromatography mass-spectrometry have the
potential to create these weight related data. A recent Curie-Point (CP) pyrolysis gas-
chromatography mass-spectrometry (Py-GCMS) method (Fischer and Scholz-Böttcher, 2017)
demonstrated the identification and quantification of 8 environmentally relevant polymers in
environmental samples after sufficient sample clean-up. Weight related data was obtained using
external calibration curves and successfully demonstrated with recovery experiments of spiked fish
samples. Although the used CP-Py-GCMS is promising regarding the quantification of MP in
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environmental samples it has some restrictions regarding sample transfer and capacity.
For that reason, we will introduce the adaption and advancement of the CP-Py-GCMS method to
a micro-furnace (MF) pyrolyzer. The MF-pyrolyzer is stated for high reproducibility and comes
with stainless steel targets, which offer the eightfold capacity and more convenient dimensions.
The ongoing method improvement is associated with a significant enhancement of linearity as well
as lower process standard deviations and potential LODs in the lower ng range. These method
improvements in combination with an obligate sample pre-treatment for MP preconcentration
allows the detection and quantification of ppb levels in environmental samples.
The reliability of the data is further enhanced by introduction of injection standards for pyroly-
sis. The data analysis itself was semi-automated using Automated Mass Spectral Deconvolution and
Identification System (AMDIS).
Fischer, M., Scholz-Böttcher, B.M., 2017. Environ. Sci. Technol. 51, 5052–5060 doi:10.1021/acs.est.6b06362
∗Speaker
Keywords: Microplastics, Pyrolysis, GCMS, trace analysis, identification, quantification, simultaneous analysis
Identification and characterization of biocidal

microlitter particles from leisure boat and commercial
ship antifouling paint, using correlative microscopy
(LM and SEM-EDS)
Martin Hassellöv ∗ 1, Karin Mattsson, Andreas Gondikas
1 Department of Marine Sciences, University of Gothenburg – Sweden
Microlitter particles is a diverse and heterogeneous group of matter. It is comprised of plastic

polymers but also other minute solid anthropogenic materials. The material composition and its
chemical entities, together with size and shape is probably the key to the hazard profile of each
group of matter in the larger microlitter domain. Limited information on hazard of specific
microlitter classes for given species or ecosystem entities is yet available, but likely certain
microlitter classes will be more hazardous than others, and one such category that is designed to be
toxic is biocidal particles from antifouling boat and ship paints. Antifouling paint come in limited
range of colours, but colour alone is not a sufficient descriptor to link particles to source. In
addition, chemical composition needs to be targeted in the identification, otherwise similar looking
non biocidal paint or coloured plastic particles can be very similar in visual identification. Here is
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demonstrated a novel analytical workflow, based on correlative microscopy, where both imaging in
light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy (with elemental analysis with energy dispersive
X-ray spectroscopy) is acquired on the same coordinate system to allow correlative image analysis
on a single particle basis. Both manual and automatic microscopy workflows is demonstrated.
Example results from measurements from sampling in both commercial ship traffic lanes, as well as
leisure boat harbours in the North Sea and Baltic Sea will be used to demonstrate the method and
illustrate the abundance of biocidal antifouling paint particles in relation to other studies. Samples
from large microplastics (> 300μg mL-1, DC: 50 ng mL-1). Post-exposurem) to small MP (> 10μg mL-1, DC: 50 ng mL-1). Post-exposurem) down to nanoplastics will ne shown.
Keywords: Microscopy, spectroscopy, nanoplastics, antifouling paint, paint flakes, boat, ships, SEM
∗Speaker
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Panel chaired by Annika Jahnke.
Microplastics in marine sediments of the Mississippi

River delta (Gulf of Mexico)
Annerieke Bouwman∗ 1, Laurent Lebreton1, Caroline P. Slomp2, Matthias Egger†1
1 The Ocean Cleanup Foundation – Batavierenstraat 15 3014 JH Rotterdam, Netherlands 2 Utrecht University –
Department of Earth Sciences - Geochemistry, Faculty of Geosciences, Utrecht University Princetonlaan 8a, 3584 CB
Utrecht, Netherlands
Plastic is ubiquitous in the oceans and may persist in the marine environment for hundreds to
thousands of years, negatively impacting marine organisms. Thus, a better understanding of the
quantities, composition and cycling of plastic in the ocean is urgently needed. The current
discrepancy between the measured and the modelled size distribution of floating plastic debris
reveals a gap in concentration of microplastics ( Here, we study the potential role of the seabed as a
sink for microplastics in the Gulf of Mexico. Our study focuses on a depth transect in the
Mississippi River Delta (15 m, 50 m, 150 m, 300 m, 600 m and 2,000 m water depth, respectively).
Sediment samples were taken during the NICO (Netherlands Initiative Changing Oceans) expedition
leg 7 (12.3.2018 - 4.4.2018) with a multicorer (10 cm diameter). The sediment cores were sliced at
5 cm resolution for the first 10 cm. Subsequently, microplastics (> 10 im) were extracted from the
sediment samples using a solution of ZnCl2 (1.4 g/cm3) and analyzed by light microscopy and
Raman Spectroscopy.
Our results provide insights into the accumulation of microplastics in front of a major river
delta. In addition, we discuss how microplastic type and abundance change with increasing dis-
tance from the river mouth. We suggest that similar studies should be performed in river deltas
worldwide to get a better understanding of the fate of riverine plastic input into the ocean.
Keywords: Microplastic, marine sediments, Raman, North Atlantic
∗Speaker †Corresponding author: matthias.egger@theoceancleanup.com
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Concentrations and morphology of microplastic in the

Seine River estuary
Soline Alligant ∗† 1, J. Gasperi 2, Aline Gangnery 3, Frank Maheux 3, Benjamin
Simon 4, Marie-Pierre Halm-Lemeille 5, El Rakwe Maria, Dreanno Catherine,
Jérôme Cachot 6, Bruno Tassin 7
1 Laboratoire Eau Environnement et Systèmes Urbains – AgroParisTech, Ecole des Ponts ParisTech, Université Paris-
Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 – Université Paris Est-Créteil, 61 Av. du général de Gaulle, 94010 Créteil, France,
France 2 LEESU – Ministère de l’Enseignement Supérieur et de la Recherche Scientifique – France 3 Laboratoire
Environnement Ressources de Normandie (LERN) – Institut Français de Recherche pour l’Exploitation de la Mer
(IFREMER) – Centre Manche Mer du Nord Station de Port-en-Bessin Avenue Général de Gaulle BP 32 14520 Port-en-
Bessin, France 4 Laboratoire Environnment Ressources de Normandie (LERN) – Institut Français de Recherche pour
l’Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER) – Centre Manche Mer du Nord Station de Port-en-Bessin Avenue Général de
Gaulle BP 32 14520 Port-en-Bessin, France 5 Laboratoire Environnement Ressources de Normandie (LERN) – Institut
Français de Recherche pour l’Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER) – Centre Manche Mer du Nord Station de Port-en-
Bessin Avenue Général de Gaulle BP 32 14520 Port-en-Bessin, France 6 7 EPOC, laboratoire Bordeaux Eau,
Environnement University – UMR5805 et Systèmes EPOC, Urbains University (LEESU) of Bordeaux, – AgroParisTech,
Pessac, France Ecole ́– France des Ponts ParisTech (ENPC), Université Paris-Est Marne-la-Vallée (UPEMLV),
Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne (UPEC) – Université Paris Est - AgroParisTech, UMR MA-102, 6-8 avenue
Blaise Pascal, 77455 Champs sur Marne cedex 2, France
Studies on microplastic (< 5 mm, MPs) pollution are scarce in estuaries. Recently, scientists
pointed out freshwater as an important source of microplastics to the ocean (Dris et al., 2015) and
estuaries are now investigated as zones of primary interest for the transfer and possible
accumulation of MPs between freshwater and ocean. Estuarine hydrodynamics and salinity gradient
can greatly affect/modify MP size, and spatial distribution compared to lakes and rivers further
inland. The present study aims to quantify the levels of microplastic contamination in surface and
subsurface water of the Seine River estuary.
Two campaigns were conducted during May 2017 and April 2018. Three sites were selected
along the Seine River estuary. At each point, two types of samples were taken: surface water (upper
15 cm of water column), and subsurface water (first 50 cm of water column). Samples were
collected using 300 im mesh-size plankton net. Net hauls were conducted for 5 min to 8 min,
collecting between 5 and 91 m3.
In the lab, organic fraction was removed from the samples using chemical agent (SDS),
biozymes and hydrogen peroxide (Löder et al., 2017). Then, microplastics were recovered in the
supernatant arising from a density separation using a zinc chloride solution (d=1.7 g.cm-3).
Finally, supernatant was filtered, and filters observed under stereomicroscope. Number, size and
form of microplastics were recorded.
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First results show concentration between 1.7 and 7.1 particles.m-3 (Figure 1). Particles ex-
hibited different forms depending on their origin and/or fragmentation. Most of particles were
inferior to 1 mm. A MP distribution difference between surface water and subsurface water is
observed.
Characterization by Raman spectroscopy of microplastics collected is in progress. This study is
part of the Plastic-Seine 2017-2020 project, funded by the GIP Seine-aval.
∗Speaker †Corresponding author: soline.alligant@enpc.fr
Keywords: Microplastic, Seine River, Estuary, Water column
Microplastics in sediments from stormwater retention

ponds
Fan Liu ∗ 1,2
1 Kristina Borg Olesen – Thomas Manns Vej 23, 9220 Aalborg, Denmark 2 Jes Vollertsen – Thomas Manns Vej 23,
9220 Aalborg, Denmark
Stormwater runoff contains pollutants from land surfaces, and microplastic (MP) is one of the
problematic pollutant groups. A large part of the urban stormwater runoff is treated in retention
ponds prior to discharge. In this study, we evaluated the prevalence of MPs in sediments from seven
stormwater ponds with various catchment types, aiming to understand the emission of MPs from
different anthropogenic land uses and the sedimentation in retention ponds.
Sediments were collected from seven stormwater ponds with an Ekman bottom grab sampler.
For each pond, three sites were chosen randomly and the sediments were combined. To extract the
MPs, sediments were pre-oxidized with 30% H2O2 for 5 days. Density separation using ZnCl2 (1.9
g/cm3) was applied afterwards to reduce the inorganic materials. To further remove the organic
matter, the floated particles were oxidized applying a Fenton process.
After extraction, remained particles were concentrated in a 5 mL 50% ethanol solution. A sub-
sample of 200 μg mL-1, DC: 50 ng mL-1). Post-exposureL was deposited onto a ZnSe window and dried at 55 ◦C. The window was scanned
by FPA-based Micro-FTIR Spectroscopy (μg mL-1, DC: 50 ng mL-1). Post-exposure-FTIR imaging). Spectrum maps were in- terpreted
using MPhunter, with a library containing more than 100 polymer spectrums.
Keywords: stormwater retention pond, sediment, microplastic
∗Speaker
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Process controls on microplastic recontamination in

fluvial sediments due to flooding
Annie Ockelford ∗ 1, James Ebdon , Andrew Cundy 2, Jessica Stead 2
1 University of Brighton – Mithras House, Lewes Road - Brighton BN2 4AT, United Kingdom 2 School of Ocean and
Earth Science [Southampton] – National Oceanography Centre Southampton, European Way, Southampton SO 14 3ZH,
United Kingdom
Within river channels the sediment bed plays a vital role in mediating transfers of microplastics
since they are buried and stored within the sediments on the river bed. During flood events erosion
of the bed surface means microplastics buried within the bed are exchanged with the surface and are
potentially re-mobilised. However, we have very little grasp on the magnitudes of floods required to
mobilise sediment bed such as to re-mobilise microplastics buried within the sediment or the depths
to which beds are disturbed during a flood.
A series of experiments were run within a glass-sided, flow-recirculating flume where a sedi-
ment bed was seeded with a 1% concentration of microplastic nurdles (between 3-5mm). The
sediment bed was exposed to a period of steady flow for five hours and then beds were exposed to a
flood wave with either a 2 hour rising limb and 3 hour falling limb or 2 hour rising limb and 8 hour
falling limb. Changes to the bed surface were measured using a laser displacement scanner at a
0.1mm resolution prior to the application of the flood wave, after the rising limb and at the end of
the experiment. The bed load and microplastic transport rates were measured every half an hour
during the steady flow period and at every step of the flood wave.
Discussion concentrates on linking the changes in bed surface topography to the character of the
bedload and microplastic flux in response to differing flood wave characteristics. Data shows that as
the bed surface develops during the passage of a flood wave a significant hysteretic response
develops in both the bedload and microplastic flux but that the magnitude of response is much
greater when considering the microplastics.
Keywords: fluvial microplastics, flooding, remobilisation
∗Speaker
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Microplastic particles in the Ebro Delta, Spain:

occurrence, composition and sources
Laura Simon ∗† 1, Michaël Grelaud 1, Jordi Garcia-Orellana 1,2, Patrizia Ziveri 1,3
1 Institute of Environmental Science and Technology (ICTA), Autonomous University of Barcelona (UAB) – Bellaterra
08193, Spain 2 Departament de Física, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona – Bellaterra 08193, Spain 3 Institució
Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA) – Passeig Lluís Companys, 23 08010 Barcelona - Espanya, Spain
The ubiquitous presence of plastic debris in the marine environment is an emerging concern as
they potentially represent a threat for the ecosystems and for the human health. In particular,
microplastics - defined as plastic particles sizing less than 5mm - are of concern especially because
they can be transferred along the food web. In the Mediterranean Sea, considered one the largest
area for plastic accumulation, only few studies have investigated the role of Mediter- ranean rivers as
corridors for microplastics. In this study, we assess and characterize the microplastic pollution in the
Ebro Delta River, a transitional system, from freshwater to marine environment. Three different
environmental matrices were evaluated (sandy beaches, river bed sediments and river surface
waters) to gain better knowledge on the behaviour and fate of these plastic debris. Methods to
separate and quantify microplastics were adapted from previous studies.
Microplastics were found in the sandy beaches on the northern edge of the delta, in the river bed
sediments, and in the surface waters of the Ebro river, with mean abundance of 487 ± 168
particles·kg-1 dry weight (DW), 2052 ± 746 particles·kg-1 DW and 3,52 ± 1,37 particles·m-3,
respectively. The different types of microplastics (fibre, fragment, film, microbead, foam and
aggregation of fibres) were dominated by fibres sizing less than 1mm. This study represents, to our
knowledge, the first evaluation of microplastic pollution in the Ebro river basin. The profile of
microplastic concentration across the Ebro Delta showed that i) river bed sediments present higher
concentrations than sandy beaches suggesting that Ebro’s riverbed might be a potential sink for this
anthropogenic pollutant and ii) populated areas and riverine influence are factors which increase the
presence of microplastics.
Keywords: Microplastics, Mediterranean coastline, transitional environment, Ebro Delta
∗Speaker †Corresponding author: Laura.simon@uab.cat
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Assessing microplastic abundance and distribution in

the surface waters of the Mondego river estuary
(Portugal)
Filipa Bessa ∗ 1, Paula Sobral 2, Angel Borja 3, Jo ̃ao Carlos Marques 4
1 Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre – Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, Faculdade de Ciências e
Tecnologia, Universidade de Coimbra, 3004-517 Coimbra, Portugal, Portugal 2 MARE – Marine and Environmental
Sciences Centre, Departamento de Ciências e Engenharia do Ambiente, – Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia da
Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 2829-516 Monte de Caparica, Portugal, Portugal 3 AZTI-Tecnalia, Marine Research
Division – Herrera kaia, Portualdea, z/g. 20110 Pasaia, Spain, Spain 4 MARE – Marine and Environmental Sciences
Centre – , Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade de Coimbra, 3004-517 Coimbra, Portugal, Portugal
Rivers are recognized as an important source of microplastic pollution in the open sea, how-
ever, the fate and patterns of distribution of microplastics in freshwater and transitional systems are
still unclear. The present study aims to contribute to baseline information regarding the spatial and
temporal occurrence of microplastics in surface waters of the River Mondego estuary (Portugal).
During four sampling events in 2017, surface water samples were collected in 5 sites along the
estuary and microplastics were extracted after digestion of the organic matter by using a KOH
(10%) solution. Microplastics were found in all samples, with 1.53 ± 1.04 n.m-3on average. A total
of 1127 particles were characterized by size, shape, colour and polymer type. The current data
showed the absence of a spatio-temporal pattern of distribution of MPs in the Mondego estuary.
Potential microplastics were isolated and analysed using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy
(FT-IR) for polymer determination. More than 80 % of the particles were microfibers and the
fragments were mainly made of polyethylene and polypropylene, while the anthropogenic fibers
were mainly made of polyester but also from natural and semi-synthetic origin (rayon).Microplastics
concentration was diverse along the estuary, reflecting various potential sources and sinks such as
wastewater treatment plants, tributaries and weirs.This study can provide valuable reference for
better understanding microplastic pollution in inland waters and baseline data for the assessment of
ecological status of transitional ecosystems.
Keywords: Contamination, Microplastics, Estuaries, Microfibers, FTIR, water.
∗Speaker
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Panel chaired by TBD
MICROFIBER INGESTION IN OTARIIDS ALONG

CHILEAN AND PERUVIAN COAST: A POSSIBLE
SENTINEL OF BIOMAGNIFICATION?
Diego Perez-Venegas ∗ 1,2, Constanza Toro 3, Diego Meneses 4, Félix Ayala 5,
Mauricio Seguel 6, Hector Pavés 7, Susana Cárdenas 5, Maritza Sepúveda 4,
Cristóbal Glabán-Malagón† 2
1 Programa de Doctorado en Medicina de la Conservación, Universidad Andrés Bello. – Republica 440, Santiago,
Chile 2 Departamento de Ecología y Biodiversidad, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andrés Bello. –
República 440, Santiago, Chile 3 Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge – Cambridge, United
Kingdom 4 Centro de Investigación y Gestión de Recursos Naturales (CIGREN), Instituto de Biología, Facultad de
Ciencias, Universidad de Valparaiso – Valparaiso, Chile 5 Programa Punta San Juan, CSA, Universidad Peruana
Cayetano Heredia. – Lima, Peru 6 Department of Pathology College of Veterinary Medicine University of Georgia –
Athens, GA, United States 7 Departamento de Ciencias Básicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Santo Tomas –
Osorno, Chile
Recent studies report the ingestion, biomagnification and negative impacts of microplastics (<
5mm) in several species at low and medium trophic levels, suggesting that small plastics, such as
microfibers (< 1mm), have the potential to be incorporated in food webs. However, in most marine
top predators, such as marine mammals, the presence, and impacts of microplastics has been
scarcely evaluated. This work evaluates the presence of microplastics in feces of 3 otariids species
(Otaria byronia, Arctocephalus australis, A. phillippii) to evaluate differences in pollution levels
depending on the diet, zone and/or species. Fecal samples were obtained from four different
colonies located from 15◦S to 43◦S (Punta San Juan in Perú, Juan Fernández, Chiloé, and Guafo
Island in Chile). Microplastics, in particular microfibres, were observed in feces from all the
colonies with a lower concentration in Perú (Mean=9 microfibers units per sample) compared to
those in Chile (Mean= 26-32) (p< 0.05), and lower in sites located closer to the continental coast
(Punta San Juan and Chiloé) than further sites (Juan Fernandez and Guafo Island) (p< 0.05). The
location was the most significant variables for predictive the concentration of microplastics in feces,
suggesting that differences in feeding behavior, related to distribution area, might explain the
findings in this study (p < 0,05; ANCOVA). Juan Fernández (78◦W) colony had high values of
microfibers, followed by Guafo (74◦W), Chiloé (73◦W) and Perú (75◦W), observed a trend of
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increasing microplastic pollution from North-East to South- West, considering that are reports that
said that the microfibers concentration in coastal and oceanic areas are highly influenced by
currents. These differences in concentrations make otariids potential sentinels for plastic pollution in
their food web and environment. Additionally, the non-invasive collection of feces from remote
otariids rookeries makes this a simple and effective technique to evaluate plastic pollution in top
predator diets.
∗Speaker †Corresponding author: cristobal.galban@unab.cl
Keywords: microfibers, fur seal, sea lion, bioacummulation
A STOCHASTIC MATRIX POPULATION MODEL

REVEAL SUBTLE, BUT IMPORTANT,
POPULATION-LEVEL EFFECTS, OF THE
ENTANGLEMENT WITH MACROPLASTICS IN A
SOUTHERN FUR SEAL POPULATION FROM
NORTH PATAGONIA, CHILE.
Cristóbal Galbán 1, Diego J Pérez-Venegas ∗ 1, Andrés Valenzuela-Sánchez 2
1 Departamento de Ecología y Biodiversidad, Facultad de Cs de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello – Avenida
República 440, oficina 20. Santiago Chile, Chile 2 Instituto de Ciencias Ambientales y Evolutivas, Universidad Austral
de Chile – Chile
Plastic accumulation on oceans has serious negative effects on marine environments. In this
context, the entanglements with macroplastics is one of the main problems for marine vertebrates
worldwide. The pinnipeds, a group of marine mammals which is widely distributed across the
planet, is especially susceptible to suffer this type of entanglements. In spite of this, entanglement
rates in this group is commonly low (< 9%) and there is not clear if the negative effects observed at
the individual level (e.g. death, decrease of the frequency and duration of feeding trips, etc.) could
scale up to the population level. In this work, we present the results of a 5-years monitoring of a
breeding colony of Southern fur seal (Arctocephalus australis) from the Guafo Island, Northern
Patagonia, Chile. During 2013-2017, we recorded information about key population parameters
(e.g. abundance, return rates, fecundity) as well as about entanglements rates. Using this empirical
information, we parametrized a stochastic matrix population model structured by age classes (pup,
juveniles, adult males, and adult females) in order to predict the population growth rates under five
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scenarios: A) without entanglements, B) entanglements rates observed in our study population (i.e.
0.03-2.9%); and different entanglements rates reported in literature for other pinnipeds species,
namely: 3) 2.5%, 4) 3%, y 5) 8%. The asymptotic population growth rate (a.k.a. finite rate of
increase) was significantly lower (i.e. p < 0.05) in the all the scenarios that considered
entanglements in comparison with the model that with zero entanglements. Our results show that
commonly used population models can be a simple and effective tool to evaluate subtle, but
important, negative effects of the entanglement with plastics at the population level.
∗Speaker
Keywords: Pinnipeds, Entanglement, Population Dynamics
Marine plastic pollution in the Southern Ocean

Claire Waluda ∗† 1, Catherine Waller 2, Sue Gregory 3, Michael Dunn 1, Iain
Staniland 1
1 British Antarctic Survey – High Cross, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0ET, United Kingdom 2 University of Hull
[United Kingdom] – Cottingham Rd, Hull, Yorkshire HU6 7RX, UK, United Kingdom 3 Government of South Georgia
and the South Sandwich Islands – GSGSSI, Government House, Stanley, Falkland Islands, South Atlantic,, Falkland
Islands
Plastic litter and other objects which have been lost or discarded at sea are recognised as a major
source of marine pollution. Understanding the magnitude and significance of the effects of marine
debris on the Southern Ocean ecosystem requires systematic recording and reporting of relevant
data in order to establish baselines and to understand trends. Here we present data on three decades
of marine debris monitoring in the Scotia Sea at various sites on South Georgia and at the South
Orkney Islands. These data are submitted annually to the Commission for the Conservation of
Antarctic Marine Living Resources (CCAMLR) as part of their marine monitoring programme. We
examine (a) trends in the presence of beached marine debris; (b) rates of entanglement in debris of
marine mammals, particularly the Antarctic fur seal Arctocephalus gazella; and (c) the presence of
marine debris in association with flying seabirds, particularly the wandering albatross Diomedea
exulans.
Keywords: macroplastic, entanglement, long, term monitoring, Antarctic, Southern Ocean, Scotia Sea, beached debris
∗Speaker †Corresponding author: clwa@bas.ac.uk
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Microplastic Pollution in the Southern Ocean

Cath Waller ∗ 1, Claire Waluda 2, Huw Griffiths , Sally Thorpe , Ivan Loaiza Alamo
3, Bernabé Moreno , Cesar O. Pacherres , Kevin A. Hughes
1 University of Hull [United Kingdom] – Cottingham Rd, Hull, Yorkshire HU6 7RX, UK, United Kingdom 2 British
Antarctic Survey – High Cross Maddingley Road, Cambridge, CB30ET, United Kingdom 3 Universiteit Gent [Ghent] –
Krijgslaan 281-S8, B-9000, Ghent. Belgium, Belgium
It is estimated that there are up to 5 trillion pieces of plastic in the oceans (Erikssen et al., 2014).
Microplastic pollution (particles < 5mm) is recognised as a major problem in the world ocean,
(Cozar et al., 2014). Antarctica is generally thought of as a pristine and isolated wilderness, free of
most of the anthropogenic stressors found in populated regions of the world. However, recent studies
in the Southern Ocean have reported microplastics in deep-sea sediments (Van Cauwenberg et al.,
2013) and surface waters (Cincinelli et al., 2017). We present our predictions of microplastic
contamination in the Southern Ocean, based on quantifiable data from research stations, cruise ships
and fishing effort. Our findings suggest that at an Ocean basin level concentrations should be
insignificant, but that at point sources the contamination may be high. We report the detection of the
first microplastics in shallow benthic sediments close to a number of research stations on King
George Island. Worryingly, our predictions of primary microplastic concentrations from local
sources are five orders of magnitude lower than levels reported in published sampling surveys, some
of which were comparable to levels found in highly populated areas of the world (Erikssen et al.,
2014; Adventurescience, 2016). We speculate that plastic contamination originating outside the
Southern Ocean is crossing the Polar Front and contributing to the problem.
Keywords: Antarctic, tourism, fishing, research, policy, pollution, marine
∗Speaker
Beyond 62◦S: Plastic litter on the coasts of King

George Island, Antarctica
Juan Pablo Lozoya ∗† 1, Florencia Rossi 1, Franco Teixeira De Mello 1, Daniel
Carrizo 2, Gissell Lacerot 1, Javier Lenzi 3
1 Centro Universitario Regional del Este (CURE) – Tacuarembó entre Av. Artigas y Aparicio Saravia, Uruguay 2
Centro de Astrobiología (CSIC-INTA) – Spain 3 Centro de Investigación y Conservación Marina (CICMAR) – Uruguay
Plastic is an important and ubiquitous material in our economy and daily lives. However, plastic
pollution is also disrupting the functioning of coastal and marine systems worldwide, including
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Antarctica. Since the 90s CCAMLR has recognized this threat and promoted research and
monitoring. In 2018 SCAR approved an Action Group (PLASTIC-AG) to redouble research on the
plastic issues in Polar Regions. Supported by the Uruguayan Antarctic Institute (IAU) since 2016,
our project aims to generate an integrated diagnosis of plastic debris in the marine- coastal areas of
the Fildes Peninsula (King George Island). To this end, we have studied beached, surface waters,
and glacier contributions of macro, mega and microplastic (< 5mm), as well as seabirds plastic
consumption. Chemical compositions and POPs concentrations of beached debris were analyzed.
This paper focus on beached debris obtained in 900 sampling points (5 campaigns: 2016-2017-
2018) in 6 areas of the Peninsula. Each sampling point was geopositioned and defined by the
presence of at least one plastic debris on a 5m radius surface. The collected debris were classified,
measured and weighed according to the CCAMLR sampling guide for beached marine litter. Debris
generated by the functioning of scientific bases (land sources), and particularly thermic isolation
requirements, were the most abundant. However, plastic debris from marine activities were also
found, as well as some of unknown origin (pieces of rubber, incinerated blocks). These results, and
the ones obtained in the other components of our project, aims to generate a baseline dataset to
identify plastic pollution hot spots, possible origins, and links with human pressures and activities.
This information will contribute to establish monitoring programs in the Fildes Peninsula and thus
to CCAMLR initiatives on plastic pollution.
Keywords: Marine, coastal areas, Antarctica, Fildes Peninsula, baseline
∗Speaker †Corresponding author: jplozoya@gmail.com
Plastic pollution around Antarctica – preliminary

results from the Antarctic Circumnavigation
Expedition (ACE)
Giuseppe Suaria ∗† 1, Jasmine Lee 2, Vonica Perold 3, Stefano Aliani 4, Peter Ryan 3
1 Institute of Marine Sciences (CNR-ISMAR) – Pozzuolo di Lerici, La Spezia, Italy 2 Centre for Biodiversity
Conservation Science, University of Queensland – Australia 3 FitzPatrick Institute of African Ornithology, University of
Cape Town – South Africa 4 Institute of Marine Sciences – Pozzuolo di Lerici, La Spezia, Italy
The Antarctic Circumnavigation Expedition (ACE) sampled micro, meso and macroplastic litter
around Antarctica from December 2016 to March 2017, with the aim of providing the first
comprehensive synoptic survey of the levels of plastic pollution in Antarctic waters. Pre- liminary
results show that the Southern Ocean can be regarded as the ocean least polluted by plastics
globally. Only small numbers of micro-fibres were found in 173 beach sediment samples collected
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from 12 Antarctic and sub-Antarctic islands visited during the expedition and only 7 plastic
particles (identified by FTIR analysis) were retrieved from 33 plankton samples collected around
the continent using a 200 im neuston net. In addition, only 22 macrolitter items (> 2 cm) were
visually observed floating south of the Subtropical Front in almost 15,000 km of transect counts.
Nevertheless, anthropogenic litter was found in two seabed Agassiz trawls and macroplastic items
were recovered from most beach landings, though quantity varied with location. Synthetic micro-
fibres were detected in virtually all bulk and underway water samples collected around Antarctica.
Surprisingly, there was no marked gradient in these fibres as we approached continental source
areas. Confirmation of the chemical identity of these fibres is still pending, but if they prove to be
plastic, they suggest that all the world’s surface waters apparently carry low concentrations of
microfibre pollutants, at a density of ̃0.1-1 fibres per litre.
Keywords: Antarctica, Southern Ocean, Plastic Pollution
∗Speaker †Corresponding author: giuseppe.suaria@sp.ismar.cnr.it
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Panel chaired by Paula Sobral.
Microplastic pollution in upstream river catchments

Thomas Stanton ∗† 1, Matthew Johnson 1, Paul Nathanail 2, Rachel, L Gomes 3, Bill
Macnaughton 4
1 School of Geography – School of Geography, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, NG9 2RD,
United Kingdom 2 Land Quality Management Ltd – University of Nottingham Innovation Park, Triumph Road,
Nottingham, NG7 2TU, United Kingdom 3 Faculty of Engineering Food, Water, Waste Research Group – Faculty of
Engineering, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, NG9 2RD, United Kingdom 4 Food Sciences –
Food Sciences, School of Bioscience, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonnington Campus, Leicestershire, LE12 5RD,
United Kingdom
Please contact the author for more details...

∗Speaker †Corresponding author: thomas.stanton@nottingham.ac.uk
An opportunistic monitoring approach for the

evaluation of surface plastic debris pollution in
Western Mediterranean Sea, Iberian Coasts and
Macaronesia
Gael Potter ∗† 1, Pascal Hagmann 1
1 Association Oceaneye – Route des Molards 15 1281 Russin, Switzerland
Studies have been performed to monitor the abundance of marine plastic debris, mainly floating
microplastics. Nevertheless, the existing data sets are fragmented, based on heterogeneous
methodologies and didn’t allow for now to obtain an exhaustive representation of the geographical
and temporal microplastic distribution. We assume that this lack of data is related to the costs to
perform the sampling and the time required for sample analysis, mainly smaller particles. This study
proposes a simplified way to obtain a reliable data set at a moderate cost, and a methodological
approach to extrapolate missing values. Adapting and applying this approach to other microplastic
datasets may be able to find a common component to achieve comparability.
First, we built a sample set with the help of volunteer sailboats. Secondly, we focused on
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particles whose size exceeds 1mm to reduce massively the analysis time. Finally, we developed a
statistical model based on measurements allowing to extrapolate the mass and number of particles
whose size is between 0.33 and 1mm. A comparison between the measurements and the model
show limited error (fig1B). This approach allowed us to obtain a fine mapping of floating
microplastics in the western Mediterranean See (133 samples), showing for the first time a good
correlation - in terms of geographical distribution - with prediction models presented in different
studies (fig1A). Our results in Macaronesia and Iberian coasts (84 samples) provide new inputs
concerning plastic accumulation in the North Atlantic subtropical gyre, more specifically as regards
its eastern de- limitation. Moreover, a typological analysis (fig1C+1D) of the microplastics reveals a
majority of fragments in the two regions but also raises differences: the films are more abundant in
the Mediterranean Sea whereas we find more lines in North Atlantic. These typological differences
could explain differences in the extrapolation models associated to these 2 regions.
Keywords: Microplastics distribution, Mediterranean Sea, Macaronesia, simplified methodology
∗Speaker †Corresponding author: gael.potter@oceaneye.ch
Citizen Observatories to reduce and identify marine

plastic pollution loads
Luisa Galgani 1, Debbie Winton ∗ 2, Steven Loiselle 2,3
1 Università di Siena – Via A. Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy 2 Earthwatch Institute – Mayfield House, 256 Banbury Road,
United Kingdom 3 University of Siena – Via Aldo Moro 2, Siena 53100, Italy
Plastics in rivers, lakes and inland waters represents an emerging threat for aquatic ecosystems
and a major source of marine microplastics, with nearly 80% of marine debris having land based
origins. However, the mechanisms and amount of plastics released into freshwater and terrestrial
environments have not been clearly identified, and solutions to reduce this load have yet to be
developed. Furthermore, more information about the variability of transport mechanisms (rivers,
sewage, flooding), relative abundance of type and primary sources of this anthropogenic litter are
not well understood. This information is fundamental to determine its impact and to identify
successful mitigation strategies to reduce the load and impact on the marine environment. While the
scientific community is dedicating much effort on the impacts of plastic on marine ecosystems, the
problem of plastic pollution needs to be tackled on land. Through citizen observatories, we show
that participatory citizen science can promote public stewardship of local aquatic resources as well
as provide robust information on the type and quantity of plastic entering rivers and lakes. Such
information can be used to reduce the amount of plastic reaching our seas.
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Efforts to solve the plastic problem require a partnered approach between researchers, munici-
palities, educational institutions and communities. Focusing on the connectivity of all aquatic
ecosystems in the emerging challenge of plastic debris in the hydrosphere, we present the efforts of
the community of citizen scientists monitoring local water bodies for anthropogenic litter presence
and composition. Through a collaboration between municipalities in Tuscany, local communities,
University of Siena and international citizen-science initiative FreshWater Watch of the Earthwatch
Institute (UK), citizen scientists have been monitoring the presence of macroplastics and ecosystem
conditions in the Arno River catchment (Italy) since 2016. These measurements provide new
insights into the drivers of plastic loads entering into the Mediterranean Sea.
Keywords: Social change, from mountains to the sea
∗Speaker
Aerial detection of plastic pollution in the marine

environment using a novel, hyperspectral infrared
camera on a UAV
Jennifer Cocking ∗† 1, Philip Anderson 1, Bhavani Narayanaswamy 1, Hugh
Mortimer 2, Claire Waluda 3
1 Scottish Association for Marine Science – Oban, Argyll, PA37 1QA, United Kingdom 2 Rutherford Appleton
Laboratory – Science and Technology Facilities Council, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Harwell Campus, Didcot,
OX11 0QX, United Kingdom 3 British Antarctic Survey – High Cross, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0ET, United
Kingdom
As the inventors of plastic and the designers of its innumerable applications, our collective
society is impeccably positioned to minimize the consequences of our now widespread and per-
sistent pollution of the world’s oceans. Our research team is developing and deploying a novel,
airborne camera to detect plastic items of varying size in the marine environment and to generate
solutions to this global issue, while addressing several remaining challenges consistently high-
lighted by the plastic pollution research community. An objective tool for detecting and mapping
debris reports inherently standardized units of environmental contamination, eliminates effort bias
associated with observation sampling, and removes the need for time-consuming and nuanced
preparation, transport, and extraction of physical samples. The hyperspectral imaging technology is
based on Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy: a tool commonly used in the laboratory
to identify plastic polymers based on their absorption of radiation of various wavelengths. By
eliminating the moving parts of this technology, we have designed a modified optical configuration
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for a compact payload on an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV). This deployment strategy increases
the feasibility of accessing remote locations while reducing the cost of survey operations. Initial
deployments of this novel imaging system will take place in Scotland and in the Arctic region of
Svalbard during the coming field season, and will test the equipment in increasingly extreme
environments.
Keywords: remote sensing, Arctic, macro, technology, FTIR, optics, imaging, UAV, airborne
∗Speaker †Corresponding author: jennifer.cocking@sams.ac.uk
Experiences and potentiality of a continuous

microplastic sampler: performance onboard
opportunity vessels to increase oceanic sampling
efforts.
Tania Montoto-Martínez ∗† 1, María Dolores Gelado-Caballero 1, José Joaquín
Hernández-Brito 2
1 Research Group on Environmental Technologies, Management and Biogeochemistry (ULPGC) – Chemistry
Department, Marine Sciences Faculty, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria., Spain
2 Oceanic Platform of the Canary Islands (PLOCAN) – Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
Broad scale monitoring efforts and microplastic sampling in open ocean waters are required to
understand distribution, abundance and fate of these particles in the environment. For surface
seawaters, towing a neuston net is the most common sampling method; however, the deployment
of this infrastructure is not always possible when at sea. The underway water system of Research
Vessels (RVs) has been tried for this purpose. However, method validation and recovery checks have
not been thoroughly applied, and standardization is essential to ensure the intercomparability of the
data reported in the different sampling efforts worldwide. This preliminary study pursues to
demonstrate the potential of a continuous microplastic sampler as an effective method to sample
microplastics in subsurface oceanic waters, allowing constant sampling without interfering the
regular activity of the vessel in which it is set up. This is an important step that increases the
chances for ocean monitoring on microplastic pollution with the use of a wider array of opportunity
platforms, such as recreational vessels.
To fulfil the main aim of the study, the continuous microplastic sampler was tested and im-
proved along different research campaigns onboard research and recreational vessels in the NE
Atlantic. Performed method validation proved the effectiveness for microplastic research com-
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paring the samples taken through the intake system of the RVs and samples filtered from the
Rosetta. Likewise, the abundance and distribution of microplastics found were also consistent with
available literature data. Further trials are required to test the effectiveness and significant difference
among the abundance and type of microplastic particles collected using different methods.
Ongoing research is being carried out in collaboration with the Sailing Living Lab Project to test
additional environmental and sampling factors, and improve the design of the continuous
microplastic sampler for its optimal performance.
∗Speaker †Corresponding author: tania.montoto@ulpgc.es
Keywords: marine plastic pollution, seawater sampling, continuous monitoring, small, microplastics, method
validation, opportunity vessels.
Microplastics in European Fleur de Sel and Sea Salts

– a qualitative and mass-quantitative geographic
comparison
Marten Fischer 1, Isabel Goßmann 1, Barbara M. Scholz-Böttcher ∗† 1
1 Institute for Chemistry and Biology of the Marine Environment (ICBM) – Carl von Ossietzky University, Oldenburg
P.O. Box 2503, D-26111 Oldenburg, Germany, Germany
By now microplastics (MP) are almost ubiquitous. Since particle related data are highly relevant
for ecotoxicological studies, their high variability in shapes and sizes make data comparison
difficult and often speculative. Thermo analytical methods combined with GCMS provide polymer
specific analysis of preconcentrated complex environmental samples as well as qualitative and
mass-quantitative data, independent of shape or size of MP. This complementary approach enables a
more general study of distribution and fate of MPs including modelling. Further improved Py-
GCMS [1] allows MP analysis in environmental samples on a ppb level and below. Here results for
marine salts from different regions are presented. Marine salts are popular. Es- pecially Fleur de Sel
(FdS) is regarded as a pearl in haute cuisine. As almost natural products obtained from sea water
marine salts should reflect their local environment and consequently its MP load to a representative
extent. Easy available they are an ideal tool for MP studies on a supra-regional scale.
12 FdS and 5 sea salts from European Atlantic and Mediterranean coasts were investigated for 9
environmental relevant polymers. PP, PE and PET were the most dominant MP types in the samples,
followed by PS and PVC and infrequent by PC, PUR, PMMA and PA-6. While the mean of sea salts
was 37 ig MP/kg (± 18 ig) that of FdS was 10fold as high with 386 ig MP/kg (± 242 ig) excluding
an outlier of almost 2000 ig/kg. This discrepancy is directly related to the unique production process
of FdS. The different regions will be compared regarding their plastic composition and quantities.
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Besides the potential to reflect the local plastic load the analysis of marine salts underlines the
general circulation of marine litter and its prompt return to human menu.
Keywords: Microplastics, Py, GCMS, marine salts, mass, quantitative data, supra, regional co- parisson
∗Speaker †Corresponding author: bsb@icbm.de
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Panel chaired by Gunnar Gerdts.
Analytical approach for the identification and

quantification of microplastic particles in aquatic
samples by a combination of particle analysis with
FTIR and Raman microscopy
Dieter Fischer ∗ 1, Andrea Kaeppler 1, Franziska Fischer 1, Josef Brandt 1, Sonja
Oberbeckmann 1, Klaus-Jochen Eichhorn 1
1 Leibniz Institute for Polymer Research Dresden (IPF) – Hohe Str. 6, 01069 Dresden, Germany
The quantitative detection of microplastic particles (MP) in an environmental sample in the size
range of 1 μg mL-1, DC: 50 ng mL-1). Post-exposurem to 5 mm in a reasonable time represents a challenging mission. The presentation
will describe the procedures to identify and quantify MP in aquatic samples including the work in
MP-free rooms, the use of MP-free equipment and clothes, and the use of blank tests in all steps in
the lab. The first part is a three-step vacuum filtration to divide the particles in four fractions
between 1 μg mL-1, DC: 50 ng mL-1). Post-exposurem and 5 mm. After filtration, the particles are on silicon filters which are suitable for
FTIR and Raman measurements. An optical particle search program determines all particles in
shape and dimension and stores their coordinates for the subsequent measurements with FTIR and
Raman microscopy. Both methods identify the MP on the filter by their chemical structure using
spectral databases. Every particle is assigned via the spectrum to a substance. This can be a
polymer, in case of a mixed spectrum a polymer with paint/filler, or no polymer. The fractions above
50 μg mL-1, DC: 50 ng mL-1). Post-exposurem are measured mainly by FTIR and the fraction below 50 μg mL-1, DC: 50 ng mL-1). Post-exposurem mainly by Raman. However,
several samples are measured with both methods, because a combination of both spectroscopic
methods delivers a complete analysis of MP. The advantage of FTIR is a faster measurement and
often a better identification of the polymer matrix in coloured samples; the disadvantage is the
detection limit of 20 μg mL-1, DC: 50 ng mL-1). Post-exposurem size. The advantage of Raman is the better detection of additives and paints
and the identification of particles up to 1 μg mL-1, DC: 50 ng mL-1). Post-exposurem; the disadvantage is the longer measurement time and
the appearance of fluorescence in case of not sufficiently cleaned samples. All parameters which
influence the measurement and a comparison between FTIR and Raman will be discussed.
Keywords: microplastics, particle analysis, FTIR, Raman
∗Speaker
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Optimising the Workflow for Microplastic Analysis by

FTIR Microscopy
Ian Robertson ∗ 1
1 Perkin Elmer Limited – Chalfont Road Seer Green Bucks HP9 2FX, United Kingdom
Analysis of environmental samples containing microplastics is essential to determine their

prevalence and their impact. A range of analytical techniques have been applied to the analysis of
microplastics. Of the techniques adopted, infrared (IR) spectroscopy, and more specifically IR
microscopy, has established itself as a primary analytical technique for the detection and
identification of microplastics. The microplastics analysis workflow for IR microscopy consists of
several steps involved in getting from the raw sample to answers, including the initial sampling
through to data analysis. The steps involved may be different depending on the type of initial sample
and the amount of sample cleanup required to prepare the sample for infrared (IR) analysis. This
paper describes the different types of environmental samples, the sample collection methods, the
range of different sample cleanup methods, and then deals more specifically with the best ways to
optimise sample filtration for measurement by IR microscopy. The principles of IR microscopy and
the different sample measurement modes will be described, comparing and contrasting each type.
IR microscopy and imaging experiments can generate significant quantities of data that need to be
analysed to get the required information. The different methods for extracting data and information
will be explained and suggestions made for best practice.
Keywords: FTIR, microscopy, analysis
∗Speaker
Measuring the sub 10 μg mL-1, DC: 50 ng mL-1). Post-exposurem fraction - Microplastic

analysis of particles < 10 μg mL-1, DC: 50 ng mL-1). Post-exposurem using μg mL-1, DC: 50 ng mL-1). Post-exposureFTIR imaging
Nikki Van Alst ∗ 1, Mustafa Kansiz 2, Jes Vollertsen 1
1 Section for Water and Environment, Aalborg University – Thomas Manns Vej 23, 9220 Aalborg Øst, Denmark 2
Molecular Spectroscopy Solutions Division, Agilent Technologies Inc. – 679 Springvale Rd Mulgrave, VIC., 3170,
Australia
Microplastic pollution has long been – and remains – cause for concern in society. With more
research pointing out knowledge gaps on microplastic and its behaviour, the lack of standardis-
ation, reproducibility and comparability of research is becoming increasingly apparently. Data
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comparability is not only hampered by sample preparation, but also by difficulties in identifying
whether a particle is plastic. Scientific consensus has formed that with decreasing particle size,
manual microscope analysis is no longer viable in retaining objectivity and accuracy. Instead, the
standard analytical method is moving towards spectroscopic methods such as micro-Fourier
Transform Infrared (μg mL-1, DC: 50 ng mL-1). Post-exposureFTIR) imaging, which are more reliable and if used correctly, maintain full
objectivity. However, in many reviews of analytical techniques, μg mL-1, DC: 50 ng mL-1). Post-exposureFTIR imaging has been deemed
unable to quantify microplastic particles below 10 - 20 μg mL-1, DC: 50 ng mL-1). Post-exposurem in size. In this work, we present results
showing that this is a misconception. We demonstrate that data acquisition using modern day
equipment can identify particles down to at least 1.3 μg mL-1, DC: 50 ng mL-1). Post-exposurem. We show acquisition at different
magnifications (7.3x, 12.1x, 36.4x & 60.6x), of the exact same sample which consists of a standard
polymer mix containing 8 polymer types. We determine spectral quality of all particles within the
area measured based on a set of quality metrics, such as spectral noise and regression coefficient of
fit to their respective reference spectra. We moreover demonstrate that acquisition of data can be
considerably selective in terms of particle size determined, as this is very dependent on acquisition
type and ability of machinery. With higher magnification modes than the standard analytical
practice, we find up to 4.6x more particles, of which up to 63% are < 10 μg mL-1, DC: 50 ng mL-1). Post-exposurem and 20% under 5 μg mL-1, DC: 50 ng mL-1). Post-exposurem.
We contend that this poses a significant advancement in analytical capabilities for measuring of
biologically relevant size fraction of microplastics.
Keywords: Analytical methods, FTIR
∗Speaker
nano-FTIR - from defined to environmental

(nano)plastic samples
Michaela Meyns ∗† 1, Saskia Finckh 1, Gunnar Gerdts 1
1 Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research – Biologische Anstalt Helgoland,
Kurpromenade 201, D-27498 Helgoland, Germany
Recent studies on microplastics in various environments indicate a strong trend to high

abundances at small particle sizes of a few micrometres down to the nanometre range. The
identification of nanoplastic particles (smaller than 1 μg mL-1, DC: 50 ng mL-1). Post-exposurem) in marine environments and their eco-
toxicological effects are matters of high importance and intensifying research. Such particles can
pass cell membranes and remain in marine organisms with accumulation effects in the overall food
web. So far, very little is known about the formation and distribution of nanoplastics in the
environment. One of the grandest challenges is their identification, as methods commonly applied
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for single particle microplastics analysis lack the necessary resolution. Nano-FTIR is a novel
technique, which combines the nanoscale local resolution of atomic force microscopy with near-
field infrared spectroscopy resulting in unprecedented material identification on a nanometre scale.
We demonstrate its application in the analysis of defined (nano)plastic samples and those from a
marine environment, Arctic sea ice. As implied by Figure 1, there are significant differences
between particles of the two types and their environment. An emphasis will thus be on the
particularities of the environmental nanofraction in sample preparation and analysis.
Keywords: nanoplastics, nanoFTIR, environmental samples, infrared spectroscopy, scattering type scanning nearfield
optical microscopy
∗Speaker †Corresponding author: michaela.meyns@awi.de
Comparison of μg mL-1, DC: 50 ng mL-1). Post-exposure-ATR-FTIR spectroscopy and py-

GCMS as identification tools for microplastic particles
and fibers isolated from river sediments
Andrea Käppler ∗† 1, Marten Fischer 2, Barbara M. Scholz-Böttcher 2, Sonja
Oberbeckmann 3, Matthias Labrenz 3, Dieter Fischer 1, Klaus-Jochen Eichhorn 1,
Brigitte Voit 1
1 Leibniz Institute for Polymer Research Dresden (IPF) – Hohe Str. 6, 01069 Dresden, Germany 2 Institute for
Chemistry and Biology of the Marine Environment (ICBM), Carl von Ossietzky University of Oldenburg – P.O. Box
2503, 26111 Oldenburg, Germany, Germany 3 Leibniz Institute for Baltic Sea Research Warnemuende (IOW) –
Seestraße 15 D-18119 Rostock, Germany
In recent years, many studies on the analysis of microplastics in environmental samples have
been published. These studies are hardly comparable due to different sampling, sample preparation,
as well as identification and quantification techniques. Here, microplastics identification is one of
the crucial pitfalls. Reliable, chemical structure-based identification methods are needed. In this
context, vibrational spectroscopic techniques but also thermoanalytical methods are widely
established. The presentation will provide a critical comparison of these fundamentally different
approaches with regard to analyzing microplastics in environmental samples.
In a blind study, we investigated 27 microplastics particles and fibers of unknown material
isolated from river sediments. Successively micro-attenuated total reflection Fourier transform
infrared spectroscopy (μg mL-1, DC: 50 ng mL-1). Post-exposure-ATR-FTIR) and pyrolysis gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (py-
GCMS) in combination with thermochemolysis were applied.
Both methods differentiated between plastics vs. non-plastics in the same way in 26 cases, with
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19 particles and fibers (22 after re-evaluation) identified as the same polymer type.
To illustrate the different approaches and emphasize the complementarity of their information
content, we exemplarily provide a detailed comparison of four particles and three fibers and a
critical discussion of advantages and disadvantages of both methods.
Käppler et al., 2018, Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00216- 018-1185-5
∗Speaker †Corresponding author: kaeppler@ipfdd.de
Keywords: comparison, validation, py GCMS, ATR, FTIR, microplastics analysis
The use of spiked samples for the validation of

microplastic recovery and analysis methods: density
separation, enzymatic purification and FTIR analysis
Rachid Dris ∗ 1, Mathias Bochow 1, Martin Löder 1, Tanja Kögel 2, Barbara Scholz-
Böttcher 3, Gunnar Gerdts 4, Christian Laforsch 1
1 University of Bayreuth – Animal Ecology I and BayCEER, University of Bayreuth, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany 2
Institute of Marine Research – Institute of Marine Research, 5005 Bergen, Norway 3 University of Oldenburg – Institute
for Chemistry and Biology of the Marine Environment, University of Oldenburg, Germany 4 Alfred Wegener Institute –
Alfred Wegener Institute Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Marine Station, PO Box 180, 27483
Helgoland, Germany
The quantification and qualification of microplastics in environmental samples requires several
steps in order to separate them from samples. The processing can be impacted by several factors: i)
sample contamination with plastics stemming from the surrounding environment ii) alteration of
microplastics due to the use of chemicals iii) loss of microplastics during density separation or
sample transfer. Since the microplastic research is evolving rapidly, there is a general need of more
precise methods to quantify them in the environment. Within the framework of the JPIO-Project
”BASEMAN”, the aim of this study is twofold. In the first place, a reference kit of plastic particles
was developed to serve for method validation. The second aim was to use the developed kit to
validate a complete workflow, identify the related uncertainties and provide an efficient and accurate
protocol for microplastic recovery and analysis. For the first goal, five polymers (PA, PE, PET, PS
and PVC) were selected. Irregular fragments with various shapes were obtained by grinding. This
reference kit contains some of the most abundant polymers in the environment while covering a
large spectrum of densities. Moreover, it consists of three size classes that present different
analytical challenges (1 mm, 100 μg mL-1, DC: 50 ng mL-1). Post-exposurem and 20 μg mL-1, DC: 50 ng mL-1). Post-exposurem). For the second purpose, sediment, plankton and
biota samples were spiked using this reference kit. A density separation with the MPSS (Munich
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Plastic Sediment Separator) using ZnCl2 solution is used to remove the mineral particles from the
sediment samples. An enzymatic purification using SDS, enzymes and H2O2 is carried out to
remove organic material for all types of samples. Parti- cles are then analysed with Focal Plane
Array-Micro- Fourier Transform Infrared (FPA-FTIR) Spectroscopy. The recovery rates of this
workflow were identified thanks to this experiment. Moreover, it allowed to verify the possibility to
detect small particles of 20 μg mL-1, DC: 50 ng mL-1). Post-exposurem.
Keywords: Microplastics, Protocol validation, Enzymatic digestion, FTIR, Density Sepration, Stan-
∗Speaker
A freeware tool for the manufacturer independent

analysis of microplastics allowing the automated
analysis of FTIR imaging data
Sebastian Primpke ∗† 1, Alvise Vianello 2, Gunnar Gerdts 1, Jes Vollertsen 2
1 Alfred-Wegener-Institut, Biologische Anstalt Helgoland – Kurpromenade 201, 27498 Helgoland, Germany 2 Aalborg
University – Thomas Manns Vej 23, 9220 Aalborg O, Denmark
The analysis of microplastics is a challenging field and consists of different steps starting with
sampling, work up/purification and finally analysis. Each step has its own challenges and for the
analysis different spectroscopic methods are available with different data quality and comparability.
The state of the art analysis via FTIR imaging allows the analysis of complete filter areas
independent of human bias in a short amount of time. For the development of standardized
operational protocols (SOPs), comparable data determination is hampered by the different
manufacturer software and commercial software available. While an automated analysis approach is
available for the Bruker OPUS c Software, it cannot be easily transferred to other systems. To
overcome this challenge and allow the harmonization of data analysis we developed the tool
MPhunter (see Figure 1a). It allows the analysis of datasets measured on different machines from
the manufacturers Bruker, Agilent and Thermo Fisher (further in development). Every spectrum can
either be selected by an individual number or a false color heat map. Large dataset with more than
3.6 million can be handled by it with relative ease. The automated analysis approach is included and
therefore manufacturer independent. In addition to this ability, it significantly reduces the
calculation time from more than 24 hours down to 2 hours for a reference data set (see Figure 1b)
containing 1 million spectra. The generated data was benchmark and validated in accordance to the
original approach to allow a comparison of results. This new tool will be available as Freeware and
allows the standardization of MP data analysis for spectroscopic data for future research.
Keywords: FTIR, automated analysis. ∗Speaker †Corresponding author: sebastian.primpke@awi.de
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November 21st – Panel 13.2: 16h30 – 18h30

(AGH), Panel chaired by Lars Gutow.
First data on plastic litter ingested by seabirds in the

Bay of Biscay
Javier Franco ∗† 1, Jerome Fort‡ 2, Isabel Garcia-Baron§ 3, Pauline Loubat¶ 4, Maite
Louzao 5, Izaskun Zorita∗∗ 6
1 AZTI, Marine and Coastal Environmental Management – Herrera Kaia - Portualdea z/g. E-20110 Pasaia –
GIPUZKOA, Spain 2 Littoral, Environnement et Sociétés (LIENSs), UMR 7266, Centre National de la Recherche
Scientifique (CNRS), Université La Rochelle, France – Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - CNRS :
UMR7266 – Littoral, Environnement et Sociétés (LIENSs), UMR 7266, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique
(CNRS), Université La Rochelle, France, France 3 AZTI (AZTI) – Herrera Kaia Portualdea z/g, 20110 Pasaia, Spain.,
Spain 4 Ligue pour la Protection des Oiseaux (LPO), France – Ligue pour la Protection des Oiseaux (LPO), France –
France 5 AZTI-Marine Research – Herrera kaia, portualdea z/g 20110 Pasaia, Spain 6 AZTI, Marine and Coastal
Environmental Management (AZTI) – Herrera Kaia - Portualdea z/g. E-20110 Pasaia – GIPUZKOA, Spain
Trends in the amount and composition of litter ingested by marine animals constitute one of the
criteria associated to the Descriptor 10 (Marine litter) of the Marine Strategy Framework Directive
(MSFD). Seabirds have been widely used to assess this human impact. In the European Atlantic
Area, the Northern Fulmar (Fulmarus glacialis) has been the main species used to monitor the
ingestion of plastic litter. However, this species is very scarce in the Bay of Biscay (BoB) and
potential alternative suitable biomonitor species should be evaluated. Hence, the aim of this study
was to assess the ingestion of plastics in different seabird species in order to evaluate their suitability
as biomonitors of plastic litter in the BoB. For that purpose, dead seabirds were obtained, in both
the northern and southern sectors of the BoB, from beach surveys, from recovery centres and from a
Natural Reserve. A total of 120 seabirds of seven species were analysed: Common Guillemot (Uria
aalge; n = 60), Razorbill (Alca torda; n = 10), Atlantic Puffin (Fratercula arctica; n = 11), Atlantic
Gannet (Morus bassanus; n = 23), Black-legged Kittiwake (Rissa tridactyla; n = 8), European
Herring Gull (Larus argentatus; n = 6) and Northern Fulmar (Fulmarus glacialis; n = 2). Except for
the Razorbill, plastics were found in all the studied species. Species showing the highest prevalence
of plastics (% of birds with at least one plastic) was the Northern Fulmar (100% of individuals),
followed by the Atlantic Puffin (27%) and the Kittiwake (25%). The prevalence in other species was
between 10 and 20%, even whether spatial differences in species prevalence was observed between
the northern and southern sectors. The potential use of these species as biomonitors to assess plastic
pollution and its contribution to the implementation of the MSFD in the BoB will be discussed.
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∗Speaker †Corresponding author: jafranco@azti.es ‡Corresponding author: jerome.fort@univ-lr.fr §Corresponding

author: isgarcia@azti.es ¶Corresponding author: pauline.loubat@lpo.fr
Corresponding author: mlouzao@azti.es ∗∗Corresponding author: izorita@azti.es
Keywords: plastics, seabirds, Bay of Biscay, Marine Strategy Framework Directive
Double trouble in the South Pacific subtropical gyre:

Increased plastic ingestion by fish in the oceanic
accumulation zone
Markic Ana ∗ 1, Clarisse Niemand , Jamie Bridson , Nabila Gaertner-Mazouni , Jean-
Claude Gaertner , Melissa Bowen
1 University of Auckland (IMS, UoA) – 160 Goat Island rd Institute of Marine Science, New Zealand
Marine plastic pollution has received much attention from academia and media in the recent
years, especially in relation to plastic ingestion by marine organisms. Fish are an important food
source for island countries, yet there is little information on plastic ingestion by commercial marine
fish species in the South Pacific (SP) region. In this field study, 932 specimens belonging to 34
commercial fish species from four SP locations (Auckland, Samoa, Tahiti and Rapa Nui), and some
of their prey, were examined for plastic ingestion. The average sample size was N = 25.2 ± 1.3
specimens per species. Analytical methods for the isolation of plastic from the gut content included
chemical digestion of the organic portion of the gut content, subsequent vacuum filtration on a set of
stainless steel filters with the minimum mesh size of 63 im, and microscopic analysis of the filters.
Plastic debris, mainly microplastics ( ̃ 95 %), was found in 33 species. Across all locations, a total
of 550 plastic particles was recovered from 226 specimens, which is an average ingestion rate (IR)
of 24.3 % and a plastic load (PL) of 2.4 particles per fish. Rapa Nui fish exhibited the greatest IR
(50.0 %), which were significantly greater (p < 0.05) than IR from the other locations. Rapa Nui is
located within the SP subtropical gyre, with low primary productivity and high concentrations of
plastic debris. Thus, we suggest that these two factors, greater availability of plastic and decreased
food availability, act together to cause significantly greater ingestion rates in Rapa Nui. Plastic was
also found in prey from benthic and pelagic predatory fish, which confirms the trophic transfer of
microplastics. Further research is needed into the occurrence of marine plastics in seafood, as it has
recently raised much concern over potential consequences for human health.
Keywords: Keywords: marine plastic pollution, microplastics, Easter Island, seafood contamination, synthetic polymer,
trophic transfer.
∗Speaker
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Ingestion of plastic by fish: a comparison of Thames

Estuary and Firth of Clyde populations
Alexandra Mcgoran ∗† 1,2, Phillip Cowie , Paul Clark 2, James Mcevoy 1, David
Morritt 1
1 Royal Holloway [University of London] – Egham, Surrey, TW20 0EX, United Kingdom 2 Natural history Museum
London – Cromwell Road, London, SW7 5BD, United Kingdom
This study compared plastic ingestion between pelagic and benthic fish populations from two
UK watersheds: the Thames Estuary and the Firth of Clyde. The alimentary canals of 876
individuals were examined. Of twenty-one estuarine species investigated, fourteen ingested plastics,
including predator (fish) and prey (shrimp) species. Overall, 32% of organisms ingested plastic,
mostly fibres (88% of total plastics). More flatfish (38%) ingested plastics than other benthic species
(17%). In the Thames, more plastic was ingested by pelagic species (average number of plastic
pieces ingested: 3.2) and flatfish (average number of plastic pieces ingested: 2.9) than by shrimp
(average number of plastic pieces ingested: 1). More fish from the Clyde ingested plastic than
similar Thames species (39% compared to 28% respectively); however, the average amount of
plastic ingested did not differ between the sites.
Keywords: microplastics, microfibres, fish, Thames Estuary, Firth of Clyde, shrimp, Crangon crangon, Platichthys flesus
∗Speaker †Corresponding author: alexandra.mcgoran.2012@live.rhul.ac.uk
Microplastic monitoring in the Orkney Islands,

Scotland
Angela Capper ∗ 1, Catherine Tait , Ria Devereux , Rachel Layfield-Caroll , Michael
Bell , Mark G. Hartl , Ted B. Henry
1 International Centre for Island Technology, Heriot-Watt University and and School of Energy, Geoscience,
Infrastructure and Society, Heriot Watt University, Edinburgh, Scotland – Back Road, Stromness, Orkney, KW16 3AW
Scotland, United Kingdom
Microplastic contamination of UK coastlines is frequently associated with heavily urbanised and

industrialised areas. However, remote locations such as the Orkney Islands, Scotland appear to be
equally as contaminated, likely due to complex tidal patterns redistributing marine litter. This study
examines the susceptibility of local fauna across both benthic and pelagic realms. Green shore crabs
(Carcinus maenus) are the third largest fishery in Orkney. Microplastics were observed in the guts of
98.7% of individuals (n=77), predominantly fibres (74%) across nine locations in Orkney and one
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in Shetland (Fig. 1). Whilst jellyfish are not fished in Orkney waters, fisheries in 15 countries do
exist. Lions mane jellyfish (Cyanea capillata) (n=46) were collected in Orkney and Hoy with 952
plastic pieces (88% microfibres) recovered, whilst C. lamarackii (n=32) yielded 323 pieces (81%
microfibres). Microplastics were also present in all water samples (n=340) from the same sites
with 1,495 pieces of plastic recovered (93% microfibres), with black and blue fibres most commonly
observed. Orkney is also an internationally important breeding site for harbour (or common) (Phoca
vitulina vitulina) seals, however an ̃80% decline in population was observed between 2000-2013.
Whilst microplastics are not thought to be a direct factor, concerns have been raised regarding
impacts of microplastic ingestion on overall general fitness of seals. Seal fish prey (n=123 from nine
species) are currently being examined to determine microplastic loading in the gut (n=101) and gills
(n=109) from five locations around Orkney. This study will help to build a profile of biota
contaminated by microplastics in this remote region with potential implications for fisheries and
conservation.
Keywords: Green shore crabs, Cnidaria, Ctenophores, Seals, Fish, ingestion, trophic transfer
∗Speaker
DISTRIBUTION AND BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF

MICROPLASTICS IN MARINE ORGANISMS
FROM THE ADRIATIC SEA
Carlo Giacomo Avio ∗† 1, Lucia Pittura 1, Stefania Gorbi 1,2, Gianmarco Marino 1,
Steffen Keiter 3, Bettie Cormier 3,4, Francesco Regoli1,2
1 Laboratorio di Ecotossicologia e Chimica ambientale, Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell’Ambiente, Università
Politecnica delle Marche – Ancona, Italy 2 Consorzio Interuniversitario per le Scienze 3 Man-Technology-Environment
Research Centre, –del School Mare, of CoNISMa, Science and ULR Technology,Ancona – ̈ Ancona, Italy Sweden
Orebro University 4 EPOC, Bordeaux University – UMR5805 EPOC, University of Bordeaux, Pessac, France –
Microplastics represent a growing concern for marine organisms due to their ingestion at all
trophic levels, and the onset of potentially adverse effects. The distribution of microplastics along a
typical marine food web was assessed in representative invertebrate and vertebrate species from the
Northern, Central and Southern Adriatic Basin (Mediterranean Sea). Microplastics’ size, shape and
polymer typology were characterized by microscopy and μg mL-1, DC: 50 ng mL-1). Post-exposureFTIR technology. Analyses revealed that
microplastic ingestion is widespread, with the occurrence of at least one item in approximately 25%
of the 500 analyzed specimens. Higher frequencies were observed in organisms of Central and
Southern areas than in the North- ern Adriatic, suggesting the influence of the different bathymetry,
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morphology and main currents circulation: instead, no clear relationship could be observed between
microplastics ingestion and trophic position, feeding strategy or habitat preference of analysed
species. Extracted particles exhibited geographical differences also in terms of size, form and
polymer typology with polyethylene, polypropylene and polystyrene representing the most
abundant polymers.
The ecotoxicological effects of microplastics and their role as vehicles of PAHs were further
investigated in the Mediterranean mussels, Mytilus galloprovincialis,exposed to polyethylene
microparticles, both virgin and pre-contaminated with benzo(a)pyrene. After ingestion, mi-
croplastics were observed in different tissues causing a significant bioaccumulation of B(a)P.
Analyses of molecular and cellular biomarkers highlighted the high susceptibility of the im-
munological parameters, while minor effects of treatment typology and time of exposure were
measured for antioxidant system, lipid peroxidation, neurotoxic and genotoxic responses. The
marked accumulation of B(a)P, the downregulation of the immune system and the increased toxicity
observed in mussels when exposed to contaminated particles, suggest that exposure to microplastics
might have long-term consequences on organisms health status. Overall, this study provided new
insights on the distribution of microplastics in marine food webs, and on the mechanisms for their
potential toxicity.
∗Speaker †Corresponding author: c.g.avio@univpm.it
Keywords: Microplastics, ecotoxicological effects, distribution, marine organisms, μg mL-1, DC: 50 ng mL-1). Post-exposureFTIR
Long-term community effects of nano- and

microplastics on freshwater benthic
macroinvertebrates
Paula Redondo Hasselerharm ∗† 1, Edwin Peeters 1, Albert Koelmans 1
Research Centre – P.O. Box 47, 6700 AA Wageningen, Netherlands

∗Speaker †Corresponding author: paula.redondohasselerharm@wur.nl
From Science to Solutions: Investigating the Impacts

of Marine Litter on the Galapagos Marine Foodweb
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Jen Jones ∗ 1
1 University of Exeter, Galapagos Conservation Trust – United Kingdom
Marine plastic litter is a global conservation issue of high concern. The Galapagos Archipelago
is no exception. Marine litter pollutes numerous locations around the Islands, although its sources,
distribution and effects remain unstudied. Galapagos is a unique habitat: its geographical isolation,
climatic conditions governed by the convergence of several great ocean currents and El Niño events
and varied habitats give rise to endemic species found nowhere else on Earth. Many have evolved to
fill specific ecological niches and their ability to adapt to rapid environmental change is unknown –
baseline data from indicator species at different levels of the food chain is necessary to understand
population level effects of threats (Denkinger & Vineuza, 2014). Working with the Galapagos
Conservation Trust, Galapagos Science Center, the University of Exeter and a wide partnership
network, we are beginning to fill key knowledge gaps around the sources and sinks of plastics in the
Galapagos environment, the human behaviours that affect plastic pollution and ecological impacts.
Until now, data on the impacts of marine plastics on wildlife in Galapagos has been opportunistic
and mostly focused on entanglement risk. This project aims to investigate the impacts of marine
litter and associated contaminants in the marine foodweb with a focus on marine invertebrates. In
this presentation, I will provide initial results from our first field campaign to establish microplastic
presence and compartitioning in different habitats in the Galapagos Marine Reserve and their
presence in selected marine invertebrate communities. I will also present the methodology and first
results from our citizen science beach and street litter surveys undertaken with local community
groups to demonstrate the multi-disciplinary approach to the project.
Keywords: microplastics, Galapagos, marine litter, trophic, foodweb, citizen science
∗Speaker
Microplastics in small coastal and off-shore fishes in

the Baltic Sea
Outi Setälä ∗† 1, Erika Zidbeck , Stjepan Budimir , Maiju Lehtiniemi
1 Finnish Environment Institute, Marine Research Centre (SYKE) – Mechelininkatu 34a P.O.Box 140, FI-00251
Helsinki, Finland
We studied microplastic (< 5 mm) ingestion by small coastal and off-shore fish in the northern
Baltic Sea. Coastal fish caught with a beach seine at nine locations and off-shore fish caught by
trawling were collected from the different sub-basins of the northern Baltic Sea. The contents of
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the gastrointestinal tract of 503 coastal and 673 off-shore fish individuals were analysed after tissue
digestion for the enumeration of ingested microplastics. In coastal areas microplastics were found
in 8 % of the studied fish individuals and in off-shore areas in 0.6% of all fish individuals studied.
There were differences between the studied locations and the prevalence of microplastics was higher
in coastal fishes. No relationship was found between the stomach fullness of fishes and plastic
ingested. Nor was there a correlation between the frequency of microplastic ingestion by fish and the
amount of microplastics in seawater.
Keywords: Microplastics, northern Baltic Sea, coastal vs. offshore fish
∗Speaker †Corresponding author: outi.setala@ymparisto.fi
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Panel chaired by Andy Booth.
A standard protocol for the assessment of microplastics

toxicity using planktonic marine organisms
Ricardo Beiras ∗† 1, Maria Oliviero , Tania Tato
1 University of Vigo – Spain
Oceans are the final sink of land-based plastic litter that fragments into microplastics (MP),
available for incorporation into oceanic trophic webs through ingestion by zooplankton. A standard
protocol was developed to test the toxicity of MP using early life stages of marine invertebrates,
including the Paracentrotus lividus sea urchin. The protocol includes a leachate test and a particulate
test. The leachate test is conducted with particles < 250 μg mL-1, DC: 50 ng mL-1). Post-exposurem while the particle test is conducted with
the size range < 20 μg mL-1, DC: 50 ng mL-1). Post-exposurem in order to allow ingestion of the particles by the test organisms. Therefore,
the toxicity of chemical additives, sorbed chemicals and particles themselves are taken into account.
MP are kept in suspension by using a rotatory wheel at 1 rpm. Leachates are made up using a 10:1
liquid to solid ratio, as recommended in standard solid-waste leachate toxicity testing. Particles are
tested at concentrations up to 100 mg/L. This is intended to rank MP according to their toxicity and
not to represent environmental values. When necessary, testing materials are grinded using an
ultracentrifuge mill after embrittlement with liquid N2. Particle size distribution is recorded using a
Multisizer 3 Coulter Counter. Results support lack of toxicity of virgin polymers, including
polyethylene and PVC, and instances of toxicity for MP obtained from consumer products made of
the same polymers. Therefore, additives are the most likely cause of the toxicity found. Metals used
as processing aids were measured in the leachates at concentrations above toxicity thresholds for the
testing organisms. Concerning the particle tests, levels found to be toxic are many orders of
magnitude above those reported even in the most polluted oceanic waters.
Keywords: microplastics, toxicity, larval bioassays, sea, urchin, zooplankton
∗Speaker †Corresponding author: rbeiras@uvigo.es
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ADSORPTION OF MERCURY TO
MICROPLASTICS AND VECTORIZATION TO
MARINE ORGANISMS
Juan Santos-Echeandía ∗† 1, Beatriz Fernández 1, José Roberto Rivera-Hernandez 1,
Juan Bellas 1, Soledad Garrido 1, Leticia Vidal-Liñán 1, Diego Rial 1, Concepción
Martínez-Gómez 1, Marina Albentosa 1
1 Spanish Institute of Oceanography – Spain
One of the most concerning aspects of microplastics (MPs) in marine habitats is that they might
act as vectors of pollutants to marine organisms. The research about the sorption of metallic
contaminants by MPs in the marine environment is limited. This is related to the fact that MPs are
generally regarded to be relatively inert towards aqueous metals ions, contrarily to what occurs with
organic contaminants. However, among the IEO’s activities in the EPHEMARE project, an
adsorption of Hg to microplastics has been demonstrated and the following activities have been
carried out:
WP1: The adsorption and desorption kinetics of Hg to virgin microplastics (high density poli-
ethylene, 8 μg mL-1, DC: 50 ng mL-1). Post-exposurem) have been evaluated. In addition, a comparison with the adsorption/desoprtion
kinetics of this metal to microalgae (Isochrysis galbana, t-ISO) has been checked.
WP2: A laboratory experiment to evaluate the uptake and elimination rates of Hg adsorbed to
different surfaces (MP, MA) compared to dissolved Hg by adult mussels with time was carried out.
Mussels were selected as model filter-feeder invertebrates. In addition, the accumulation of this
metal in different tissues with time upon the different treatments was monitored.
The results obtained in these experiments will be presented in the congress. WP3: The toxicity
of Hg-charged microplastics was evaluated in mussels and sea-urchin embryos, measuring the
mortality rates and growth with respect to the control or natural conditions. In vitro bioassays with
hemocytes were used to evaluate the inmune responses to Hg-charged microplastics.
Keywords: mercury, microplastics, mussels, seaurchin, toxicity
∗Speaker †Corresponding author: juan.santos@ieo.es
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Are microplastics facilitating the accumulation of

organic pollutants in benthic bivalves?
Maria Bebianno ∗ 1, Sarit O’donovan 1, Francisca Ribeiro 1, Ana R. Rodrigues 1,
Serena Abel 1, Taina Garcia Da Fonseca 1, Camilla C. Carteny 2, Ronny Blust 2,
Bettie Cormier 3,4, Steffen Keiter 5, Nélia Mestre 1
1 Centre for Marine and Environmental Research, University of Algarve – Campus de Gambelas, 8006-139 Faro,
Portugal, Portugal 2 Systemic Physiological and Ecotoxicological Research, Department of Biology, University of
Antwerp,3 Man-Technology-Environment Research – Antwerp, Centre Belgium, (MTM), Belgium School of Science
and Technology, Orebro ̈ University – Sweden 4 UMR Centre National dela Recherche Scientifique EPOC, University
of Bordeaux – University of Bordeaux, CNRS UMR 5287, 33076 Bordeaux, France – Talence , France, France 5 Man-
Technology-Environment University Research Centre –(MTM), School of Science and Technology,Sweden, Sweden
Microplastics are potential vehicles of other contaminants in the marine environment to food
chains . For this reason it is important to understand both the impact of microplatics alone as well as
from those with adsorbed chemicals in marine organisms. In this sense the work presented here
investigates the effects of microplastics in the benthic marine bivalve Scro- bicularia plana after 14
days exposure to 1 mg L-1 to polysterene (PS; 20 im spheres), and of low-density polyethylene
(LDPE) of different size ranges (4-6, 11-13 and 20-25im particles) with and without adsorbed
persistent organic contaminants: benzo-a-pyrene (BaP), perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS) and
benzophenone-3 (BP3). Clams were sampled at the beginning of the experiment (day 0) and after 3,
7, and 14 days of exposure. A multibiomarkers approach was used to investigate the effect of
exposure in different clam tissues, gills, digestive gland, and haemolymph. Antioxidant (superoxide
dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase) and biotransformation (glutathione-S-transferases)
enzyme activities, oxidative damage (lipid peroxidation levels), genotoxicity (single and double
strand DNA breaks), and neurotoxicity (acetylcholinesterase activity) were assessed. PS
accumulated in tissues and induced genotoxicity with time. BaP adsorbed in LPDE was
accumulated in clam tissues. Oxidative stress was noted in gills for all LDPE+adsorbed chemicals.
An increase of biotransformation enzymatic activity was noted in gill tissues for all MP treatments
over time. Neurotoxicity effects were observed after exposure to LDPE+BaP and LDPE+BP3.
Oxidative damage was also observed in all LDPE+adsorbed contaminants. Some evidence suggests
that LDPE+BP3 and LDPE+BaP induces genotoxicity over time. Overall results showed a tissue-
specific biomarkers response with gills being more affected by exposure to microplastics than
digestive gland and biomarkers alterations apparently more related to the toxicity of adsorbed
chemicals than to microplastics alone.
∗Speaker. Keywords: microplastics, bivalves, BaP, BP3, PFOS, LPDE, PS
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Microplastics as vectors of organic contaminants in

the marine environment
Juan Bellas ∗† 1, Juan Antonio Campillo , Diego Rial , Soledad Garrido , Leticia
Vidal-Liñán , Víctor M. León , Elena Chaves , Beatriz Fernández , Marina Albentosa
1 Instituto Español de Oceanografía – Spain
One of the most concerning aspects of microplastics (MP) in marine habitats is that they might
act as vectors of pollutants to marine organisms, since hydrophobic organic contaminants (HOCs)
with low water solubility tend to concentrate on the surface of these particles. In a similar way,
HOCs have also a high affinity for particulate organic matter, such as microalgae cells. Both MP and
microalgae may also release these compounds, acting as vectors of pollutants to marine organisms.
HOCs bioaccumulation and associated toxicological effects might be dependent on the nature of the
particle through which the chemical is transported. IEO activities in the EPHEMARE project
included:
WP1: MP were loaded with organic pollutants: chlorpyrifos (CPF) oxybenzone (BP3), fluoran-
thene (FLUO) and phenanthrene (PHE). A high density polyethylene powder of small particle size,
close to the size of the microalgae (ca. 8 μg mL-1, DC: 50 ng mL-1). Post-exposurem), was selected. The partition of the pollutants between
the particulate and aqueous phases was evaluated.
WP2: MP uptake and elimination were studied using mussels as a filter-feeder model organism.
Kinetics were studied with virgin MP and with MP loaded with CPF. The affinity of CPF for MP
was compared with another adsorption surface present in the water column: phytoplankton. The
accumulation of CPF in mussel tissues was carried out with both types of particles.
WP3: The toxicity assessment of virgin and loaded MP at the organism level was performed
using embryos and larvae of sea-urchins and mussels, and with microalgae. Biological responses
were: the percentage of normal larvae (mussels), the larval growth (sea-urchin) and the growth rates
(microalgae), with respect to controls.
WP4: The toxicity of MPs loaded with CPF was evaluated using a battery of biomarkers that
comprise different levels of organization: individual (Scope for Growth, SFG), cell (immune re-
sponse) and metabolism (oxidative stress and acetylcholinesterase).
∗Speaker †Corresponding author: juan.bellas@ieo.es
Keywords: microplastics, impact, Hydrophobic organic compounds, toxicity, marine invertebrates, phytoplankton
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Plastics debris as organic pollutants vector between

littoral areas and the sea
Víctor M. León ∗ 1, Inés García-Agüera 1, Vicenç Moltó 1, Verónica Fernández-
González 2, Jose M. Andrade 2, Soledad Muniategui-Lorenzo 2, Juan A. Campillo 1
1 Instituto Español de Oceanografía – Centro Oceanográfico de Murcia, Apdo. 22, C/ Varadero 1, 30740 San Pedro del
Pinatar, Murcia (Spain)., Spain 2 Instituto Universitario de Medio Ambiente (Universidade da Coruña) – Grupo de
Química Analítica Aplicada, Instituto Universitario de Medio Ambiente (IUMA), Centro de Investigaciones Científicas
Avanzadas (CICA), Departamento de Química Analítica, Facultade de Ciencias, Universidade da Coruña, Campus A
Coruña, E-15071, A Coruña, Spain., Spain
Plastics act as passive samplers in the environment, accumulating hydrophobic organic con-
taminants which are present in the surrounding compartments (air, water, soil, seawater, etc.). Then
plastic polymers concentrate hydrophobic organic contaminants by sorption or specific in-
teractions, which can be transported to other systems such as the marine environment through direct
discharges and transport from coastal areas (air, rivers, etc) or from sea to beaches. In this study
plastic debris not previously immersed in seawater were sampled in the surrounding area of a
Mediterranean lagoon in order to determine the concentration of 91 persistent and emerging organic
contaminants (PAHs, current-use pesticides CUPs, personal care products- PCPs and plastic
additives). Their desorption was characterized for the first 24 h from different polymers to seawater
and the remaining content of these contaminants was also extracted by ultrasonic extraction with
methanol. A significant fraction of sorbed contaminants in polymers was desorbed in the first 24 h,
particularly for triazines and organophosphorus pesticides due to their lower hydrophobicity than
other considered analytes. The remaining contaminants contained in plastics can be also
transferred to seawater, sediments or biota. Additionaly plastic and microplastics were sampled from
3 Mediterranean beaches to evaluate their concentrations of organic contaminants and the transfer of
contaminants from sea to coastal areas. PAHs, CUPs and PCPs were found in the plastic extracts
from all studied areas and their concentrations were related to predominant anthropogenic activities
(touristic, agriculture, urban, etc). The most abundant contaminants in plastics were PAHs and PCPs
showing the relevance of transport, urban and touristic activities as pollutant sources in the three
studied coastal areas. The present study demonstrates plastics act as passive samplers in the
environment accumulating hydrophobic organic contaminants from air, seawater and particulate
matter and play a role as pollutant transport vector from continental areas to sea and viceversa.
Keywords: plastic debris, desorption, organic pollutants, seawater, contaminants of emerging concern, transfer
∗Speaker
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Comparison of sorption capacity of persistent organic

pollutants (POPs) on plastic resin pellets from
different origins using a quick sorption method
Kaori Sakaguchi-Söder ∗† 1, Darya Kurdyukova 1, Franziska Kirchen 1, Michael
Gottschling 1, Albert Van Oyen 2, Liselotte Schebek 1
1 Institute IWAR, Technische Universität Darmstadt – Franziska-Braun-Str. 7, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany 2 CARAT
GmbH – Harderhook 20 46395 Bocholt, Germany
According to A European Strategy for Plastics in a Circular Economy, in 2015 the EU gen-
erated 26 million tons (Mt) of plastic post-consumer waste. 1.75 Mt of 7.8 Mt collected for
recycling was exported to China. China’s ban on waste import starting from 2018 forces EU to take
sustainable alternatives. Reduction/prevention of the use of synthetic plastic products will be the
must. It is likely that the use and the variety of biodegradable and recycled plastic materials is to be
increased. This shift in plastic waste management also requires the study to investigate sorption
behaviours of pollutants onto new plastic materials. Here we present a quick and reproducible
method to compare sorption capacity of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) on a variety of plastic
resin pellets from different origin. Resin pellets tested here were made from widely used synthetic
polymers, post-industry and post-consumer recycled products as well as biodegradable polymers.
The sorption test was conducted in water containing selected POPs with cosolvent (water: sol-
vent = 70:30, volumetric). Cosolvents selected were miscible in water, owns a vapour pressure
smaller than 60 hP and can dissolve selected POPs in mg/L range. Sorption capacities of the POPs
on pellets from different origins were compared by exposing a given mass of pellets in the mix-
solution containing the POPs with a fixed starting concentration, 1000 ig/L. In addition, partition
coefficients of selected POPs between the solution and pellets from different origin were determined
by varying the initial POP concentrations in the mix-solution. The derived partition coefficients
were evaluated whether they can be used as predictors to derive partition coefficients of the POPs
between water and the polymers. TU Darmstadt and CARAT are participants of an EU project
”PLASTOX”, a consortium of a JPI Oceans’ Joint Action. TU Darmstadt is funded by BMBF.
Keywords: microplastics, resin pellets, quick sorption method, persistent organic pollutants, recycled, biodegradable
∗Speaker †Corresponding author: k.sakaguchi@iwar.tu-darmstadt.de
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Effects of Leachates from Weathered Microplastic in

Cell-Based Bioassays
Christoph Rummel∗1, Beate Escher2, Oskar Sandblom3, Hans Peter Arp4, Merle
Plassmann3, Matthew Macleod3, and Annika Jahnke2
1Department of Bioanalytical Ecotoxicology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ–DE-04318 Leipzig,
Germany, Germany 2 Department of Cell Toxicology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ – DE-
04318, 3 Leipzig, Germany, Germany 3 Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry (ACES) – SE-
11418 Stockholm, Sweden, 4 Department of Environmental Engineering, Norwegian Geotechnical Institute (NGI) –
NO-0806 Oslo, Norway, Norway
The toxicological effects of microplastic (MP) are often studied in the laboratory using pristine
particles, which may be of limited environmental relevance since plastic in the environment is
weathered by UV light irradiation, mechanical stress, salinity and other factors. We applied cell-
based bioassays to study the effects of chemical mixtures that leached from the most common
polymers in European commerce (largely additive-free, pre-production pellets of PE, PET, PP, PS)
and positive controls (e-waste and a new keyboard with high content of additives) after weathering
under intense UV light in artificial seawater. All test materials were processed with corresponding
dark controls. The chemicals in the seawater leachates were enriched by solid-phase extraction. The
concentrated aqueous leachates were then dosed into the bioassays, covering i) cytotoxicity; ii)
activation of metabolic enzymes via binding to the arylhydrocarbon receptor and the peroxisome
proliferator-activated receptor (PPARg); iii) specific, receptor-mediated effects (estrogenicity); and
iv) adaptive stress response (oxidative stress). Further, non-target analysis using LC-HRMS was
used for ten- tative identification of compounds liberated from the test material during weathering.
The positive controls showed high activity in all assays and thus provide a proof-of-concept that the
experimental setup can demonstrate effects of the chemicals liberated during weathering. Only
oxidative stress response was significantly higher in the leachates from the pre- production pellets
than the blank response for all polymers, while the other bioassays did not elicit significant
responses. In a few cases, the UV treatments showed higher effects than the corresponding dark
controls, e.g. PE in PPARg or PP for oxidative stress. Our results give insight into possible effects of
the mixtures of chemicals in leachates from weathered plastic.
Keywords: weathering, degradation, plastic, aquatic environment
*Speaker
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November 22nd
Trace nanoplastic and microplastic fiber analysis in

wastewaters and activated sludge: synthesis and utility
of metal doped plastics
Denise Mitrano ∗ 1, Anna Beltzung 2, Stefan Frehland 1, Michael Schmeidgruber 1,
Alberto Cingolani 3, Felix Schmidt 1
1 Swiss Federal Institute for Environmental Science and Technology [Dübendorf] – Uberlandstrasse ̈133, 8600
Dübendorf, Switzerland 2 Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering – ETH Zentrum, Rämistrasse 101, 8092 Zurich,
Switzerland, Switzerland 3 Institute for Biomedical Engineering [ETH Zurich] – ETH Zurich Institute for Biomedical
Engineering ETZ F 95 Gloriastrasse 35 8092 Zurich SWITZERLAND, Switzerland
Research on particulate plastic and their distribution and effects in the environment has
intensified in recent years; but truly quantitative analysis has remained elusive in part due to
analytical difficulties. Synthesizing plastic materials with a metallic, chemically entrapped tracer
provides a robust way to more easily, accurately and quantitatively detect particulate plastic in
complex environmental and biological media. In this work, we synthesized a variety of particulate
plastics (nanoplastic particles, fibers) which encompass a suite of various sizes and dimensions,
surface morphologies (smooth, rough) and polymers (polystyrene, polyester). Each variant has an
embedded metallic fingerprint (Pd or In; approx. 0.5% metal/wt) which can be used to detect plastic
by analytical techniques for metals analysis, such as ICP-MS and TEM/EDX. This allows us to more
quantitatively and quickly assess plastic in complex matrices at particle number concentrations
orders of magnitude lower and (much) smaller particle sizes than is currently possible with other
analytical techniques. To highlight the utility of this approach, we investigated the attachment
efficiency of particulate plastic to sludge flocs (which occurs in < 30min) and determined plastic
removal in batch experiments representing the activated sludge process a municipal wastewater
treatment plant (WWTP). With a recovery rate of plastics over 95% in all experimental sets, we
found over 98% of plastics (both nanoplastic particles and microplastic fibers) in the sludge, with a
high correlation between TSS concentration and plastic concentration. Beyond the case study
specifically highlighted here, these metal laden plastics are suitable to study fate, transport, eco-
toxicity and interactions with organisms at trace concentrations. By using these materials, bench
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scale and pilot scale studies can be used as a bridge to understand the environmental processes that
dominate (particulate) plastic fate, transport and interactions with biota until analytical techniques to
measure native plastics at trace concentrations have matured.
∗Speaker
Keywords: Nanoplastic, Textile Fiber, Microplastic Fiber, Wastewater Treatment Plant
A NOVEL MICROPLASTIC EXTRACTION

TECHNIQUE FOR THE DETECTION OF
MICROPLASTICS IN THE LIVER, BLOOD AND
FILLET OF EUROPEAN SEA BASS,
DICENTRARCHUS LABRAX
Sinem Zeytin ∗† 1, Gunnar Gerdts 1, Matthew Slater 1
1 Alfred Wegener Institute – Germany
There is a significant increase in plastic waste accumulation in marine systems. Microplastics

(MP) have been already detected in the muscular tissue or filet of mussels but are not yet
investigated in the case of more commercially significant fish species. Marine nutrients used for
human diets represent a particular problem, since MP is also absorbed by humans. Therefore, the
overall aim of this project was to develop a suitable method for the detection of MP in the tissue of
fish and to study the translocation of MP from the feed to the tissue of fish. This is the first time the
novel developed extraction method has been used in routine food monitoring. A 16- week controlled
feeding experiment with juvenile sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) was conducted with 120 fish per
tank in quadruplicate. Fish were fed ad libitum with a control diet (without MP additive) and a test
diet (with defined amount of fluorescent MP particles- ̃1-5 μg mL-1, DC: 50 ng mL-1). Post-exposurem) under controlled conditions in a
recirculation system. Growth was monitored at experiment onset and termination. Liver, blood and
muscle tissues of fish (filet) were taken for maceration, digestion and subsequent determination of
MP content. Detection of MP in sea bass fillet from experiment will be detected with fluorescence
microscopy. In the case of commercial sea bass fillet: from wild and aquaculture product from
market, detection of MP will be carried out with FT-IR microscopy and Raman microscopy. Final
results are pending! But we expect that the extraction method being developed for the detection of
MP will be new to the industry, and can be implemented as a standardized method for MP detection
and quality control in commercial fisheries.
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Keywords: Microplastic, translocation, KOH, fish, sea bass, liver, blood, fillet
∗Speaker †Corresponding author: sinem.zeytin@awi.de
New methodologies to collect and analyse micro-

debris ingested by loggerhead turtle (Caretta caretta).
Ana Liria - Loza ∗† 1,2, Patricia Ostiategui - Francia‡ 1,2
1 ADS Biodiversidad (ADS Biodiversidad) – ADS Biodiversidad C/ Blas de Lezo no 55 1oC CP 35118 Aguimes, Gran
Canaria, Spain 2 University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria – Calle Juan de Quesada, 35001 Las Palmas de Gran
Canaria, Las Palmas, Spain
The European Project INDICIT had proposed sea turtles as marine debris indicator on the
European waters. One of the main objectives was to homogenize and standardize methodologies to
collect and analyse macro and micro-debris ingested by sea turtles, on dead and alive turtles. In
order to determinate microplastic ingestion by sea turtles, INDICIT project had standardised
methodologies for sampling, where the minimum debris size was established in 1mm to avoid
contamination. On dead turtles, necropsies were carried out and complete digestive track was
analysed by sections (oesophagus, stomach and intestine). Digestive content of each section were
collected and analysed.
For live animals, stranded turtles arrived to the recovery centres were sampled. Each turtle were
placed at individual tanks, feed with eviscerated food to avoid contamination, and water tank
sampled for one month. Faeces were filtered with 1mm mesh sieve daily during the first ten days and
3 times per week up to one month after arriving date.
The new methodology developed by INDICIT consisted on filtering the digestive content ob-
tained from the necropsies, or the faeces filtered from individual tanks hosting live animals, through
2 sieves train (5mm and 1mm mesh) to separate macro and micro-debris samples. Micro-debris
sample were digested with H2O2 or KOH to eliminate organic material and obtain a clean sample
with only non-organic material. Preliminary results conducted on sea turtles (dead and alive)
stranded in Canary Islands showed 100% of microplastics occurrence, perhaps induced by the
greater accuracy of the new methodology. The ”2-sieve method” could be tested on other taxa, to
verify if is an adequate methodology to analyse micro-plastic ingestion on biota.
Keywords: Turtles, Caretta caretta, Canary Islands
∗Speaker †Corresponding author: carettana@gmail.com ‡Corresponding author: patriciaostiategui@gmail.com
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Comparison of chemical extraction and microwave-

assisted digestion techniques for metal desorption
from plastic pellets by ICP-MS
Ana Rita M. Mendes ∗ 1, Thomas K. Doyle 2, Liam Morrison† 1
1 Earth and Ocean Sciences – School of Natural Sciences and Ryan Institute: Environmental, Marine and Energy
Research National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland 2 School of Biological, Earth Environmental Sciences –
Environmental Research Institute, University College Cork, Ireland
Both primary and secondary microplastics contain chemical additives from their manufac-
turing process and are known to accumulate organic and inorganic contaminants, including metals,
from the surrounding environment. There is now evidence that the ingestion of these microplastics
by aquatic organisms can lead to increased exposure to contaminants that are potentially
transferred up the food chain. While previous studies have investigated the desorption of metallic
contaminants from polymers, no standardised extraction methodology exists in the literature and
therefore many different chemical extraction processes have been used. The aim of this study was to
evaluate five different chemical extraction methods and a microwave-assisted digestion technique
(commonly used in environmental analytical procedures) for the desorption of metals from virgin
plastic pellets in a laboratory-based study. Pellets of two virgin polymers, polyvinyl chloride (PVC)
and polyethylene (PE) where agitated for 100 hours in a known concentration of metals and water
in LDPE bottles. Pellets where removed from the metal solution and individually placed in
eppendorfs and dried under a fume hood. Triplicate samples of the metal solution from the initial
and final exposure time where preserved with 1% HNO3. To determine if there was a transfer of
metals to the walls of the LDPE bottles, the bottles were agitated for 24 hours with 10% HNO3 and
samples where preserved for future analyses. Four desorption extractions where performed for 24
hours under agitation with 3 mL of 10% HNO3, 10% HCl, NH4OAc-EDTA and 20% Aqua regia. A
milli-Q extraction was also performed as a control. In all cases, triplicate samples were analysed. In
addition to the extractions, two digestions with 10 mL (8+2) of HNO3 + H2O2 and HNO3 + H2SO4
was carried out to identify metal concentration in each pellet. Elemental concentrations were
determined using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS).
Keywords: adsorption, desorption, metals, methodology, ICP MS
∗Speaker †Corresponding author: liam.morrison@nuigalway.ie
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Fingerprinting of chemicals released from plastic

polymers by UV-light
Berit Gewert , Merle Plassmann ∗† 1, Oskar Sandblom , Matthew Macleod
1 Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry (ACES), Stockholm University – SE-11418
Stockholm, Sweden
Plastics in the marine environment are degraded to free chemicals due to radical reactions
initiated by sunlight. The goal of this study was twofold, first to identify chemicals released by
different plastic polymers under UV-light exposure and second to establish fingerprints of the
mixture of chemicals released by the plastics to identify different plastic polymers in unknown
samples. In the first part of this study we developed a ”weathering wheel” in which plastic particles
floating in water were exposed to UV-light (see graphical abstract). We exposed pre- production
pellets of PE, PP, PS and PET for five days, which corresponds to approximately 510 days of
sunlight exposure to European mean solar irradiance. The chemicals released into the water were
subsequently concentrated using solid phase extraction (Oasis HLB Plus, Waters) and analysed by
liquid chromatography coupled to high resolution mass spectrometry (LC-Orbitrap Q Exactive HF,
Thermo). By using non-target and suspect-screening methods we were able to identify homologues
series of low-molecular weight polymer fragments with oxidized end groups. 22 polymer
degradation products were identified at high levels of confidence, mostly dicarboxylic acids. In the
second part of this study, we mimicked environmental samples by exposing six different plastic
polymers (PE, PP, PS, PET, PU and PVC) to UV-light in the presence of sand and water. After
exposure, extraction and analysis not only the identified chemicals from the first part of this study
but also the full spectrum of detected peaks can be used to establish a ”fingerprint” for each
polymer. We examine the hypothesis that these fingerprints can be used to identify the presence and
composition of mixtures of plastic polymers in unknown samples.
Keywords: weathering, UV, light, free chemicals, fingerprinting
∗Speaker †Corresponding author: merle.plassmann@aces.su.se
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Inter-annual monitoring of microplastics in marine

intertidal sediments of the Firth of Forth
Mark G. J. Hartl ∗† 1, Zoë Lawrence 1, Andrew Deery 1, Julian Blumenröder 1,
Pauline Sechet 1, Rachel Wood 1, Neil Mearns 1, Shanna Paterson 1, Mégane
Viguiaud 1, Holly Walker 1, Fergus Kinsley-Willis 1, J Decclan Mccreton 1
1 Centre for Marine Biodiversity Biotechnology – Heriot-Watt University Riccarton Edinburgh EH14 4AS UK, United
Kingdom
Microplastics (MP),defined as pieces of plastic < 5mm are commonly found in the marine
environment and originate either from consumer care products and plastic production plants or from
the disintegration of larger pieces. MPs need to be monitored in order to evaluate the effectiveness
of Government initiatives to reduce plastic debris in the environment. The aim of the present study,
therefore, was to contribute to the development of a hitherto lacking quantitative long-term marine
MP database. We present the results of a three-year pilot project in the Firth of Forth, point to
innovations in sampling and contamination prevention, as well as the limitations. Sediment samples
were obtained in triplicate from intertidal sites in May2014, May & Sept2015, May & Sept2016,
2017 using glass bijoux tubes as miniature cores and sealed with metal screw caps, processed using
a density separation procedure and the polymer types determined using FT-IR spectroscopy.
Results: plastic particles (34-4,800 kg-1) and fibres (1,700-4,300 kg-1) along both shores of the
Firth of Forth. The number of Fibres was generally higher than particles, with no apparent pattern of
spatial distribution. Although a spike in MP particles was observed in Sept2015 and May2016, there
was no significant difference in MP particle concentrations between May 2014 and May 2017.
There was also no significant difference in MP fibre concentrations during the same three-year
period and no evidence of seasonal fluctuations. MP concentrations in intertidal sediments in the
Firth of Forth have remained stable. This is significant baseline information and will be instrumental
in assessing the effectiveness of Government policy regulating the use of particularly single-use
plastic products. However, in order to compare results between countries and laboratories, for the
purpose of gaining a more global insight into the microplastics contamination issue, more
standardized sampling and extraction procedures need to be developed.
Keywords: microplastic, fibres, particles, intertidal sediments, monitoring, baseline
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∗Speaker †Corresponding author: m.hartl@hw.ac.uk
THE CONTRIBUTION OF AQUACULTURE

INDUSTRY IN THE GLOBAL MARINE
MICROPLASTICS POLLUTION: FIRST RECORD
OF LEVELS AND DISTRIBUTION IN COASTAL
SEDIMENTS COLLECTED NEAR A
PRODUCTION SITE IN THE SOUTH WEST OF
NORWAY
Alessio Gomiero ∗ 1, Kjell Birger øysæd , Thorleifur Augustsson , Leon Moodley ,
Elisa Ravagnan , Maj Arnberg
1 NORCE – Norway
Plastic waste is of increasing concern in the aquatic environment. A large portion of the plastic
waste is produced onshore and reaches the marine environment, which is considered the main sink
of plastic debris. Floating plastic particles accumulate in pelagic habitats. However, due to the
biofilm formation they eventually sink and accumulate on the seafloor together with non-buoyant by
design plastic particles posing risk to the benthic communities. Aquaculture makes wide use of
durable plastics, which are used for tanks, fish cage collars, pond liners, netting, rope, and floats,
among other items. In the context of global plastic pollution of the oceans, aquaculture is a tiny
contributor, although estimation of the size of the contribution remains a knowledge gap and lost or
derelict gear from aquaculture can be a locally important contributor. In the present study, a
preliminary assessment of the occurrence, levels and chemical characterization of 6 type of
polymers in sediments near an aquaculture located in the Boknafjorden (Norway) is presented.
Plastic microparticles were extracted by flotation from 5 kg sediment samples, purified by a multi-
step combined enzymatic and mild oxidant reaction and finally analysed by sequentially visual
microscopic inspection and thermal desorption pyrolysis gas chromatography/mass spectrometry
(GCMS-pyr). Most of the detected polymers were identified as polypropylene, polyethylene,
polyvinylchloride followed bt polyethylene terephthalate, polystyrene and polyamide. An attempt
to identify and quantify plastic based paints and antifouling agents was performed. Preliminary
results are presented
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Keywords: Acquaculture Industry, Sediments, Microplastics, GCMS, pyrolysis

∗Speaker
Fast and manageable determination of the

microplastics in the sediment
Hana Fajkovic ∗† 1, Frane Markovic 1, Anja Klaric
1 Department of Geology, Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb – Horvatovac 102a, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia.
The main goal of this research was to obtain a method and approach for microplastics
determination in the sediment that would take care of possible density changes due to biofouling;
that could be used independently of the different upper size limit for microplastics; to have ease of
use so that it can be applied on the expedition ship and would be inexpensive. Separation of
microplastics from the sediment, based on the difference in densities is a well-known and adopted
approach, due to a nominally lower density of microplastics than the density of sediment. The
novelty of the proposed approach is the use of sodium polytungstate or SPT (Na6[H2W12O40]), a
non-toxic compound used as a heavy liquid for gravity separation. Due to its very high solubility in
water, different density can be achieved, from 1.01 g/cm3 to 3.10 g/cm3. Prior to separation
procedure, samples should be treated with H2O2 (30%) to remove organic matter and with HCl
(10%) to remove carbonate particles. These steps are important because shells of some organisms
and similar hollow objects remain in the lighter fraction and affect a determination of microplastics
later on. A sample prepared in this way is then separated in the SPT solution (density 1.60 g/cm3).
Microplastics particles float on top of the SPT solution and the remaining sediment sinks to the
bottom. A solution is then frozen and the light fraction is easily separated. Extracted microplastics
should be washed, dried and weighted, to calculate its amount in the sample. Final determination of
extracted particles and verification of the type of microplastics is done by Fourier transform infrared
spectroscopy (FTIR). A determination could be done by some other methods but proposed one has
an advantage when a small amount of microplastics particles is extracted, e.g. 1 mg, by making KBr
pellets.
Keywords: Microplastics, Sediment, SPT, FT, IR
∗Speaker †Corresponding author: hanaf@geol.pmf.hr
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Sediment trapping – A method for monitoring

microplastic litter influx in aquatic sediments
Saija Saarni∗ 1, Samuel Hartikainen † 2,3, Maarit Kalliokoski 1,4, Senja Meronen 1,
Arto Koistinen 2, Sirpa Peräniemi 3, Jouko Vepsäläinen 3
1 Department of Geography and Geology, University of Turku – 20014 University of Turku, Finland 2 SIB labs,
University of Eastern Finland – Kuopio, Finland 3 the School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland – Kuopio,
Finland 4 Institute of Earth Sciences, University of Iceland – Reykjavik, Iceland
Microplastic litter has been reported from wide range of aquatic environments. Concen- trations
of up to thousands of particles per one kilogram of sediment have been reported from marine beach
sediments as well as from lacustrine littoral sediments. Due to a lack of chronolog- ical control,
previous studies do not enable evaluation of the influx rate of microplastic pollution, which is a
crucial aspect for environmental monitoring. In order to confirm and compare the feasibility and
efficiency of different environmental conservation methods applied in order to reduce microplastic
contamination in aquatic environments, an accurate method for monitoring the pre-conservation
influx as well as the changing influx during and after the acts of conservation, is needed. A
sediment trap method is widely applied in aquatic sedimentary studies in order to understand
sedimentation processes in a certain environment. We have used a near-bottom sediment trap
method in Lake Haukivesi, central Finland, for measuring and quantifying the microplastic influx
rate during one year. Near-bottom sediment traps with two collector tubes and known surface area,
fixed one meter from the lake floor, collect all particles that are about to accumulate on the lake
floor. Controlled temporal interval of trap maintenance enables calculation and determination of
local microplastic influx rate i.e. number of accumulating particles per time per surface area.
Combined with heavy liquid separation technique, a method commonly applied for microfossil
separation from sedimentary material, and FTIR technique, sediment trapping shows promising
results. Near-bottom sediment trapping can be used for long term monitoring in order to gain a
deeper understanding of the microplastic sedimentation processes and for supervising that the
defined target conditions are met.
Keywords: micoplastic influx rate, monitoring, sedimentation
∗Corresponding author: saitur@utu.fi †Speaker
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The First Occurrence, Spatial Distribution and

Characteristics of Microplastic Particles in Sediments
from Banten Bay, Indonesia: Potential Impact for
Benthic-Pelagic Coupling Food Web
Dede Falahudin ∗ 1, Deny Yogaswara 1, Ita Wulandari 1, Muhammad Reza Cordova 1
1 Research Center for Oceanography, Indonesian Institute of Sciences – Jl. Pasir Putih 1, Ancol Timur, Jakarta,
Indonesia, Indonesia
Microplastics (MPs) are recognized as an emerging issue worldwide, which includes Indone-
sia. Due to limited information regarding the data of microplastic pollution in Indonesian water, We
conducted an initial investigation on the occurrence, spatial distribution, identification and potential
ecological impact of MPs in the sediments from different locations in Banten Bay, a shallow and
semi-enclosed bay located at the northwest coast of Java, Indonesia. The bay is under very high
population pressure due to increasing coastal development in recent decade. This study showed that
microplastic pollution is prevalent in Banten Bay, where all sediments from 25 stations contained
microplastics of various size and shape. The most common shape and size were foams (38% of
observed microplastics), and more than 50% were in size range between 500 and 1000μg mL-1, DC: 50 ng mL-1). Post-exposurem. The
mean concentration of MPs recovered in the sediment samples was 267 ± 98 particles/kg dw
sediment. The particles were found to be more highly distributed in stations with fine sediment
grain size and located near the river mouth of the island than offshore, which suggest the impact of
present MPs in sediment might be harmful to benthic community and potentially increase the
magnitude into pelagic community through benthic-pelagic food web system. Moreover, the river
effluent is suggested as a pathway for plastic pollution to the Banten Bay.
Keywords: Microplastics, Banten Bay, Benthic, Sediment, Floation methods
∗Speaker
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Combining hydrodynamic modelling-based sampling

with FPA-μg mL-1, DC: 50 ng mL-1). Post-exposureFTIR-Imaging automated analysis: first
evidence of microplastic pollution in the sediments of
the Limfjord (Denmark)
Alvise Vianello ∗ 1, Thomas Ruby Bentzen 1, Amelia Reimer Borregaard 1, Jes
Vollertsen 1
1 Aalborg University, Department of Civil Engineering, Division of Water and Environment – Thomas Manns Vej 23,
9220 Aalborg Øst, Denmark
Microplastic (MP) pollution affects almost the totality of the water bodies, including tran-
sitional environments such as lagoons, salt marshes, and estuarine areas. In order to improve the
knowledge on MP contamination in the Scandinavian Region, we conducted the first MP sediment
monitoring survey of the Limfjord (North Jutland - Denmark), the largest Danish estuarine area
(1500 km2). Its average depth is 4.9 m, with a freshwater average inflow of 2.7 km3 y-1 and a net
flow of 6.8 km3 y-1 passing from west to east due to the wind and tidal impacts. The total
catchment area (7600 km2 - 70% agriculture, 5% urban areas, 20% wood- lands) includes Aalborg (
̃ 130000 inhabitants) and other smaller cities, harbors and shellfish farms along the shores (all
potential MP sources). The sampling locations were selected taking into account the
hydrodynamical conditions and considering the bed shear stress induced by the currents as the main
parameter for sedimentation, erosion, and resuspension of materials. The shear stress was modeled
with a calibrated non-steady hydrodynamic model (MIKE3FM), including both effects of time-
varying boundary conditions, stratified conditions due to salinity gradients and wave-induced
currents based on a spectral wave calculation. Sampling was hence conducted in areas with low bed
shear stresses, where the light material is expected to settle (minor re-suspension). Moreover,
sampling was conducted both up and downstream of the major city (Aalborg), WWTPs and riverine
inputs. Samples were collected with a Van Veen grab, processed by flotation (ZnCl2) and multi-step
sample clean-up (enzymatic treatment, catalyzed H2O2 oxidation), then analyzed by FPA-μg mL-1, DC: 50 ng mL-1). Post-exposureFTIR-
Imaging spectroscopy/MP auto-analysis (MPhunter). Preliminary results showed a diffused MP
contamination (77 - 270 part. g-1), with the highest level measured close to Aalborg. The polymer
composition showed mainly polyester (35%), polypropylene (13%), nylon (11%), acrylic paints
(11%), PVC (9%), polyethylene (5%) and alkyd paints (4%).
Keywords: Modelling, FPA μg mL-1, DC: 50 ng mL-1). Post-exposureFTIR Imaging, Microplastic, Sediment, Limfjord
∗Speaker
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November 22nd – Panel 16.1: 10h30' - 12h30'

(AGH), Panel chaired by François Galgani.
Microplastics in the deep: an assessment from the

Rockall Trough, Northeast Atlantic Ocean
Winnie Courtene-Jones ∗ 1, Brian Quinn 2, Stefan F. Gary 1, Bhavani
Narayanaswamy 1
1 Scottish Association for Marine Science – Oban, Argyll, PA37 1QA, United Kingdom 2 University of the West of
Scotland – Paisley campus University of the West of Scotland PA1 2BE, United Kingdom
Microplastics, small pieces of plastic < 5 mm in diameter, are found extensively in the natural
environment and present numerous ecological threats. While the ultimate fate of marine
microplastics are not well known, it is hypothesized that the deep sea is the final sink for this an-
thropogenic contaminant. Here we present a quantification and characterisation of microplastics
ingested by three benthic macroinvertebrates (Ophiomusium lymani, Hymenaster pellucidus and
Colus jeffreysianus) and in adjacent water, > 2200 m deep, in the Rockall Trough, Northeast
Atlantic Ocean. Despite the relative remoteness of this location, microplastics were identified in
deep-sea water at a concentration of 70.8 particles m-3, comparable to that in surface waters. All of
these particles were monofilament fibres and the majority were identified as polyester. Of the
invertebrates examined (n = 66) 48 % had ingested microplastics with quantities enumerated
comparable to coastal species. Both monofilament fibres and fragments were present however fibres
were most numerous (87 %). A total of nine different polymer types were identified, with polyester
again being the most abundant, and of note was the presence of the buoyant polymer polyethylene.
Significant interspecific differences were evident, but microplastic abundance was not found to
relate to organism feeding mode nor organism mass. The isolated microplastics were visually highly
degraded; surface areas, calculated using photogrammetric methods found the surface areas of
deep-sea microplastics to be more than double that of pristine particles. Future work will examine
microplastics within the sediment, thus assessing quantities in each environmental ‘reservoir’ and
the potential for microplastic sequestration by one of the largest global ecosystems. Additionally,
microplastic abundance will be examined over an invertebrate time-series sampled from this
permanent monitoring site to examine long-term temporal trends.
Keywords: deep sea, ingestion, long term fate, benthic
∗Speaker
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The imprint of microplastics from textiles in southern

European deep seas
Anna Sanchez-Vidal ∗ 1, Richard C. Thompson 2, Miquel Canals 1, William P. De
Haan 1
1 GRC Geociències Marines, Universitat de Barcelona – Spain 2 Marine Biology and Ecology Research Centre,
Plymouth University – United Kingdom
Microfibers are among the most prevalent type of microplastics observed in the marine
environment. They are mostly shed from synthetic textiles during production or washing, and may
be entering the ocean via wastewaters and atmospheric fallout. Microfibers have been found in
surface waters, sea ice, and in coastal and deep water sediments. The recent discovery of microfibre
ingestion by deep-sea organisms in a natural setting has underlined the need to quantify of this
human waste in the deep marine environment. Here we present new data on the distribution of
plastic microfibers after a widespread survey of seabed sediments in southern European seas
including the northeast Atlantic Ocean (Cantabrian Sea), the Mediterranean Sea (Alboran Sea,
Catalan Sea, Cretan Sea and Levantine Sea) and the Black Sea at depths from 42 m at the
continental shelf to 3,500 m in the abyssal plain. Such a wide depth range allowed investigating
patterns of microfibers distribution along the coastal-deep sea continuum and understand their long-
range transport. We report abundances of 10-70 microfibers in 50 ml of sediment, including both
natural and regenerated cellulose, and synthetic plastic (polyester, acrylic, polyamide, polyethylene,
and polypropylene) fibers. Following a shelf-slope-deep basin continuum approach, it would appear
that coastal seas retain around 33% of the sea floor microfibers, but greater quantities of the fibres
are exported to the open sea, where they accumulate in sediments. Submarine canyons act as
preferential conduits for downslope transport of microfibers, with 29% of the seafloor microfibers
compared to 18% found on the open slope. Around 20% of the microfibres found had accumulated
in the deep open sea beyond 2000m of water depth. The persistent nature of microfibers
accumulated in the remote deep sea makes evident the need to design effective management
strategies for reducing emissions to the environment.
Keywords: microfibers, textiles, deep sea, Mediterranean sea
∗Speaker
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Microplastic occurrence and distribution from

discharge points to deep basins in an urban model
fjord
Marte Haave ∗ 1, Claudia Lorenz† 2, Sebastian Primpke‡ 2, Gunnar Gerdts§ 3
1 Uni Research Environment – Uni Research, P.O.B 7810, 5020 Bergen, Norway 2 Alfred Wegener Institute Helmholtz
Centre for polar and marine research - AWI (AWI) – Biologische Anstalt Helgoland Kurpromenade 201 27498
Helgoland, Germany 3 Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research – 24798 Helgoland,
Germany
Urban harbors are expected to be highly contaminated by microplastics from anthropogenic

activities, wastewater, run-off and maritime traffic. Knowledge about relevant microplastic con-
centrations is vital for risk assessments, but the concentration ranges in marine environments are
largely unknown. Uni Research has done marine monitoring since the 70’s in the fjords around
Bergen. The in-depth knowledge about abiotic and biotic factors in the fjord system makes it ideal
for investigating levels of marine microplastics from urban sources. This study used sediment from
discharge points to deep sedimentation sites in the Byfjorden in Bergen, Norway and extracted
microplastic particles by density separation with Zinc Chloride in a Microplastic Sediment
Separator. Polymers and particles (> 10 im) were identified using Fourier Transform Infrared
Spectroscopy at the Biologische Anstalt Helgoland of the Alfred Wegener Institute. The highest
number of plastic particles (10-500 im) was ̃200000 kg-1 dry sediment at the discharge site
(KVR1). Distribution and deposition at stations ̃320 m deep, followed expected patterns for organic
deposits. The number of particles at deposition sites varied from 12000 to 71000 kg-1 dry sediment.
20 different polymer types were found in total, and 97% of the total particles were smaller than 100
im. The study demonstrates the capability to isolate, identify and quantify microplastic particles
from sediments, and to differentiate particles into size classes between 10-500 im. Particles > 500
im did not give a representative picture of the particle composition. Polyurethane resins (acrylates)
dominated small particles and polyamide fibers were most frequent among the larger particles. This
study is the first to report concentrations of identified plastic particles from a Norwegian fjord, down
to sizes below the limit of visual identification. The results provides a baseline for comparison for
future investigations. Acknowledgement: The authors thank RFFVest for funding through pre-
project RFFV#258890, project owner Bergen Kommune, and participating colleagues.
∗Speaker †Corresponding author: claudia.lorenz@awi.de ‡Corresponding author: sebastian.primpke@awi.de
§Corresponding author: gunnar.gerdts@awi.de
Keywords: Sediment, polymer, quantification, i, FTIR, Distribution
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The role of bioturbation in distributing secondary

microplastics in soft marine sediments
Pinja Näkki ∗ 1,2, Outi Setälä 1, Maiju Lehtiniemi 1
1 Finnish Environment Institute, Marine Research Centre – Mechelininkatu 34a, FI-00251 Helsinki, Finland 2
Tvärminne Zoological Station, University of Helsinki – J.A. Palménin tie 260, FI-10900 Hanko, Finland
Recent studies around the world show that high concentrations of microplastics are accu-
mulating to seafloors. When deposited to the sediment surface, these particles may eventually get
suspended back to the water column, buried under constantly settling new material, or transported
deeper within the sediment column by bioturbation caused by benthic animal activities, such as
feeding and burrowing. We studied the role of bioturbation in redistributing secondary microplastics
from the sediment surface to deeper layers of sediment, and vice versa, from different sediment
layers towards the sediment surface. These two mesocosm experiments were conducted with
environmentally relevant concentrations of secondary microplastic fragments, which represented
different materials (nylon and acrylonitrile butadiene styrene) and sizes (from 100 im to > 500 im).
Common benthic macroinvertebrates in the northern Baltic Sea (clam Limecola balthica, polychaete
Marenzelleria spp., amphipod Monoporeia affinis) were used as bioturbators. Our results show that
bioturbation plays an important role in transporting microplastics deeper in the sediment column,
but does not markedly promote the return of buried microplastics to the sediment surface. Hence,
the net transport of microplastics in the northern Baltic Sea sediments appears to be downwards,
further supporting the idea of seafloors being the final sinks for microplastics. L. balthica was the
only species ingesting microplastics in both studies, and the probability of ingestion seemed to
decrease with the increasing sediment depth indicating that the burial of microplastics can lower the
exposure to species feeding on the sediment surface.
Keywords: seafloor, secondary microplastic, bioturbation, Baltic Sea, invertebrate, ingestion
∗Speaker
Assessing the overlap between plastics in seafloor

habitats and ingested in species
Carme Alomar ∗† 1, Beatriz Guijarro , Salud Deudero
Microplastic ingestion has already been identified in fish and shark species around the
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Mediterranean Sea (Fossi et al., 2018). More specifically, demersal species such as Galeus melas-
tomus and Mullus surmuletus have been recorded to ingest microplastics with an occurrence
varying between 17% and 27% (Alomar et al., 2017a,b). At a regional and local scale, some marine
species have been proposed as bioindicators of marine litter contamination (Fossi et al., 2018). To
study spatial trends of seafloor plastic as well as its impact on marine biota, integrated data from
both ingestion occurrence in species and presence of plastic in habitats should be considered. In this
sense a spatial overlap between seafloor plastic and plastic ingestion in marine organisms has been
calculated for different depths around the Balearic Islands. A total of 44 experimental scientific
bottom trawl hauls were carried out during spring. For each haul, plastic was quantified and a total
of 54 species corresponding to the same bottom trawl hauls were analyzed for plastic ingestion.
Natural factors such as submarine geomorphol- ogy, geographical settings and bathymetric
stratification varied according to study areas as well as abiotic factors (fishing intensity, maritime
traffic). Preliminary results showed that plastic abundance was higher in the west of the Balearic
Islands and that areas exposed to higher anthropogenic activities, such as fishing, do reflect a higher
overlap between seafloor plastics and ingestion occurrence in species (Figure 1). In addition, depths
between 200 and 500 m had highest quantities of plastics which might have important ecological
implications for key species living at these depths. Results from this study allow detecting species
and habitats (mud, sand, maërl, rhodophytes, crinoids) more exposed and vulnerable to marine litter
pollution.
Keywords: macroplastics, seafloor, species, ingestion
∗Speaker †Corresponding author: carmen.alomar@ieo.es
Current data does not confirm that deep sea sediments

are the final sink for all microplastics. A meta-
analysis.
Gabriel Erni Cassola ∗ 1
1 University of Warwick [Coventry] – Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
Plastics pollute marine environments at a global scale and occur in a wide range of sizes, mainly
in the form of microplastics. In the ocean, abiotic degradation is limited and biodegradation is not
likely to occur at significant rates, leading to the accumulation of this persistent pollutant. Despite
growing plastic production and discharge into the environment, researchers have struggled to detect
the predicted increases of marine plastic debris in sea surfaces, which has sparked discussions about
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”missing plastics” and final sinks. The sinking of microplastics and eventual deposition into subtidal
and deep-sea sediments has been hypothesized as a potential mechanism for plastic removal from
sea surfaces. Here we show that this hypothesis was not confirmed after comparing the relative
abundance of common polymer types from published surveys of different sampling locations. We
found that, while intertidal and shallow subtidal areas (median depth 17.25 m) harbored similar
proportions of synthetic polymer types, open oceans showed a clear segregation of plastics through
the water column (i.e.surface, water column and deep-sea sediments). Polyethylene and
polypropylene, both buoyant polymers (i.e.less dense than seawater) and among the most commonly
manufactured plastic materials, dominated sea surface samples but decreased in abundance in the
water column and were almost absent in deep-sea sediments, suggesting that deep ocean sediments
are not the sink for these polymers. Despite the necessity to harmonize sampling and analytical
methods, this meta-analysis demonstrates that microplastics segregate between sampling areas
depending on the density of the polymeric material, and further research is required in order to
determine the ultimate fate of two of the most abundant and recalcitrant synthetic polymers that
pollute our oceans.
Keywords: microplastic, sinks, fate, distribution
∗Speaker
Do microplastics in marine sediments affect inbenthic

organisms?
Ketil Hylland ∗ 1, Agathe Bour 2,1
1 AQUA, Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo – PO Box 1066, Blindern, N-0316 Oslo, Norway 2 current
address: Department of Biology and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg – PO Box 463 SE405 30
Göteborg, Sweden
There is a huge discrepancy between the amount of plastics known to be introduced to the
oceans and what can be accounted for in the water column. It is generally thought that most of the
lacking plastics end up in marine sediments. It is therefore critical to clarify whether and how
sediment-dwelling organisms are affected by plastics in sediment. Such assessment need to take into
account modes of feeding and the life history of inbenthic organisms. This presentation will review
existing knowledge including recent studies with a subsurface deposit- feeding bivalve, Ennucula
tenuis, and a surface deposit feeder, Abra nitida. the available data suggest that particle densities
currently found in coastal areas may affect the health of inbenthic organisms.
Keywords: marine sediment, microplastics, energy allocation, feeding mode. ∗Speaker
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Tracing microplastics in aquatic environments based

on sediment analogies
Kristina Enders ∗† 1, Andrea Käppler 2, Oliver Biniasch 3, Nicole Stollberg 1, Dieter
Fischer 2, Klaus-Jochen Eichhorn 2, Falk Pollehne 1, Sonja Oberbeckmann 1,
Matthias Labrenz 1
1 Leibniz Institute for Baltic Sea Research Warnemünde (IOW) – Seestraße 15, 18119 Rostock, Germany 2 Leibniz
Institute for Polymer Research Dresden (IPF) – Hohe Str. 6, 01069 Dresden, Germany 3 Leibniz Institute for
Agricultural Engineering and Bioeconomy (ATB) – Max-Eyth-Allee 100, 14469 Potsdam, Germany
Current projections of microplastics (MP) dispersal and deposition are subject to large in-
accuracies. The mismatch between predicted and recovered MP numbers and with that the plastic’s
physical fate in the aquatic environment, has not yet been solved. We demonstrate the existence of
analogies in distribution pattern between specific MP types and natural sediment composition, both
being similarly influenced by hydrodynamic forcing. This study quantified and spectroscopically
identified MP (≥ 500 im) in sediments of the Warnow estuary (southern Baltic Sea) and correlated
MP distribution to hydrodynamic parameters and the effect of local sources. Significant
correlations between specific sediment grain size classes and MP fractions were found, implying
that MP distribution patterns can be largely deduced from simple sedimentological data, building
upon the large knowledge reservoir of sediment transport mechanisms. Median grain size was the
most accurate proxy obtained for high-density MP (r=-0.9, p< 0.001). Low-density particulate
polymers showed a more complex distribution behaviour and require further research. The MP-
sediment relationship in transport deposition behaviour exhibited an offset in size by averagely one
order of magnitude, equating density differences with size. Based on sediment trap efficiencies the
studied estuary potentially constitutes a permanent geographic sink to a substantial fraction of MP.
Comparing complementary data from other studies revealed an influence of spatio-temporal
connectivity of the system studied on the measure of fit. Spatial occurrences of type-specific MP
were related to their corresponding place of emittance and served as a local source indicator; a
waste water treatment plant and harbours, were identified. The importance of granulometric
normalisation to eliminate hydrodynamic variabilities is highlighted, so that anthropogenic
influences, over space and time can be determined. Thus, a close look at sediment distribution maps
is of importance prior to sampling and during data interpretation when assessing an area’s MP
pollution level.
Keywords: sediment grain size, proxy analysis, normalisation, microplastic trap efficiency, source backtracking, FTIR &
Raman microspectroscopy, plastic cycle, anthropocene
∗Speaker †Corresponding author: kristina.enders@io-warnemuende.de
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November 22nd – Panel 16.2: 10h30' - 12h30'

(AGH), Panel chaired by TBD
A holistic approach to address plastic pollution on a

local scale - The Roskilde Fjord case
Kristian Syberg ∗ 1, Claudia Sick† 2, Jakob Strand‡ 3
1 Roskilde University – Universitetsvej 1, 4000 Roskilde,, Denmark 2 Plastic Change – Denmark 3 Aarhus University
[Aarhus] – Nordre Ringgade 1 DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
Plastic pollution largely stems from peoples everyday use of plastic. This implies that even
though the pollution has a magnitude where is can be characterized as a global problem, the main
sources are found locally. Local solution can therefore play a dominant role in our efforts to change
the current consumption patterns towards more sustainable use of plastic and thus reduce the
environmental impact of plastic pollution. In the 3-year project presented here, we addressed local
plastic pollution with a holistic and interdisciplinary approach in semi-closed estuarine water body –
Roskilde Fjord, Denmark. The aim of the project was to characterize the magnitude, composition
and impact of plastic pollution in the fjord along with dominant exposure routes to the water body.
The project furthermore worked with local stakeholders, including citizens, authorities and
wastewater treatment plants with the aim of identifying suitable solutions to the plastic pollution.
The interdisciplinary approach, drawing upon science, social science and humanities generated a
comprehensive understanding of pollution patterns and potential impacts and furthermore initiated
different mitigation processes such a citizen science activities, political attention and enhanced focus
on point sources.
Keywords: Plastic pollution, citizen science, ecological impact, point sources, vector effects
∗Speaker †Corresponding author: cs@plasticchange.org ‡Corresponding author: jak@bios.au.dk
University Freshmen’s Conceptions about

Microplastics in Aquatic Ecosystems
Tabea Loermann 1, Franz Bogner ∗ 1
1 University of Bayreuth – University Campus, NW-1, Germany
Individual conceptions about a selected topic may originate in classroom learning or daily
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experiences, such as interactions with news and media. Consequently, individual ideas may not
follow scientifically correctness or even may be flawed. The latter situation are also referred to as
alternative or intuitive conceptions (Calik & Ayas 2005). The knowledge concerning alternative
conceptions of any teaching purpose is relevant in order to specifically promote the intended aspects
of lessons or modules (e.g. Franke & Bogner 2011; Franke & Bogner 2013; Fremerey, Liefländer,
Bogner 2014; Schmid & Bogner, 2018). Currently, the topic of microplastics is a frequent issue in
the general public. Almost on a daily basis new contributions feed discussions. Thus, a solid
knowledge about conceptions would help to clarify fine-tune efforts for module plans and that is
why we applied a first survey about conceptions. Respondents were freshmen who successfully has
passed secondary schools (age 19-20 years). They were asked to explain the term microplastic, to
describe its origin and to label potential sources in households as well as to indicate its occurrence
in aquatic ecosystems. Finally, the respondents should assess the potential danger of microplastics.
This study is part of the three-year BMBF-project PLAWES which monitors microplastic con-
tamination in a broad scientific approach at the model region Weser - Wattenmeer National Park
(Germany). One specific work package concentrates on the issue of communication: a) to record
and categorize conceptions of pupils and adolescents; b) to incorporate the extracted conception
architecture into teaching efforts as well as to develop exemplarily appropriate educations modules.
Finally, c) to feed a teaching-learning internet portal mainly for science teacher but also make it
available to the general public. Our presentation demonstrate first results mainly to a) and b) which
currently are in depth analyzed.
Keywords: conception, adolescents, scientifically correct. intuitive conceptions
∗Speaker
Principe Island UNESCO Biosphere Reserve -

Towards a plastic free Island in 2020
Miguel Clüsener-Godt 1, Antonio D. Abreu ∗1
1 UNESCO (UNESCO) – UNESCO – Paris, France
Following the launching in 2014 of the campaign: ”No Plastic, a Small Gesture is in Our
Hands”, around 1 million plastic bottles were collected in Príncipe Island UNESCO Biosphere
Reserve (Democratic Republic of S ̃ao Tomé & Príncipe, Gulf of Guinea) and exchanged by
reusable Biosphere Bottles. Awareness and capacitation in schools and communities lead to a
significant engagement and impact with the delivery of 7000 Biosphere bottles, within a population
accounting to 8.000 inhabitants, during the 3 years of the Water & Recycle Project. The collected
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plastic was compacted and exported for recycling and/or valorisation in Portugal. The Water &
Recycle Change is an initiative promoted by Príncipe Island UNESCO Biosphere Reserve as the
result of a partnership between the Regional Government of Príncipe Autonomous Region,
UNESCO’s MAN and Biosphere Programme, The Spanish Ministry of Agriculture, Food and
Environment and the HBD Group.
Within the Scientific Expedition BioPríncipe 2016, aiming to assess and mapping marine and
coastal habitats and biodiversity of Príncipe Island, microplastic surveys were conducted on the
beaches of Príncipe Island, providing a first assessment of its contents in sediments.
In 2016 the project evolved towards a more comprehensive integration of waste management,
leading to the introduction of glass recycling and compost production.
Next steps will include legislation that will be produced by the Regional Government and Parlia-
ment with arrangements to eradicate the introduction of one-time use plastic in Príncipe Island
leading to the major goal to bring Príncipe as a ”plastic free” island by 2020.
Keywords: biosphere reserves, Principe Island, plastic free island, UNESCO
∗Speaker †Corresponding author: antoniodabreu@gmail.com
”OceanWise - Promoting social change”

Flávia Silva ∗ 1, Lia Vasconcelos 2, José Carlos Ferreira 2, Ricardo Resende 2
1 Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, Faculty of Science and Technology - NOVA University of Lisbon –
Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, DCEA, 2829-516 - Caparica, Portugal, Portugal 2 Marine and Environmental
Sciences Centre, Faculty of Science and Technology - NOVA University of Lisbon – Portugal
Expanded polystyrene (EPS) products entail great risks for marine environment, and the
common presence on EU Atlantic coasts is an issue that needs to be addressed. Large amounts of
objects derived from this material can be found on beaches, as small plastic/polystyrene pieces
constitute 30% of total items, according to OSPAR beach monitoring surveys. EPS composition
greatly contributes for the problem at hand since its weight/volume ratio is very small and the
product itself is non-biodegradable, thus it easily fragments into microplastics that persist in the
marine environment. Considering these, OceanWise project aims to develop a set of long-term
measures to address the impacts of EPS products in the North-East Atlantic Ocean. It is intended
to generate new and best practices within sectors using, manufacturing or recycling EPS, supported
by resource-efficiency, participatory methods and Circular Economy principles. To prosecute these
objectives, a consortium composed of 13 partners from 5 European countries (Portugal, Spain,
Ireland, France and United Kingdom) was created, uniting national governmental agencies re-
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sponsible for marine environment, waste management and recycling companies, and academics.
Therefore, the challenge implies identifying EPS products more likely to reach the marine en-
vironment, explore plausible options to achieve better environmental outcomes within different
sectors, engage producer and designer communities on the sustainability of specific applications
exploring more circular models, and develop CE-oriented methodologies to assess new opportu-
nities, barriers and policy options. A strong component of this project is based on the mobilization
of stakeholders. OceanWise will explore methodologies of emancipatory participation, enhancing
interaction and collaboration between people from various sectors that hold an interest on the
project’s objectives. By involving and engaging stakeholders from various backgrounds of the
society, it is expected to not only raise awareness but also promote social change towards the use of
EPS products.
Keywords: EPS, marine environment, stakeholders engagement, North, East Atlantic, circular economy
∗Speaker
“Less Plastic more Mediterranean”: a Research and

Awareness campaign in the Mediterranean Sea.
Francesca Garaventa∗1, Serena Maso2, Pasquale Alborino2, Carlo Giacomo Avio3,
Elisa Costa1, Marco Faimali1, Chiara Gambardella1, Marica Mezzelani3, Silvia
Morgana1, Alessandro Nardi3, Lucia Pittura3, Francesco Regoli3, and Stefania
Gorbi3
1 National Research Council – Institute of Marine Sciences (CNR-ISMAR) – Italy; 2 Greenpeace, Rome, Italy – Italy 3
Università Politecnica delle Marche (UNIVPM) – Italy
In Summer 2017 the international tour ”LESS PLASTIC MORE MEDITERRANEAN” has
been carried out by GREENPEACE to gather direct data on plastic pollution and to inform public
opinion about this environmental emerging issue. During the Italian part of the tour an extended
microplastics (MPs) investigation was carried out: water samples were collected using both Manta
and Plankton nets (mesh size 330 and 200 im) from 17 sites along the Italian coasts, characterized
by different level of anthropogenic pressure (from ports, river mouths to MPAs). Moreover,
depending on the availability, marine organisms were also collected in collaboration with local
fishermen. Water analyses confirm MPs presence in all the stations with an average of 0,52
items/m3. The maximum value (3,56 items/m3) was observed in Portici (a highly stressed site) but
high MPs (2,2 items/m3) was even found in the Tremiti Islands MPA suggesting that these isolated
systems are subjected to water flow dynamics able to enrich local biodiversity but even to make
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pristine areas potential hot spot for MPs accumulation.

Organisms investigation pointed out that MPs ingestion is a widespread phenomenon in the
Tyrrhenian Sea with 25-30% of positive organisms on 201 analyzed; slight geographical differences
occurred in terms of size and typology of ingested particles (mainly PE, EVA and PP) and a no clear
relationships was observed between microplastic ingestion in different species and trophic position,
feeding strategy or habitat preference. A special focus is given to the results obtained on the Giglio
Island, where a significant recovery of microplastic pollution has been observed in fish (95% vs
35% of fish positive to the MP ingestion), three years after the Costa Concordia wreck removal. This
study underlining the importance of collaboration between the Research Institutions (involved in
European project on microplastics, i.e. JPI-Oceans) and the non-governmental organization such as
GREENPEACE.
Keywords: Mediterranean Sea, Giglio Island, microplastics, water, fish.
*Speaker
A social-ecological framework tackling plastic

pollution
Takuro Uehara∗ 1,2, Mateo Cordier † 2,3, Bethany Jorgensen 2,4, Juan Baztan 2,3
1 College of Policy Science, Ritsumeikan University – Osaka, Japan, Japan 2 Marine Sciences For Society – Spain 3
CEARC-UVSQ Université de Versailles St-Quentin-En-Yvelines , 11 Boulevard d’Alembert, 78280 Guyancourt, France
4 Cornell University – Ithaca, New York 14853, United States.
Since plastic’s invention for mass use in the 20th century, scientists and decision-makers have
now come to recognize plastic pollution as a global problem. Due to the complexity of the issue, a
holistic perspective is required to understand plastic contamination processes and find solutions. To
participate in the common effort towards such a perspective, we have developed a research protocol
using the social-ecological system concept (Berkes and Folke, 1998; Ostrom, 2009) following the
procedure developed by Schlüter et al. (2014). The procedure consists of (i) identifying a set of
relevant indicators, (ii) studying them to understand the processes involved in causes and
consequences of plastic pollution, (iii) identifying variables, concepts and relationships involved in
those processes in order to (iv) design a conceptual model and, in the end, to (v) build a formal
dynamic model to test plastic management scenarios in terms of potential ecological, social and
economic impacts on social-ecological systems. Our aim is to understand how the choice of plastic
management scenario influences social-ecological systems. In the dynamic model, we consider
delays between socio-economic causes and ecological consequences and their feedback impacts.
The reciprocal effects of social and economic inequities on plastic management measures are also
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considered. We give particular attention to plastic management measures that enable decoupling
between plastic pollution and socio-economic development, a necessary condition to achieve
sustainable social-ecological systems, including polycentric governance of plastic management
(Ostrom, 2010; Benkler, 2011).
Keywords: Social, ecological systems, Plastic, Pollution, Dynamic model, Governance
∗Corresponding author: ueharatakuro@gmail.com †Speaker
Plastic in the Environment – Sources, Sinks, Solutions

Ulf Stein ∗† 1, Doris Knoblauch 1
1 Ecologic Institute – Pfalzburger Str. 43/44, 10717 Berlin, Germany, Germany
The global challenge of tackling plastic litter has received increased international attention over
the last years. In particular the pressing issue of marine litter has been highlighted promi- nently in
action plans of both G7 (2015) and G20 (2017) as well as 2015 in the United Nations Sustainable
Development Goals (SDGs) in SDG 12.5 and 14.1. However, knowledge gaps on the environmental
impact of (micro-)plastics on aquatic ecosystems persist that impede implementing these agreed-
upon objectives. Taking this into account, the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research
(BMBF) set up the research focus Plastic in the Environment” in 2017. The research focus aims at
providing an overall picture of the environmental impact of plastics along the entire plastics
lifecycle from manufacturing to consumption and to disposal. In doing so, it seeks to assess
scientifically the problem of plastic waste in its entirety and to fill existing knowledge gaps. In
addition, concrete solutions to reduce the input of (micro-)plastics into the environment will be
identified and implemented. More than 100 institutions from science, industry and practice are
involved in what is currently the world’s largest research focus in the field of environmental impacts
of plastics. Between 2017 and 2021, a total of 18 joint projects and a scientific accompanying
project will be funded with around 35 million. The research focus covers five diverse issue areas
along the entire plastic lifecycle: green economy, consumption, recycling, freshwater ecosystems
and saltwater ecosystems. This holistic approach allows for a better understanding of the
environmental impacts of plastic waste from river basins to oceans. With 8 out of 18 projects being
in the area of freshwater ecosystems, the research focus puts special emphasis on increasing
knowledge on entry paths, dynamics and effects of microplastics in these ecosystems as well as on
possible ways of reducing them.
Keywords: Plastics, Microplastics, Freshwater, Marine, Plastic lifecycle
∗Speaker †Corresponding author: ulf.stein@ecologic.eu
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Putting the ‘Work’ back into Workshop – the

EPHEMARE stakeholder workshop on microplastics
in the marine environment
Kathrin Kopke ∗ 1, Sophie Power 1, Camilla Catarci Carteny† 2
1 MaREI Centre, ERI, University College Cork – MaREI Centre, at Beaufort Building, Environmental Research
Institute (ERI), University College Cork (UCC), Haulbowline Rd, Ringaskiddy, Co. Cork, Ireland, Ireland 2 SPHERE
Group, Department of Biology, University of Antwerp – Campus Groenenborger, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020
Antwerp, Belgium, Belgium
The JPI Oceans-funded EPHEMARE (Ecotoxicological Effects of Microplastics in Marine

Ecosystems) project invited 30 representatives from the fields of Industry, Research/Science and
Regulation/Policy to Antwerp, Belgium, on February 21st, 2018. The workshop showcased the
latest research findings on the topic, within the context of the existing and emerging EU regulatory,
policy, and legal landscape; identified future research questions considering all stakeholders’ needs;
and facilitated collaborative work to identify potential solutions - addressing adverse impacts of
microplastics on marine life - that are deemed effective and implementable. Workshop participants
learned about opportunities to provide scientific input on microplastics to the new cycle of
monitoring for the MSFD Task Group on Marine Litter, towards the implementation of the newly-
released Plastic Strategy, and the ECHA communication concerning REACH restrictions for
microplastics intentionally added in products. EPHEMARE scientists highlighted that detection of
micro- and nanoplastic effects may require dedicated approaches which are beyond the current
standard methods (e.g. effects on animal behaviour), and the need for En- vironmental Quality
Standards (EQS) for different size classes and types of plastics. The future direction of microplastic
research was discussed in break-out groups of five, and was reported back to the room. Finally,
groups worked together to formulate potential solutions to address adverse impacts of microplastics
on marine ecosystems. The workshop adapted the World Café method
(http://www.theworldcafe.com/), to create an environment fostering collaboration and inclusivity.
Workshop participants voted as individuals and anonymously on the in the group work, identified
potential solutions under the categories of perceived (a) effectiveness and (b) feasibility, to allow
expression of individual opinions. Outcomes of this workshop, such as the current state and the
future direction of microplastic research, were summarised in a briefing note, which has been
utilised to inform funding agencies and policymakers.
Keywords: stakeholder engagement, project workshop, science policy interface, science industry communication, future
research direction for micro, plastics
∗Speaker †Corresponding author: camilla.catarcicarteny@uantwerpen.be
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Panel chaired by Julie Forgues, Bettina Hutschek
and Lionel Jaffrès.
Communicating Plastic Pollution through Art
Swaantje Guentzel ∗ 1
1 Swaantje Güntzel / artist – Barnerstrasse 35 22765 Hamburg, Germany
For almost 10 years now the Hamburg based German artist Swaantje Güntzel (*1972) has been
dealing with the various facets of anthropogenic pollution of the oceans with an emphasis on
phenomena such as the Great Pacific Garbage Patch, the emergence of the plastisphere and
microplastics. She works conceptually across a range of different disciplines, much of her work is
inspired by scientific research based on ongoing collaborations with marine biologists all over the
world who provide Güntzel with data and material. One of the main focuses of her work is to is to
track down the origins of marine pollution and to bring them into public imagination. Her work
aims to give an impulse to the audience to question the state of their respective surrounding
environment, to analyze our polluting lifestyles overwhelming the natural world, its consequences
for marine life resulting therefrom and our inability to address this global problem. Through the
example of her work she will illustrate the possibilities but also the limits to raise awareness on
plastic pollution. She will talk about her experiences dealing with the different audiences that are
”confronted” with her artworks going from gallery visitors to unwitting participants of
performances presented in public space and the respective feedback.
Keywords: art, environmental art, awareness, microplastic, plastic pollution
∗Speaker
Simple Visuals = Powerful Messages = Real Change

Muntasir Mamun ∗ 1
1 The Ocean Conservancy – Washington, D.C., United States, United States
Debris is not local anymore and most of our watersheds, waterways, rivers and oceans are
getting land based pollutants by our habitual activity. Debris removal programs are often lead by
government organizations or nongovernment organization but in my study if integration is possible
among govt, corporate and local people, managing beaches and marine debris are way easier,
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effective and sustainable. Additionally, the quantity and quality of data can be more authentic and
can reduce removal efforts by implementing Smart Phones. This technology can indentify or locate
exact location of debris by beachgoers, dedicated volunteers or any other parties alike. Special
application (free to use and easily downloadable from multiple sites) developed for Android based
Smart Phones to indentify fixed and floating marine debris visible on the beaches and can be shown
on google earth/ map. Its helps cut down the cost of collection of debris.
A simple visuals of the trash can gradually unfold many different ways of our contribution to
micro debris. The human behavior of littering trash can identify a sudden or fundamental
transformation of economic, social, geo political and almost every aspect of our society. The
individual’s habit, behavior, experience and knowledge on the impact of their contribution can be
addressed by a simple method, visualization. It can generate and convey powerful message in a most
simplified form. Sometimes, we don’t need a lot of complex calculations to get a point across.
Honest, direct message can convinced critical mass to address the problem since they are the one
who contributes the max. This project involves discovering the human behavior on littering across
USA, from west to east coast. A 5000km long bicycle ride to aware how the waste that we generate
here can have a profound impact in places very far away.
Keywords: : Bangladesh, Cox’s Bazar, Android Smart Phones, Application, Google Map, citizen science, flock sourcing
∗Speaker
Marine Plastic Pollution in the Media: A Survey on

German Daily Newspapers 2007 – 2017
Ismeni Walter ∗ 1, Chantal Hoffmann
1 Ansbach University of Applied Sciences – Hochschule Ansbach Residenzstr. 8 91522 Ansbach, Germany
Marine plastic pollution has been a matter of scientific investigation for over four decades. In the
media, however, the attention to this subject raised only in the last few years. We analyzed the
quantity and quality of reports on marine plastic pollution in six German newspapers from 2007 to
2017 including the national ”Süddeutsche Zeitung” and ”taz” (”Tageszeitung”); two local
newspapers (”Hamburger Abendblatt”, ”Nürnberger Nachrichten”), one tabloid (”Express”) and one
professional journal (”VDI-Nachrichten of the Organization of German Engineers”). In total, 236
articles on the subject were detected within the evaluation period. Their number rose continuously
from as few as two articles in 2007 toward the maximum of 55 articles in 2017. The major increase
numbers appeared in 2013. The major topics were 1) projects/ideas to remove plastic from the sea,
2) general information on marine plastic pollution, 3) recycling and substitutes for plastic, 4)
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microplastics, 5) Plastic bags. Preferred journalistic genres were background stories (37%) followed
by reportages (24%) and news reports (23%). In general, all articles pointed out problems and
potential hazards associated with marine plastic pollution. However, until 2016 the numbers of
articles tending to be optimistic vs those being pessimistic was more or less balanced. ”Optimistic”
is defined as e.g. reports on research, projects, or initiatives aiming at practical or political solutions.
”Pessimistic” means describing the problem as hardly solvable. In 2017 twice as many articles had a
pessimistic view than an optimistic one Continuous increase in coverage is, supposedly, due to
constantly increasing public awareness. The peak as well as the ”change of tone” in 2017 might be
due to major events like the g7- summit of that year and the first ever UN Ocean Conference. Both
addressed marine plastic pollution but, according to some environmental groups, did not bring
about enough tangible measures.
Keywords: Marine Plastic Pollution, Media, Press Reports, coverage timeline
∗Speaker
Telling stories about (micro)plastic pollution: Media

images, public perceptions and social change
Lesley Henderson ∗ 1
1 Brunel University London – United Kingdom
Microplastic pollution is now in the public domain as an emerging issue of global concern
however there is little known about how this issue is framed within media reporting and also a
dearth of studies exploring public understandings of the issue. In this paper, we explore how ideas
about microplastics are mediated by culturally embedded notions of what is ‘risky’ or ‘healthy’.
Specifically, we explore the wider role of media in telling stories and creating ”frames of
understanding” about the environmental and health risks of (micro) plastics. This paper builds on a
unique interdisciplinary study at Brunel University London. The project involved eco- toxicologists,
sociologists, environmental scientists and natural history film makers and used the adventure
documentary film about the problem of single-use plastics, ’A Plastic Ocean’, Netflix, 2017 to
explore wider ideas about the problem. This project is the first to systematically analyse media
content (across 1 year, 2014-15) and we also used online deliberative survey tools involving a
nationally representative sample of the UK population to explore how people engage with media
stories about the topic. Additional rich qualitative data were generated in 6 focus group sessions
(involving water sports club members, arts students, community workers and young mothers living
on a budget). The paper concludes by highlighting how wider public perceptions of risk and health
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intersect with and may potentially also undermine messages regarding possible solutions to this
problem and how we must learn from previous studies of media, science and publics if we are to
develop culturally appropriate strategies to shape behaviour.
Keywords: media, trust, social change, public, science communication, popular media
∗Speaker
Marine Debris: art, science and education to awaken

environmental values
Ana Lacerda ∗† 1, Fábio Orleans 2, Milena Rizzi 1, Gabriel Barbosa 1, Fábio
Rodrigues 2, Clarisse Guedes 2, Eleonora Frenkel 2, Roseli Nery 2, Lizângela Torres
2, Maíra Proietti 1, Rita Patta Rache 2
1 Instituto de Oceanografia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande (FURG) – Av. Itália km 8 Bairro Carreiros, Rio
Grande, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil 2 Instituto de Letras e Artes, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande – Avenida Itália,
km 8 - Campus Carreiros, Brazil
A transdisciplinary dialogue between artists and researchers of the Rio Grande Federal Uni-
versity in Brazil allowed the unification of art and science to provoke sensibilization towards a
pressing environmental issue. A large itinerant structure was collectively built to artistically exhibit
the marine debris problem, with a special focus on the ”Plastisphere”. This structure consisted of a
bamboo geodesic covered with litter collected at a local beach, and inside the geodesic, visitors were
immersed in the universe of the Plastisphere, through the presentation of hanging images of
epiplastic organisms from microplastisc photographed with Scanning Electron Microscopy
(magnification up to 18,000x). The geodesic symbolizes a new consciousness that unites ecology
and sustainability; through it, we bring focus to the excessive waste produced by modern
consumption, that floods the oceans with trash. Surrounded by this waste that we generate, we
question our choices as a society. Images invite us to transit the micro and macroscopic, and
perceive the grave consequences of our neglect, from the smallest intangible particle to the
intolerable weight of litter, so useful as objects of desire and so useless when disposed of. Visitors
are reminded that all this waste carries life, and memory of life. The geodesic structure was shown
at a shopping mall, creating a contrasting environment within aseptic halls. It was presented in
Portuguese and sign language, with information written in English, Spanish and French, and
received hundreds of visitors. This is the first artistic-scientific initiative on the Plastisphere to ever
be exhibited in Brazil; the integration of arts and science should be further explored to increase
awareness on marine debris.
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Keywords: Marine litter, Environmental education

∗Speaker †Corresponding author: analuzialacerda@gmail.com
Consumer responses to single-use packaging

Sohvi Nuojua ∗ 1
1 University of Plymouth – Drake Circus, Plymouth PL4 8AA, United Kingdom, United Kingdom
Introduction. Plastic litter in the ocean is causing harm to the marine wildlife and ecosystems.
Singleuse food and beverage packaging items make up a large share of the marine plastic pollution.
These items are also a source of secondary microplastics as they break down into smaller fragments
over time. Packaging items accumulate in the ocean as a result of inappropriate disposal and spillage
from waste landfills. One source of the problem are unsustainable consumer decisions, as food and
beverage items packed in plastic that is often unrecyclable are being purchased daily. In order to
effect change in consumption behaviour it is important to understand what motivates purchasing
decisions. This study explored the perceptions and attitudes underlying consumer responses to
packaging. Of particular interest was to examine whether concern and passion for the ocean are
associated with preferences for ecological packaging.
Method. 60 students took part in a computer experiment in which their responses (willingness
to buy and affective reactions) to different beverage products were recorded. 24 pictures of bever-
ages with unique combinations of packaging recyclability (recyclable or non-recyclable), material
(plastic, glass, aluminium or carton) and content (water, orange juice or cola) were shown to all
participants. A survey measuring marine litter concern and ocean connectedness was also
administered. The data were analysed using linear mixed-effects models.
Results and Discussion: Recyclable packaging was rated higher for willingness to buy and pos-
itive affective reaction than non-recyclable packaging. Ratings for plastic and glass were higher than
those for aluminium or carton, but there was no difference between plastic and glass. Those with
higher marine litter concern and ocean connectedness differentiated more between recyclable and
non-recyclable packaging (Figure 1), whereas no similar interaction effects were found for ma-
terial. Thus, our passion for the ocean could potentially be harnessed to target and change
consumption behaviours.
∗Speaker
Keywords: packaging, plastic, single, use, recyclable, packaging material
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Microplastics and Medusae – Expeditions into H2O.

Art as a “mastic medium” to foster the
interdisciplinary exchange on plastic pollution of
aquatic environments.
Roman Kroke1
1Interdisciplinary Artist, lecturer at the Berlin University of the Arts (UdK)
In comparison to other means of mediation, what intrinsic value may be attributed to the arts as
a bridge of communication conveying scientific research to a broader public, for instance with
respect to fostering ecological awareness and impacting daily consumer habits? From a scientific
viewpoint, could the examination of artistic practice provide new impulses for thought processes
and serve as a catalyst for an experimental exploration of new methodologies? In reverse, what
discoveries could artists make with respect to their creative language by immersing themselves in
the world of micro-science?
Since 2016, Roman Kroke has been exploring these questions starting with several research
travels through France and Germany exchanging with scientists currently invested in the topic of
microplastics. He also met up with contemporary philosophers working on the element "water", the
materiality of “plastic” as well as the concepts of "sustainable development" and "responsible
citizenship”. Topics of particular interest: the relationships between "fragility and responsibility",
"the visible and the invisible", "interiority and exteriority", "man and matter" as well as the
"evolving polarity between the natural and the artificial".
In the lecture, Roman Kroke will provide an evaluative overview of his interdisciplinary projects
realized on the basis of this research: (1.) A series of drawings in which scientific, philosophical and
literary sources enter into a metaphorical dialogue about the topic of microplastics; (2.) An artistic-
scientific “hybrid-seminar” directed for a mixed group of students of the Berlin University of the
Arts and the Technical University Berlin – in partnership with 13 German laboratories specialized
in the research on microplastics ; the artworks created in this seminar will have their exhibition
première as part of the festival “The Universal Sea – Pure or Plastic?!“ in Budapest (October 2018);
(3.) A workshop for high-school students realized as part of the international scientific colloquium
EcoBIM 2018 (University of Bordeaux, France).
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Panel chaired by Arnaud Huvet.
Microplastics: an unexplored journey inside zebrafish

embryos
Camilla Carla Parenti ∗ 1, Anna Ghilardi 1, Camilla Della Torre 1,2, Stefano Magni
1,2, Gianmaria Calisesi 3, Andrea Bassi 3, Luca Del Giacco 1, Andrea Binelli 1,2
1 Department of Biosciences, University of Milan – Via Celoria 26, 20133 Milan, Italy 2 Society of Environmental
Toxicology and Chemistry (SETAC) Europe Italian Branch – Italy 3 Fondazione Politecnico di Milano – Piazza
Leonardo da Vinci, 32, 20133 Milano, Italia, Italy
Problems related to microplastics (MPs) and their toxic effects on aquatic organisms are
currently in the eye of the storm. Among all discussions, a crucial issue still remains mostly
unresolved: once being ingested, where do MPs go? This preliminary study aims to investigate the
MPs’ journey inside zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos exposed at 72 hours post-fertilization (hpf)
until 120 hpf to 50 mg/L of virgin polystyrene microbeads with a diameter of 0.5 im. First of all, we
selected the advanced microscopy technique more suitable for our purposes among light sheet
microscopy, two-photon excitation microscopy and confocal microscopy (Figure 1). Finally, we
decided to use confocal microscopy on cryostat sections to evaluate not only the ingestion of MPs,
but mainly their possible tissues infiltration. Moreover, a suite of biomarkers was applied to evaluate
toxic effects of MPs on the embryos. The oxidative stress was assessed by the analysis of protein
carbonyl content (PCC) and the activity of antioxidant/detoxifying enzymes (GST, CAT, GPx and
SOD), while the activation of the detoxification system was assessed through the analysis of P-gp
transporter efflux.
Our data clearly proved the MPs’ uptake, distinctly showing beads inside the gastrointestinal
tract, with some of them apparently migrating to other tissues, with potential cellular and molecular
consequences. Biomarkers analysis revealed effects of MPs, suggesting the activation of zebrafish
embryos defence system. Although still preliminary, our results highlight the need of more
deepened investigation on MPs infiltration and consequent potential toxicological effects, for
instance with longer exposure times and measuring different endpoints. This study represents the
first step of a wider project, that will be also aimed to the evaluation of MPs’ potential Trojan horse
effect when in presence of other environmental pollutants.
Keywords: Microplastics, zebrafish, advanced microscopy, toxicity, biomarkers
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∗Speaker
Differential effects of pollutant-spiked microplastics

on two model fish, zebrafish and marine medaka
Bettie Cormier ∗† 1,2, Florane Le Bihanic 2, Sarah Zapata 2, Steffen Keiter 1, Marie-
Laure Bégout 3, Xavier Cousin 4,5, Jérôme Cachot 2
1 MTM Research Center, University of akultetsgatan 1, 701 82 Sweden 2 UMR CNRS 5805 (EPOC) – UMR5805
EPOC, University of Bordeaux, Pessac, France – France 3 Ifremer, Laboratoire Ressources Halieutiques – Institut
Français de Recherche pour l’Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER) – France 4 Laboratoire de Physiologie et Génomique
des Poissons – Institut national de la recherche agronomique (INRA) – Campus de Beaulieu, Bâtiment 16A, 35042
Rennes Cedex, France 5 Laboratoire des Ressources Halieutiques – Institut Français de Recherche pour l’Exploitation
de la Mer (IFREMER) – Station de La Rochelle, Place Gaby Coll, BP 7, 17137 L’Houmeau, France
The growing production of plastics increased the amount of debris in aquatic ecosystems. Their
degradation leads to the emission of microplastics (MPs) in the environment. Virgin plastic
polymers (industrial plastic) are, in principle, biologically inert and thus non-toxic. However, plastic
production includes additives (plasticizers, colorants or fire retardants) that can be toxic. In addition
to the potential toxicity caused by plastic additives, MPs offer a surface where many pollutants can
adsorb, including persistent organic pollutants. In the marine environment, such chemicals can be
found at the surface layer, where low-density microplastics are most abundant as well. Accumulation
of MPs in aquatic ecosystems became an emerging problematic, but the toxicity of MPs for wildlife
is poorly understood. Therefore, objectives of the present study were to investigate the possible
toxicity of virgin MPs and the same MPs spiked with environmental concentrations of organic
pollutants (PFOS, BaP or oxybenzone). Embryo-larval stages (non- protected stages according to
regulation) of two teleost fish models were exposed to virgin and spiked MPs to evaluate the
influence of exposure duration and water salinity:
• zebrafish (Danio rerio): freshwater and short development (96 hpf, at 26◦C)
• marine medaka (Oryzias melastigma): marine water and long development (13 dpf, at 26◦C).
Acute toxicity (survival, hatching rate), biometry, genotoxicity, in vivo EROD activity, and
locomotor activity (photo-motor response, PMR) were investigated to characterize the potential
toxicity of MPs.
No toxicity was observed using zebrafish embryos and larvae exposed to virgin or spiked MPs,
but sub-lethal effects such as delayed hatching or hypoactivity were observed using marine medaka
exposed to spiked MPs. In parallel, the same experiment using environmental MPs from Guadalupe
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was conducted on zebrafish embryos and larvae, but no toxicity was found. These results suggest
that a longer exposure is likely required to assess toxicity of MPs and associated pollutants.
∗Speaker †Corresponding author: bettie.cormier@u-bordeaux.fr
Keywords: Zebrafish, marine medaka, early life stage exposure, embryotoxicity, microplastics (MPs), organic pollutants
Contamination of the ichtyofauna by the microplastics

in the catches of some species in the southern
Cameroon coast
David Mboglen ∗ 1
1 INSTITUTE OF AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH FOR DEVELOPMENT, SPECIALIZED RESEARCH CENTRE FOR
MARINE ECOSYSTEMS – P.O.Box 2123, Cameroon
Aquatic environments are increasingly subject to pollution, especially plastics. The pollution of
the marine environment by plastic materials is increasing; the quantities produced today are 170
times higher than it was 60 years ago. It is estimated that nearly 10% of this plastic is poured into
the oceans where it accumulates without being degraded. Fragmentation of plastic debris leads to
the formation of microplastics which are likely to be ingested by aquatic fauna. The objective of this
study is to determine the presence and abundance of plastic debris in the catches of Pseudotolithus
senegalensis, Pseudotolithus typus and Ethmalosa fimbriata in the dockyard of Londji and Mboa-
manga in the Southern Cameroon region. In the context of increased plastic production, the
implications will be that of the presence of microplastics on the feed of marine fish which will
definitely corresponds to a modification of the diet composition and the trophic ethology of
Pseudotolithus senegalensis, Pseudotolithus typus and Ethmalosa fimbriata. It is in this context that,
372 fish were sampled at the dockyard of Londji and Mboa-manga respectively in Kribi I and Kribi
II districts. The stomach contents of all samples were treated and examined according to the method
described by Collard et al (2015) and then examined under a microscope. The results indicate that
the trophic ethology of the fish sampled, particularly in adults who confuse them with their natural
feed. From this conclusion, it’s possible to think that all the ichthyofauna caught along the coast of
Cameroon are prone to contamination by ingestion of microplastics. Further research should make it
possible to identify the consequences of this pollution on marine organisms, but also on other
pollutants present on plastics in general.
Keywords: Food composition, ichthyofauna, marine pollution, microplastics
∗Speaker
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Effects of small-sized plastics in marine organisms:

mussels and fish
Mariana Teles ∗† 1,2, Irene Brandts ‡ 2, Manuel Martins 3, Lluís Tort 2, Miguel
Oliveira 3
1 Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigaç ̃ao Marinha e Ambiental – Porto, Portugal 2 Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona
– Bellaterra, Spain 3 University of Aveiro – Aveiro Portugal, Portugal
The existence of small-sized plastic waste, such as microplastics and nanoplastics (NPs) in the
marine environment and its potential impact on aquatic life has recently become a major concern
due to the large quantity of plastic debris released in coastal areas. The present study aimed to
evaluate the effects of NPs on two of the most commercially important species in the Mediterranean
area, Mytilus galloprovincialis (Mediterranean mussel) and Dicentrarchus labrax (European
seabass). As edible species, they may represent an important route of entry of small- sized plastics
into humans. For that purpose two experiments were carried out and mussels or fish were exposed
during 96 h to a concentration range of nanoplastics (polystyrene and polymethylmethacrylate).
Results showed that in mussels, the exposure to 0.5 mg/L NPs induced an increase in the total
oxidative status in the digestive gland. Increased total antioxidant capacity and esterase activity were
observed for 50 mg/L, in digestive glands and gills, respectively. NPs exposure also induced an
inhibition of cholinesterase activity and genotoxicity in hemolymph. Moreover, lipid peroxidation
was observed in the digestive gland for 0.05 mg/L exposure, showing that NPs can induce
oxidative damage at low levels. The present study demonstrated that NPs, even at low
concentrations, led to alterations on the assessed mussels’ endpoints. Concern- ing results in fish, it
was observed an alteration on molecular signaling pathways related to lipid metabolism, as well as
alterations in biochemical endpoints, such as decreased esterase activity, suggesting that the fish’s
immune system might be compromised by exposure to NPs. Present results suggest that NPs may
represent a hazard to marine species.
Keywords: Nanoplastics, marine environment, mussels, fish, gene expression
∗Speaker †Corresponding author: mteles0@gmail.com ‡Corresponding author: irene.brandts@gmail.com
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Physiological consequences of chronic exposure of

marine medaka to microplastics
Florane Le Bihanic 1, Bettie Cormier 1,2, Francesco Misurale 3, Lucette Joassard 4,
Steffen Keiter 2, Jérôme Cachot 1, Marie-Laure Begout 5, Xavier Cousin ∗ 4,6,7
1 EPOC, Bordeaux University – 2 UMR5805 MTM, EPOC, University of Bordeaux, Pessac, France – France.
University – Sweden 3 Istituto di Science Marine - ISMAR (Italy) – CNR-ISMAR, Via de Marini 6, 16149 Genova, Italy,
Italy 4 Laboratoire Ressources Halieutiques de La Rochelle – Institut Français de Recherche pour l’Exploitation de la
Mer (IFREMER) – Place Gaby Coll, 17137 L’Houmeau, France 5 Laboratoire des Ressources Halieutiques de La
Rochelle – Institut Français de Recherche pour l’Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER) – Place Gaby Coll, 17137
L’Houmeau, France 6 Génétique Animale et Biologie Intégrative – Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique :
UMR1313, AgroParisTech – Domaine de Vilvert F-78252 Jouy-en-Josas, France 7 UMR MARBEC - L3AS – Institut
Français de Recherche pour l’Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER) – France
Occurrence of microplastics (MPs) in fish digestive tract varies among species but can reach
75% of the individuals. Toxicity of MPs remain poorly understood/known and can be of physical
or chemical origin. Chemical toxicity can be intrinsic (additives) or extrinsic (adsorbed pollutants),
the importance of the later still being debated compared to other sources. We have performed long-
term trophic exposures of marine medaka (O. melastigma) to MPs (polyethylene 11-13im) either
virgin or adsorbed with environmental concentrations of organic pollutants (PFOS, BaP or
benzophenone-3 (BP3)). MPs were spiked in diet at 1% w/w. Exposure started at first feeding and
lasted 4.5 months. Molecular (genotoxicity, oxidative stress, endocrine status) and individual
(survival, growth and reproduction, behaviour) variables were monitored throughout exposure. We
observed:
• No evidence of genotoxicity or oxidative stress
• A decrease in female growth of all MP conditions
• A delay in reproduction onset and a decrease in reproduction output of medaka exposed to
MP-PFOS and MP-BP3
• In the case of MP-PFOS, this was associated to an increase in circulating estradiol con-
centration in both females and males.
These results suggest that life-long exposure to MPs can trigger physiological disruptions in fish
which may impair recruitment and population sustainability.
∗Speaker
Keywords: organic pollutants, fish, physiology, reproduction, behaviour
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Investigating marine litter in remote Arctic Islands

Eelco Leemans ∗ 1
1 Clean Arctic Alliance – Amsterdam, Netherlands
From 31 May – 7 June 2017 Eelco Leemans and Wouter Jan Strietman investigated the litter
washed up on remote beaches in the Arctic. Mostly pieces of plastic, fishing nets and rope were
found there. Information about the origins of the litter is crucial for effective measures at the source.
On Jan Mayen, the most remote island in the North-Atlantic Ocean, the total number of litter items
on a 100 meter stretch of beach was 575, while this amount reached 876 items on Svalbard. In
comparison, the average number of litter items on Dutch beaches is 375 per 100m beach.
An important part of the encountered beach litter is related to the various kinds of fisheries
taking place around Jan Mayen, Svalbard and the Barents Sea. Another part is transported by
currents from Europe or Siberia, or comes from melting pack ice. On some beaches there was still
some ice or snow, so the total amount of litter may well be higher than the actual count.
The survey was based on international monitoring guidelines, whereby the amount and types of
litter is analysed over a stretch of 100 m beach. With this analysis and through dedicating the
sources of litter, stakeholders and governments can take measures to reduce the plastic pollution in
the Arctic. Plastic litter in the Oceans has negative effects on the vulnerable Arctic ecosystem:
animals become entangled in nets and ropes or eat plastic and ingest endocrine disruptors. Based on
discussions with local stakeholders, there is a need for further research into the exact sources of
litter on the beaches of Svalbard and Jan Mayen, in particular on unsurveyed beaches. The
researchers see possibilities in cooperation with these parties, Norwegian researchers and the Dutch
government to roll out a source-based approach.
Keywords: Arctic Svalbard Jan Mayen
∗Speaker
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November 22nd – Panel 18.1: 16h30 - 18h30

(AGH), Panel chaired by Tania Montoto.
LITTERBASE: An Online Portal for Marine Litter

and Microplastics and Their Impacts for Marine Life
Mine B. Tekman 1, Melanie Bergmann 1, Lars Gutow 1, Corina Peter ∗† 1
1 Alfred Wegener Institute Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research – Germany
Plastic pollution of the oceans is a global problem, which currently receives increasing atten-
tion by policy makers, public authorities, media and the general public. Although this field has
recently seen a marked increase in research efforts, there is a level of uncertainty, misinformation
and worry in the general public indicating that scientific knowledge is currently insufficiently
channelled back to society. To bridge this gap, we devised an online portal, LITTERBASE (lit-
terbase.org), which provides continuously updated information on the global distribution and
composition of litter pollution and its impacts on biota to stakeholders based on data from peer-
reviewed publications. To date, data from 1,725 studies (status April 2018) have been extracted, fed
manually into a database and translated into understandable global maps and infographs to open
scientific knowledge to the public. Bibliometric data of all publications were entered, as were
metadata pertaining to litter type (e.g. plastic, glass, metal, fishing gear), size (i.e. nano, micro,
macro), litter quantity unit (e.g. items km-2, items km-1, items m3), aquatic system (e.g. marine,
freshwater, estuary), biome (e.g. beach, sea surface, water column, benthic) and total litter quantity.
Litter quantities were standardised to the most frequently used units to achieve comparability. Data
on biological interactions with litter were also extracted: location of field records, number of species
affected, percentage of individuals affected, type of interaction incurred (e.g. entanglement,
ingestion, coverage, rafting), effects on biota (e.g. injury, mortality, growth, behaviour), litter type,
size, aquatic system and biome. Accordingly, 1,472 taxa (status April 2018) have been found to
interact with marine litter. Here, we will discuss the use of LITTERBASE with a focus on
microplastic distribution, particularly in terms of unveiling our blind spots.
Keywords: database, macrolitter, microplastics, effects, knowledge transfer
∗Speaker †Corresponding author: litterbase@awi.de
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Lessons from the past: Using Machine Learning to

mine the literature for past observations of marine
litter
Erik Van Sebille ∗ 1, Corey Harper 2, Melanie Bergmann 3, Lars Gutow 4, Mine B.
Tekman 5
1 Utrecht University [Utrecht] – Heidelberglaan 8, 3584 CS Utrecht, Netherlands 2 Elsevier Labs – New York, United
States 3 Alfred Wegener Institute Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research – Germany 4 Alfred Wegener
Insitute Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research (AWI) – Am Handelshafen 12 27570 Bremerhaven, Germany
5 Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research – 27570 Bremerhaven, Germany
The past few years have seen a rapid increase in the number of scientific publications reporting
on the prevalence of plastic litter in the marine environment. For a full picture of the distribution of
this plastic litter, and in order to do meta-analysis, it is important to combine these observations into
one large dataset. There have been targeted programs to do literature searches on marine litter in
specific parts of the system, such as the surface ocean or within the guts of certain taxa or regions.
There are also attempts to combine all observations of plastic into one large database structure; the
LITTERBASE at AWI being the most well-known of these. However, maintaining this database, and
expanding it with newly published research is a significant task. Furthermore, it is near-unfeasible to
go through the entire back-catalogue of scientific publications on the topic to find any observations
of marine litter.
Here, we present a new project to use Machine Learning and Natural Language Processing to
automatically mine the past (and newly published) literature for any observations of marine plastic.
The algorithm is trained with the curated entries from LITTERBASE as gold standard. Meta-data
such as location, units and method are automatically parsed and fed into a database. This database
can then be used to study spatial patterns and temporal trends of marine litter in all forms, including
on the sea surface and sea floor, on coastlines, and in marine organisms. The database is open
source and accessible publicly for anyone to contribute to and use.
Keywords: marine plastic litter, observations, sampling methodology, global
∗Speaker
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Sustained ocean observations of marine plastic

contaminants as an essential component of the Global
Ocean Observing System
Maciej Telszewski ∗ 1, Kim Currie 2, Masao Ishii 3, Artur Palacz 4, Toste Tanhua 5,
John Gunn , Albert Fischer 6
1 International Ocean Carbon Coordination Project – ul Powstancow Warszawy 55, 81-712 Sopot, Poland 2 NIWA /
UoO Research Centre for Oceanography – Union Street 9054 Dunedin, New Zealand 3 Meteorological Research
Institute, Japanese Meteorological Agency – Nagamine 1-1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki,305-0052, Japan 4 International Ocean
Carbon Coordination Project – ul. Powstancow Warszawy 55 81-712 Sopot, Poland 5 GEOMAR - Helmholtz Centre for
Ocean Research [Kiel] – Wischhofstr. 1-3, 24148 Kiel, Germany 6 Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission of
UNESCO – IOC-UNESCO – France
The Global Ocean Observing System (GOOS) plays a critical role in the ever-evolving rela-
tionship between the ocean and society by coordinating a distributed observing system to serve
global and local needs. GOOS delivers a systematic approach to ocean observing by identifying the
essential information needs for a wide range of end users and ensuring delivery in a sustained and
responsive way. While requirements for sustained ocean observations are well-defined for almost
thirty Essential Ocean Variables (EOVs) spanning physics and climate, biogeochemistry and
biology and ecosystems; microplastics have not yet been included as part of this global,
multidisciplinary coordination effort. In response to a growing public awareness and societal need
for better information on plastic contaminants in the ocean, GOOS proposes to develop an
observing strategy utilizing relevant globally- and nationally-coordinated in-situ assets. As a first
step we propose to bring together technical experts leading individual global observing networks
with the leading authorities focused on marine plastic contamination, including international expert
groups such as GESAMP, intergovernmental agencies such as UN Environ- ment and other global
initiatives involved in marine plastics monitoring, sensor development, and ecosystem impact
assessments. The ultimate goal of such formed Task Team would be to establish global coordination
of sustained observations of marine plastic contaminants as a Human Pressure Variable which with
time might be deemed essential. To this end, the Task Team would implement the concepts from the
Framework for Ocean Observing across its three pillars: requirement setting processes, observing
capabilities, and data and information product management. Building upon an initial comprehensive
readiness level assessment, the Task Team would have the expertise to provide recommendations on
how to measure plastic contaminants through a globally accepted sampling protocol and best
practices, and on how to ensure the delivery of high-quality information products responding to the
societal needs.
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∗Speaker
Keywords: global ocean observing system, essential ocean variables, observing strategy, in, situ
Plastic pollution from a Civic Ecology perspective: A

Lanzarote case study
Bethany Jorgensen ∗ 1,2 Juan Baztan2,3 Marianne Krasny 1
1 Civic Ecology Lab – Department of Natural Resources, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States; 2
Marine Sciences For Society; 3 CEARC-UVSQ Université de Versailles St-Quentin-En-Yvelines, 11 Boulevard
d’Alembert, 78280 Guyancourt, France.
This study improves the understanding of the current situation of plastic pollution in Lanzarote
through (i) diagnosing the local situation; (ii) analyzing stakeholder dynamics; and (iii) engaging
the dialectics between local, regional and global dimensions of the issue. Rooted in civic ecology,
this ethnographic case study draws on nine years of participant observation and obser- vant
participation, along with interviews conducted with 31 participants in 2018, to inform the diagnosis
of the local situation and stakeholder dynamics, through a modified grounded theory analysis of the
corpora. This analysis also provides the bedrock for exploring the dialectics at play across and
between geographic, temporal, and societal scales related to plastic pollution in Lanzarote. From
this study, we offer an overview of the evolution of concern related to plastic pollution in Lanzarote,
and propose a baseline for collaborative efforts to intervene in the issue going forward locally in
Lanzarote and regionally in the North Atlantic system.
Keywords: Civic Ecology, Marine litter, Plastic Pollution, Action research, Microplastics
∗Speaker
From the Plastics Strategy to microplastics: the policy

framework
Valentina Bertato ∗ 1
1 European Commission – Belgium
Plastics are used everywhere and too often they are used only once and then thrown away.
Consequences of this unsustainable use are pollution of the environment and loss of a resource
valuable for the economy. To address these concerns, the European Commission proposed, in the
framework of the Circular Economy Action Plan, a Strategy for Plastics. The strategy focuses on
four main areas:
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Improving re-use and recycling

Curbing plastic waste and litter
Driving investment and innovation towards circular solutions
Harnessing global action.
To achieve its ambitious objectives, the Plastics Strategy relies on many different pieces of
legislation: the Waste legislation, the proposal on Single Use Plastics, the proposal on Port
Reception Facilities, the revision of the Drinking Water Directive, the evaluation of the Urban Waste
Water Treatment Directive, the Marine Strategy Framework Directive and the restriction of
microplastics intentionally added in products and oxo-plastics under the chemicals legislation
(REACH). A wide range of regulatory tools are proposed, from restrictive measures (where needed)
to development of standards to measure emissions, labelling, Extended Producer Re- sponsibility
Schemes. The restriction processes that started under REACH aim to harmonise the various national
initiatives launched to address some sources of microplastics. By using all available scientific data,
the REACH restriction intends to demonstrate that microplastics presence in the environment causes
an unacceptable risk. In this way, it will provide an impulse to other actions, including those to
control microplastics unintentionally generated from the use of various products (for example, tyres
and clothing) or released in the environment (plastic pellets).
Keywords: Plastic, microplastics, Plastics Strategy, REACH
∗Speaker
REACH Restriction on intentional uses of

microplastics
Peter Simpson ∗† 1
1 European Chemicals Agency, Risk Management Implementation Unit – Annankatu 18, P.O. Box 400 FI-00121
Helsinki Tel. +358 9 6861 8578, Finland
REACH (Registration, Evaluation, Authorisation and Restriction of Chemicals) is a regulation

of the European Union (EU), adopted to improve the protection of human health and the
environment from the risks of chemicals. REACH applies to industrial, professional and consumer
uses of substances as well as uses of substances in articles (e.g. clothes and electrical appliances).
REACH is implemented by the European Chemicals Agency (ECHA), in Helsinki. REACH places
the burden of proof on companies who must manage the risks of the substances they manufacture
and market in the EU. If the risks cannot be managed then the uses of chemical substances can be
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‘restricted’. A restriction can be any condition on the manufacture, placing on the market or use of a
substance; including a ban.
ECHA is investigating the need for a restriction on ‘intentional’ uses of microplastics. This
investigation will conclude in January 2019. Microplastics are added to a variety of consumer,
professional and industrial products in the EU including in cosmetics, detergents, agricultural
products, medical and veterinary diagnostic devices, paints, inks and products used in the oil and
gas sector. A number of these uses will inevitably lead to the release of microplastics to the
environment in the EU. Based on our investigation, ECHA may propose that one or more of these
uses are restricted. ECHA is assessing the available information on the hazard and risk posed by
microplastics to the environment and human health. The conclusions of this assessment will
underpin the need for a restriction. Micro2018 offers a unique opportunity for a draft of this review
to be shared with experts in the field to facilitate their comments and feedback prior to finalisation.
ECHA would like to explore options for this with the organising committee of the conference.
Keywords: European Chemicals Agency, restriction, intentional uses, microplastics
∗Speaker †Corresponding author: Peter.SIMPSON@echa.europa.eu
Identification and Quantification of Microfibers and

Microparticles via Automated Analysis
Sebastian Primpke ∗† 1, Erlend Hodneland 2, Benny Svardal 2, Gunnar Gerdts 1
1 Alfred Wegener Institute Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research – Biologische Anstalt Helgoland,
Kurpromenade 201, 27498 Helgoland, Germany 2 Norwegian Research Centre AS, Christian Michelsen Research AS –
Fantoftvegen 38 5072 Bergen, Norway
The pollution of the oceans with small plastic particles and fibers (smaller 5 mm) is an emerging
topic as they have been found already in the remotes areas of the world. For the analysis of these
materials, several steps are necessary, starting with the sampling, work up, and finally chemical
identification. Due to the small size of the particles, each step has its own challenges. For the
identification, FTIR imaging proved to be a powerful tool allowing the automated analysis of
complete filters for microplastic particles. Still, the process was not able to identify microfibers in
these studies. We present a novel approach for the measurement of microfibers and -particles within
one measurement overcoming these limitations. It allowed the identification and quantification of
both types within one dataset by FTIR imaging. Via an improved automated analysis approach
based on neural networks the differentiation of fibers and particles was possible (see Figure 1). The
applied network was trained with data containing the known type and amount of fibers as well as
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with data from reference and environmental samples. Subsequently it was applied on datasets from
the effluent of waste water treatment plants to determine the type and number of micro-fibers and -
particles. In all of these samples, fibers based on cellulose were found. Further, fibers made from
different polymer types like polyethylene, polypropylene, polyamide and polyacrylates were
successfully identified and quantified. The collected data showed that we developed a versatile and
easily applicable tool for the automated analysis of microfibers and –particles within one
measurement allowing an improved harmonization of microplastic research, e. g. for the
implementation of standardized operational protocols (SOP).
Keywords: Microfibers, Microplastics, FTIR, spectroscopy, harmonization, analysis
∗Speaker †Corresponding author: sebastian.primpke@awi.de
Future scenarios of global plastic waste production

and disposal
Laurent Lebreton ∗ 1, Anthony Andrady 2
1 The Ocean Cleanup – Netherlands 2 North Carolina State University (NCSU) – Raleigh, NC, United States
The accumulation of mismanaged plastic waste (MPW) in the environment is a global growing
concern. Knowing with precision where litter is generated is important to target priority areas for
the implementation of mitigation policies. In this study, using country-level data on waste
management combined with high resolution distributions and long-term projections of population
and GDP, we present predictions of global MPW production at ̃1 km resolution from now to 2060.
We estimated between 60 and 99 million metric tonnes (Mt) of MPW were produced globally in
2015. In a business-as-usual scenario, this figure could triple to 155 - 265 Mt/y by 2060. The future
MPW load will continue to be disproportionately high in African and Asian continents even in the
future years. However, we show that this growth in plastic waste can be reduced if developing
economies significantly invest in waste management infrastructures as their GDP grows in the
future. Using our predictions, we also demonstrate that the majority of MPW (91%) are transported
via watersheds larger than 100 km2 suggesting that rivers are major pathways for plastic litter to the
ocean.
Keywords: plastic waste, mapping, forecast, waste management scenario analysis, river inputs
∗Speaker
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November 22nd – Panel 18.2: 16h30 - 18h30

(AGH), Panel chaired by Ricardo Beiras.
A long term exposure experiment tests the effects of

irregular and spherical microplastics on juvenile blue
mussels Mytilus edulis
Thea Hamm ∗ 1, Mark Lenz† 1
1 GEOMAR - Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research [Kiel] – Wischhofstr. 1-3, 24148 Kiel, Germany
Monitoring studies find increasing amounts of primary and secondary microplastics in all
marine ecosystems. Simultaneously, evidence grows that marine benthic filter feeders take up
microplastic particles together with their food frequently, while our knowledge about the possible
effects of this ingestion is still small. In addition to possible physical impacts such as clogging and
damaging, microplastics can presumably also trigger immune responses. So far, very few
experimental approaches investigated the potential effects of microplastics over a longer time period
and with relevant concentrations of realistic, i.e. irregularly shaped, plastic material. We are
currently investigating the effects of two different microplastics (irregularly shaped particles, 1-60
μg mL-1, DC: 50 ng mL-1). Post-exposurem and spherical particles, 40μg mL-1, DC: 50 ng mL-1). Post-exposurem) on juvenile individuals of the blue mussel Mytilus edulis over
the course of 12 months. For this, we use concentrations of 0, 10, 1000, 10 000 and 100 000
particles per liter for irregularly shaped particles and 10, 1000 and 10 000 particles per liter for the
spherical particles. We intend to answer two questions: (1) At which particle density and after which
time span do effects of microplastics become detectable? (2) Do the effects depend on the shape of
the microplastic? We will present first results and will discuss the strengths and weaknesses of our
approach.
Keywords: filter feeder, biological effect, longterm experiment, mussel, microplastic
∗Speaker †Corresponding author: mlenz@geomar.de
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Differential responses between two marine bivalves to

environmentally relevant concentrations of
microplastics
Messika Revel ∗ 1, Fabienne Lagarde , Hanane Perrein-Ettajani , Mélanie Bruneau ,
Farida Akcha , Rossana Sussarellu , Julien Rouxel , Priscilla Decottignies , Bruno
Cognie , Amélie Chatel , Catherine Mouneyrac
1 Laboratoire Mer Molécules Santé-Université Catholique de l’Ouest, Angers – Université Catholique de l’Ouest –
France
Occurence of plastic debris < 5mm called microplastics (MPs) mainly resulting from
macroplastic’s fragmentation has been reported in aquatic ecosystems. Reports have identified
MPs and studied their effects on marine organisms. However, there is a lack of information on their
potential toxicity at environmentally relevant concentrations. The aim of our study was to compare
the accumulation and toxicity of polypropylene (PP) and polyethylene (PE) fragments towards two
filter-feeding bivalves: the blue mussel Mytilus edulis and the pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas. These
polymers were selected according to a previous study conducted in situ in the Region of Pays de la
Loire (France). Bivalves were exposed in laboratory during 10 days at two environmentally relevant
concentrations: 0.008 and 10 μg mL-1, DC: 50 ng mL-1). Post-exposureg/L, and to a higher concentration of 100 μg mL-1, DC: 50 ng mL-1). Post-exposureg/L of each MPs type,
followed by 10 days of depuration in clean seawater. MPs were prepared by cryomilling
commercially available products, characterized in terms of size, shapes and number of particles.
After exposures, bivalve tissues and biodeposits were chemically digested with KOH 10% and MPs
were identified by infrared micro-spectroscopy. Toxic effects were evaluated though the
measurement of markers of detoxification, oxidative stress, immunotoxicity and DNA damage.
Results showed the presence of MPs in digestive glands of mussels exposed to 100 μg mL-1, DC: 50 ng mL-1). Post-exposureg/L of MPs and
in biodeposits at all tested concentrations in both bivalves, confirming ingestion of MPs. In mussels,
significant increases in antioxydant enzymes were observed at all tested concentrations with
differential responses between digestive glands and gills. These responses could be indicative of an
oxidative stress. Furthermore, at the same tested concentrations, no toxic impacts were measured in
oysters. Overall, this study suggests differential responses to MPs exposition, and reduced toxicity in
two filter-feeding bivalves exposed at environmental concentrations.
Keywords: Microplastics, polyethylene, polypropylene, Mytilus edulis, Crassostrea gigas, oxidative stress
∗Speaker
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Effects of exposure to microplastics alone and with

adsorbed benzo(a)pyrene on marine mussels M.
galloprovincialis at cell, tissue and physiological levels
Joseph Hatfield 1, Nagore González-Soto 1, Alberto Katsumiti 1, Nerea Duroudier 1,
Jose María Lacave 1, Amaia Orbea 1, Enrique Navarro 2, Miren P Cajaraville ∗ 1
1 Cell Biology in Environmental Toxicology group, Faculty of Science and Technology and Plentzia Marine Station,
University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU – Sarriena zg, Leioa, 48940, Spain 2 Animal Physiology group, Faculty of
Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU – Sarriena zg, Leioa, 48940, Spain
Microplastics (MPs) may facilitate the transfer of hydrophobic pollutants from the ocean to
organisms due to their hydrophobicity and relatively large surface area (so-called ”Trojan horse
effect”). This study examined the effects of exposure to polystyrene MPs of 0.5 and 4.5 μg mL-1, DC: 50 ng mL-1). Post-exposurem alone
and with sorbed benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) on mussels Mytilus galloprovincialis in order to elucidate the
effects of MP size and the presence of adsorbed contaminants on the organism. MPs were provided
daily, mixed with algae, at 1000 particles/ml/day, during 7 and 26 days. Chemical analysis showed
that BaP concentrations in mussels exposed to MPs with adsorbed BaP increased with time (up to
150 times greater than background levels) and that smaller MPs posed an increased hazard in terms
of the transfer of adsorbed BaP. In histology, large MPs were abundant in the lumen of stomach,
mixed with stomach contents, and in the lumen of digestive tubules (DTs), associated to cell debris.
Occasionally they appeared within epithelial cells of the stomach, ducts and DTs and in the
connective tissue (Figure 1). In all samples, DT appearance indicated a high digestive activity,
confirmed by hexosaminidase histochemistry. Increased effects of MPs+BaP compared to MPs
alone were seen in neutral red uptake and catalase activity in hemocytes but not in DNA damage
despite the genotoxicity of BaP. An apparent increased effect of smaller MPs on DNA damage was
also found. Overall, effects in all treatments increased with exposure time. A general hormetic effect
was demonstrated on Scope for Growth across MP treatments. This may be due to a compensatory
effect whereby mussels increased their absorption efficiency in order to cope with stress observed in
biomarker responses. Further work is required to understand the effects of a variety of plastic type,
size, shape combinations together with a wide variety of pollutants.
Keywords: Microplastic size, Adsorbed benzo[a]pyrene, Biomarkers, Scope for Growth, Mussels
∗Speaker
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Furthering the dynamic uptake model for virgin

microplastics: application to the blue mussel (Mytilus
edulis)
Camilla Catarci Carteny ∗ 1, Raewyn M. Town 1, Ronny Blust 1
1 SPHERE Group, Department of Biology, University of Antwerp – Campus Groenenborger, Groenenborgerlaan 171,
2020 Antwerp, Belgium, Belgium
Microplastic pollution of the marine environment has been established worldwide as a major
issue: microplastic particles have been detected in almost every aquatic habitat on the planet. Due to
their small size, and conspicuous presence in the water column, microplastics are often mistaken
for food and ingested by marine organisms. Nonetheless, the mechanisms ruling microplastic
ingestion and accumulation in biota are still largely unknown, thus hindering the implementation of
a proper microplastic exposure risk assessment. In this study, our previously developed dynamic
model of microplastic uptake and excretion for the Mediterranean mussel (M. galloprovincialis) was
further applied to blue mussels (M. edulis), and the results obtained from the two studies were
compared, to highlight any specie-specific influence. Blue mussels were individually exposed to
virgin polyethylene (PE) microplastics (3-12 μg mL-1, DC: 50 ng mL-1). Post-exposurem). Two treatments were tested at two different
microplastic concentrations, both equal or below the pseudofaeces threshold to encourage particle
ingestion and avoid saturation. After the particles were spiked in the test vessels, ingestion was
monitored for three hours, and samples were taken at 12 timepoints (0, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 45,
60, 90, 120, 180 min); furthermore, excretion was assessed for six days after the end of the ingestion
phase, with a total of six sampling timepoints (12, 24, 36, 48, 80, 120 h). When compared to the
previous model, the increased number of timepoints and the longer duration of the excretion phase
in this study improved the fitting of data, thus increasing the accuracy of the calculated uptake and
excretion constants. Moreover, the juxta- position of results from the two mussel species (M. edulis
and M. galloprovincialis) underlines potential differences in the risk posed by microplastic pollution
between two important Euro- pean marine ecosystems, the North Sea and the Mediterranean basin,
hence providing a useful risk assessment tool.
Keywords: uptake, excretion, model, mussel
∗Speaker
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Physiological effects of small micro- and

nanoparticles - A comprehensive review
Tanja Kögel ∗ 1, Monica Sanden
1 Institute of Marine Research – Postboks 1870 Nordnes 5817 Bergen, Norway
Enough data about physiological effects of micro- and nanoplastics has been published to benefit
from a concise overview, which we present as a literature study. The data point towards increasing
toxicity of plastic particles with a) decreasing size, b) longer exposure, and c) larger concentrations.
d) Different polymer types in e) different weathering stages through different f) exposure routes
cause different effects, with different sensitivity between e) species and their f) developmental
stages. With these parameters in mind, some seemingly contradicting results, concerning the
absence and presence of effects upon exposure to small plastic particles, can be reconciled. To
assess the consistency of these tendencies, we categorize these results according to the role of the
particle size, condition, polymer type, exposure duration and concentration and set the spotlight on
pitfalls in analysis and reporting.
The conclusions support the currently increasing demand for quantitative chemical analysis data
on the occurrence of small micro- and nanoplastics in the environment, biota and people. More
comprehensive toxicological tests based on such quantitative data should follow suit, in order to
estimate the impact of plastics pollution.
Keywords: Nanoplastics, microplastics, toxicity, particle size
∗Speaker
Mytilus spp. as sentinel species for marine water-

borne microplastic pollution; a case study from the
Norwegian environment
Amy Lusher ∗ 1, Inger Lise Nerland Bråte 1, Rachel Hurley 1,2, Karine Iversen ,
Marianne Olsen 1
1 Norwegian Institute for Water Research (NIVA) – Gaustadalléen 21 0349 Oslo, Norway 2 Norwegian Institute of
Water Research (NIVA) – Gaustadelléen 21, Oslo 0349, Norway
Microplastic (MP) contamination is ubiquitous in the environment and many species world-
wide have been found to contain MP. The ecological impact of MP pollution is still unknown, thus
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there is an urgent need for more knowledge. One key task is to identify species suitable as sentinels
for monitoring in key eco-compartments, such as coastal waters. In Norway, mussels (Mytilus spp.)
have been monitored for hazardous contaminants through OSPAR since 1981. Norway has the
longest coastline in Europe and adding MP to the Norwegian Mussel Watch is therefore important in
a European and global context. The present study reports MP data in blue mussels (332 specimens)
collected from multiple sites (n=15) spanning the whole Nor- wegian coastline. MPs and
microparticles were detected at all locations, except at one site on the west coast. Among the most
surprising findings, mussels from the Barents Sea coastline, in the Finnmark region, contained
significantly more MP than mussels from most of the southern part of the country, despite the latter
sites were located much closer to major urban areas. Only mussels from a site located very close to
Oslo, the capital, contained the levels observed in the remote site far north. An average of 1.5 (±2.3)
particles ind-1 and 0.97 (±2.61) particles w.w. g-1 was found. The most common MPs were Mytilus
spp. as suitable for MP monitoring in coastal waters. However, some uncertainties remain including
mussel size as a confounding factor that may influence ingestion, the role of depuration and other
fate related processes, and this call for further research.
Keywords: Biomonitoring, Bivalves, Cellophane, Rubber, Ecotoxicology
∗Speaker
Transfer of microplastics from the water column to

sediments by the suspension- feeder Mytilus
galloprovincialis
Stefania Piarulli ∗† 1, Elia Zanni 1, Laura Airoldi 1
1 Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna – Università di Bologna Via Zamboni, 33 - 40126 Bologna, Italy
Microplastics (≤ 5 mm) are ubiquitously distributed in the marine environment. Ingestion of

synthetic particles has been reported in laboratory settings for a wide range of marine biota, but to
what extent the uptake by aquatic organisms affects the dynamic of microplastics in the marine
system has received less attention. Suspension-feeders such as bivalves are known for modulating
benthic–pelagic coupling and depositional processes. Here, we tested the hypothesis that Mytilus
galloprovincialis can act as ”aggregator” of microplastic particles filtered out the water column to
the sediments via feces and pseudofeces, thus making particles bioavailable for benthic detritus
feeders. This process may accelerate the vertical flux and sink of particles that for their physic-
chemical properties normally tend to be persistent in the water column. Four replicated sets of living
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mussels were exposed for 48 h to environmental relevant concentrations (0.2 mg/l) of fluorescently
labelled polyamide fragments (129 and 41 im median grain size), and their biodeposits were
analysed to estimate the amount of syntetic particles accumulated. Measured fluxes were compared
to those observed in as many replicated control sets of dead mussel shells, to test whether filter
feeding by mussels accelerates the natural sinking flux of particles.Three additional setts of living
mussels were used to compare the deposition velocities offecal pellets of mussels exposed to
synthetic particles vs not exposed. Results showed that mussels significantly increase the sinking
rates of the synthetic particles that tend to aggregate in the biodeposit thereby becoming
bioavaliable to other benthic organisms. Moreover, our findings suggested that the presence of
microplastic particles may negatively affect the sinking velocities of the fecal pellets altering the
vertical flux of organic material to the sediment leading to possible changes in benthic sediment
geochemistry and communities.
Keywords: microplastic, uptake, bivalves, mussels, biodeposit
∗Speaker †Corresponding author: stefania.piarulli2@unibo.it
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November 23rd
November 23rd – Panel 20.1: 8h30' – 10h (AGH),
Panel chaired by Carolin Völker.
Speculative ecologies: How to deal yet unpredictable

effects of microplastics in the ocean from a social
science perspective?
Sven Bergmann ∗ 1
1 University of Bremen – P.O. Box 330440 28334 Bremen Germany, Germany
1) Speculative Ecologies A new phenomenon has emerged in the ocean: plastic-nature-cultures

– new entities, habitats and ecosystems caused by anthropogenic debris. The concepts of micro- and
nanoplastics point to rather unknown effects, to the uncanniness of the diffusion of plastics in the
environment. From a social anthropologist and STS (science and technology studies) perspective I
will discuss what kind of social science is needed to deal with plastics as an emerging ecological
entity: How can we make decisions when faced with undecidable effects and uncertainty? How to
cope with not knowing how different materials behave in the future?
2) Responsibility & Environmental Justice
It is not easy to answer the questions who is concerned by ocean plastic and who is responsible
for marine litter when it comes to tiny fragments washed up ashore on remote islands where never a
piece of plastic was produced. Thus, questions of spatiality, temporality, politics and justice are
complicated. In any case, there is a need to search for new tools to address ecological issues as
matters of concern and care that show societal entanglement with the problem and its consequences.
I will discuss if concepts like environmental justice and ”slow violence” (Nixon 2011) might be
useful for politicising marine litter.
3) Challenges for social science and policy While policy makers need matters of fact, in science
plastic litter is still an ”unformed object” with undecidable effects. However, solving the problem is
on the political agenda. For that purpose, end-of-pipe solutions and technological fixes gain huge
media attention. But not only state or economic stakeholders are keen of this logic, also
environmental activism is pervaded by such ideas that lean on sociotechnical imaginaries such as
cleaning up large amounts of ocean plastics – although these kinds of solutions are discussed
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controversial in scientific debate.

Keywords: Social Sciences, Speculation, Environmental Justice, Policy, Solutions, Nature/Culture
∗Speaker
Reducing and eliminating plastic waste via change in

social behaviour
Ifeanyi Chukwujekwu ∗ 1
1 Marine Management Organisation – Lancaster House, Newcastle Business Park. NE4 7YH, United Kingdom
Plastic constitutes a large part of everyday consumption. A picnic or barbecue on the beach will
usually involve single-use plastic products like straws, plastic-coated paper plates and cups, food
wrappings, water and soda bottles etc. Most of these end up as waste in the marine environment.
This waste is broken down over time to become microplastics. Microplastics are eaten by sea
animals because of their small size. These animals become ill and eventually die as ingested plastic
contains harmful chemicals. In a recent statement, the UK Prime Minister Theresa May stated that
plastic waste is one of the greatest environmental challenges facing the world. She further stated that
this is why protecting the marine environment is central to the agenda at the Commonwealth heads
of government meeting. This is also in line with United Nations Sustainable Development Goal 14
– Life below Water.
One way of tackling this problem is via social change and behaviour in following the principles
of three Rs.
Reduce: The recent move by Swedish retail giant Ikea to ban all single-use plastic from its stores
and restaurants is to be applauded and emulated. The UK Prime Minister has also called on Com-
mon wealth members to crackdown on disposable items, and the UK government is proposing a 25
year plan to improve the environment which includes banning the sale of straws, drink stirrers and
plastic cotton buds in order to eliminate avoidable plastic waste by end of 2042.
Reuse: A large contributor to plastic waste are shopping bags. On 5 October 2015, the UK
government started charging on single-use carrier bags in order to encourage people to reuse bags.
Recycle: Where it is considered that plastic can no longer be reused, then they need to be
properly recycled rather than lumping together with general waste.
∗Speaker
Keywords: microplastics, marine environment, waste, sustainable, reduce, reuse, recycle
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Ecological risk assessment of microplastics in the

marine environment
Gert Everaert ∗† 1, Lisbeth Van Cauwenberghe 2, Maarten De Rijcke 1, Albert A.
Koelmans 3, Jan Mees 1, Michiel Vandegehuchte 1, Colin R. Janssen 2
1 Flanders Marine Institute – Wandelaarkaai 7, B-8400 Ostend, Belgium 2 Ghent University, Laboratory of
Environmental Toxicology and Aquatic Ecology – Coupure Links 653, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium 3 Wageningen
University, Aquatic Ecology and Water Quality Management Group – P.O. Box 8080, 6700 DD Wageningen,
Netherlands
The presence of microplastics in the marine environment has been an issue of concern for over a
decade now, but the environmental risks of microplastics in marine environments have, to date, not
been addressed and quantified. The environmental risk assessment of microplastics presented here
quantifies, based on a regulatory framework for assessing environmental risks of pollutants, safe
concentrations for the marine pelagic and marine benthic compartment. Above these safe
concentrations adverse biological effects are likely to occur. At most locations, the in situ
concentrations in the upper pelagic compartment remain below the safe concentration. However,
even today, we found a potential risk in sites that are heavily polluted with buoyant microplastics. As
human populations continue to grow, and if our dependence on plastic does not change under a
business as usual approach, we may expect a steady and substantial increase in microplastic
concentrations in both the pelagic and benthic marine environment. Adverse effects of microplastics
are to be expected on highly polluted beaches and in coastal ecosystems as of the second half of this
century if plastics emissions are not reduced.
Keywords: ecological risk assessment, microplastics, marine plastic debris, risk characterisation
∗Speaker †Corresponding author: gert.everaert@vliz.be
Risk perception of microplastics. An explorative study

identifying aspects potentially influential in risk
perception of microplastics
Bomm Laura ∗ 1
1 Strategic Communication Department, Wageningen University – Netherlands
Although microplastics result from human activities and concern human societies and natural
environments, public risk perception has gained rather little scientific attention from social
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scientists. Consequently, this study is of exploratory nature and extends the understanding of public
risk perception by examining how risks of microplastics are perceived amongst German citizens.
Thereby, it is explored which underlying aspects might influence people’s risk perception of mi-
croplastics and valuable insights for societal change towards a more conscious consumption of
plastics are revealed.
By means of a preliminary literature review aspects important in risk perception research of
other environmental risks were identified and incorporated in an interview guide. Subsequently,
semi-structured interviews were conducted resulting in a more nuanced understanding of the extent
to which preliminary identified as well as newly emerging aspects play a role in people’s risk
perception of microplastics.
This study identified that microplastics are not exclusively perceived as posing a risk to human
health, but that risk perception of microplastics is more complex and multidimensional. Findings
show that risk perception of microplastics is based on personal as well as societal risk evaluation.
Direct experiences with microplastics are limited, but superficial knowledge and limitedly existing
indirect experiences are mainly obtained through external informational influences and especially
through traditional mass media as well as digital and online environments. Emotions towards
microplastics are rather neutral and negative, but seem to be not only caused by negatively perceived
media representation of the issue. Microplastics are not extensively appearing in social offline and
online environments and normative responses to microplastics are either not yet established or not
yet ubiquitous. Several emerged knowledge gaps were combined with existing literature and theories
of other environmental risk perception research into a conceptual framework for further social
science research, and implications of results for policy and communication are discussed.
∗Speaker
Keywords: microplastics, risk perception, risk communication, social behaviour, qualitative content analysis
A risk in the making – discussions on microplastics in

science, media and public
Carolin Völker ∗† 1, Johanna Kramm‡ 1
1 ISOE - Institute for Social-Ecological Research – Germany
While plastic has been known as a factor for environmental pollution – symbolized by the
plastic bag – for a long time, recent scientific evidence on the massive accumulation in the oceans
and the potential environmental risks associated with microplastics and chemical additives have led
to an upswing of the debate. Although the number of studies on the occurrence and effects of
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microplastics has risen exponentially, the question of whether microplastics actually pose a risk to
the environment could not yet be answered conclusively. In laboratory studies, biological effects
have so far only been detected at high particle concentrations with little environmental relevance.
Thus, the knowledge about the risks associated with microplastics for the environment and human
health is still limited. However, the great mobilization potential of the perceived threat proved to be
important drivers for risk management: In 2015, the Microbead-Free Waters Act was passed
banning microbeads from rinse-off cosmetics in the USA. For the presentation, we scrutinize how
the media have covered scientific studies and in which way ignorance, risk and uncertainty is
communicated to the public. We will present results from the media analysis and discuss them in
relation to the scientific data as well as to the risk perception of interviewees. We are part of an
interdisciplinary group researching plastics in the environment from a social- ecological risk
perspective (”PlastX”). Our team comprises researchers from ecotoxicology, chemistry, geography
and sociology analyzing plastics from different environmental as well as societal perspectives.
Keywords: Microplastics, risk perception, media analysis, social, ecological risk research
∗Speaker †Corresponding author: voelker@isoe.de ‡Corresponding author: kramm@isoe.de
“An invisible threat” – Representations of

microplastics in the German media
Sarah Schönbauer ∗ 1, Ruth Müller † 1
1 MCTS, TU Munich – Germany
A growing number of scientific studies explore the presence of microplastic particles in the
environment, discussing them as a potential hazard for aquatic environments and human health. At
the same time, the media has increased its attention towards microplastics, resulting in a growing
number of media articles. In this paper, we analyze how the German print media reports about
microplastics, how and why it is understood and depicted as a problem and for whom, and which
kinds of possible solutions are envisioned. We focus on articles about microplastics in the German
daily and weekly high-circulation newspapers that have appeared between 2004 and 2018. This
timeframe allows us to trace how the reporting on plastic particles has evolved over time in a
specific national context. We show that within this time period, the problem of microplastics has
been reframed from a far away problem that primarily concerns other world regions to being
understood as a local problem that affects Germany in multiple ways. The discourse about
microplastic particles has markedly shifted from debating their occurrence in marine ecosystems
towards discussing their presence in local drinking water, streams or food sources. Further, we trace
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how actor configurations in German media reporting have shifted over time and who is addressed as
responsible for developing solutions to the microplastics problem. Here we find that it is
particularly individual consumers who are rendered responsible to reduce the entry of microplastics
in the environment, while the producers of plastic products are less frequently addressed. This
analysis allows us to better understand and critically interrogate the public discourse about
microplastics in the specific German context as one important factor that comes to shape in science
funding initiatives and policy actions in the face of a growing public awareness of the presence of
microplastics in human environments.
Keywords: responsibility, media representation, local/global distribution
∗Speaker †Corresponding author: ruth.mueller@tum.de
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November 23rd – Panel 20.2: 8h30' – 10h (AGH),

Recycled low-density polyethylene and tyre rubber

cause erratic behaviour, oxidative stress and mortality
in brackish water copepod Limnocalanus macrurus in
laboratory experiments
Maiju Lehtiniemi ∗† 1, Samuel Hartikainen 2,3, Raisa Turja 4, Jouko Vepsäläinen 3,
Sirpa Peräniemi 3, Outi Setälä 5
1 Finnish Environment Institute, Marine Research Centre (SYKE) – Mechelininkatu 34a, FI-00251, Helsinki, Finland 2
SIB Labs, University of Eastern Finland – SIB Labs P.O. Box 1627 FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland 3 School of Pharmacy,
University of Eastern Finland – Finland 4 Finnish Environment Institute, Marine Research Centre – Finland 5 Finnish
Environment Institute, Marine Research Centre (SYKE) – Mechelininkatu 34a P.O.Box 140, FI-00251 Helsinki, Finland
Polyethylene from plastic packaging and rubber from tyre wear are key materials polluting the
worlds’ oceans. Increasing the recycling of post-consumer plastics have been considered one way to
reduce the use of fossil fuel for plastic production and the flow of plastic waste to the sea. For
example in the European Union the target for 50% recycling of solid municipal waste by 2020 has
been set. However, the behaviour of recycled materials in aquatic environments, especially impacts
on aquatic organisms have not been enough studied. Our results showed that recycled household
post-consumer low-density polyethylene plastic (LDPE) and tyre rubber soaked in seawater cause
detrimental effects in copepods. Unwashed LDPE filtrate caused rapid mortality and erratic
behaviour even as a 25% dilution. Mortality was most likely caused by organic acids and alcohols
arising from the decomposition of food residues in unwashed LDPE food packages. Elevated stress
responses were measured also in rubber filtrates. These stress responses were most likely caused by
the dissolved zinc and copper. The future studies on potential impacts of marine plastics should thus
focus also on recycled materials and waste water discharges from recycling plants.
Keywords: Polyethylene, Postconsumer plastic, tyre rubber, filtrate, detrimental effects, copepods
∗Speaker †Corresponding author: maiju.lehtiniemi@ymparisto.fi
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Microplastics alter feeding selectivity and faecal

density in the copepod Calanus helgolandicus
Rachel Coppock ∗ 1,2, Tamara Galloway 3, Matthew Cole 4, Elaine Fileman 5, Ana
Queirós , Penelope K. Lindeque 6
1 Plymouth Marine Laboratory (PML) – Prospect Place The Hoe Plymouth PL1 3DH, United Kingdom 2 University of
Exeter – College of Life and Environmental Science: Biosciences, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4QP, UK, United
Kingdom 3 University of Exeter (UoE) – Geoffrey Pope Building, Biosciences, 201 Lab, Stocker Road, Exeter EX4 4QD,
United Kingdom 4 Plymouth Marine Laboratory – United Kingdom 5 Plymouth Marine Laboratory (PML) – Prospect
Place, The Hoe Plymouth PL1 3DH, United Kingdom 6 Plymouth Marine Laboratory – Prospect Place The Hoe
Plymouth PL1 3DH, United Kingdom
Copepods are a key component of temperate marine food webs, constituting a food source for
higher trophic levels, and an important link in the transfer of atmospheric carbon from surface
waters to the seabed. Microplastic ingestion has been documented in copepods from laboratory and
field studies, providing some knowledge on the associated impacts, such as diminished energy
allocation, fecundity and survival. Gaps remain regarding whether active or passive selection of
microplastic may influence their uptake, that of natural prey, and how microplastic ingestion affects
the sinking of egested materials to the seabed. Here, we use experimental studies where algal prey
and plastic of similar sizes and shapes were provided at a ratio of 3:2, to test: (1) whether prey
selection by the copepod Calanus helgolandicus is affected by the size or shape of microplastics and
algae they are exposed to; and, (2) whether ingestion of microplastics with different densities alters
the vertical flux of copepod faecal pellets through the water column. Exposure to nylon fibres
resulted in a 6% decrease in ingestion of similar shaped algae and a 6% increase in ingestion of
cylindrical algae. Conversely, exposure to nylon fragments led to a 7% increase in consumption of
algae differing in size and shape to the plastic and an 8% decrease in ingestion of algae that was a
similar shape and size. Results from the sinking rate study suggest that microplastic ingestion by C.
helgolandicus alters the sinking velocity of faeces; for example, faeces contaminated with low-
density polyethylene sank significantly slower than controls, whilst sinking rates increased when
contaminated with high-density polyethylene terephthalate. Our results suggest that in areas where
hotspots of microplastic and zooplankton converge, for example in oceanic gyres, microplastic
pollution is likely to influence zooplankton prey selection and alter the sinking rates of their faecal
pellets.
Keywords: microplastics, uptake, zooplankton, egestion, sinking rates
∗Speaker
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Microplastic Ingestion by Calanoid Copepods in the

SE Black Sea
Ulgen Aytan ∗ 1, Basak Esensoy Sahin 1, Yasemen Senturk 2
1 Faculty of Fisheries, Recep Tayyip Erdogan University – RTEU, Su Urünleri ̈Fakültesi, Fener mah. 53100, Rize,
TURKEY, Turkey 2 Faculty of Fisheries, Recep Tayyip Erdogan University – Faculty of Fisheries, Recep Tayyip Erdogan
University, 53100, Rize, Turkey
Microplastic ingestion by two dominant calanoid copepod species Calanus euxinus and Acar- tia
clausi in the Black Sea was assessed. Zooplankton samples were collected from vertical net tows
from 200 m to surface between May 2015- April 2016 as a part of TUB ̈ITAK ̇114Y232 project.
To assess presence of microplastics, organic tissues were removed by 35 % hydrogen per oxide
treatment. Microplastics was visually counted using a binocular microscope and classified (fibre,
film, fragments). Microplastics were detected in both copepods. Twenty-seven plastic particles were
detected after digestion of 1192 Calanus euxinus resulting in an encounter rate of 0.032 ± 0.04
particles/Calanus euxinus (one particle/every 44 Calanus euxinus). For Acar- tia clausi, a total of 9
particles were detected from 1100 individuals resulting in an encounter rate of 0.012 ± 0.018
particles/Acartia clausi (one particles/every 122 Acartia clausi). The difference in ingestion between
the two copepod species was significant (t-test, p < 0.05). The average ingested size of microplastic
particles was greater in Calanus euxinus (134 μg mL-1, DC: 50 ng mL-1). Post-exposurem ± 176 μg mL-1, DC: 50 ng mL-1). Post-exposurem) than Acartia clausi (57 μg mL-1, DC: 50 ng mL-1). Post-exposurem ± 58 μg mL-1, DC: 50 ng mL-1). Post-exposurem).
Overall, approximately 68 % of particles ingested were fragment followed by film and fibre. Colour
of ingested particles consisted of black, blue and red. Our results provide first evidence of ingestion
of microplastic by two copepod species critical to the Black Sea pelagic food web. This suggests
that zooplankton can act as a vector for microplastic transfer to higher trophic levels, including
humans.
Keywords: Ingestion, Copepod, Food web, Black Sea
∗Speaker
Microplastic properties and environmental conditions

influence PAH sorption and bioavailability to
copepods
Andy Booth ∗ 1, Lisbet Sørensen , Emilie Rogers , Dag Altin 2, Rudolf Schmid ,
Iurgi Salaverria 3
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1 SINTEF Ocean – Postboks 4762 Torgard, N-7465 Trondheim, Norway 2 BioTrix (BioTrix) – N-7022 Trondheim,
Norway 3 Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU) – Høgskoleringen 5, 7491 Trondheim, Norway
Many marine species ingest microplastic (MP), exhibiting extended periods of retention in some
cases. Organic pollutants associated with MP may present an alternative exposure route for these
chemicals to marine species. However, the effect of PAH sorption to MP on PAH bioavailability
remains poorly understood. Here, we investigate sorption kinetics and present adsorption isotherms
for two PAHs (fluoranthene and phenanthrene) to MP in natural seawater at 10 and 20 ◦C. Spherical
polyethylene (PE) and polystyrene (PS) microbeads of 10 im and 100 im were used, representing
ingestible and non-ingestible particle sizes for copepod species used in the bioavailability studies.
Linear, Freundlich, Langmuir, Dual Langmuir, Redlich-Peterson and Dubinin-Ashtakhov isotherms
were fitted to the data. For polymer mass and particle surface area, PAH sorption increased in the
order PE-10> PS-10> PE-100. For PS-10 and PE-10 at 10◦C, the Redlich-Peterson isotherm model
best described the sorption, indicating a combination of monolayer and multilayer adsorption. For
PE-100, linear isotherms fitted best, suggesting that sorption is influenced by absorption. For PE-10
at 20 ◦C, the Dubinin-Ashtakhov model fitted best, indicating higher temperatures facilitate PAH
transitioning into micropores. Using a novel approach (Figure 1), the modular effect of PAH
sorption to PE-10 and PE-100 on PAH lethality and accumulation was investigated using two
marine copepod species (Acartia tonsa and Calanus finmarchicus). The freely dissolved fraction of
PAHs (Cfree) was measured before and after exposure, and the chemical body burden (C.
finmarchicus) and observed lethality (both species) were used to determine PAH bioavailability. PE-
10 reduced Cfree by ̃50 % (FLA and PHE), PE-100 reduced Cfree by 21±5 % (FLA) and 32±3 %
(PHE). The difference in Cfree reduction was not reflected in a reduction of lethality and body
burden (> 50 % for both MPs), indicating a negligible amount of MP-sorbed PAH is bioavailable.
Keywords: Microplastic, PAH, sorption, bioavailability, toxicity
∗Speaker
Benchmarking the uptake and excretion dynamics of

microplastics in the marine copepod Calanus
finmarchicus
Iurgi Salaberria ∗ 1, Gunhild Halland 1, Berit Glomstad 1, Maria Alkiza 2, Marion
Hepsø 1, Dag Altin 3, Booth Andy 2, Anders Olsen 1
1 Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim – Norway 2 SINTEF Ocean – Norway 3 BioTrix –
Trondheim, Norway
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The marine copepod Calanus finmarchicus is a filter feeder and a keystone species of the
Northern Atlantic that, alongside other crustaceans, is known to ingest microplastic (MP). Potential
effects of MP ingestion include obstruction, abrasion, lower energy budget due to reduced food
intake, and toxicity related to the leakage of chemicals from microplastics into the organism. The
magnitude of all these effects is largely determined by microplastic uptake and excretion rates, and
particularly by retention or accumulation times inside an organism. However quantitative uptake and
excretion data are currently unavailable. In the current study, non-ovulating female C. finmarchicus
were exposed 0-96 h to a non-restrictive concentration (750 MP particles/mL) of a comprehensively
characterized 10 mm spherical polystyrene MP in the presence of microalgae (7500 cells/mL).
Excretion dynamics were studied over 1-72 h after a 24 h exposure to MP in either the presence or
absence of microalgae. Custom made transparent plankton wheels immersed in a water bath were
used to expose C. finmarchicus in a semi-static setup to keep MP and microalgal particles in
suspension and to maintain constant temperature. MP counts were performed in triplicate in
exposure media, copepods and their fecal pellets as well as on container walls for a total of 16
sampling time points. Findings show unconventional uptake kinetics for MP in C. finmarchicus
when compared to dissolved organic chemicals. Excretion of MP was rapid although there was
indication that retention may occur. Excretion dynamics were affected by the presence of
microalgae. The current study was designed as a benchmarking exercise with commercial
microbeads of uniform size. The findings can therefore not be generalized for MPs of other shapes,
compositions, conditions, densities and sizes, but should rather be considered as a reference for
future studies using MP with more environmentally relevant characteristics and concentrations.
Keywords: uptake/excretion/retention/benchmarking
∗Speaker
Are fish that live in different zones reliable indicators

of microplastic pollution?
Luca Palazzo1,2*, Stefania Coppa1, Andrea Camedda1, Marco Matiddi3, Fabrizio Atzori2,4,
Giuseppe Andrea de Lucia1
1
CNR – National Research Council, IAS – Istituto per lo studio degli impatti Antropici e Sostenibilità in ambiente
marino, Località Sa Mardini, Torregrande, Oristano, Italy, 2Department of Ecology and Biology, University of Tuscia,
Viterbo, Italy, 3ISPRA, Italian Institute for Environmental Protection and Research, Roma, Italy, 4AMP Capo
Carbonara, via Roma 60, Villasimius (CA), Italy
Ingestion of microplastics (MPs) by fish has been widely demonstrated, although the
capacity of MPs to affect the ecology of fish is still to be understood. The aim of this study
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is to further investigate the uptake of MPs by species which are environmentally exposed
to different habitats and with different feeding behaviours. Therefore, we compare the
MPs inherent characteristics that affect their distribution in the water column and the
behaviour of fish. The species: Boops boops and Spicara smaris have been chosen since they
favour a midwater layer in the water column; Oblada melanura and Scomber scombrus are
generally found close to the surface; Mullus barbatus and Merluccius merluccius are benthic
species which are found over soft sediments. A minimum number of 30 individuals for
each species was collected locally from Sardinia (Italy) and afterwards weighed and
measured. The size classes are taken into consideration in order to note if the life stages are
affected in different ways by MPs. The detected MPs are divided into typologies, size
classes, morphology and colour, while the polymer type is determined by FT-IR analysis.
The results from this work can add useful information to show the relationship between
the ingestion of MPs and the ecology of fish and eventually take one small step to
understand the reasons for the ingestion. Moreover, this research could benefit the
identification of appropriate indicators for the presence of MPs in the Mediterranean Sea.
*Correspondence: luca.palazzo@iamc.cnr.it; Tel.: +39-0783-22070
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November 23rd – Panel 21.1: 10h30' - 12h30'

(AGH), Panel chaired by Martin Wagner.
Bioavailability of microplastic to marine zooplankton:

effect of shape and infochemicals
Zara L. R. Botterell ∗† 1,2, Nicola Beaumont 1, Matthew Cole 1, Tarquin Dorrington
3, Frances E. Hopkins 1, Michael Steinke 2, Richard C. Thompson 4, Penelope K.
Lindeque 1
1 Plymouth Marine Laboratory – Prospect Place The Hoe Plymouth PL1 3DH, United Kingdom 2 University of Essex –
Wivenhoe Park Colchester CO4 3SQ, United Kingdom 3 Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs –
London, United Kingdom 4 University of Plymouth – Drake Circus, Plymouth, PL4 8AA, United Kingdom
The ingestion of microplastics has been recorded in several marine zooplankton taxa. How- ever,
the underlying mechanisms that influence plastic ingestion remain poorly understood. We investigate
how shape (bead, fibre and fragment), in combination with the infochemicals dimethyl sulfide
(DMS) and dimethylsulfoniopropionate (DMSP), affect the ingestion rate of microplastics in species
of zooplankton. Laboratory studies typically use pristine microplastics of uniform size, shape and
colour, which is not representative of those found in the environment. Whilst microplastic beads are
used for the majority of laboratory experiments, field studies report microfibres to be the most
abundant plastic particle in the environment, and yet it is unclear which shape has the highest
bioavailability to or impact on zooplankton. There is growing evidence that mechanisms such as
chemosensory cues could influence bioavailability of microplastic via adsorption of chemicals
present in the environment. One such chemical is DMS, a bacterio- and phytoplankton-derived
marine trace gas. Research has shown that Calanoid copepods elicit foraging behaviour in the
presence of DMS. It is possible that DMS, along with other chemicals such as DMSP, could be
adsorbed to the surface of the microplastic potentially increasing the palatability of the plastic.
Zooplankton is a crucial food source for many secondary consumers, consequently this represents
a route whereby microplastics could enter the food web and transfer up the trophic levels.
Additionally many species of shell- and fin-fish have a larval stage in the zooplankton. Therefore it
is important to understand which factors can influence the bioavailability of microplastics to
zooplankton as there may be implications for higher trophic levels and fisheries.
Keywords: Marine zooplankton, microplastics, selectivity, bioavailability
∗Speaker †Corresponding author: zab@pml.ac.uk
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The translocation of microplastics to lipid droplets of

Daphnia magna is an artefact
Christoph Schür ∗† 1, Sinja Rist 2, Nanna Hartmann 3, Martin Wagner 4
1 Department Aquatic Ecotoxicology, Goethe-University Frankfurt am Main – Max-von-Laue-Straße 13, 60438
Frankfurt am Main, Germany 2 Department of Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Denmark –
Bygningstorvet 115, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark 3 Department of Environmental Engineering, Technical
University of Denmark – Bygningstorvet 115, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark 4 Department of Biology, Norwegian
University of Science and Technology – Høgskoleringen 5, Realfagbygget, 7491 Trondheim, Norway, Norway
The last decade has seen a surge in research investigating various aspects of micro- and
nanoplastics, including occurrence, uptake, and potential effects in biota. Our knowledge about
biota-particle-interactions is still limited and often based on early studies that – due to the infancy of
the field – may have deficiencies in the experimental design and quality controls. One such example
relates to the potential of plastic particles to cross the epithelium of the digestive tract and
translocate to other tissues. This has been reported in the literature for the freshwater cladoceran
Daphnia magna and – if true – is toxicologically relevant. The aim of our study was to replicate
previous findings while covering additional experimental scenarios. We exposed 205 starved
Daphnia magna neonates to two particle types (fluorescent polystyrene spheres of 20 nm and 1000
nm diameter) at two concentrations (2 μg mL-1, DC: 50 ng mL-1). Post-exposureg/L and 2 mg/L) for two time periods (4 h and 24 h).
Additionally, we adapted a tissue clearing method to the use with Daphnia to improve visibility of
particles inside the specimen. We used confocal laser scanning microscopy to investigate the
translocation of particles from the gut to other tissues, including lipid storage droplets. This is
supplemented by experiments regarding the leaching of the dye from the particles. The 1000 nm
particles can be imaged individually inside the specimen. At the higher particle concentration we
detected fluorescence in the lipid droplets that for the 1000 nm particles was clearly separate from
particles and faded within minutes of observation. Our findings indicate that tissue translocation to
the lipid storage droplets reported previously is probably an experimental artefact caused by the
leaching of the dye used in commercially available plastic beads. This underlines the importance of
scepticism and replication in our field, especially if a plausible underlying mechanism is lacking.
Keywords: microplastics, nanoplastics, tissue translocation, Cladocerans, Zooplankton, Daphnia, CLSM, fluorescence
∗Speaker †Corresponding author: schuer@bio.uni-frankfurt.de
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Effects of low density polyethylene microplastics

contaminated with PFOS on Daphnia magna
Alexandre Pacheco ∗† 1, Steffen Keiter 2, Bettie Cormier 2, Lúcia Guilhermino 1
1 ICBAS CIIMAR, University of Porto – ICBAS, Institute of Biomedical Sciences of the University of Porto; CIIMAR –
Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research of the University of Porto – Portugal 2 ̈Orebro
Universitet, Institutionen for Naturvetenskap och Teknik – Sweden
Low density polyethylene microplastics (MPs) are widely dispersed in the aquatic environ-
ment. In several ecosystems, they may be contaminated with perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) due
to the incorporation of this chemical during the manufacture of MPs or during their presence in the
environment. Therefore, is of interest to assess the effects of MPs contaminated with PFOS on the
biota. In acute and chronic bioassays, Daphnia magna was exposed to MPs (125 - 500 μg mL-1, DC: 50 ng mL-1). Post-exposurem)
contaminated and not contaminated with PFOS and the effects were accessed, using mortality (acute
bioassays) and several reproductive parameters (chronic bioassays). MPs alone and contaminated
with PFOS did not induce significant acute effects in the range of concentrations tested. Tests to
determine the reproductive effects will be discussed in relation to the properties of the MPs tested
and their contamination by PFOS.
Keywords: microplastics, LDPE, Daphnia magna, freshwater, PFOS
∗Speaker †Corresponding author: alexandrepacheco1991@gmail.com
Effect of chemical and biological ageing on

polyethylene and the subsequent toxicity in D. magna
Katie Reilly ∗ 1, Laura-Jayne Ellis 1, John Sadler 1, Iseult Lynch 1
1 University of Birmingham – United Kingdom
Microplastics have been found ubiquitously across the globe, in studies ranging from the deep
ocean trenches to arctic sea ice to freshwater streams. Following this, there has been increasing
societal pressure and scientific interest, leading to calls for more robust scientific research and
interdisciplinary discussions, and consequent led legislation and policy changes. Micro, and more
recently nano, plastics have been found to cause a range of detrimental effects on organisms, which
are usually dose dependent. These effects have been shown to impact feeding, reproduction and
behaviour, which ultimately affects the survival rate of the organisms. However, in many cases the
environmental realism or dispersion characteristics of the plastics have been quite poor. This study
aims to look at the effect of chemical and biological ageing on micro and nano plastics, and
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subsequent impacts on the test organism Daphnia magna (a keystone species) under a range of field
and laboratory test scenarios. The goal is to further elucidate the role of environmental realism in
the studies, such as the role of natural organic matter in the medium. Corona formation on plastic
particles changes the surface characteristics which can affect subsequent biological and chemical
interactions. In this study we conditioned and aged polyethylene spheres in both natural waters
collected along an urban-rural gradient in Birmingham, UK, and in artificial river waters
synthesised in the laboratory, to compare the difference that biological and chemical ageing could
have on pristine polyethylene spheres. We characterised and imaged plastics at various stages
throughout the ageing process to access agglomeration and dispersal compared to the ageing in the
test medium. Aged plastics were then exposed to Daphnia magna to access if there is any significant
difference between the conditioning methods on the resulting uptake, retention and any subsequent
effects from the polyethylene micro and nanoplastics.
Keywords: Toxicity, Daphnia magna, Polyethylene, aged plastics
∗Speaker
Microplastics-Daphnia interactions: importance of

surfactant
Maureen Deniel ∗ 1, Gireesh Balakrishnan , Mathilde Constans , Nicolas Errien ,
Aurore Caruso 2, Fabienne Lagarde
1 Institut des molécules et matériaux du Mans – Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique : UMR6283, Le Mans
Université – France 2 Laboratoire Mer, Molécules, Santé (EA 2160) – Université du Maine – Avenue Olivier Messiaen
72085 Le Mans cedex 09, France
Possible interactions between microplastics and aquatic organisms are complex and not
completely understood. Most studies are realized using polymeric microbeads with associated
surfactants, which are necessary to insure their stability and the role of the surfactant in the
interaction has to be investigated. In this study, polyethylene (PE) small microplastics (between 0.8
to 3 μg mL-1, DC: 50 ng mL-1). Post-exposurem in size) were synthesized by micro-emulsification without any surfactant and with different
surfactants (Tween 60 and a biosurfactant from microalgae exudates). Daphnia magna, an aquatic
primary consumer, which is an ecotoxicological study organism, were exposed to these particles in
order to evaluate their potential acute toxicity and monitor interaction. Expositions were run at
different concentrations (1, 30, 60 mg/L) of the three kinds of particles and with or without feeding
on short-term exposure with 30 organisms per condition. Following 72 hours exposure, no
microparticles ingestion by D. magna could be observed for control and Tween 60 PE assays and
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only few particles were visualized in most of individuals in interaction with uncoated PE. Great
quantities of microparticles were detected in digestive track of all animals exposed to PE coated
with biosurfactant leading to immobilization and mortality rates higher than in controls. After one
week, at high concentration, reproduction was also impacted for biosurfactant and Tween
conditions.
These first results underline the importance of surfactant effect on microparticles ingestion by
aquatic organisms. No ingestion of MP PE coated with Tween should be explain by the capacity of
Daphnia to taste microparticles with gustative chemoreceptor (Peñalva-Arana et al., 2009). In
conclusion, model microplastics should be designed with surfactant of environmental relevance to
assess toxicity on aquatic organisms.
Peñalva-Arana, D. C., Lynch, M., & Robertson, H. M. (2009). The chemoreceptor genes of the waterflea Daphnia pulex:
Many Grs but no Ors. BMC Evolutionary Biology, 9(1), 8–11.
Keywords: Plankton, surfactants, ingestion
∗Speaker
Exposure to conventional but not biodegradable

microplastics decreases fitness in Daphnia magna
Zandra Gerdes ∗† 1, Mikaela Puranen , Martin Ogonowski 2, Elena Gorokhova 1
1 Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry (ACES) – Svante Arrhenius väg 8, 106 91 Stockholm,
Sweden 2 AquaBiota Water Research/Department of Applied Environmental Science, Stockholm University – Sweden
Conventional oil-based polymers are the major source of microplastic pollution, whereas
contribution of biodegradable polymers (bioplastics) is considered negligible. However, as pro-
duction of bioplastics is increasing, whereas their biodegradation under ambient conditions is
relatively slow, it is likely that their contribution to plastic waste will increase and become
comparable to that of the oil-based plastics. Therefore, it is important to understand potential
environmental impacts of both polymer types. We compared effects of exposure to polylactic acid
(PLA; bioplastic) and polystyrene (PS; oil-based polymer) on primary life history traits in the
crustacean Daphnia magna, a standard model species in ecotoxicology. To exclude particle effects
caused by food dilution and thus identify microplastic-specific effects, kaolin clay was used as a
reference treatment. In total, four treatments were included: PLA, PS, clay (reference), and control
(food only). The exposure was conducted over 21 d using a plankton wheel to keep test particles and
algae in suspension for comparable exposure concentrations. In the PS treatment, we observed high
mortality, decreased feeding rate and reproductive output compared to all other treatments. These
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effects were not caused by toxic monomers of styrene or additives leaching out of the polymer,
which was demonstrated in a follow-up test with the PS leachates. By contrast, no significant effects
were found in the daphnids exposed to PLA compared to the reference treatment. Thus, a
significantly higher toxicity of the conventional polymer was observed, whereas effects of the
biodegradable microplastics were similar to those caused by the ubiquitously occurring clay
particles. More studies are needed to identify the mechanisms of PS toxicity and to confirm the
observed ecotoxicological differences between the polymer types using different test materials and
natural particulates.
Keywords: bioplastics, benchmarking, Daphnia magna, ecotoxicity testing, reference materials
∗Speaker †Corresponding author: zandra.gerdes@aces.su.se
Towards improved predictions of dispersal of

weathering microplastics in the aquatic environment
by numerical modelling
Erik Toorman ∗† 1, Hans Peter Arp 2, Elena Gorokhova 3, Dieter Issler 2, Kathrin
Oelschlägel 4, Annegret Potthoff 4, Samor Wongsoredjo 1, Manon Hussenot 3, Eric
Mcgivney 3
1 Hydraulics Division, Department of Civil Engineering, KU Leuven – Kasteelpark Arenberg 40 (box 2448) 3001
Leuven, Belgium 2 Norwegian Geotechnical Institute – Norway 3 ACES, Stockholm University – Sweden 4 Fraunhofer
Institute for Ceramic Technologies and Systems IKTS – Germany
The distribution and quantification of microplastics (MP) in the aquatic environment remains
very difficult. Numerical models are a useful tool for the assessment of the dispersion of MP
particles in water bodies. Thus far, the prediction of the fate of MP in aquatic systems has been
carried out by models for passive tracer dispersal, which may help to find possible pathways from
source to accumulation spots. But these models do not account for many processes and do not
predict particle concentrations. Thus far, several studies have been able to find approximate
predictors for the terminal settling velocity of individual particles, but since the size and shape of
different particles varies from particle to particle, it is not straightforward to replace each particle by
a single representative particle. The proposed model assumes that the MP particles around a certain
point location in the model show a lognormal particle size distribution (PSD). It is demonstrated
that the net settling flux of such a particle population cannot be reproduced by the settling flux of
the same number of particles with the mean size of the entire population, but is dominated by the
heavier particles. Since the latter settle down faster, the PSD changes in space and time: with
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increasing time and drift from the source the PSD at the water surface is expected to shift its mean
size to smaller fractions, while the PSD will show a relatively larger mean size with increasing
depth. Besides this differential settling, the particle size and density is also expected to change due
to weathering, biofouling and associated aggregation. Within the framework of the WEATHER-
MIC project it is the ambition to develop an improved model, based on the methodology adopted
in cohesive sediment transport studies, and to demonstrate its potential with applications to some
Scandinavian coastal areas.
Keywords: settling velocity, weathering, biofouling, population kinetics, dispersion modelling
∗Speaker †Corresponding author: erik.toorman@kuleuven.be
Microplastics Disrupting the Biological Pump?

Alina Madita Wieczorek ∗† 1,2, Peter Croot 1, Fabien Lombard 3, Larry Madin 4,
Jerome Sheahan 5, Tom Doyle 6
1 Earth and Ocean Sciences, School of Natural Sciences, National University of Ireland Galway, Ireland – Ireland 2
Zoology, School of Natural Sciences, National University of Ireland Galway, Ireland – Ireland 3 Observatoire
Océanographique de Villefranche, Villefranche sur Mer, France – Observatoire Océanographique de Villefranche,
Villefranche sur Mer, France – France 4 Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA, United States –
United States 5 School of Mathematics Statistics Applied Mathematics, National University of Ireland Galway, Ireland –
Ireland 6 School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, Environmental Research Institute, University
College Cork, Ireland – Ireland
Please contact the author for more details... ∗Speaker †Corresponding author: Alina.Wieczorek@nuigalway.ie
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November 23rd – Panel 21.2: 10h30' – 12h30'

(AGH), Panel chaired by Gunnar Gerdts.
Microplastics concentrations in freshwater during a

flood event, a case study of the Seine river catchment
Robin Treilles ∗ 1, Johnny Gasperi† 2, Romain Tramoy‡ , Vincent Rocher§ 3, Bruno
Tassin¶ 4
1 laboratoire Eau, Environnement et Systèmes Urbains – AgroParisTech, Ecole des Ponts ParisTech (ENPC),
Université Paris-Est Marne-la-Vallée (UPEMLV), Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne (UPEC) – France 2
Laboratoire Eau Environnement et Systèmes Urbains (LEESU) – AgroParisTech, Ecole des Ponts ParisTech, Université
Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 – 6-8 avenue Blaise Pascal, Cité Descartes, Champs sur Marne77 455
Marne-La-Vallée Cedex 2, France 3 Syndicat interdépartemental pour l’assainissement de l’agglomération parisienne –
Syndicat 4 laboratoire interdépartemental Eau, Environnement pour et l’assainissement Systèmes Urbains de
l’agglomération (LEESU) – AgroParisTech, parisienne – France. Ecole des Ponts ParisTech (ENPC), Université Paris-
Est Marne-la-Vallée (UPEMLV), Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne (UPEC) – Université Paris Est -
AgroParisTech, UMR MA-102, 6-8 avenue Blaise Pascal, 77455 Champs sur Marne cedex 2, France
Despite recent research efforts, many questions still exist about sources of microplastics,
especially their transport in freshwater from land to sea. Particularly, the consequences of flood
events on microplastics transport are almost unknown although recent papers mention that large
quantities could be transferred. A flood event occurred in January 2018 on the Seine river
catchment. With a surface area of approximately 75 000 km2, the Seine basin is a densely populated
area (16 million inhabitants mainly clustered in Paris metropolitan area). During the three week
flood event the microplastic concentrations were assessed in the Seine and compared to low flow
period concentrations. Three different sampling sites were monitored: one 100 km upstream Paris
(called ”Upstream” in the figure) and two others (”Downstream 1” and ”Downstream 2”) 20 km and
45 km downstream. Three sampling campaigns have been conducted, one before the peak flow and
two after. A 300 μg mL-1, DC: 50 ng mL-1). Post-exposurem net and a 80 μg mL-1, DC: 50 ng mL-1). Post-exposurem net were used. The 300 μg mL-1, DC: 50 ng mL-1). Post-exposurem net was dropped directly in the
middle of the river for 5 minutes while 20 L of freshwater was collected and filtered in the 80 μg mL-1, DC: 50 ng mL-1). Post-exposurem
net. The samples were sieved and digested with a H2O2 30 %. The samples were then filtered and
microplastics were counted with a stereomicroscope coupled with an image analysis software. The
fragments and a part of the fibers (30% of the total fibers) were analyzed with FTIR spectroscopy.
Work is in progress. The microplastics in the 1 mm to 5 mm size range, collected with the 300 μg mL-1, DC: 50 ng mL-1). Post-exposurem
net, were counted and observed. Highest concentrations are found before the peak discharge for all
sites and concentrations can be 5 to 10 times lower after this peak. Previous works found 0.54
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fragments/m3 in Paris during low flow periods, the flood event could provoke microplastics
resuspension.
Keywords: Microplastic, flood event, digestion, spectroscopy FTIR
∗Speaker †Corresponding author: gasperi@u-pec.fr ‡Corresponding author: romain.tramoy@enpc.fr §Corresponding
author: vincent.rocher@siaap.fr ¶Corresponding author: bruno.tassin@enpc.fr
Seasonal Patterns of Microplastic Occurence and

Affiliated Bacterial Communities
Jessica Song ∗† 1,2, Moritz Müller 2, Gunnar Gerdts 1
1 Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research – 24798 Helgoland, Germany 2
Swinburne University of Technology Sarawak Campus – 93350, Kuching, Sarawak, Malaysia
While there exists now a considerable sum of knowledge on marine microplastics and their
associated microbial communities, still very little is understood of their kinetics within the vast
marine ecosystem. In this study, we aim to better understand the underlying dynamics of
microplastics and their association with bacteria in the surface waters of Helgoland Roads (North
Sea) coupled to seasonality and environmental conditions as potential driving forces. Regular
monitoring of these microplastics and their bacterial colonizers is carried out through weekly
sample collection and processing over a complete seasonal cycle. In order to facilitate this, a novel,
rapid processing pipeline was designed, adhering to a maximum 5-day timeline, and employed to
obtain a high resolution dataset otherwise infeasible via traditional processing methods. Through
spectroscopic and molecular approaches, microplastics found are characterized and quantified, and
the composition patterns of their associated bacterial communities analyzed. Data obtained will then
be compared to the temporal datasets from the Helgoland time-series consisting of physicochemical
conditions that have been measured weekly over the last 5 decades. Through this work, we hope to
establish a more comprehensive understanding of the mechanics behind microplastic occurrence,
the compositional behaviour of MP-colonizing bacteria, and how physicochemical conditions
potentially dictate these patterns. Simultaneously, the rapid processing pipeline will serve to
lubricate the implementation of more marine monitoring programs as called for in the European
Union’s Marine Strategy Framework Directive.
Keywords: Microplastics, microbial biofilms, microplastic monitoring
∗Speaker †Corresponding author: jessica.song@awi.de
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Characterization of microplastics from sea turtles

(Caretta caretta) stranded along the northern adriatic
sea
Cinzia Centelleghe ∗† 1, Carlo Giacomo Avio 2, Immacolata Pirone 2, Francesco
Regoli 2, Lucia Pittura 2, Luca Bargelloni 1, Tomaso Paternello 1, Massimo Milan 1,
Sandro Mazzariol 1, Giorgia Corazzola 1, Stefania Gorbi 2
1 Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padua – Italy 2 Department of Life and
Environmental Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche – Italy
The Northern Adriatic Sea represents one of most critical areas in the Mediterranean for human-
turtles interaction. Loggerhead sea turtles (Caretta caretta) found dead along the Veneto coast were
collected from the University of Padua in 2016 and post-mortem examinations were performed
according to international guidelines. During necropsy, stomach of 16 turtles in good conservation
status has been collected for identification and characterization of plastics contents. Macro and
microplastic substances were extracted and examined using a recently validated, standardized
protocol (Avio et al., 2015) based on trituration of dried samples, separation under density gradient
and filtration under vacuum, partial digestion in 15% H2O2, visual sorting and iFT-IR character-
ization. Extracted particles were microscopically observed, photographed, measured at their largest
cross section, and categorized according to both size classes and shapes.
Only one macroplastic particle has been found in one turtle; while microplastic particles have
been detected in six specimens (one for animal). The most common sizes classes ranged between 1
and 5 mm (57.1%), while none particles smaller than 0.1 mm have been detected. The shape of
plastic particles extracted was largely dominated by lines (43%), followed by films (29%), fragments
(14%), and pellet (14%). iFT-IR analyses indicated that polyethylene was the most common
polymer, contributing to 43% of all the particles isolated. In this study, the microplastic contents in
sea turtles stranded along the North-Adriatic coast has been characterized for the first time. Overall,
the 44% of the investigated animals presented plastic elements in their stomach (1 items for each
one) and just one ingested a macroplastic fragments representing a lower number compared to that
obtained during investigations on turtles coming from other basins. Further investigations
(including higher number of organisms and investigation on entire gastrointestinal tracts) are needed
to clarify the trend of plastic ingestion in the Adriatic sea turtles.
∗Speaker †Corresponding author: cinzia.centelleghe@gmail.com
Keywords: Sea turtle, microplastic, Adriatic sea
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Dissolved organic carbon leaching from plastics

stimulates microbial activity in the ocean
Cristina Romera Castillo ∗ 1
1 Instituto de Ciencias del Mar-CSIC – Passeig Maritim de la Barceloneta, 37-49 Institut de Ciències del Mar-CSIC,
Spain
More than 5.25 trillion of plastic pieces have been estimated to be floating at the sea surface.
Plastic marine debris on beaches and floating in seawater is exposed to solar UV radiation
undergoing weathering degradation. It can develop surface cracks and fragment into progressively
smaller particles reaching microscopic sizes (< 5 mm, microplastics). Detrimental effects of plastics
on marine organisms at different trophic levels have been widely reported, making plastic pollution
a global environmental concern. However, the impacts of plastic debris on the lowest trophic levels,
such as the microbial food web, remain enigmatic. Plastic is known to leach organic compounds to
the aquatic media. The smaller the piece, the higher its surface to volume ratio and its potential for
leaching. However, the contribution of plastic leaching to the dissolved organic carbon (DOC) pool
in the ocean and its impact on the lowest trophic levels, such as the microbial food web, is still
unknown. In this work we present experimental evidence that plastics release dissolved organic
carbon (DOC) into the ambient seawater stimulating the activity of heterotrophic microbes. It is
predicted that plastic waste entering the ocean will increase by 10-fold over the next decade,
resulting in an increase in plastic-derived DOC that could have unaccounted consequences for the
activity of marine microbes and for the ecosystem.
Keywords: Marine microplastics, dissolved organic carbon, marine microbes
∗Speaker
Plastic intake in mediterranean sea birds

Joan Frias-Perez ∗ 1, Andrea Rodríguez 1, Teresa Milit ̃ao 1, Salvador García 2, Anna
Sanchez-Vidal 3, Jacob González-Solís 1
1 Institut de Recerca de la Biodiversitat (IRBio) and Departament de Biologia Evolutiva, Ecologia i Ciències
Ambientals, Universitat de Barcelona – Spain 2 Instituto Español de Oceanografía (IEO), Spain. – Spain 3
Departament d’Estratigrafia, Paleontologia i Geociències Marines; Universitat de Barcelona – Spain
As in most marine organisms, seabirds all around the world are accidentally ingesting plastic,
putting them at risk of intoxication, ulcers, blockage of the gastrointestinal track and internal
injuries. However, there are scarce evidences in the Mediterranean. For this reason, we have
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examined the stomach content and determined the number of fragments with plastic appearance of
390 birds from 10 different species caught by longliners by accident mainly in the Balearic Sea.
Next, we have characterized the obtained fragments’ size, weight and colour, as well as whether they
are plastics or not, and what kind, in a subsample of them (930), using an infrared spectrometer. The
Scopoli’s shearwater (Calonectris diomedea) has shown the highest plastic intake (80,7%, 1106
fragments), followed by the Mediterranean shearwater (Puffinus yelkouan, 56,9%; 169 fragments)
and the Balearic shearwater (Puffinus mauretanicus, 46,9%; 133 fragments). Gulls and gannets
showed a far inferior intake frequency (Chroicocephalus ridibundus 0%; Morus bassanus 5,3%; 1
fragment; Ichthyaetus audouinii 6,7%; 10 fragments; Larus michahellis 13,6%; 13 fragments). The
colour analysis shows a possible active selection of black coloured fragments (46% of the analysed
fragments). The infrared spectrometer analysis has revealed that 65 of these fragments have a
composition different from that of plastic. The rest have been confirmed as plastics, mostly
polyethylene (between 69 and 82%), followed by polypropylene and other plastics. These results
confirm that plastic fragments are being ingested by mediterranean seabirds in worrying
percentages, specially considering that the most affected are the three endemic mediterreanean
shearwater species, currently in decline for several reasons.
Keywords: sea birds, mediterranean, characterization of plastic fragments, plastic intake, necropsies
∗Speaker
Evaluating the effect of plastics on marine microbial

communities
Ahmed Nawaz ∗† 1, Carl Boardman‡ 1, Toni Gladding 1, Karen Olsson-Francis 1,
Stephen Summers 2
1 The Open University [Milton Keynes] – Walton Hall, Kents Hill, Milton Keynes MK7 6AA, United Kingdom 2
Nanyang Technological University [Singapour] – 60 Nanyang Ave, Singapour 637551, Singapore
Plastic debris is now ubiquitous in global oceans and if left unchecked the problem will increase
in line with rising global production and consumption. To learn about the unaccounted
consequences of the plastic debris in the ocean, it is crucial to understand how it influences the
microbial communities in marine environment that play key roles in ecosystem functioning e. g.
supporting marine food webs and driving major elemental cycles. Research has shown that microbes
readily colonise marine plastic debris and community members of these microbiotas are speculated
to have toxic, pathogenic or plastic degrading-species. However, the role of plastic in selecting for
unique microbial communities is largely unknown, as is the influence of colonising microorganisms
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on the fate of plastic waste. Our study focused on determining the influence of plastic types on the
structure and diversity of seawater bacterial communities under laboratory conditions. A microcosm
test method that simulated the environmental conditions (temp = 10 oC, humidity = 80%) of marine
ecosystem was undertaken over a period of 22 days. High-throughput 16S amplicon sequencing and
community fingerprinting were used to determine the effect of plastics on the microbial
communities from natural seawater. Communities were compared with respect to plastic treatments
and physico-chemical properties of the marine environment to determine the factors influencing the
bacterial communities. Preliminary data demonstrated a significant effect of the plastics on the
microbial community diversity, with the presence of plastics altering key abiotic parameters of the
seawater.
Keywords: plastics, marine bacteria, community based bioassessment, molecular ecology
∗Speaker †Corresponding author: ahmed.nawaz@open.ac.uk ‡Corresponding author: carl.boardman@open.ac.uk
Microplastic presence in loggerhead turtles (Caretta

caretta) stranded in Gran Canaria Island.
Patricia Ostiategui - Francia ∗† 1,2, Ana Liria - Loza‡ 1,2
Canaria, Spain 2 University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria – Calle Juan de Quesada, 35001 Las Palmas de Gran
Canaria, Las Palmas, Spain
The European Project INDICIT had proposed sea turtles as marine debris indicator on the
European waters. In order to determinate microplastic ingestion by sea turtles, INDICIT project had
standardised methodologies for sampling and conducting shared analyses. Aim of this study was to
determinate microplastic ingestion by loggerhead turtles stranded in Gran Canaria Island, both dead
and alive. For dead turtles, necropsies were carried out and complete digestive track was analysed
by sections (oesophagus, stomach and intestine). For stranded live turtles, faeces were sampled daily
during the first ten days and 3 times per week up to one month after arriving date. Sampling time
was determinate according to the results of transit times experiments carried out in Gran Canaria
from 2015 to 2017.
Both, macro and micro-debris were collected according to INDICIT protocols and analysed
separately. On micro-debris, number of items and weight of each category was determinate
according to INDICIT classification based on the European MSFD. Finally, microplastics abun-
dance was related to sea turtle body size, weight, body condition index and stranding cause.
Preliminary results showed 100% microplastics occurrence on sea turtles (dead and alive) stranded
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in Gran Canaria Island. These microplastics occurrence is the highest between INDICIT partners,
perhaps induced by a most accurate methodology (”2 sieve method”). Final results indicate that
sea turtles are effective indicators of marine micro-debris on the ocean, and allow the
implementation of adequate action plans for to achieve GES in European waters.
Keywords: Turtles, Canary Islands.
∗Speaker †Corresponding author: patriciaostiategui@gmail.com ‡Corresponding author: carettana@gmail.com
COLONIZATION OF MICROPLASTICS AND

TRANSFORMATION OF SORBED PCBs BY A
MARINE MICROBIAL COMMUNITY
Antonella Rosato 1, Andrea Negroni 1, Fabio Fava 1, Giulio Zanaroli ∗ 1
1 Dept. of Civil, Chemical, Environmental and Materials Engineering (DICAM), University of Bologna – Via Terracini,
28, Italy
Microplastics (MPs) have a high probability of ending up in the marine environment, in

particular on anaerobic bottom sediments due to their density increase caused by fouling. MPs also
act as sinks for hydrophobic persistent organic pollutants, such as polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs),
and vehicle them to the marine food web through ingestion. Little is known about the colonization
of pristine and PCB-polluted MPs in the marine environment and the effects of MPs biofilms on
sorbed pollutants, especially in marine sediments, where organohalide respiring microorganisms
able to mediate the reductive dechlorination of PCBs occur. We thus investigated the colonisation
dynamics by an organohalide respiring marine microbial community and its biotransformation
activity towards Aroclor 1254 PCBs sorbed on LDPE, PET, PS, PP and PVC pellets (30
mgPCBs/kgMPs) incubated in incubated in slurry microcosms of marine sediment suspended in
seawater. Reductive dechlorination of PCBs associated to MPs was observed after two weeks of
incubation and was faster on PVC and PS, followed by PET, PE and PP. The same dechlorination
pattern was observed on all MPs. MPs were rapidly colonized by microbial community, followed
by biofilm maturation with no significant differences between MPs contaminated and not. A greater
biomass growth was observed on PVC pellets than other MPs. The biofilm community on MPs was
not significantly affected at the Phylum level by the type of polymer and the presence of the PCBs;
however, the relative abundance of Dehalococcoidia, i.e., of the organohalide respiring Chloroflexi
members of the community, was remarkably increased on PCBs-contaminated MPs. These data
suggest that MPs contamination can favor the enrichment of degraders in biofilm; microbial
colonization of contaminated MPs might therefore contribute to their partial detoxification. The
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financial support by the Italian Ministry for Education, University and Research through the JPI-
Oceans project ”Plastox” is greatly appreciated.
Keywords: microplastics colonization, bacterial community, persistent organic pollutants, biodegradation,
organohalide respiration
∗Speaker
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(AGH), Panel chaired by Arnaud Huvet.
Nanoplastics exposures to gametes and embryos affect

larval development of oyster
Tallec Kevin1*, Paul-Pont Ika2, Boulais Myrina2, Petton Bruno1 Fabioux Caroline2,
Lambert Christophe2, Le Goïc Nelly2, Huvet Arnaud1.
1
Ifremer, Laboratoire des Sciences de l’Environnement Marin (LEMAR), UMR 6539 UBO/CNRS/IRD/Ifremer, CS
10070, 29280 Plouzané, France. 2 CNRS, Laboratoire des Sciences de l’Environnement Marin (LEMAR), UMR 6539
CNRS/UBO/IRD/Ifremer – Institut Universitaire Européen de la Mer, Technopôle Brest-Iroise – Rue Dumont d’Urville,
29280 Plouzané, France.
The Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas represents one of the most important shellfish resources and
plays an important role in estuarine and coastal marine habitats, characterized by intense anthropogenic
pressures. As they achieved an external fertilization for reproduction, early life stages must face
environmental stressors such as plastic debris. Mismanagement of plastic waste by human societies leads
to a significant release of plastic into the oceans, which then fragments into small particles including
micro- (MP < 5 mm) and supposedly nanoplastics (NP < 100 nm). Here, we investigated the toxicity of
the amino-nanopolystyrene (50 nm) on gametes and embryos at a concentration of 0.1 μg mL-1, DC: 50 ng mL-1). Post-exposureg.mL-1. Cross-
exposures on spermatozoa or/and oocytes were performed followed by exposure or not at the embryonic
stages (all in all, 8 conditions). Exposures of gametes caused no effect on fertilization. In contrast,
exposures of embryos induced a decrease in the normal D-larval yield and affect the entire larval
development - larvae was not exposed - characterized by a settlement delay of one day compared to the
control condition. Several cellular endpoints were measured on gametes during exposures (cell viability
and reactive oxygen species in female and male gametes; mitochondrial membrane potential in
spermatozoa) and on larvae (lipid index, transcriptomics analysis) that will be discussed at the MICRO
conference.
Keywords: Nanoplastics; oyster; larvae; gametes
∗Speaker †Corresponding author: kevin.tallec@univ-brest.fr
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Eat microplastics, die early? Do microplastics lead to

higher mortality of barnacle larvae
Sing-Pei Yu ∗† 1,2, Benny K. K. Chan 1,2
1 National Taiwan University – Taiwan 2 Academia Sinica – Taiwan
Plastic litter negatively impact the marine life. Plastic debris smaller than 5 mm in diameter are
classified as microplastics. Microplastics can be generated during plastic manufacturing or came
from degradation of larger plastic fragments in the natural environment. Compared to macroplastics,
the influence of microplastics on marine life are still largely unknown. Although most studies have
evaluated the effect of microplastics on responses of adults but relatively less studies focus on
larvae. Another constraint is the short experiment time. In the present study, we used barnacle
naupliar larvae(Amphibalanus amphitrite), as a model organism for crustacean larvae, to investigate
the ingestion of four sizes of polystyrene microbeads (diameter 1.0, 6.8, 10, 20 im respectively) at
four concentrations(1000, 100, 10, 1, 0 beads ml-1). After exposing to microplastics from nauplii
to cyprids, nauplii mortality, development time, growth and metamorphosis rate were not
significantly different from the control which didn’t receive any microplastics. Moreover, feeding
ability of nauplii were barely affected at the highest concentration(1000 beads ml-1). Nauplii
appeared to prefer feed on microplastics, when microalgae and microplastics were presented at the
same amount. After ingestion, microplastics was egested together with digested algal materials
within two hours. Fecal pellets contained microplastics with digested algal materials sank to the
bottom rather than float in water column. As a result, ingestion of microplastics by zooplanktons can
transform microplastics to the benthic environment.
Keywords: microplastics, barnacle larvae, ingestion, mortality
∗Speaker †Corresponding author: az1357954@gmail.com
Physiological responses of Crassostrea virginica

larvae exposed to microplastics
Christine Knauss ∗ 1, Katherine Mcfarland 2, Jeffrey Cornwell 2
1 University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science – United States 2 University of Maryland Center for
Environmental Science – United States
Microplastic contamination is ubiquitous in the aquatic environment with projections showing
an increase in microplastic load worldwide. A growing body of evidence shows that microplastic
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ingestion causes harmful effects in many marine organisms including fish, aquatic mammals, turtles,
zooplankton, and adult bivalves. The larval stage of the Eastern oyster (Crassostrea virginica) is the
most vulnerable stage, compared to adults of this species, and therefore is likely the most
susceptible to pollutants. However, experiments looking at the effects of microplastic ingestion are
lacking for this life stage. This study investigates the physiological response of C. virginica larvae
during exposure to microplastics. Two polymers commonly found in the coastal environment were
chosen for the microplastic exposure solutions: polyethylene terephthalate (PET, polyester) fibers
(14 x 42 im) and polystyrene microspheres (50/50 mix of 2 and 6 im diameter spheres). Larvae were
exposed to one type of microplastic solution (fibers or spheres) at 100 microplastics mL-1 at three
different ages (7, 9 and 10 days old) for 4, 2, and 1 days respectively. Physiological rates
(respiration, algal ingestion, carbon assimilation, and growth) were measured on days 1, 2 and 4,
before and after exposure to microplastic solutions. Results will be presented and discussed based
on the effects from microplastic type and shape and the duration of exposure.
Keywords: Crassostrea virginica, microfiber, polyethylene terephthalate, microsphere, polystyrene
∗Speaker
Assessing effects of microplastics’ ingestion in fish:

from innate immune responses and intestinal barrier
function to hepatic stress
Giedre Asmonaite ∗ 1, Henrik Sundh 1, Noomi Asker 1, Joachim Sturve 1, Bethanie
Carney Almroth 1
1 University of Gothenburg, Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences – Sweden
The accumulation of plastics in digestive tracts of aquatic biota has been extensively doc-
umented and ingestion has been proposed as a prominent exposure route for plastic debris for a
variety of aquatic animals, including fish. While the majority of studies investigating effects of
microplastics (MPs) have focused on lower micro-size fractions, impacts of MPs from upper
micro-size range (> 100 im) at which particles are detected in environmental samples or reported
ingested by aquatic animals, remain rarely studied. The present study aimed at investigating
physiological effects associated with polystyrene (PS) MPs (100-400 im) exposure and particles’
ability to act as vectors for environmental pollutants thereby inducting chemical toxicity. Herein,
we explored whether ingestion of MPs can cause inflammation, intestinal barrier dysfunction or
hepatic stress in fish. For 28 days, rainbow trout were fed diets containing untreated PS particles or
particles deployed in situ in sewage and harbor effluents. Functional and structural integrity of
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intestinal tissues was investigated with Ussing chamber technique, where transport of radioactively-
labeled molecules and electrochemical parameters were assessed. Analysis of expression levels of
immune-related genes and tight junction proteins was performed to examine if PS MPs and co-
contaminants induced inflammation in intestinal tissue. Lysozyme stability and complement system
in blood plasma were measured as proxy for systemic inflammation. Markers specific for exposure
to common contaminants such as PAHs, endocrine disrupting compounds and metals were used to
investigate hepatic stress. We could not show that PS MPs induced inflammation or acted as
physical and/or chemical hazards upon ingestion, exerting no measurable effects on intestinal
permeability, active transport or electrochemistry in intestinal tissue, or inducing adverse hepatic
stress in fish.
Keywords: Oxidative stress, polystyrene, vector effects, biomarkers
∗Speaker
Do chemicals transfer to or from microplastics in the

gut?
Nur Hazimah Mohamed Nor ∗ 1, Albert Koelmans 2
Research Centre – P.O. Box 47, 6700 AA Wageningen, Netherlands 2 Aquatic Ecology and Water Quality Management,
Department of Environmental Science, Wageningen University Research Centre – P.O. Box 47, 6700 AA Wageningen,
Netherlands
Microplastics acting as a vector for bioaccumulation of hydrophobic organic chemicals (HOCs)

is a long standing hypothesis within the research on plastic debris. Previous studies have demon-
strated that microplastics contributed to 1-2 times increase or decrease in bioaccumulation of HOCs.
These studies were mostly in-vivo with exposure scenarios favouring uptake of chemicals from
microplastic, whereas in the environment, chemical uptake by plastic might also occur.
Furthermore, the exact transfer kinetics of the HOCs between the ingested microplastics and
organisms in the gut cannot be quantified in such tests. Simulating gastrointestinal conditions with
artificial gut fluids is an experimental technique to assess bioavailability of chemicals in an
organism and can better test the sorption mechanisms. The uptake of chemicals by microplastics
from contaminated food has not been studied before. Here, we demonstrate different exposure
scenarios of microplastics in artificial gut fluids and transfer of a range of PCBs to/from LDPE and
PVC. The data was modelled with a biphasic multi-compartment dynamic model, accounting for
reversible transfer of chemicals between microplastics, water, gut fluid and natural food components
under different relevant uptake scenarios. Desorption half-lives range from 1.5-3.7 h for LDPE and
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0.7-23.9 h for PVC. We demonstrate how organisms with different gut residence times will be
affected differently by the ingestion of microplastic. In nature, the levels of chemical mixtures in
the biota and microplastics may not be at equilibrium and direction of transfer depends on the
fugacity in different compartments.
Keywords: Bioaccumulation, sorption, desorption, kinetics
∗Speaker
Effects of polystyrene microplastics in different life

stages of brown trout (Salmo trutta f. fario)
Hannah Schmieg ∗ 1, Stefanie Krais 1, Aki S. Ruhl 2, Heinz-R. Köhler 1, Rita
Triebskorn 1,3
1 Animal Physiological Ecology, University of Tübingen – Auf der Morgenstelle 5, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany 2
Chair of Water Quality Control, TU Berlin – Sekr. KF 4, Str. des 17. Juni 135, D-10623 Berlin, Germany 3 Steinbeis
Transfer Center for Ecotoxicology and Ecophysiology – Blumenstraße 13, D-72108 Rottenburg, Germany
The widespread use of plastic in our daily life has led to a worldwide pollution of aquatic and
terrestrial environments with macro- and microplastics. Nevertheless, knowledge on effects of
microplastics in freshwater organisms is still scarce. The aim of our study is to investigate effects of
polystyrene microplastics (cryogenically milled granules, fractionated to Salmo trutta f. fario). For
that purpose, we conducted two fish early life stage tests (FELST) according to OECD 212. We
investigated potential effects of polystyrene particles either alone (100; 10 000; 100 000; 1 000 000
particles/L) or in combination with the antidepressant amitriptyline. The investigated endpoints
were heart rate, hatching success, mortality and behavior. After consumption of yolk sac by the fish
larvae, we additionally investigated the oxidative stress level by means of the ferrous oxidative
xylenol orange assay (FOX-assay) and measured the superoxide dismutase activity. In a second
experiment, we examined effects of polystyrene particles (10 000 particles/L) alone and in
combination with the pesticide methiocarb in juvenile brown trout. In this experiment, mortality
rate, level of oxidative stress, proteotoxicity (induction of Hsp70), and inhibition of
acetylcholinesterase were under investigation. Furthermore, we examined histopathological effects
in gills, liver and gut of the trout. Except for a discussable effect on behavior in the experiment with
amitriptyline (Fig. 1) our experiments did not show any negative impact of microplastics on brown
trout up to now. Further analyses are in progress. The present study is part of the joint research
project ”MiWa” (microplastics in freshwater systems) funded by the German Federal Ministry of
Education and Research (support code: 02WRS1378).
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Keywords: Polystyrene microplastics, Freshwater, Modulation of organic pollutants, Fish

∗Speaker
Assessing the impact of environmental microplastics

in fish using cell line, embryos, larvae and juvenile
Bénédicte Morin ∗† 1, Pauline Pannetier 1, Christelle Clerandeau 1, Florane Le
Bihanic 1, Luiz Felippe De Alencastro 2, Frederic Sciacca 3, Kim Van Arklel 4, Jean-
Pascal Bourgeois 5, Morgane Danion 6, Jérôme Cachot 1
1 Bordeaux University – UMR 5805 EPOC, France – France 2 EPFL, Swiss University, Lausanne 1015, Switzerland –
Switzerland 3 Race For Water Foundation (R4W) – Race for Water Foundation Avenue de Provence, 4 1007 Lausanne,
Switzerland 4 Race For Water Foundation – Race for Water Foundation Avenue de Provence, 4 1007 Lausanne,
Switzerland 5 University of Applied Sciences and Arts Western Switzerland, Fribourg – Switzerland 6 Technopôle Brest-
Iroise, 29280 Plouzané, France – ANSES – France
Microplastics (MPs) are tiny plastic fragments, with size < 5mm, widely present in aquatic
environment. MPs can be ingested by many organisms, including fish, and can cause chronic
physical and/or toxicological effects. Microplastics are the support for many pollutants present in
aquatic environment, especially hydrophobic substances. Although numerous studies have
documented the microplastic particles uptake and retention in various organisms, impacts on aquatic
organisms are little studied so far. In this aims, differents approaches will be presented to evaluate
the potential toxic effects in fish. Rainbow trout liver cell line RTLW-1 was used to evaluate the
toxic effects of organic extracts of environmental samples of microplastics with different assays
(MTT, EROD, comet assay). In addition, in vivo studies were conducted at various stages of
Japanese medaka exposed to microplastic organic extracts, directly to microplastic particles or via
trophic contamination. Different biomarkers were evaluated including mortality, biometry,
malformations, EROD activity, DNA damage and behavior. Environmental samples were collected
during the Race for Water Odyssey in 2015 on beaches of marine islands located in microplastics
accumulation area including Hawaii, Bermuda, Guam, Azores, Easter island. For environmental
microplastics, different patterns of toxicity were observed in cell line, probably linked with
environmental conditions or polymer compositions. Dose-dependent effects were observed on
embryos exposed to the organic extract of Hawaii sample on EROD activity induction, biometry
and fish reaction to light stimulation. Various toxicity endpoints were induced on larvae after trophic
exposure to environmental MPs, which either indicate chemical toxicity of plastic additives and/or
sorbed pollutants or physical effects of MPs. Reduced impacts were shown on medaka juveniles
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following trophic exposure to MPs probably due to a lower sensitivity compared to larvae.
Microplastics from the field were shown to be toxic both on fish cell line and on fish embryos and
larvae using different exposure routes.
∗Speaker †Corresponding author: benedicte.morin@u-bordeaux.fr
Keywords: Fish cell line, Fish embryo assay, Water and Trophic exposures, Microplastics, Sorbed pollutants, Toxicity
endpoints
A mid-scale temporal and spatial analysis of

microplastic ingestion in the deep-water red shrimp
Aristeus antennatus
Ester Carreras-Colom ∗ 1, Joan E. Cartes 2, Alain Sánchez-Hernández 1, Oriol
Rodríguez-Romeu 1, Mireia Baeza 1, Maria Constenla 1, Anna Soler-Membrives 1,
Francesc Padrós 1, Maite Carrassón† 1
1 Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona – UAB Campus, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain 2 Institut de Ciències del
Mar (ICM-CSIC) – Passeig Marítim de la Barceloneta 37-49, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
Microplastic (MP) ingestion has been confirmed in a wide variety of marine organisms, yet
percentage of occurrence greatly varies among species and areas. The present study aims to evaluate
mid-scale spatial (230km) and temporal (2007 to 2018) variations in the ingestion of MPs in the
deep-sea red shrimp (Aristeus antennatus) from the Northwestern Mediterranean Sea. Three
different localities (in the north, central and south areas of the Catalan coast), apparently under
different levels of anthropogenic pressure were sampled for shrimps in 2018. Moreover, a particular
area close to Barcelona city (at about 30 km off the coastline and 800m depth) was sampled on
several occasions during the period 2007-2018. Biological characteristics of the shrimps were
recorded in addition to the presence of MPs in order to assess the potential effect of MPs on
shrimp’s condition. Microplastics, mostly fibers with lengths ranging between 0.2 and 30mm, were
found in both stomach and intestine contents. In some cases, these fibers were not isolated but
tangled up into balls inside the stomach and their diameters reached values around 0.2cm. Overall,
percentage of MP occurrence in shrimps was high, with more than 75% of the individuals with MPs
in each sampling point. The close relationship of A. antennatus with substrate, where shrimps
actively prey on benthos, might favor a great exposure to MPs that would be ingested during its
feeding activity. Notwithstanding, clear effects of MP overall occurrence on shrimp’s condition were
not observed. Differences between locations and periods were found, especially concerning ball
occurrence, with higher values in southern sampling points (rather than northern ones) and past
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periods (2008), in the vicinities of Barcelona. These and other findings that will be discussed point
out the potential use of A. antennatus as bioindicator species for monitoring MP levels in the
Mediterranean Sea.
Keywords: microplastic ingestion, fibers, Aristeus antennatus, Mediterranean Sea, Deep Sea, spatial and temporal
variation
∗Speaker †Corresponding author: maite.carrasson@uab.cat
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(AGH), Panel chaired by Carolin Völker.
Riverine macroplastics in Jakarta

Michelle Loozen ∗† 1, Kees Van Oeveren ‡ 1, Tim Van Emmerik § 2
1 The Ocean Cleanup – Netherlands 2 The Ocean Cleanup – Netherlands
Plastics scattered across the land are transported to the ocean by rivers. They are even the main
supply of marine plastics. Because of an increased interest in identifying the main polluting
countries in the world, several models have been made to estimate the outflow of riverine plastics.
However, due to a lack of data the obtained estimations are unvalidated. Recently, The Ocean
Cleanup developed a monitoring method to assess quantity, location (lon- gitudinal, cross-sectional
and in the water column) and dynamics of riverine plastics. With this knowledge the riverine plastic
outflow volumes could be estimated on a daily, monthly and yearly basis which on its turn enables
validation of model results.
In May 2018 this monitoring method is applied at 5 locations in the neighborhood of the city of
Jakarta. For all locations the plastic density (particles/m2) in time and space has been determined
and the ratio between organics and plastics identified. The composition of the riverine plastic has
been identified and the characteristics per plastic type investigated. In short summary of the
findings; the plastic particle flux (particles/min) appears to be related to the flow velocity (m/s) and
the flow velocity appears to be related to the submergence of plastics. Furthermore, a difference
between the composition of surface plastics and water column plastics has been found. The results
of this fieldwork contribute to the understanding of the dynamics and composition of plastics and
will eventually enable validation of the above mentioned global model.
Keywords: River, marcoplastics, Jakarta, monitoring method, water column distribution, spatial distribution
∗Speaker †Corresponding author: michelle.loozen@theoceancleanup.com ‡Corresponding author:
kees.vanoeveren@theoceancleanup.com §Corresponding author: tim.vanemmerik@theoceancleanup.com
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Microplastic prevalence in benthic

macroinvertebrates: preliminary evidence of
microplastic particles among primary consumers in a
lotic environment
James O Connor ∗† 1, Sinéad Murphy 1, Anne Marie Mahon 1, Ian O Connor 1,
Róisín Nash 1, Noelle Jones 2, Mark Kelly 2, John O Sullivan 3, Michael Bruen 3,
Linda Heerey 3, Albert Koelmans 4, Heather Lally 1
1 Marine and Freshwater Research Centre, Galway-Mayo Institute of Technology – Dublin Road, Galway, H91 T8NW,
Ireland 2 Department of Civil Engineering, Galway-Mayo Institute of Technology – Dublin Road, Galway, H91 T8NW,
Ireland 3 UCD School of Civil Engineering, UCD Earth Institute UCD Dooge Centre for Water Resources Research –
Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland 4 Aquatic Ecology and Water Quality Management, Department of Environmental Science,
Wageningen University Research Centre – P.O. Box 47, 6700 AA Wageningen, Netherlands
Microplastic (MP) polymers (1 im – 5 mm) are ubiquitous within aquatic environments. Due to
their small size there is a risk that they may infiltrate and transfer within aquatic food webs.
Although there is experimental evidence to suggest that freshwater biota can readily ingest MPs,
particularly at lower trophic levels, the lack of field data means that our knowledge of MP
prevalence among biota in the freshwater environment is limited. MP exposure is primarily
determined by the feeding strategy of the organism, the characteristics of the polymer type and
where within the environment they occur. As such, MP exposure is assumed to be especially
relevant for benthic macroinvertebrates, which interact and feed close to the benthos where MPs are
likely to accumulate. The aim of this research is to quantify and characterise the MP burden
imposed on benthic macroinvertebrate communities within a lotic system in Ireland, as a means of
investigating potential pathways of MP assimilation within the freshwater food web. Ten, one-
minute kick samples were obtained from three reference sites and three high exposure sites along
the River Slaney catchment. Taxa were identified to family level for biological assessment of water
quality, and subjected to a 48 hour digestion in a 30 % HO (Hydrogen Peroxide) v/v solution to
isolate MPs from invertebrate integument. Preliminary results indicate MP prevalence to be highest
among the functional feeding group (FFG) shredders, which typically feed on coarse particulate
organic matter within the benthos, with fibres the most frequent polymer found followed by
fragments. The high prevalence of MPs among shredders could provide evidence to suggest that this
FFG is at a greater risk of ingesting MPs and transferring them to higher trophic levels.
∗Speaker †Corresponding author: james.oconnor@research.gmit.ie
Keywords: freshwater ecology, food webs, polymers, water quality, water pollution
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(Micro)plastics in Sediment and Water Samples of the

Rivers Elbe and Lahn, Germany
Friederike Stock ∗ 1, Christian Kochleus 1, Georg Dierkes 1, Harun Egerci 2,
Stefanie Felsing 3, Christian Scherer 2, Thomas Ternes 1, Sebastijan Vurusic 2,
Annkatrin Weber 2, Martin Wagner 4, Georg Reifferscheid 1, Nicole Brennholt 1
1 Federal Institute of Hydrology – Germany 2 Goethe Universität Frankfurt, Department Aquatic Ecotoxicology –
Germany 3 Leibniz Institute for Baltic Sea Research Warnemünde – Germany 4 Norwegian University of Science and
Technology, Department of Biology – Norway
Plastic pollution in the aquatic environment has gained worldwide attention in the last years.
Meanwhile, intensive research activities have been initiated in these environments; however, the
effects and consequences of the plastic pollution are not fully known and have to be better un-
derstood. In the frame of the project ”Microplastics in German waterways”, samples from 11 sites
from the river Elbe between Dessau and Vogelsang as well as four sites of the river Lahn upstream
and downstream of the effluent of a waste water treatment plant were taken in order to study the
plastic pollution in water and sediment and to show the differences of sampling methods.
The sediment samples were taken with a Van-Veen-grabber, the water samples from the Elbe
with an Apstein plankton net (mesh size 150 im) and from the Lahn with a flow centrifuge and a
plankton net (5 im). The sediment samples were presorted with wet sieving, organic digestion and
density separation, filtered on aluminium oxide filters and visually analysed. For the water samples,
the organic matter was digested using a reagent composed of equal volumes of 10 M KOH and 30 %
H2O2, then, the (micro)plastic particles were isolated from remaining matrix by density floatation
using 1.6 g/mL potassium formate solution and pressure filtration. Analysis was done by visual
inspection, selected particles measured with pyrolysis GCMS and Fourier-transform infrared
spectroscopy.
The results of the sediments of the Elbe point to a (micro)plastic concentration depending on the
sampling site (esp. polystyrene and polypropylene particles) and to a decrease in the flow direction
whereas the water samples only show a site specific (micro)plastic concentration. The Lahn samples
clearly reveal a higher concentration of particles in the samples downstream the effluent of the waste
water treatment plant.
∗Speaker
Keywords: (micro)plastics, river, freshwater, Germany
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Spatio-temporal distribution of microplastics in water

and sediments of a southern european river (Antu ̃a
river, Portugal)
Ana M. M. Gonçalves ∗† 1,2, Mariana Rodrigues 2, Fernando J. M. Gonçalves 2,
Helena Nogueira 3, Jo ̃ao C. Marques 1, Nelson Abrantes 4
1 MARE, Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, 3004-517 Coimbra, Portugal – Portugal 2 Department of
Biology CESAM, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal – Portugal 3 Department of Chemistry, CICECO,
University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro Portugal – Portugal 4 Department of Environment CESAM, University of Aveiro,
3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal – Portugal
The accumulation of plastics in aquatic systems, especially microplastics (MPs, particles with <
5 mm), is of particular apprehension since they can reach high densities, derive from a variety of
sources and can interact with biotic and abiotic environment. The occurrence of MPs in freshwater
systems is less understood than in marine environment. Hence, this study aims to fill this knowledge
gap providing new insights into MPs contamination in Antu ̃a river in water and sediment samples
collected in March and October of 2016 in several stretches of the river. The abundance of MPs
reached 14.3 ± 18.3 mg m-3 or 306.4 ± 472.1 items m-3 in water samples and 35.8 ± 25.7 mg kg-1
or 318.9 ± 246 items kg-1 in sediments. Spatial and temporal distributions show different pattern
according to seasonal conditions, proximity to urban areas and flow velocity. The water and
sediment samples with the greatest abundances were S ̃ao Jo ̃ao da Madeira (SJM) and Aguincheira,
respectively. In water compartment, the highest abundance of MPs was observed in October, while
in sediments an opposite pattern was observed. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR)
plastics’analysis underline polyethylene (PE) and polypropylene (PP) polymers as the most common
types covering more than 50% of all polymer types identified. Foams and fibers were the most
abundant type in SJM, while fibers and fragments were the most abundant in Aguincheira and
Estarreja in water and sediment samples, respectively. Since Portugal is the 12th country in Europe
with the highest plastics demand (” 1 mt) and 10%-50% of plastic go to landfills, it is urgent to
monitor its freshwater systems. This study emphasizes the importance of rivers as potential carriage
systems of MPs within environment. Further studies should be performed to identify point sources
in order to mitigate the MP contamination in aquatic systems.
Keywords: Contamination, Microplastics, Water, Sediment, Antu ̃a River
∗Speaker †Corresponding author: anamartagoncalves@gmail.com
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Microplastics in two contrasted rivers discharging into

the Northwestern Mediterranean Sea
Mel Constant ∗ 1, Philippe Kerhervé 1, Anna Sanchez-Vidal 2, Miquel Canals 2,
Serges Heussner 1
1 Centre de Formation et de Recherche sur les Environnements Méditerranéens – CNRS : UMR5110, Université de
Perignan Via Domitia – 52 Avenue Paul Alduy, 66860 Perpignan, France 2 GRC Marine Geosciences, Department of
Stratigraphy, Palaeontology and Marine Geosciences, Faculty of Earth and Ocean Dynamics, University of Barcelona –
E-08028 Barcelona, Spain
Freshwater environments are exposed to microplastic (MP) pollution due to the use and discard
of plastics on adjacent lands. Rivers are suspected to be a major transport pathway of MPs from
terrestrial to marine ecosystems. Monitoring MP concentrations within rivers is therefore critical to
assess hazards on freshwater ecosystems, but also to estimate MP fluxes from watersheds to coastal
waters. However, only a few studies have investigated MP concentrations in rivers. To fill this gap,
MPs (size < 5 mm) were collected on several occasions during a complete yearly cycle using a
manta trawl (> 300 μg mL-1, DC: 50 ng mL-1). Post-exposurem) at the surface of two contrasted rivers: the Rhône River, the largest source
of freshwater and sediments into the Mediterranean Sea and a typical small Mediterranean coastal
river, the Têt River. MP concentrations varied by two orders of magnitude for both rivers: from 0.01
to 0.66 mg.m-3 (mean = 0.13 ± 0.17 mg.m-3) for the Rhône River and from 0.02 to 3.41 mg.m-3
(mean = 0.87 ± 0.86 mg.m-3 ) for the Têt River, which was significantly more polluted (Wilcoxon
test; p.value < 0.001). Fibers were the most abundant shape (95-85%), followed by fragments (10-
2%). Foams, films and beads were less represented (< 2%). FTIR analysis indicates that fibers were
mainly made of polyester (PES), fragments and films were mostly polyethylene (PE) and
polypropylene (PP), while foams were essentially made of polystyrene (PS). Replicate sampling was
performed on the Têt River that showed that the short-term temporal variability (hours) was as
important as the seasonal variability (months). No clear trends were found for both rivers between
MPs concentration and external factors such as local precipitations, water flow rates and total
suspended matters, indicating complex or chaotic patterns of MP distribution within river waters
and subsequent transport.
Keywords: microplastics, anthropogenic litter, rivers.
∗Speaker
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Microplastics in the Italian lakes: main results of two

monitoring years
Lucia Coscia1, Maria Sighicelli2, Stefania Di Vito1, Simone Nuglio1, Patrizia
Menegoni2, Giorgio Zampetti1, Francesca Lecce2, Federica Colucci2, Loris Pietrelli2
1 Legambiente ONLUS Via Salaria 403, 00199 Roma, Italy; 2 Italian National agency for new technologies, Energy
and sustainable economic development [Casaccia], Via Anguillarese 301, 00123 Roma, Italy
Despite the large amount of literature describing microplastics occurrence and accumulation in
marine environments, yet very little data are available for freshwater systems, and, particularly, little
is known as regards the situation in Italian lakes. Starting from 2016 Legambiente and ENEA are
carrying out a joint research on microplastics (1-5 mm) presence on the main Italian lakes. The
greater mean concentration for Subalpine lakes was recorded in Lake Iseo, 40000 particles/km 2,
39000 particles/ km2 in Lake Maggiore and 10000 particles/km2 in the Garda Lake. The highest
particles concentration was found in transect located in the part of the lacustrine basins directly
affected by the presence of water inflow of rivers affected by sewage pollution. In 2017 the study
focussed on fluvial input and output in the lacual basins in order to highlight the influence of the
wastewater treatment plant and appears that the difference detected between the samples taken
downstream and upstream of the wastewater treatment plant can reach up to 80% of particles/m 3.
There is an undeniable relationship between municipal discharges, sewage, urban runoff and storm
water from rivers-lakes system to sea. Regarding the regions of central Italy Bracciano and
Trasimeno Lakes were monitored. In Bracciano Lake the average density was 117000
microparticles/km², and a peak of 554000 microparticles/km² was recorded. The environmental
situation of Lake Bracciano in 2017 was particularly critical because of the high evaporation, the
deficit of rainfall and the water captions, as the lake is used as a drinking water reservoir for the city
of Rome and the Vatican State. Considering the Trasimeno Lake, one of the largest Italian lake but
also one of the shallower (5 meters, on average), the mean concentration recorded in 2016 was 8974
microparticles/km2 in line with the mean of 7914 microparticles/km2 of 2017 monitoring.
Microplastics monitoring in water bodies of the North-

West of Russia
Ekaterina Ivanova ∗† 1, Alexandra Ershova ‡ 2, Irina Makeeva 2, Evgeniia Lange3
1 Institute of Limnology, Russian Academy of Sciences – Sevastyanova, 9, Saint-Petersburg, Russia 2 Russian State
Hydrometeorological University [St.Petersburg] – Malookhtinsky prospect 98, St Petersburg, Russia 3 Shirshov Institute
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of Oceanology, Russian Academy of Sciences – 36 Nahimovskiy pr., Moscow, Russia
The problem of microplastic pollution can become a new and underestimated threat for such
unique and fragile aquatic ecosystems like the brackish Gulf of Finland (the Baltic Sea) and Ladoga
Lake - the largest freshwater lake in Europe. In 2017 year three Russian Institutes started to survey
the water bodies of Saint-Petersburg and the Leningrad oblast to determine the levels of
microplastic pollution. Particular attention was drawn to Ladoga Lake and the Neva river as the
objects of strategic importance for the water supply of metropolitan area of Saint- Petersburg, as
well as the Neva estuary in the easternmost tip of the Gulf of Finland - highly polluted and
eutrophied water body. Ladoga Lake and Neva estuary being part of one aquatic system are very
different in terms of morphology, hydrodynamics and hydrochemical regime. Thus, several
microplastic sampling methods have been tested in order to elaborate a unified method for this
region. Microplastic particles concentration in water column was determined by the light
microscope based on the methods of Marine & Environmental Research Institute, USA. The first
results from 2017 year show that microplastic particles were detected in all samples from the water
bodies of the Neva catchment area. On average several particles per liter were registered in every
sample. Data on microplastics concentrations and composition in natural water bodies represent
some features of plastic particles transformation and transportation in water column and into the
bottom sediments. First beach monitoring surveys in the Neva Bay (2018) showed high
accumulation of macro- and meso-litter particles in beach sand, however, not so many particles 2-5
mm was found. Samples of bottom sediments in this area were studied by means of light microscope
and IR-spectrometry methods. Preliminary results show the possibly importance of bottom
sediments as an accumulation hotspot for micro-particles.
Keywords: microplastics in water and bottom sediments, the Neva river, Gulf of Finland, Ladoga Lake
∗Speaker †Corresponding author: Spb22@inbox.ru ‡Corresponding author: amberx19@gmail.com
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Posters
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The students from the "Red Canaria de Centros Educativos GLOBE" will be in front of their
posters and exchanging questions with other participants on Wednesday 21st during the Posters
session, 13h-14h30'.
Microplastics distribution in surface waters in the

Western Mediterranean Sea
Alberto Aparicio-González ∗ 1
1 Instituto Español de Oceanografía. Centro Oceanográfico de Baleares. – Spain
Is possible to find microplastics (< 5 mm) even in the most remote areas on the planet, this
includes the surface waters in the Mediterranean Sea. In the open ocean, this kind of pollution is
introduced from terrestrial sources, including inadequately disposed plastic, effluents of waste water
treatment plants or via river plumes. Plastic materials tend to accumule in the anticy- clonic gyres
and convergence zones in the open ocean. In this study, during RADMED 0216 cruise, surface
samples were collected in 5 orthogonal sections to the coast along bathymetric gradient with a
manta trawl net (333 μg mL-1, DC: 50 ng mL-1). Post-exposurem mesh), in 23 sampling stations (from Catalonia to Alborán). We analyzed
the abundance, the chemical characterization of microplastics and the distribution of plastic
particles. Microplastics were isolated using the visual identification and counted, and then a
representative 10 % were selected and classified by shape, colour and size using also a
stereomicroscope NexiusZoom (Euromex). Furthermore, this 10 % were identified by ATR-FTIR
spectroscopy.
In this survey, abundances are in the order of 0.5 particles by square meter of sea surface. The
highest concentrations, up to 515 particles m-3, were detected along the Ebro river mouth sampling
transects.
Density of microplastics (except microfibers) in Spanish Western Mediterranean during
RADMED 0216 survey. To better understand the accumulation zones of microplastics we will
analyze the relationship with other variables as the distance to the coastline and to convergence
zones among others.
Keywords: Western Mediterranean, microplastics
∗Speaker
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Microplastics in sea water of Cienfuegos bay, Cuba

Arianna García-Chamero ∗† 1, Carlos Alonso-Hernández ‡ , Donaida Chamero-
Lago§
1 Arianna – Building 4 Apartment 9 Ciudad Nuclear, Cienfuegos, Cuba
Microplastics are found principally in closed bays with industrial activity. The Cienfuegos Bay,
is a closed bay typical where has cuantificated different pollutants but no exist report about the
presence of microplastics in these ecosystems. In these work we set out to make a studied in surface
sea water for evaluate the presence and density of microplastic in the dry and wet season in the
Cienfuegos Bay. They were observed microplastic in sea water in all station evaluated. The average
of the values found in the dry season was 49 562.5 microplastic/m3 in a range between 3000 and
581 500 microplastic /m3, reporting the high concentration in the station 12, place very near of
Cienfuegos city. In the wet season found an average the 5093.75 microplastic /m3 in the range
between 0.0 and 10 500 microplastic/m3, showing the high concentration in the station 16, located
at the mouth of the Laguna Guanaroca.
Keywords: Microplastic, Pollution, Cienfuegos Bay, Sea water
∗Speaker †Corresponding author: arianna@ceac.cu ‡Corresponding author: carlos@ceac.cu §Corresponding author:
donaida@ceac.cu
Osteotoxic effects of polycyclic aromatic

hydrocarbons adsorbed to microplastics
Marco Tarasco ∗ 1, Paulo J Gavaia 1,2, Maria J Bebianno 3, M Leonor Cancela 1,2,
Vincent Laizé† 1
1 Centre of Marine Sciences – Campus de Gambelas, 8000-139 Faro, Portugal, Portugal 2 Department of Biomedical
Sciences and Medicine; Algarve Biomedical Centre – Campus de Gambelas, 8000-139 Faro, Portugal, Portugal 3
Centre of Marine and Environmental Research – Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal, Portugal
Microplastics present in aquatic ecosystems and in the food web represent a major concern for
the ocean and human health. Adverse effects such as growth inhibition, reproductive dysfunction,
feeding disorders and mortality have been described in different trophic levels. In addition, recent
reports showed that contaminants such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), known to
disrupt endocrine system and impair skeletal development and bone formation/maintenance, have
the ability to adsorb at the surface of microplastics, raising additional concerns about the adverse
effects produced by the presence of microplastics in the environment. In this work, the osteotoxic
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effect of 2 model PAH compounds with the potential to be adsorbed to microplastics –

benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) and 3-methylcholanthrene (3-MC) – were assessed in zebrafish (Danio
rerio) using several in vivo bone-related systems. Fish were waterborne exposed to BaP and 3-MC
(dissolved in DMSO), and the effects on the operculum development (larvae), caudal fin and scales
regeneration (adult) and levels of skeletal deformities (post-larvae) were assessed through bone
specific staining and morphometric analysis. BaP and 3-MC reduced the growth of the opercular
bone in a dose-dependent manner, impaired de novo bone formation in regenerating caudal fin and
scales, and increased the number of skeletal deformities, demonstrating the osteotoxic and
skeletotoxic potential of PAHs. This work provides new insights into the osteotoxic effects of PAH
and essential data to further assess the effects of environmental pollutants with the potential to be
adsorbed to microplastics.
Keywords: Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, Osteotoxicity, Zebrafish
∗Speaker †Corresponding author: vlaize@ualg.pt
On the representativeness of bulk water samples

versus manta sampling in microplastic analysis
Matthias Tamminga ∗ 1, Elke Kerstin Fischer 1
1 Center for Earth System Research and Sustainability – Grindelberg 5, 20144 Hamburg, Germany
The harmonization of methodical approaches along the complete process chain beginning with
sampling-concepts and ending with the identification respectively characterization of microplastic
particles is of major relevance for future investigations. Manta trawling is most commonly applied in
water sampling for microplastic analysis, though, the mesh size sets an operational detection limit
(mostly at 300 or 333μg mL-1, DC: 50 ng mL-1). Post-exposurem). It is widely agreed, that the majority of particles found is of smaller size
which gave rise to set up new strategies involving bulk sampling with pump systems. Still there is
uncertainty about the minimum volume of water required to meet the important criteria of
representativeness. Here, first results regarding the comparability of a novel bulk water sampling
system and a manta trawl are presented, exemplarily investigated in the freshwater model catchment
of Lake Tollense (Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania, Germany). This catchment is characterized by
favorable conditions with respect to the lake’s shape and dimensions, its exposure within the
landscape, strong gradients concerning human activities and the polarized allocation of its trib-
utaries and discharge that enable the investigation of sources and driving factors for microplastic
pollution in freshwater ecosystems and thus, the generation of a budget. Samples were taken along
eight manta transects with an additional volume bulk sample in the midpoint of each transect.
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Sampling volumes comprised 3000l in total, being taken in four subvolumes (2x500l, 2x1000l).
Based on statistical investigations of the sample aliquots the minimum volume of water required
will be assessed. On board of the vessel the bulk samples were volume reduced implementing a
sieving cascade with various mesh sizes (shown in figure). Above all, the size fractioning prevents
especially smaller sieves to clog and thus, enables the sampling of large water volumes.
Keywords: bulk water samples, manta trawl, representativeness, freshwater
∗Speaker
Microplastics in the municipal wastewater treatment

plants at Turkey: Comparison of the influent and
secondary effluent concentrations
Sedat Gundogdu ∗† 1, Cem Cevik 1, Evsen Guzel 1, Serdar Kilercioglu 2
1 Cukurova University – Cukurova University Faculty of Fisheries, Turkey 2 Cukurova University – Cukurova University
Center for Biotechnology, Turkey
Wastewater treatment plants are one of the important pathways via which the microplastics enter
the aquatic ecosystem. In this study, we have established the microplastics concentrations of the
influent and secondary effluent water of two wastewater treatment plants in Turkey. For this purpose,
we have taken samples of the influent and effluent water of Seyhan and Yüre ̆gir wastewater
treatment facilities for 6 days in August 2017 and determined their microplastics’ content. It was
found that the influent of the wastewater treatment had 1 million to 6.5 million particles per day,
and the effluent had 220,000 to 1.5 million particles per day. It was determined that the removal rate
of microplastics were found between 73% and 79%. In total, eight different types of polymers were
detected. The most frequently found polymer type was polyester. The average annual microplastics
particles per household were found to be 746 particles/year/household.
Keywords: Wastewater Treatment Plant, Microplastic, Microfiber, Plastic pollution, Turkey
∗Speaker †Corresponding author: sedat.gundogdu.65@gmail.com
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Distribution of microplastics along the Scottish

coastline using standardized sampling and extraction
methods
Lola Paradinas ∗ 1, Na James† 2, Brian Quinn‡ 3, Andrew Dale§ 1, Be
Narayanaswamy¶ 1
1 Scottish Association for Marine Science – Oban, Argyll, PA37 1QA, United Kingdom 2 Environmental Research
Institute, North Highland College – UHI, University of the Highlands and Islands – Castle Street, Thurso, Caithness,
KW14 7JD, United Kingdom, United Kingdom 3 Institute of Biomedical and Environmental Health Research (IBEHR),
School of Science Sport, University of the West of Scotland – C209, Denholm Building, Paisley, PA1 2BE, Scotland,
Approximately 13 million tons of plastic enters the oceans globally each year. Microplastics are
particles less than 5mm and due to their specific characteristics, they have become ubiquitous in the
marine environment. Microplastic particles have been found in marine sediments, water and
organisms. Current literature indicates that most of the plastic debris originates from the terrestrial
environment, and is contributing to the widespread distribution of microplastic along shorelines
around the world.
Despite a plethora of studies investigating microplastic abundance, it is difficult to make
comparisons due to the variety of protocols and measurement units used across different studies. To
answer the growing demand to create a parsimonious methodology, this study has developed and
adapted standardised, simplified protocols to sample three different elements (i.e. coastal water,
intertidal sediment and mussels) along the Scottish coastline. This research has investigated several
locations based on factors including the proximity of populated and heavily commercialised areas,
hydrodynamics, and tidal height, to better understand their role in the distribution and abundance of
microplastics. A canola oil based extraction technique is used during sample processing to recover
plastic from intertidal sediment; while a trypsin enzyme digestion is adapted to extract microplastics
from biological fauna.
These protocols are simple to reproduce, efficient, fast and cheap allowing the study of
microplastic pollution in a range of samples. Results are expected to highlight a heterogeneous
microplastic distribution based on hydrodynamics. Microplastic abundance will be higher in
sheltered and heavily populated areas compared to hydrodynamically active and low populated sites
for water and sediment. This research will fill a knowledge gap regarding the presence and
abundance of microplastics around the coast of Scotland, and advance our understanding of key
factors that play a role in determining plastic distribution.
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Keywords: microplastics, sampling and extraction technique, sediment, coastal water, mussels
∗Speaker †Corresponding author: Neil.James@uhi.ac.uk ‡Corresponding author: Brian.Quinn@uws.ac.uk
§Corresponding author: Andrew.Dale@sams.ac.uk ¶Corresponding author: Bhavani.Narayanaswamy@sams.ac.uk
Antifouling paint particles in coastal and estuarine

ecosystems
Christina Muller-Karanassos ∗ 1,2, William Arundel† 1,2, Thomas Vance‡ 1,
Andrew Turner§ 2, Matthew Cole¶ 1
1 Plymouth Marine Laboratory – Prospect Place The Hoe Plymouth PL1 3DH, United Kingdom 2 Plymouth University
– Plymouth PL4 8AA, UK, United Kingdom
Microplastics (0.1 μg mL-1, DC: 50 ng mL-1). Post-exposurem–5 mm) are a widespread and abundant marine contaminant that presents
a risk to marine life and healthy ecosystems. Antifouling paint is applied to the hull of ships, boats
and other marine structures to prevent biofouling. These paints contain high concentrations of
metals, including copper (Cu) and zinc (Zn), which are toxic to marine organisms. Antifouling paint
particles (APPs), which are classed as a type of microplastic, are generated during cleaning and
maintenance of marine structures in boatyards and marinas. These fragments are often transported
from hard-standings and slipways into the marine environment where they may be ingested by
deposit- and suspension-feeding organisms. This study investigated the prevalence of APPs and
associated metals in estuarine sediments and sediment-dwelling biota. Field sampling was
conducted at eight sites across the Plym and Erme estuaries (UK); at each site we undertook
randomised sediment sampling (n=5 per site) and ad libitum sampling of the ragworm (Hediste
diversicolor) and common cockles (Cerastoderma edule). Samples were processed to isolate APPs,
and metal analysis conducted using XRF, ICP-MS or ICP-OES. Our environmental analyses
demonstrate a heterogeneous distribution of APPs, with highest concentrations associated with
abandoned boats, where we identified larger paint particles rich in Cu, Zn, tin (Sn) and lead (Pb),
and marinas, where we identified smaller paint particles rich in Cu and Zn. We identified a
relationship between antifouling metal concentrations in sediment and biota, suggesting ingestion
of APPs in the natural environment and accumulation of metals in tissues. Our study suggests APPs
are prevalent in estuarine and coastal ecosystems with high boat maintenance activity, where they
pose a substantial risk to marine life.
Keywords: Antifouling paint particles, estuarine sediment, Hediste diversicolor, Cerastoderma edule
∗Speaker †Corresponding author: william.arundel@postgrad.plymouth.ac.uk ‡Corresponding author: thva@pml.ac.uk
§Corresponding author: aturner@plymouth.ac.uk ¶Corresponding author: mcol@pml.ac.uk
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Who bit it? A field guide to bite marks on plastic

pollution
Marcus Eriksen 1, Ana Markic ∗ 2
1 5 Gyres Institute – 5792 W Jefferson Blvd, Los Angeles, CA 90016, United States 2 University of Auckland, Institute of
Marine Science – University of Auckland, Institute of Marine Science, Leigh 0985, New Zealand
Ingestion of marine plastics has been documented in numerous invertebrates, fish, seabirds, sea
turtles and marine mammals, as well as the negative impacts on these animals. However, little
attention has been given to fragmentation and biomechanical degradation of plastics by animal
grazing and biting, or its contribution to the formation of secondary microplastics. Here we
summarize the information from published literature and our field observations on the evidence of
interaction between marine and land organisms and plastic debris. A variety of bite marks, pecking,
grazing and scraping marks have been reported on plastic debris, including marks left by micro-
organisms, invertebrates, and many vertebrates on land and at sea. Fragmentation of plastics by
amphipods and polychaete worms in laboratory conditions has also been described. In terrestrial
environments, plastic ingestion has been reported in the literature by camels, goats, cows and sheep.
Additionally, we observed fragmentation of plastic objects by rodents and dogs, leaving shredded
bits behind and distinct bite-marks on the plastic. The fragmentation of plastics into microplastics
on land makes recovery more difficult and facilitates easier transport to the marine environment by
rain and wind. We provided a photo-documentation of a number of bite marks with a corresponding
marine or land organism responsible for leaving the marks, which will serve as the basis for the bite
mark identification field guide.
Keywords: bite, marks, grazing, biomechanical degradation, ecological impact
∗Speaker
Is Phytoplankton dying to tell us its Nanoplastic story?

Christina Ripken ∗ 1
1 Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University – 1919-1 Tancha, Onna-son, Kunigami-gun
Okinawa, Japan 904-0495, Japan
As methods for detecting nanoplastics in marine samples increase in accuracy and resolution, a
clearer picture of environmental distribution of these particles emerges. But, we are still out of our
depth in some key factors of the oceanic nanoplastic story as their fate and environmental impact is
neither understood nor fully investigated. Small plastic particles are not conducive to plankton
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health, that much is transparent. Among the effects are enhanced production of reactive oxygen
species, a reduction of CO2 uptake and chlorophyll-a pigment levels as well as overall growth rate.
But are tiny plastics directly causing this or do they merely cause nutrient limitations resulting in the
stressed plankton? How bad are these ubiquitous particles? Do present or future levels present a
threat to the sustainability of oceanic plankton communities? How resilient are plankton
communities that inhabit the plastic filled gyres to this additional stress in the face of changing
water temperatures and rising pH? Will there be enough genetic variability in these oligotrophic
ecosystems to sustain a change to an equally productive plankton community or will the stress be
too much, and the reorganization of this millennia old biome results in a reduction of its potential to
provide essential ecosystem functions such as the contribution to our atmospheric oxygen budget. In
order to limit the fishing in the dark and answer those questions, we look at RNA expression and
photosystem efficiency under present and future conditions to be able to make more exact
predictions about changes in these plankton communities of the open ocean. As plastics are now a
part of every marine environment, creating a complete picture of chemical and physical effects of
nanoplastic on marine plankton will need to start with the lowest trophic level, phytoplankton.
Keywords: Marine plankton communities, nanoplastics
∗Speaker
Evaluation of various digestion protocols within

microplastic sample processing concerning their
efficiency of organic matter destruction and the
resistance of different polymers
Elke Kerstin Fischer ∗† 1, Philip John Mordecai 1, Felix Pfeiffer 1
1 University of Hamburg – Bundesstraße 55 20146 Hamburg, Germany
The destruction of biological organic material is an essential step of sample preparation within
microplastic analyses. Organic residues hampers the separation of polymer particles especially
within density separation or polymer identification via staining methods (e.g. with Nile red).
Therefore, a concise literature survey on 104 scientific publications has been undertaken to identify
the most commonly applied digestion protocols on samples of water, sediments and biota. The
selected protocols comprise different solutions, concentrations and reaction temperatures. Within
this study we tested acids (nitric acid 20% and 65 %, hydrochloric acid 10% and 37%), bases
(sodium hydroxide 10%, 20% and 40%, potassium hydroxide 3.75% and 15%), oxidizing agents
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(hydrogen peroxide 30% and 50%, sodium hypochlorite 2-5% and 6-14%), and Fenton’s reagent
(hydrogen peroxide 30 % and iron(II)sulfate) at three different temperatures (room temperature, 40-
50◦C and 60-70◦C) on their efficiency of organic matter destruction and the resistance of different
polymers against the procedures. Tests were applied on organic material (soft tissue - leaves, hard
tissue – branches and mussel shells) and 6 polymers (LDPE, HDPE, PP, PA, PS and PET) in two
size categories each (1-5mm and 0.3-1mm) and three parallels each. Results show that the
application of nitric acid and sodium hypochlorite are most effective (> 80% in the median) for
organic matter destruction. Increasing the reaction temperature up to 40-50◦C enforced the reaction
significantly concerning most protocols while the further enhancement up to 60-70◦C did not show
a distinct improvement. Polymers are mostly affected through the application of nitric acid and
sodium hydroxide (especially PS, PET and PA).
Keywords: sample treatment, digestion protocols, organic matter, polymer resistance
∗Speaker †Corresponding author: elke.fischer@uni-hamburg.de
First assessment of driving factors for microplastic

pollution within the Lake Tollense catchment
Sarah-Christin Stöwer ∗ 1, Matthias Tamminga 1, Elke Kerstin Fischer† 1
1 University of Hamburg – Mittelweg 177, 20148 Hamburg, Germany
In July 2016 the microplastic pollution in the Lake Tollense catchment in Mecklenburg- Western
Pomerania, Germany was assessed implementing Manta-trawling and bulk water sampling via a
pump system. Samples were taken within six transects with a Manta trawl of 300 μg mL-1, DC: 50 ng mL-1). Post-exposurem mesh size.
Manta sampling was repeated to investigate potential short-term temporal variation. Two additional
bulk samples (100l each) at the midpoint of each Manta transect in two depths were taken and
subdivided into different size categories via a sieving cascade down to a particle size of 63 μg mL-1, DC: 50 ng mL-1). Post-exposurem.
Furthermore, three tributaries and the discharge of Lake Tollense were sampled, with a sampling
volume of 100l at each location in order to evaluate in- and outputs of microplastic particles via the
receiving streams. Additionally, land use patterns within the sub-catchments, water temperature and
conductivity at the sampling sites as well as stream discharges were recorded. In the laboratory,
samples were treated with hydrogen peroxide (30%) and sodium hypochlorite (6-14%) to digest
biologic organic matter. Subsequently, filters were stained with Nile Red solution (1mg/ml in
chloroform) and examined under a fluorescence microscope (AxioLab A.1, Zeiss). Additionally,
microplastic fragments and fibres were measured to evaluate their actual size distribution as it has
been reported before that manta meshes might retain particles smaller than their defined opening. A
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small subsample was analyzed via Raman-spectroscopy to determine polymer types (DXR2xi
Raman Imaging Microscope, Thermo Fisher Scientific). Microplastic particles were present in all
samples. First results indicate a considerable variability of MP concentration due to anthropogenic
activity within the catchment. Moreover, higher concentrations were present at the surface compared
to the deeper water layer and MP abundance increases with decreasing particle size.
Keywords: microplastics, freshwater, manta trawl, bulk sampling, Nile Red, Raman spectroscopy
Exploring the impact of microplastic on the Humboldt

large marine ecosystem
Chris Walkinshaw ∗ 1, Matthew Cole† 1, Manousos Valyrakis 2, Pennie Lindeque 3,
Sara Purca 4
1 Plymouth Marine Laboratory – Prospect Place The Hoe Plymouth PL1 3DH, United Kingdom 2 University of
Glasgow – United Kingdom 3 Plymouth Marine Laboratory (PML) – Prospect Place, The Hoe Plymouth PL1 3DH,
United Kingdom 4 Instituto del Mar del Peru – Esquina Gamarra y General Valle S/N Chucuito Callao, Peru
Microplastic debris is a prolific environmental contaminant, posing a risk to the health of marine
biota, ecosystems and potentially food security. In October 2018, our research team hosted an
international training workshop for early career researchers, exploring the transport pathways,
uptake mechanisms and prevalence of microplastics in natural ecosystems. A focal point of the
workshop was the Humboldt Large Marine Ecosystem (HLME); this biodiverse, highly-productive
ecosystem hosts species endemic to the region, and sustains the biggest single species (anchovy)
fishery in the world. Owing to its proximity to urbanised coastlines and as a region of upwelling, the
HLME is at high risk of microplastic pollution. During the workshop, we investigated the threat
microplastic debris poses to anchovy stocks in the HLME. Biotic, water and sediment samples
collected throughout the HLME in June-September 2018 were processed using established
techniques; isolated microplastics were subsequently characterised, quantified and polymer
composition determined using ATR-FT-IR. Our results demonstrate the capacity for anchovy to
consume microplastics. We elucidate how microplastic exposure has the capacity to negatively
affect the health of anchovy populations, and explore the repercussions for the local economy and
welfare of coastal populations in this region. Given the extent to which anchovy are processed into
fishmeal and fish oil for use in the global aquaculture industry, we further explore risks posed to
sustainable aquaculture, food security and human health.
Keywords: Marine Ecosystems, Human Health, Microplastic, Aquaculture, Food Security
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Can oysters be used as “passive samplers” for

microplastics?
Francisca Ribeiro ∗† 1, Stacey O’Brien 1, Elvis Okoffo 1, Jake O’Brien 1, Munro
Mortimer 1, Jochen Mueller 1, Kevin Thomas 1
1 Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences – The University of Queensland, 20 Cornwall Street,
Woolloongabba, QLD, 4102, Australia
Microplastics are a pollutant of emerging concern that have caught the attention of the scientific
community. With the rapid increase in plastic production and spread, plastic debris are
accumulating in the aquatic environment where they fragment into smaller pieces. A range of
organisms, especially marine invertebrates, are vulnerable to microplastic exposure, with seafood
consumption a route for human exposure, which is an important component of our diet. The aim of
this study is to assess the inherent risk of exposure to microplastics through seafood consumption,
namely oysters. Rock oysters (Saccostrea glomerata) were obtained alive from a local farm (QLD)
and a sub-sample of these was set aside to assess background concentration of potential
microplastics. The remaining oysters were distributed in stainless steel mesh cages and deployed in
two different locations in the Brisbane River - a very urbanised area with high levels of boat traffic
and wastewater released upstream. The oysters were left there for 14 days and taken to the lab for
further analysis. A range of techniques will be applied to assess the type and concentration of
microplastics and additives: visual observation using an optical microscope, fourier-transform
infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and pyrolysis-gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (Pyr
GC-MS). A database for both FT-IR and Pyr GC-MS will be created by measuring not only the
most common polymer standards (PET, PC, PMMA, PS, PP, PA66 (nylon), LD/HD PE), but also
consumer products commonly found in the environment (fishing nets, tyre, rubber, straws, polymer
composite paints, rope, cigarette filters, among others). This provides a ”real plastic” library to
match with the microplastics found in our samples and develop new techniques to analyse
microplastics in marine biota.
Keywords: Oyster, marine plastic debris, seafood, FTIR, Pyr GCMS
∗Speaker †Corresponding author: f.ribeiro@uq.edu.au
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Macro- and microplastics in sediments from Lake

Tollense, Germany
Elena Hengstmann ∗ 1, Elke Kerstin Fischer 1
1 Center for Earth System Research and Sustainability – Grindelberg 5, 20144 Hamburg, Germany
Freshwater systems need to be considered in detail within the microplastic research since they
are the pathways for plastics to the oceans. Especially, limnic basins may act as a (temporary) sink
for microplastics within these pathways. This study analyzes exemplarily the abundance and
distribution of macro- and microplastics at the Lake Tollense in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern,
Germany. The aim is to identify sources for macro- and microplastics and the influences on their
distribution in a limnic environment. Therefore, semi-anually, a macrolitter monitoring is performed
and sediment samples are taken in several parallels and from different heights at four bank border
segments around the lake. The sandy beaches differ concerning their exposition and their
anthropogenic influence which might give important insights on probable sources of macro- and
microplastic pollution. Macrolitter is predominately composed of plastic (71%) and items are
irregularly distributed within the beach segments. A seasonal variability is evident, with a higher
macrolitter abundance in September compared to the monitoring in March. Furthermore,
anthropogenic influences seem to play an important role for the macrolitter distribution. For
microplastic extraction from sediment a first step of digestion of organic matter is applied.
Hydrogen peroxide as well as sodium hypochlorite are deployed for this purpose. The final
separation process is done via elutriation. Microplastics are identified using the Nile Red staining
method and partly via Raman spectroscopy. Microplastics were identifiable at all beaches. First
results concerning the difference between the microplastic abundance at different beaches will be
presented with regard to anthropogenic and wind as well as lake current influences. Furthermore, it
will be analyzed whether the spatial distribution of microplastics show specific accumulation
patterns e.g. at the high-tide line of the lake’s bank borders.
Keywords: microplastics, macrolitter, lake, sediments, distribution, sources
∗Speaker
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Correlations between the small scaled microplastic

pollution and grain size distribution of beach
sediments on the Isle of Rügen, Baltic Sea, Germany
Jann Folkers ∗ 1, Elke Kerstin Fischer† 1, Elena Hengstmann 1
1 University of Hamburg – Mittelweg 177, 20148 Hamburg, Germany
The contamination of the marine environment with microplastics is of growing interest for a few
decades now. Marine beach sediments act as an accumulation zone for microplastics and represent a
transition zone between the land and the ocean. This study analyzes the abundance of microplastics
in beach sediments on the Isle of Rügen, Baltic Sea, Germany. Furthermore it establishes a
connection between the microplastic pollution of sediments and the grain size distribution as well as
other pedologic parameters (pH, conductivity, C/N ratio, water content, organic matter, bulk
density). In addition to the abundance of microplastics this study investigates the small scaled
spatial distribution of microplastics across the beach from the water line to the backward dunes. In
total, 81 sediment samples were taken in June 2017 at three beaches on the Isle of Rügen. These
beaches are characterized by different expositions and anthropogenic influences due to their location
and accessibility. Samples were taken at different beach levels to identify the spatial distribution of
microplastics across the beach. For the microplastic analysis the essential treatment step for organic
matter destruction was performed using a combination of hydrogen peroxide (30%) and sodium
hypochlorite (6-14%). The following separation of microplastics from sediment was conducted via
elutriation. For the final identification of microplastics samples were stained with Nile Red and
digital photos were taken under UV light for the visual count of microplastics. Microplastics were
found at all investigated beaches. First results of this study show correlations between the pollution
of marine beach sediments and their grain size distribution and identify small scaled spatial
accumulation zones of microplastics across the beach. Further relationships between the
microplastic concentration and pedologic parameters will be analyzed and presented.
Keywords: microplastics, sediments, grain size distribution, small scaled distribution, elutriation, Nile Red
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The impact of polystyrene microplastic on physiological

activities of Calanus helgolandicus in the Marmara Sea
Ezgi Türkeri ∗ , Melek Isinibilir† 1, Esin Yuksel , Leonid Svetlichny‡ ,
Taras Mykitchak§ , Ahmet E. Kideys¶ 2, Kerem Gökda ̆g
1 Melek Isinibilir – Turkey/Istanbul, Turkey 2 Ahmet Kıdeys – Turkey/Istanbul, Turkey
Microplastics are widely distributed in the marine environment, consumed by marine organ-
isms and can affect their vital functions. Our study is the first evidence of the negative effect of
microplastics microplasticity on the energy metabolism of the copepod Calanus helgolandicus in the
Marmara Sea. Our experimental design incorporated 72 h feeding assays using 6, 12 and 26 μg mL-1, DC: 50 ng mL-1). Post-exposurem
sized polystyrene beads either fed separately or incorporated with diatom algae. The rate of
microplastic bead consumption was determined from the number of fecal pellets containing beads
and numbers of beads within the pellets. Energy metabolism levels of C. helgolandicus were
estimated from respiration rates of active and anaesthetized individuals (total and basal metabolism,
respectively). It was found that after the addition of microplastic beads to the water containing
natural diatom algae, C. helgolandicus began to actively consume beads. The proportion of the
smallest-sized 6 μg mL-1, DC: 50 ng mL-1). Post-exposurem microbead particles in fecal pellets was significantly greater (1.3 fold) than that
in water,indicating the ability of the C. helgolandicus to select smaller sized beads.
The respiration rates of active females, feeding both on algae and microplastic, on the third day
of the experiment, were found to be significantly lower (1.5 times) than in females feeding solely on
algae, whereas levels of basal metabolism displayed no significant changes. In females exposed only
to microplastics, significantly lower levels were observed in both total and basal metabolism,
especially in individuals consuming the largest (26 μg mL-1, DC: 50 ng mL-1). Post-exposurem) microbead particles. Mul- tiple effects as a
result of microplastic ingestion are apparent on the energy metabolism such as fasting, bead fouling,
compensation for lack of food, behavioral responses to starvation and different particle sizes,
traumatic effects of beads on the parenchyma of the intestine as well as the loss of body material
during the formation of the fecal pellet shell.
Keywords: microplastics, marmara sea, Calanus helgolandicus
∗Speaker †Corresponding author: melekis@istanbul.edu.tr ‡Corresponding author: leonid.svetlichny@gmail.com
§Corresponding author: tarasmykitchak@yahoo.com ¶Corresponding author: kideys@gmail.com ̆g Corresponding
author: kerem@ims.metu.edu.tr
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Biomacromolecules and bioplastics from fish waste

for high added value applications
Belén Monje ∗ 1
1 AIMPLAS – C/ Gustave Eiffel, 4 - Parq. Tecnológico, 46980, Paterna (Valencia), Spain
More than 1.3 million tonnes of Marine rest raw material (MRRM) are generated in Europe
each year. Some countries, such as Norway and Denmark, have traditionally for animal feed. It will
therefore be a challenge for the industry to develop methods to turn fish viscera and skin, currently
considered as undesirable raw materials for hydrolysis and human consumption, into profitable
products. One of the main objectives of the DAFIA project is to explore the conversion routes of
marine rest raw-materials (MRRM) from the fish processing industries, to obtain high added value
products, i.e. flame retardants, edible/barrier coatings and chemical building blocks (diamine) to
produce polyamides for a wide range industrial applications.
Gelatine, nucleic acids, proteins and polypeptides and pentanediamine are the main products
otained from MRRM with very interesting and innovative uses applied in this project.
From the high added value products extracted from the MRRM, new bio-polyamides flame
retardant compounds suitable for automotive industry, fish gelatine-based active and edible and
barrier coatings for application on food and packaging have been developed.
Keywords: marine rest raw materials, bioplastics, gelatine, proteins, flame retardants, packaging, fish, coatings
∗Speaker
Spatial analysis and prediction of microplastics

concentrations using geostatistics and optimization
Marisa Pinheiro ∗† 1, Eduardo Pereira 2, Tiago Miranda 1, Isabel Valente 3, Fabio
Cruz 1, Dmytro Maslov 1
1 ISISE, University of Minho – University of Minho, Campus de Azurém, 4800-058 Guimar ̃aes, Portugal 2 ISISE,
University of Minho (ISISE/UM) – University of Minho, Campus de Azurém, 4800-058 Guimar ̃aes, Portugal 3
Universidade do Minho (UM) – Portugal
The deleterious effect and generalized impact of microplastics in marine ecosystems is of rising
concern; however, it still remains poorly assessed and characterized. As a result of plastics over-
consumption and inadequate disposal processes, nano- and microplastics have recently been shown
to be inadvertently ingested along trophic webs up to top predators. According to Plastox JPI
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project, almost 73% of 233 fishes analysed have shown signs of microplastics in their stomach.
However, despite the commitment of the scientific community and political entities to mitigate this
societal problem, the environmental fate, as well as bioaccumulation and quantification of its extent,
still remain underdeveloped. The vast areas affected and the heterogeneity expected for
microplastics distribution and abundance are some of the reasons that make its characterization
challenging. Large-scale spatial distribution techniques, like geostatistics, may contribute effectively
to improve the range of methodologies and their efficiency, due to their proneness to deal with the
identification and quantification of microplastic particles in the marine environment. Along with the
definition of standardized sampling and recording procedures, these spatial mapping techniques
need to be harmonized and validated. Besides the already proven applications of geostatistics in the
spatial characterization of the heterogeneities of large-scale variables, only recently the technique
started to be applied to maritime variables, namely parameters related to water quality, fish
abundance and marine species classification.
This work is focussed on the application of geostatistical techniques to produce the spatial
mapping and allow the interpretation of the distribution and abundance of plastic debris using
information collected in the North Pacific Ocean. The main variables analysed are concentration
rates and particle sizes. High concentration spots were identified after carrying out the analysis.
Recommendations towards the locations for additional data collection in order to optimize the
quality of information of models were provided, based on the simulations.
Keywords: geostatistics, plastic debris, spatial mapping, microplastic abundance characterization
∗Speaker †Corresponding author: marisamotapinheiro@gmail.com
The OceanWise European project

Stéphane Bruzaud 1, Mikaël Kedzierski ∗† 1, Gwenael Le Maguer 1
1 Institut de Recherche Dupuy de Lôme (IRDL) – Université de Bretagne Sud, CNRS : UMR6027, Université de
Bretagne Sud – Centre de Recherche Rue de Saint Maudé BP92116, 56321 Lorient Cedex, France
Expanded polystyrene (EPS) is a plastic foam usually used globally in packaging and in-
sulation including as food trays, drink/food containers and fish boxes. Different properties of EPS
explain its very wide use in the industrial world. EPS weighs very little compared to its volume,
which makes it very cost-effective in terms of transport compared to other packaging options.
Moreover, it is also deemed safe for use with food. It also has very good insulating and mechanical
properties that facilitate the transport of foodstuffs. Nevertheless, this massive use of EPS has
consequences for the natural environment. Although EPS is recyclable, it seldom is, because of its
contamination by food or because of the low cost-effectiveness of transporting and recycling
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expanded material. As a result, it is often used to produce energy or landfilled. Its lightness means
EPS is easily blown from garbage bins and landfills. It is not biodegradable and tends to fragment,
with small pieces travelling long distances. It can become marine litter and break down into
microplastics that persist in the marine environment and contaminate the food chain. Thus, particles
are commonly found in the marine environment of the Atlantic coast and ocean. It is of particular
concern because of the large quantities found on beaches and the potential hazard it poses to marine
environment. OceanWise aims to jointly develop a set of long-term measures to reduce the impact
of EPS in the North-East Atlantic Ocean. Tangible solutions will be set by addressing the entire life-
cycle of EPS products to achieve transnational sound management of EPS marine litter in the
Atlantic. This challenge will be address by developing knowledge to reduce the impacts of EPS
items and by raising the ability of competent authorities and key sectors across the Atlantic region
to implement more sustainable management options.
Keywords: Expanded polystyrene, Plastic pollution, Atlantic sea, impacts of EPS, sustainable management
∗Speaker †Corresponding author: mikael.kedzierski@univ-ubs.fr
Plastic fluxes toward the oceans, contribution of the

Schelde River (Belgium).
Bert Teunkens ∗† 1, Tom Maris‡ 2, Ronny Blust 3, Patrick Meire§ 2
1 Ecosystem Management Research Group (ECOBE) - University of Antwerp – Belgium 2 Ecosystem Management
Research Group (ECOBE) - University of Antwerp – Belgium 3 Systemic Physiological and Ecotoxicological Research
(SPHERE) - University of Antwerp – Belgium
Plastic waste in coastal areas and the expanding “Plastic Soup” in our oceans are a growing
threat for the marine environment. In recent years the role of rivers as a potential main contributor
to marine plastic pollution has been suggested. Yet, the scale of such input remains to be
systematically quantified. Also the understanding of seasonality remains poorly studied. If high
contributions can be determined, considering the vastness of oceans and seas and the great depth of
some, the feasibility of projects removing plastic in rivers might be better than those in which
plastic is removed from the open oceans. Therefore, the University of Antwerp (ECOBE &
SPHERE) will study the potential contribution of the Schelde river to the worldwide “Plastic Soup”.
The aim is to quantify the plastic flux for the entire Schelde basin. Are there areas where plastic is
retained? What are the biggest sources? What is the retention time? In this study we will only focus
on macroplastics (≥2.5cm). For this fraction it is still realistic to design removal strategies, which
eventually is the ultimate goal of this project. Also, a large fraction of microplastics originate from
disintegration of macroplastics. Therefore this project is thought to have a beneficial impact in
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microplastic pollution as well. To answer the above mentioned questions, in 2018 a monitoring
network is set-up. Fluxes will be determined by point measurements. Different monitoring
techniques will be used, for instance: the use of fyke nets, a fishing technique called anchor netting,
the use of a specially designed mobile sampler and a number of Trash Interceptors that will be
placed in the Schelde and its main tributaries. Additionally a ‘Citizen Science’ project is set-up to
analyze plastic waste that ends-up on the riverbank. This might yield vital information on its sink
function.
Keywords: Schelde, River, Estuary, Freshwater, Plastic Fluxes, Macroplastic, Catchment
∗Speaker †Corresponding author: bert.teunkens@uantwerpen.be ‡Corresponding author: tom.maris@uantwerpen.be
§Corresponding author: patrick.meire@uantwerpen.be
The Baltic Sea in the microplastic research map: a

model from sources to sinks
Juliana Ivar Do Sul ∗† 1, Alexander Tagg 1, Sonja Oberbeckmann‡ 1, Franziska
Klaeger 1, Kristina Enders 1, Robin Lenz 1, Juliane Gommelt 1, Mirco Haseler 1,
Stefanie Felsing 1, Natalie Sadowsk 1, Amina Baccar 1, Radtke Hagen 1, Rahel Hauk
1, Lisa Meyer 1, Sven Hille 1, Barbara Hentzsch 1, Gerald Schernewski§ 1, Matthias
Labrenz¶ 1
1 Leibniz Institute for Baltic Sea Research Warnemuende – Germany
The Baltic Sea is the largest Brackish Sea worldwide, displaying a unique salinity gradient and
sensitive ecosystem. It is under severe anthropogenic pressure, including the pollution by plastics.
At the Leibniz Institute for Baltic Sea Research Warnemünde (IOW), a number of projects are
currently investigating plastic and microplastic (MP) pollution dynamics and increase the
prominence of the Baltic Sea in the global MP research map. MP sources are being investigated,
such as wastewater treatment plants, including those that use fine-scale filtration as potential
trappers of MP loads (Plastrat project). Diffuse MP sources (i.e. agricultural soils) are being
explored in a large project (MicroCatch Balt), focusing on the Warnow as an exemplary river
system. Multiple efforts are being taken to sample, isolate, and model dynamics of MPs in the
riverine/estuarine ecosystem; resulting models potentially being comparable to other systems
globally. When MPs reach the sea, the BONUS MICROPOLL project is then assessing a multitude
of research questions towards MP and associated pollutants. What plays an important role here is
MP-biofilm dynamics, a research area that initially established the IOW in the MP research map. All
projects are facing the associated methodological challenges of extracting MPs from notoriously
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difficult sample mediums such as sludge or river mud, and methodological improvement is a
significant part of our research. Progress has been made to improve the reliability of both sampling
and sample processing, with strides being made to examine microplastics down to low sizes ( ̃10
μg mL-1, DC: 50 ng mL-1). Post-exposurem; in association with the Leibniz Institute for Polymer Research, Dresden) while examining
considerable sample volumes (200-1000 L). Thus, the IOW is working to improve the methods of
MP science as well as both deepening the understanding of the Baltic Sea’s place in the global
microplastic research map and increasing the understanding of MP dynamics from source to sea.
Keywords: establishing microplastic sources, sediment samples, water samples, biota samples, marine litter
∗Speaker †Corresponding author: juliana.ivardosul@io-warnemuende.de ‡Corresponding author:
sonja.oberbeckmann@io-warnemuende.de §Corresponding author: gerald.schernewski@io-warnemuende.de
¶Corresponding author: matthias.labrenz@io-warnemuende.de
PAEs level in European sea bass Dicentrarchus labrax

experimentally exposed to PVC microplastics
Matteo Baini ∗† 1, Crisina Pedà 2, Matteo Galli 1, Tania Martellini 3, Alessandra
Cincinelli 3, Teresa Romeo 2, Maria Cristina Fossi 1
1 University of Siena – Italy 2 Institute for Environmental Protection and Research – Italy 3 university of florence –
Italy
Release of hazardous chemicals and plastic additives from ingested plastic debris constitute a
potential threat to marine organisms, which needs to be investigated in particular fish species of
high value for human consumption. Among plastic additives that recently attracted the attention of
the scientific community there are phthalate esters (PAEs), which can have various noxious toxic
effects on organisms, in particular, they are able to act as endocrine disruptors (EDs) even at very
low concentrations. This study investigates, for the first time, the presence of eight different
phthalates (MBZP, MBP, MEPH, DNHP, BBzP, DEPH, DIOIP and DNDP) in muscle of European
sea bass Dicentrarchus labrax chronically exposed to microplastics. The fish were exposed for 90
days to three different treatment diets: food pellets as control (CTRL), food pellets supplemented
with native 300 μg mL-1, DC: 50 ng mL-1). Post-exposureM PVC microplastics (0.1% w/w 0.3 mm PVC; MPV), food pellets supplemented
with polluted microplastics incubated for three months in the waters of Milazzo harbor (0.1% w/w
0.3 mm PVC; MPI). After 30, 60 and 90 days, fish were sacrified, and muscle stored for subsequent
analysis at -80◦C. Taking into account the ubiquitous nature of plasticizers stringent laboratory and
sampling procedures were taken to ensuring the integrity of results. The DIOIP concentrations were
below the detection limit in all sample, with regard to the detected PAEs, results evidenced a
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different fingerprint among the different treatments. Muscles of fish treated with MPI show higher
PAEs concentration than MPV and control and seem to decrease with increasing time of exposure.
DEHP was the PAEs whit highest frequency of detection and its concentrations ranged from 1.10 to
3.56 μg mL-1, DC: 50 ng mL-1). Post-exposureg/g d.w. This compound is used as a plasticizer in polymer products, and it represents more
than 95% of the total use of PAEs in Europe, mainly in flexible PVC.
Keywords: Phthalates esters, Plastic tracers, Endocrine disruptors, Sea bass
∗Speaker †Corresponding author: matteo.baini@unisi.it
Review on microplastic studies in Brazilian aquatic

ecosystems
Fabio Araujo ∗ 1, Rebeca Castro 2, Melanie Silva 3
1 Faculdade de Formaç ̃ao de Professores da Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (FFP/UERJ) – Rua Dr.
Francisco Portela 1470, Patronato, S ̃ao Gonçalo, RJ. Cep 24435-005, Brazil 2 Programa de Pós Graduaç ̃ao em
Ambientes Marinhos e Costeiros da Universidade Federal Fluminense – Brazil 3 Programa de Pós Graduaç ̃ao em
Ambientes Marinhos e Costeiros da Universidade Federal Fluminense – Brazil
The microplastic studies in the world is increasing, reflecting concern about its effects on the
ecosystem. The same happened in Brazil, especially in the last six years, but few places were
monitored. Thus, a literature review was conducted to collect data on microplastic pollution in
Brazilian aquatic ecosystems, analyzing this pollutant in samples of sandy and muddy sediments,
plankton and other invertebrates and vertebrates. As results, we highlight the following points:
56% of the studies were published in the Journal Marine Pollution Bulletin; collaborative and
independent studies presented the same number; the Brazilian Northeast and Southeast were the
most studied areas; the investigation of microplastics associated with biota was highlighted (43% of
studies) and only one study was conducted in a freshwater environment. While recognizing the
relevance of the problems caused by pollution, it is still difficult to trace the distribution, monitoring
and consequences of microplastics in Brazil, because studies are relatively recent and still scarce
when compared to other regions of the planet, demonstrating the need of new investigations. More
extensive investigations have been carried out in areas of the Northeast and Southeast coast, mainly
in the states of Pernambuco and São Paulo, there is a need to encourage the formation of new
groups outside this regions. In addition to the coastal area, monitoring in freshwater ecosystems
deserves attention, since only one of the studies was carried out in this environment. The present
study suggests the proposal of new studies that deepen the subject, since many gaps need to be
fulfilled. In the face of the harmful landscape resulting from misuse and urbanization, research is
important to assess risks and impacts, and to improve the monitoring of the sources of these wastes
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in order to contribute to public awareness, environmental planning and coastal zone management
processes.
Keywords: Brazil, literature review, microplastic
∗Speaker
Hanging by a fibre: the risk of sample contamination

by airborne plastic fibres
Susanne Kühn ∗ 1, Anastasia O’donoghue 2, Jan Van Franeker 3
1 Wageningen Marine Research – Ankerpark 27, 1781 AG Den Helder, Netherlands 2 University of Utrecht –
Netherlands 3 Wageningen Marine Research – Ankerpark 27, 1781 AG Den Helder, Netherlands
Fibres originating from clothing and other fabrics are ubiquitous in the environment. Studies
focusing on microplastic ingestion by fish and invertebrates have sometimes reported 100% of the
ingested plastics as fibres. However, recent studies show that in common lab facilities it is
impossible to exclude contamination of samples through airborne fibres. Scientists must be aware of
this so as to not overestimate the extent of plastic ingestion by (marine) organisms. So far scientists
developed different methods to cope with potential contamination with varying results.
Keywords: microfibres, standardizing protocol, secondary pollution
∗Speaker
Microplastic particles in atmospheric deposition of the

metropolitan area of Hamburg, Germany
Malin Klein ∗† , Felix Pfeiffer 1, Elke Kerstin Fischer‡ 2
1 University of Hamburg – Bundesstraße 55 20146 Hamburg, Germany 2 University of Hamburg – Mittelweg 177,
20148 Hamburg, Germany
The input of microplastic particles via the atmosphere has been rarely investigated, so far. Here,
we present results on microplastic concentrations in the atmospheric deposition in the metropolitan
region of Hamburg. In total, six investigation sites were equipped with three bulk precipitation
samplers each and sampled over 12 weeks biweekly (12/17-03/18). Three sites were located in the
rural area south of Hamburg comprising one open field site and two throughfall sites under
beech/oak and douglas fir forest canopy, respectively. Three further sites were selected within the
city following a transect from North to South representing urban sites of varying degrees
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concerning population, traffic and industrial pressures. The resulting 108 samples plus 6 procedural
blanks were pretreated with sodium hypochlorite (7- 14 %) in order to destroy biological organic
material. The samples were transferred to cellulose filters (VWR 616-0812) and underwent staining
with nile red solution subsequently. Particles and fibers were counted under UV light within a photo
box and under a fluorescence microscope (AxioLab A.1, Zeiss). Results show that microplastic
particles are ubiquitous at all sites. In contrast to other studies (Dris et al. 2015, 2016; Cai et al.
2017), fragments were significantly dominating compared to fibers. The spatial distribution
comparing the urban sites concentrations followed in the order from high to low ”center”
(University; large population density) – ”north” (Henstedt-Ulzburg, low population density, suburb)
– ”south” (Wilhelmsburg, middle population density, port and industrial facilities) with highly
varying concentrations within the time series. Surprisingly, the rural sites in the southern part of
Hamburg showed highest concentrations (douglas fir > open field > beech/oak). This result is most
likely a result of factors such as the comb out capacity of the different forest types and/or direct
input pathways from the agricultural areas and the nearby highway.
Keywords: microplastics, atmospheric deposition, open field vs. throughfall precipitation
∗Speaker †Corresponding author: malin.klein90@gmail.com ‡Corresponding author: elke.fischer@uni-hamburg.de
Marine Microplastic: Realistic test materials for

laboratory studies of ecosystem impacts
Albert Van Oyen ∗ 1, Susanne Kühn 2, Andy Booth 3, André Meijboom 2, Jan
Andries Van Franeker 2
1 CARAT GmbH – Germany 2 Wageningen Marine Research – Netherlands 3 SINTEF – Norway
Studies investigating the possible effects of plastic litter on marine biota have almost exclu-
sively utilised pristine plastic materials that are homogeneous in polymer type, size, shape and
chemical composition. This is particularly the case for microplastics as collecting samples of such
material from the marine environment in quantities sufficient for use in laboratory impacts studies is
simply not feasible. Crucially, weathered plastics collected from the marine environment show
considerable physical and chemical differences to industrial plastics. In the current study, we
describe the preparation and characterisation of a more environmentally realistic marine litter-
derived microplastic reference material (≤3 mm) for use in fate and effects studies. Weathered
marine plastic litter (351 items) was collected from the coast of Texel (Netherlands) identified and
categorised (fibre-based, packaging, foam, plastic boxes and jerry cans, bottles, gloves and
miscellaneous plastic materials). Ropes, nets and sheeting comprised ̃70% of the collected material,
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which contained 9 different polymer types. The macroplastic material was sub-sampled and
subjected to a cryo-milling and sieving process to create the microplastic reference material. To
confirm that the original macroplastic polymer distribution was mirrored in the generated
microplastic sample, it was subjected to ATR-FTIR and DSC analysis. Particle size distribution
(PSD) of the microplastic, showed that 68% (by mass) of the particles were in the range between 0.5
and 2.0 mm. Particle number increased with decreasing particle size fraction. Scanning electron
microscopy revealed a wide range of particle sizes and shapes reflecting the properties of the
different polymers. ICP-MS and ICP-OES analyses revealed the presence of a broad range of
elements (e.g. Al, Cr, Fe, Mg, Pb, S and Zn) associated with the final sample. The additive organic
chemical profile of the microplastic mixture was also determined by GC-MS analysis. A broad
range of plasticisers, stabilisers, antioxidants and flame retardants were identified.
Keywords: Microplastics/Realistic test materials/Laboratory studies/Additives
∗Speaker
Thermoanalytical methods for the optimisation of

microplastic detection in freshwater sediment samples
Maria Kittner ∗† 1, Paul Eisentraut 1, Daniel Dittmann 1,2, Aki S. Ruhl 2, Lars
Eitzen 2, Martin Jekel 2, Ulrike Braun‡ 1
1 BAM Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung u. -prüfung – Unter den Eichen 87;12205;Berlin, Germany 2 Technische
Universität Berlin – Straße des 17.Juni 135; 10623 Berlin, Germany
During the last decades, global awareness of the ubiquitous abundance of microplastic (MP) in
the environment increased along with publications on MP in water and sediments. However, the
presented results are hard to compare due to different sample pre-treatment techniques and detection
methods. Furthermore, most of the analyses are very time consuming. Therefore, the approach of
our group is to develop systematic and fast methods for MP identification and quantification in water
and freshwater sediment samples using thermoanalytical methods - here exemplified by
investigations of limnic sediments of different depth zones of the urban Lake Tegel in Berlin,
Germany. In the present work the samples were collected by a transect method using a sediment
hammer corer. The following two-step method has proven to be effective: First, a sample pre-
treatment by density separation was performed using sodium polytungstate solution (1.7 g mL-1)
combined with additional processing (wet sieving, ultrasonic bath, shaking, centrifugation,
freezing and filtration) to concentrate the organic matter, including potentially contained MP. For
the validation of the density separation, thermogravimetric analyses (TGA) of the samples (with-
out density separation, light fraction, residue) were carried out. Secondly, the light fraction was
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analysed using thermal extraction desorption gas chromatography mass spectrometry (TED-GC-
MS). This was performed to subsequently analyse specific degradation products of respective
polymers for MP identification and quantification, as well as for the characterisation of the en-
vironmental matrices. The TGA-results of the developed routine showed a successful concentration
of light fraction and separation of inorganic matter. Therefore, TGA can function as an effective
method control for sample pre-treatment. Additionally, the TED-GC-MS results detected the
abundance of MP in different concentrations throughout all depth zones of the studied lake basin.
Furthermore, the sampling points of the profundal zone were identified as hotspots for MP
accumulation.
Keywords: freshwater, lake, sediment, thermoanalytic, TGA, TED, GC, MS, density separation, SPT
∗Speaker †Corresponding author: maria.kittner@bam.de ‡Corresponding author: ulrike.braun@bam.de
Subletal effect of cadmium in Donax trunculus

(mollusca, bivalvia): Variation in vitellogenin rates
during the exposure and depuration period
Nawel Kheroufi ∗ 1,2, Amel Hamdani
1 Université Badji Mokhtar - Annaba [Annaba] – BP 12, 23000, Annaba, Algeria 2 Laboratory of Applied Animal
Biology (LBAA) – Algeria
In recent decades, anthropogenic activities (pollution of the marine environment, irresponsible

fishing, anarchic urbanization of the coast, etc.) have made Mediterranean ecosystems dangerously
vulnerable. Contamination of aquatic ecosystems with foreign substances remains a serious
environmental problem of increasing concern. Used in most industrial processes, these toxic
substances are then released via the effluents into the receiving medium often without prior
treatment. Indeed, previous work has shown that the Gulf of Annaba (Algeria) is affected by several
pollutants, various heavy metals were particularly detected in the sediments and tissues of an
abundant edible species of the bay Donax trunculus. Our present study aims to evaluate the impact
of metallic pollution by using a heavy metal frequently encountered in the Gulf of Annaba
(Algeria): cadmium, on the levels of vitellogenin (precursor of vitelline) in Donax trunculus during
the period exposure and depuration. All the results show a highly significant increase in vitellogenin
levels (p≤0.001) for the four exposure times. During the restoration period there is generally a
gradual recovery of these rates. These results suggest that this xenobiotic disrupts the endocrine
system of Donax trunculus by stimulating certain endogenous factors (estrogen hormones) in the
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induction of vitellogenin.
Keywords: Donax trunculus, Vitellogenin levels, Cadmium, Pollution.
∗Speaker
Introducing quality criteria for the analysis of

microplastic in biota samples
Enya Hermsen 1, Svenja Mintenig ∗† 2,3, Ellen Besseling 1, Bart Koelmans 1
University – Netherlands 2 Copernicus Institute of Sustainable Development, Utrecht University – Netherlands 3 KWR
Watercycle Research Institute – Netherlands
Data on ingestion of microplastics by marine biota are quintessential for monitoring and risk
assessment of microplastics in the environment. Current studies, however, portray a wide spread in
results on the occurrence of microplastic ingestion, highlighting a lack of comparability of results
which might be attributed to a lack of standardisation of methods. We critically review and evaluate
recent microplastic ingestion studies in aquatic biota, propose a quality assessment method for such
studies, and apply the assessment method to the reviewed studies. The quality assessment method
uses ten criteria: Sampling method and strategy, Sample size, Sample processing and storage,
Laboratory preparation, Clean air conditions, Negative controls, Positive controls, Target
component, Sample (pre-)treatment, and Polymer identification. The results of this quality
assessment show a dire need for stricter quality assurance in microplastic ingestion studies. On
average studies score 7.8 out of 20 points, indicating that information is missing which reduces
reproducibility and reliability of the individual studies.
Keywords: microplastic, quality assessment, review
∗Speaker †Corresponding author: s.m.mintenig@uu.nl
Study of Microplastic formation: Accelerated

degradation of polyamide 6 in thermal and
hygrothermal environment
Quentin Deshoulles ∗† 1, Maelenn Le Gall 1, Pierre-Yves Le Gac 1, Peter Davies 1,
Mael Arhant 1, Catherine Dreanno 2, Daniel Priour 1
1 Marine Structures Laboratory – Institut Français de Recherche pour l’Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER) – France 2
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Sensor and Measurement Laboratory – Institut Français de Recherche pour l’Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER) –
France
Pollution of marine environment by microplastics, which are particles with size inferior to 5 mm
[1], has become a global major concern [2, 3]. The aim of the present study was to understand the
formation of microplastics in accordance with a fragmentation process. Several thermoplastic
polymers were used, in particular polyamide 6 was investigated. Aging was accelerated by raising
temperature. Aging was carried out on 200 μg mL-1, DC: 50 ng mL-1). Post-exposurem thick film under different conditions: water
deoxygenated environment in a stainless steel vessel, thermo-oxidative environment in an oven and
coupling of both to simulate real conditions. Physico-chemical and mechanical characterizations
were performed in order to investigate modifications at different scales. Results revealed a decrease
of molecular mass and an increase of crystallinity. Spectroscopy showed the formation of carbonyl
groups. Tensile tests revealed an embrittlement, characterized by a lower stress at break
corresponding to a ductile-brittle transition. The ability to form microplastics was tested on aged
samples introduced in a beaker on a rotary shaker to correlate the embrittlement with the
fragmentation of the material.
– Arthur C., Baker J., Bamford H., Proceedings of the International Research Workshop on the Occurrence, Effects and
Fate of Microplastic Marine Debris, NOAA Technical Memorandum NOS-OR&R-30 (2009).
– Cole M., Lindeque P., Halsband C., Galloway T-S, Marine Pollution Bulletin, 62, 2588-2597 (2011). – Wright S-L.,
Thompson R-C., Galloway T-S., Environmental Pollution, 178, 483-492 (2013).
Keywords: degradation, fragmentation, microplastic, embrittlement
∗Speaker †Corresponding author: quentin.deshoulles@ifremer.fr
Macro-plastic occurrence and flows in large European

rivers draining the Mediterranean Sea: the Rhône
(France)
Javier Castro-Jiménez 1, Daniel González-Fernández 2, Michel Fornier1, Natascha Schmidt1, Richard
Sempéré
1 Aix Marseille Univ., University of Toulon, CNRS, IRD, Mediterranean Institute of Oceanography (MIO) UM 110,
Marseille, France, 2 Department of Biology, University of Cádiz. Faculty of Marine and Environmental Sciences,
Puerto Real, Spain
The Mediterranean Sea has been documented to be largely impacted by plastic, being nowadays
one of the major hot spots in the world. Rivers are considered important input pathways of plastics
to coastal areas. However, the occurrence of plastic fragments in rivers and derived fluxes are poorly
understood. In order to shed light on this key issue, the Joint Research Centre (European
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Commission) launched in 2016 a riverine litter observation network within the RIMMEL project.
The main objective of this project was to quantify the floating macro litter loads through rivers to
marine waters, combining the experimental observation of macro litter and the modeling of their
loading. Floating macro litter (including macro-plastics) was monitored in more than 50 European
rivers during 2016-2017. We present here results from the Rhône river (Switzerland / France), one
of the major European rivers. Monthly observations were performed in Arles (Southern France),
around 40 km NW from the river mouth in the Gulf of Lion (NW Mediterranean Sea). Results
showed a mean flux of ~50 litter items/hour (belonging to 22 macro-litter categories) floating down
the Rhône to the Mediterranean coast, with plastic items representing the 77 % of macro-litter,
supporting the hypothesis of rivers as key pathways for plastic litter to the marine environment. The
most abundant plastics were: pieces, bags, sheets and bottles (Fig. 1). Considering the median value
as a constant flux rate, a rough estimation of the annual input of floating macro-plastics from the
Rhône to the NW Mediterranean would be about 220 000 items (with an important uncertainty
associated due to the high temporal variability). This is a lower-end estimation since only floating
items were counted. These macro-plastics are expected to eventually become micro-plastics due to
environmental aging, with yet unknown implications for the aquatic ecosystem.
Keywords: marine litter, riverine litter, plastics, chemical pollution, Mediterranean Sea
∗Speaker †Corresponding author: javier.castro-jimenez@mio.osupytheas.fr
Microplastic pollution in aquatic environments of

Estonia.
Polina Turov ∗ 1, Kati Lind 1, Inga Lips 1
1 Tallinn University of Technology, Department of Marine Systems – Akadeemia tee 15a, 12618 Tallinn, Estonia
Our study presents the abundance, distribution and characteristics (type, shapes, colour and size)
of microplastic (MP) in Estonian waters of the Baltic Sea and freshwater environments. The
selection of sampling areas in the coastal sea was based on the locations of the potential MP
pollution sources – rivers, wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) outflows. Besides this open sea
areas were sampled to assess the broader distribution of MP in sub-basins around Estonia. Water
samples from the surface layer were collected at 8 regions in 2016–2017 using a 333 μg mL-1, DC: 50 ng mL-1). Post-exposurem mesh
manta trawl. Microplastic pollution levels in sediments were investigated in 2017 in the Gulf of
Finland. Samples (upper 5 cm) from 6 locations were collected using Van Veen grab and Gemax
corer. The results showed the presence of MP in each water sample collected, MP made up
approximately 30% of the total microlitter particles in both sea surface layer and sediment samples.
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MP pollution in sea sediments and surface waters was highest in the central part of the Gulf of
Finland. The presence of fibres (both plastic and non-plastic) prevailed over particles; the prevalent
colour of fibres was blue and black. Our study also includes characterization of MP in urban and
rural rivers, identifying key sources of MP to the investigated freshwater systems. Samples were
also collected at the biggest WWTP of Estonia from treated sewage water before outfall tunnel using
Manta trawl cod end (mesh size 333 μg mL-1, DC: 50 ng mL-1). Post-exposurem), the same method was used for river studies. The results
indicate that the WWTPs can be considered an important source of the MP in the Estonian waters.
Our future research will focus on terrestrial sources of the MP (including industrial hot spots and
stormwater systems), and on the amounts of MP on marine biota – benthic animals, and pelagic and
benthic fish.
Keywords: microplastic, Baltic Sea, sediments, sea surface, WWTP, rivers
∗Speaker
Litter rim of the Baltic Sea coast: monitoring, impact,

and remediation
Irina Chubarenko∗ 1, Gerald Schernewski , Georg Martin , Elena Esiukova ,
Alexandra Ershova †
1 P.P.Shirshov Institute of Oceanology of Russian Academy of Sciences, Atlantic Branch (AB SIO RAS) – prospect Mira,
1, 236022 Kaliningrad, Russia, Russia
Application of the unified methodology to monitoring of micro-, meso-, and macro-litter along
the Russian, Estonian, and German marine beaches of the Baltic Sea is the main goal of a new
project co-funded by the Russian Foundation for Basic Research, the Estonian Research Council,
and the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research in frames of the ERA.Net RUS Plus
Call 2017 - Science & Technology (project number 429). These unified methods will also be tested
on the coasts of lagoons, estuaries, and river mouths of the partner countries. Migrations of marine
litter between the beach and underwater slope will be investigated, with emphasis on observations of
massive litter beaching after stormy events. Link between marine litter and human pathogens will be
examined. An impact of presence and migrations of litter in sea coastal zone on benthic ecosystems
in coastal marine environment will be investigated in microcosm experiments. Numerical modeling
will be applied to relate the amount and distribution of the beached litter to hydrophysical and
meteorological conditions, allowing for the development of a new monitoring methods and a
strategy for more effective cleaning of the sea coastal zone. The expected results include (i)
implementation of the unified methods of the beach litter monitoring on the marine coasts of the
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three partner countries; (ii) results of testing of this methodology for coasts of lagoons and river
mouths/estuaries, with development of specific recommendations; (iii) development of physically-
based strategy for cleaning of the coasts after stormy events; (iv) results of investigation of
functioning of microbial biofilms on different sorts of plastic, disclosing the relationship between
litter and human-pathogens; (v) results of mesocosms experiments on effects of marine meso and
macrolitter on benthic ecosystem.
Keywords: beach litter, microplastics, monitoring, storm, national park beaches, human patogenes, mesocosm
experiments, the Baltic Sea
∗Corresponding author: irina chubarenko@mail.ru †Speaker
MICROPLASTICS IN THE MARINE

ENVIRONMENT: IMPLICATIONS ON
COMMERCIALLY IMPORTANT FISH AND
INVERTEBRATE SPECIES OF THE EASTERN
AEGEAN SEA.
DAINES-RAVN A. V. 1,3, FARAGGIANA E. 2, PIETROLUONGO G 4, QUINTANA B. 4,
MILIOU A. 4
1
Erhvervsakademi Aarhus: Sønderhøj 30, 8260 Viby, Denmark, 2 University of
Plymouth, Drake Circus, Devon PL4 8AA, United Kingdom, 3 Aarhus University, Ny
Munkegade 116 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark, 4 Archipelagos Institute of Marine
Conservation, P.O. Box 42 Pythagorio 83 103 Samos, Greece
The occurrence of microplastics in the marine environment has increased over the decades, raising
concerns about the effects of this contaminant on ecosystem functions and human health as current
knowledge is limited. The purpose of this study is to offer an assessment into microplastics and their
distribution throughout the marine trophic chain. The gastrointestinal tracts of 66 marine specimens were
collected and analysed between the months of February-April 2018. All species analysed inhabited different
water columns across the eastern coast of Samos Island, in the Eastern Aegean Sea. These included eight
commercially important fish species (Sparus aurata, Sarda sarda, Sphyraena viridensis, Boops boops,
Diplodus annularis, Serranus cabrilla, Trachurus mediterraneus, Mullus barbatus) as well as four
invertebrate species (Paracentrotus lividus, Todarodes sagittatus, Parapenaeus longirostris, Ostrea edulis).
All individuals exhibited microplastic contamination, with a total of 2,725 microplastic items identified
among the 66 examined specimens. The abundance and prevalence of different types of microplastics were
compared throughout all specimens collected. Plastic fibres were ubiquitous throughout all samples analysed
and accounted for 76% of all microplastics detected in this study. A significant variation in microplastic
abundance across four main water column levels was recorded (Figure 1), with pelagic, omnivorous fish
species reporting a consistently higher number of microplastic items than both demersal fish and benthic
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invertebrate species (one-way ANOVA: (F (3, 62) = 7.896, p = 0.000153). The results of this study prove the
persistence of microplastics throughout the marine trophic web. Since three billion people rely on the ocean
as their primary source of protein, it is crucial to spur further research efforts to investigate the unknown
consequences of microplastic contaminants. Such pollutants can serve as vectors and aid in the transference
of harmful chemicals, emphasising the need of more sustainable alternatives in order to safeguard marine life
as well as the health of seafood consumers.
Keywords: Microplastics, Pollution, Water column, Marine trophic chain, Aegean Sea, Human health, Gastrointestinal
analysis
Variations in phtalates concentration present in fin

whales (Balaenoptera physalus), gray whales
(Eschrichtius robustus) and humpback whales
(Megaptera novaeangliae) in Mexican Pacific
Gara Goñi Godoy ∗† 1, Cristina Fossi 2, Cristina Panti 2, Matteo Baini 2, Lorena
Viloria Gomora 1, Jorge Urbán Ramírez 1
1 Universidad Autónoma de Baja California Sur, La Paz, México. – Mexico 2 Universitàdi Siena, Italy. – Italy
Over last decades, plastics debris have become a major problem in the marine envionment due
to its persistence and chemical properties. The fragments derived from the larger plastic can be
easily incorporated in food web of marine organism and its added toxics chemicals are
incorporanted in their tissues may cause long-term adverse effects. As an example the phtalates
considered endocrine disrupters, can interact with hormone synthesis and alter reproduction or other
physiological and metabolic functions. The purpose of this research is to determine concentration of
phtalates present in three large whale species (Balaenoptera physalus, Eschrichtius robustus y
Megaptera novaeangliae) from its economic, social and environmental importance to Mexican
community. In this way we will use this chemical such as plastic tracer in these different species.
The sampling shall be carried out according its principal areas of reproduction, breeding or feeding;
San Ignacio Lagoon (gray whales), Los Cabos (humpback whales) and La Paz Bay (fin whales).
Biopses of 30 individuals for each species will be take (90n). Therefore, extraction and analysis of
phthalates will be carried out (DEHP and MEHP). The generated information will allow to establish
a platform for a research field that is in development, as well to know the grade of impact caused by
microplastics to which these marine organisms are exposed in the different regions.
Keywords: Microplastics, plastic additives, baleen whales, Mexican Pacific
∗Speaker †Corresponding author: gara.goni@hotmail.com
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Modeling approach of micro- and nanoplastics in

aqueous and cell environments
Samuel Hartikainen∗ 1,2, Maija Lahtela-Kakkonen † 2, Tuomo Laitinen 2, Jaana
Rysä 2, Jouko Vepsäläinen 2
1 SIB Labs, University of Eastern Finland – SIB Labs P.O. Box 1627 FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland 2 University of Eastern
Finland – Yliopistonranta 1, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland
Micro- and nanoplastics are tiny plastic particles with size less than 5 mm and 0,1 μFTIR, Focal Plane Arraym, respectively, and they come
from a variety of sources, including degradation of larger plastic fragments and direct release of micro- and
nanoparticles from household and customer care products. Microplastics is a global pollutant that may be affecting the
behavior of marine and freshwater ecosystems. From aquatic ecosystems microplastic can end up to food webs,
foodstuffs and tap water which could potentially increase exposure of chemicals to humans and thus can be risk to
human health. However, the human health effects are still unknown. Based on chemical analysis (NMR, MS, FTIR) of
microplastic samples, molecular modeling tools can be used to study whether micro- and nanoplastics could pass
through cell membrane or bind to transporters that can be used for estimating their effects on human. Molecular
modeling allows also to explore the role of plastic additives and organic pollutants in micro- and nanoplastics. The
experimental assays will be applied for monitoring cell viability via metabolic activity after micro- and nanoplastic
treatment. By combining modeling together with toxicity studies, we can build predictive models to estimate toxicity of
micro- and nanoplastics. Our strength in UEF Kuopio Campus is to combine efficient analytical tools with molecular
modeling, medicinal chemistry and toxicology. This will offer a novel insight on the toxicity of micro- and nanoplastics
and their impact on human health.
Keywords: Microplastic, Nanoplastic, lake, marine, cell, molecular modeling, simulation

∗Corresponding author: samuel.hartikainen@uef.fi †Speaker
Ingestion of plastic debris (Macro and micro) by

longnose lancetfish (Alepisaurus ferox) in the North
Atlantic Ocean
Jesús Gago∗ 1, Sofía Portela † , Ana V. Filgueiras , David Macías , M. Pauly Salinas
1 Instituto Español de Oceanografía (IEO) – subida a Radio Faro 50, 36390 Vigo, Spain
Pollution by plastic marine debris constitutes a major threat to marine life Ingestion of plastic
marine debris by seabirds, turtles, and marine mammals is well acknowledged and has been
recognized as a serious hazard to marine biota. The detrimental effects of plastic debris on marine
biota include physical entanglement, decreased nutrition from intestinal blockage, and suffocation or
decreased mobility. Despite the prevalence of studies documenting the environmental implications
of plastic debris in the world’s oceans there have been few reports of plastic ingestion by large
marine fishes. Reports of plastic ingestion in larger, higher trophic level pelagic fishes are sparse in
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the literature but include reports from species such as dolphinfish, tunas, and moonfish.
Longnose lancetfish, Alepisaurus ferox Lowe, 1833, a piscivorous ambush predator, is one of the
most common bycatch species of the tuna longline fishery. It has a worldwide distribution extending
from 45oN to 45o S in the open ocean pelagic ecosystems of the world oceans.
This study evaluates the ingestion of plastic marine debris by A. ferox, with the goal of
quantifying the amount and type of plastic marine debris ingested. As far as we are aware, there has
been no detailed report on plastic ingestion of this fish in the North Atlantic Ocean and it’s the first
time that microplastics are studied in the stomachs. The stomachs of the fish examined contained
many pieces of synthetic materials such as polyethylene and vinyl in addition to ordinary food items
(e.g., fishes, cephalopods, shrimps, salps, Pyrosoma). Our study shows that plastic ingestion in A.
ferox is more prevalent than previously suggested. This study adds to the body of knowledge on
piscivorous fish ingestion of marine debris.
Keywords: macroplastics, microplastics, pollution, Alepisaurus ferox, North Atlantic Ocean
∗Corresponding author: jesus.gago@vi.ieo.es †Speaker
Influence of solar radiation and plastic type on the

bacterial community composition of plastic’s biofilm
in the North Adriatic Sea
Maria Pinto ∗† 1, Teresa Langer 1, Gerhard J Herndl 1
1 Department of Limnology and Bio-Oceanography, University of Vienna – Althanstrasse 14 A-1090 Vienna, Austria
Once plastic enters the ocean it rapidly becomes colonized by a biofilm. Factors shaping the
biofilm’s community composition and development are still unclear. In this study we aimed at
understanding how solar radiation and plastic type might influence the biofilm’s bacterial
community composition. We incubated high and low density polyethylene (HDPE and LDPE),
polypropylene (PP), polyvinyl chloride (PVC) with two different additives (DINP and DEHP), and
glass serving as an inert control over a two-month period in the North Adriatic Sea under minimal
light and ambient solar radiation. Samples were taken after one week, one month and two months
and the bacterial 16S rRNA gene was used to determine the biofilm community composition.
Significant differences were found between the community composition of the biofilm on samples
kept under minimal light conditions and ambient solar radiation, with high abundance of
cyanobacteria in the ambient solar radiation treatment contributing largely to the variability in
bacterial community composition in LDPE, HDPE, PP and glass, especially after one week and two
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months of incubation. On both PVCs, however, cyanobacteria were much less abundant, and
differences between minimal light and ambient solar radiation conditions were largely due to other
taxa, such as the highly abundant Alteromonadaceae in the ambient solar radiation treatment after
one week incubation, and relatively higher abundance of Cellvibrionaceae in the minimal light
treatments after two months of incubation. Within treatments, differences between the PVCs and the
other surfaces were highly significant over the whole sampling period. However, bacterial families
commonly forming biofilms, such as Rhodobacter, Hyphomonadaceae and Flavobacteriaceae, were
relatively abundant in all plastics. We therefore suggest that the community composition of
plastic’s biofilm is shaped by the interaction between normal biofouling processes, environmental
factors, such as solar radiation, and plastic type related properties.
Keywords: biofilm. plastisphere, bacterial community, bacteria
∗Speaker †Corresponding author: maria.pinto@univie.ac.at
Characterisation of microplastics (floating and

ingested by mussels) in the harbor of Marseille
(French Western Mediterranean)
Olivia Gérigny ∗† 1, Maria El Rakwe 2, Maria-Luiza Pedrotti 3, Francois Galgani 4
1 Ifremer, ODE/LITTORAL/ LER-PAC/La Seine-sur-Mer – Institut Français de Recherche pour l’Exploitation de la Mer
(IFREMER) – France 2 Ifremer (Ifremer) – Institut Français de Recherche pour l’Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER) –
ZI de la Pointe du Diable, 29280 Plouzané, France 3 Laboratoire d’océanographie de Villefranche (LOV) – INSU,
CNRS : UMR7093, Université Pierre et Marie Curie (UPMC) - Paris VI, Université Pierre et Marie Curie [UPMC] -
Paris VI – Observatoire Océanologique Station zoologique 181, chemin du lazaret BP 28 06230 VILLEFRANCHE SUR
MER Cedex, France 4 IFREMER (IFREMER) – Institut Français de Recherche pour l’Exploitation de la Mer
(IFREMER) – Bastia, France
The FUI Microplastic2 project aims to assess the contamination of the environment by
microplastics (MP), as well as micro-pollutants and micro-organisms associated with them, on river
systems, estuaries and harbour. Within the framework of this project, several goals were addressed,
including the efficiency of sewerage networks and treatment plants, the origin of MPs, the modelling
of their dispersion and a better understanding of harm to biota. In addition, one of the challenges
was also to develop techniques and methods for the chemical and isotopic characterisation of MP, in
order to perform a more complete diagnosis of MPs. First, the goal was to characterise MPs by
number, weight, nature (fragments, fibers, pellets, films, and polystyrene), polymer types (PE, PP,
PA, PS, etc.) and to characterize the associated zooplankton. The city of Marseille located in the
North West Mediterranean and south of France was selected as a study site because of its size
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(second largest city in France in terms of population), its urbanization (French third urban area) and
its harbour (main harbour in France). The preliminary results on midterm assessment (2018) for this
3-year-project (end of 2019) are presented in this poster. The average microplastic concentration was
ranging from 39 199.57 items/km2 in 2016 to 191 944.44 items/km2 in 2017, with a maximum of
768 800.00 items/km2 (spring 2017). A difference in concentration was observed between winter
and spring. The MP concentrations were found to vary along the bed of the sewage outfall, showing
its influence. The associated fauna was mainly composed by small copepods calanoida with the
same size pattern as microplastic but also cladocera and appendicularia groups The analyzed
microplastics were mainly composed of PELD (22%), HDPE (16%), PP (8%) polymers. MP
ingested by mussels were composed by fragments (56%), filaments (28%) and fibers (16%).
Keywords: microplastics, identification, micro, pollutants, micro, organisms
∗Speaker †Corresponding author: Olivia.Gerigny@ifremer.fr
Actions of a marine natural Park in France to reduce

impact of marine debris and microplastics in Iroise
sea.
Patrick Pouline ∗ 1, Clémence Rabevolo † 1
1 AFB PNMI - Iroise marine natural Park – Agence Française pour la biodiversité – Pointe des renards 29217 LE
CONQUET, France
The Iroise marine natural park was created in 2017 and the management plan of the Park,
adopted in 2010, recommends a reduction of the maritime and ground pollutions. For marine debris,
the marine Park realizes a follow-up since 2010. From the protocol OSPAR, 4 sites allow to estimate
the impact of marine debris in Iroise and since 2017, this marine area protected surveys
microplastics. In 2018, we realized a first review of these surveys. Contrary to the national data, 70
% of marine debris are a marine origin in Iroise. A lot of types of marine debris were identified, in
particular the professional fishing. It is the activity which contributes most to this pollution (13 %)
with the rope, the nets of various diameters, fishing lines (angling) and pieces of crab/lobster pots.
So, it represents an annual volume 148000L on the coast of Finistère (Britain). The first results on
microplastics show that the impact in Iroise is also important and that the ground contributions are
important.
To reduce these ground and maritime contributions and to avoid that this marine debris becomes
microplastics, the marine Park established several actions in partnership with the municipalities of
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the coast and the fishermen. So, interventions in the maritime high schools for the futures fishermen
are led to make sensitive them in these pollutions and in the consequences. Actions in ports are
proposed to get back marine debris coming from boats and by valuing fishing nets. Finally, for the
ground contributions, the marine Park suggested buying tubs on beaches to get back marine debris
and to avoid that they return to the sea. The marine Park launched an awareness campaign for the
inhabitants of the littoral municipalities. This campaign is realized on the evacuation of rainwater to
avoid that people throw waste towards the sea.
Keywords: marine debris, marine park, rope, net fishermen
∗Speaker †Corresponding author: rabevolo.clemence@gmail.com
The microplastic abundance in surface water increases

and the size of plastic particles decreases near urban
wastewater and stormwater sources in Lake Kallavesi,
Finland
Samuel Hartikainen ∗† 1,2, Emilia Uurasjärvi 2, Julia Talvitie 3, Outi Setälä 3, Maiju
Lehtiniemi 3, Arto Koistinen 2
1 University of Eastern Finland, Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences – P.O. Box 1627 FI-70211
Kuopio, Finland 2 University of Eastern Finland, SIB Labs – SIB Labs P.O. Box 1627 FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland 3
Finnish Environment Institute, Marine Research Center – P.O.Box 140, FI-00251 Helsinki, Finland
The effects of microplastic pollution in freshwater basins remain generally understudied. The
main aim of this research is to focus on the size and distribution of microplastics released from
urban stormwater and wastewater into Nordic freshwater ecosystems such as Lake Kallavesi,
Finland. Two sampling methods, a pump collecting different size fractions of 20, 100 and 300 μg mL-1, DC: 50 ng mL-1). Post-exposurem
and a common manta trawl (333 μg mL-1, DC: 50 ng mL-1). Post-exposurem), were used to collect surface water microparticles from 12
sampling sites at Lake Kallavesi, Finland. The sampling sites represented various potential sources
of microplastic pollution, such as the city harbour, a highway bridge, a discharge pipe of a
wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) and a snow dumping site. FTIR microscopy was used to
determine the polymer type of plastic particles. The total average concentration of microplastic
particles in manta samples was 0.27 particles m-3. The number of microplastics was significantly
higher in smaller size fractions obtained with pump collection (averages 155, 12 and 1.8 particles
m-3 for sizes 20, 100 and 300 μg mL-1, DC: 50 ng mL-1). Post-exposurem, respectively). The results indicated that larger (> 300 μg mL-1, DC: 50 ng mL-1). Post-exposurem)
microplastics were abundant in the city harbour, whereas smaller microplastics had several sources,
such as the snow dumping site and the WWTP. The majority (64 %) of the identified microplastics
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were fibres. All identified microplastics were common polymers, such as PP, PE and PET, but
there was no clear correlation between the material type and the sampling site.
Keywords: freshwater, lake, stormwater, wastewater, microplastic
∗Speaker †Corresponding author: samuel.hartikainen@uef.fi
Perception and consumption of plastic: A case study

to provide research priority.
Boris Eyheraguibel ∗ 1, Benoît Amiot 2, Ariane Audisio 2, Christophe Berthiaux 2,
Amandine Daminato 2, Vincent Jourdain 2, Laurie Manetta 2, Clemence Mazard 2,
Valentine Morel 2, Benjamin Rondot 2, Fanny Royanez 2, Nelly Vallance 2, Severine
Louvel 3
France 2 Sciences Po Grenoble, Institut d’études politiques de Grenoble, – Sciences Po Grenoble - Institut d’études
politiques de Grenoble – 1030 av. centrale - Domaine Universitaire, 38400 Saint-Martin-d’Hères, France 3 Pacte,
Laboratoire de sciences sociales – Sciences Po Grenoble - Institut d’études politiques de Grenoble, Centre National de
la Recherche Scientifique : UMR5194, Université Grenoble Alpes – Siège : IEP - BP 48 38040 Grenoble cedex 9,
France
The global world production of synthetic polymer keeps increasing every year and should reach
over 335 Million tons in 2018. This massive use of plastic reflects the functioning of our consumer
societies which generate need of plastics without considering the ecological impact of their disposal
in the environment. Beyond the lack of means and solutions dedicated to plastic waste management,
many studies present human activities and in particular household consumption, as a major source
of plastic pollution. However, the identification of pollution sources does not provide any
information on consumer habits, uses and knowledge to understand the waste stream generated. Yet,
such data are required to identify the limits and drivers for a change in behavior regarding the use of
plastics. The lack of data on the plastic consumption has led us to carry out a sociological study. We
gathered qualitative and quantitative data on the consumption and perception of plastic by
individuals. The objective was to evaluate trends in practices and knowledge around plastic and
determine the uses and behaviors of individuals according to their socio-demographic and cultural
characteristics. Our results reveal different types of behaviors with various level of awareness about
the consequences of plastic use and their plastic consumption habits, from Initiated to Saver,
Pragmatic and Indifferent. The practices of these different consumers does not seem related to their
knowledge of plastics as a material but more driven by their knowledge of the environmental
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impacts. Knowledge on plastic is generally poor with confusing notions about the recycling, the
biodegradable polymers reflecting a lack of sensitization and education. This study highlights the
role of researchers in raising awareness and contributing to a transition towards a plastic-free
society. Incorporating Social Sciences in plastic research is, then, of key importance, in order to
better understand plastic consumption habits and social behavior.
∗Speaker
Keywords: plastic consumption, social behavior
Impacts of microplastics on the duckweed Lemna minor

and potential trophic transfer to the amphipod
Gammarus pulex
Alicia Mateos Cárdenas ∗ 1,2, Frank N.a.m Van Pelt 2,3, John O’halloran 2,4, Marcel
A.k. Jansen 2,4
1 School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, Distillery Fields, North Mall, University College Cork,
Ireland – Ireland 2 Environmental Research Institute, Lee Road, Cork City, Ireland – Ireland 3 Department of
Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Western Gateway Building, University College Cork, Ireland – Ireland 4 School of
Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, Distillery Fields, North Mall, University College Cork, Ireland – Ireland
Microplastic pollution has been widely reported in marine ecosystems all around the world. The
intake of marine microplastics has been reported in both wild caught and laboratory exposed
species. However, data on the presence of microplastics in the freshwater environment are scarce
and the effects on aquatic species are largely unknown. Here the ecotoxicological impacts of plastic
microbeads on the freshwater environment were studied. For this, we analysed the potential impacts
on two freshwater model species, the duckweed Lemna minor and the amphipod Gammarus pulex.
We also studied the trophic transfer of microbeads from L. minor to G. pulex. The potential effects
of 1 and 45 mm polystyrene (PS) and polyethylene (PE) microbeads on the physiology of the widely
distributed Lemna minor were firstly investigated. The adsorption of beads per surface area was
quantified at four time points by using light and fluorescence microscopy. The fate of 1 μg mL-1, DC: 50 ng mL-1). Post-exposurem
microbeads within the plant tissue was further examined using confocal laser scanning microscopy.
In addition, the growth of L. minor following seven-day exposure to PS or PE microbeads was
quantified following OECD parameters frond and colony number, root length chlorophyll a
fluorescence and plant biomass. Our results showed a strong binding of microbeads to the duckweed
surface over time. However, our data indicated no negative effects on the physiology of Lemna
minor. The strong microbead binding to duckweed tissue suggested L. minor as a potential vector
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for the transfer of microplastics. Therefore, acute feeding trials under controlled conditions were
designed to investigate the microplastic transfer to G. pulex as well as potential effects on the
amphipods. The parameters measured were mortality, mobility, moulting, % plant biomass
consumed, number of beads ingested and excreted and food preference. We hope that our results
will help understand the complexity of freshwater microplastics ecotoxicity.
Keywords: Microbeads, Polyethylene, Polystyrene, Freshwater, Aquatic Plants, Amphipods, Eco- toxicology, No Effects
∗Speaker
Microplastics in wild mussels (Mytilus sp.) from the

north coast of Spain: Comparison between digestive
treatments
Pablo Reguera 1,2, Lucía Viñas 1, Jesús Gago ∗† 1
1 Instituto Español de Oceanografía. Centro Oceanográfico de Vigo – Subida a Radio Faro, 50. Cabo Estai-Canido.
36390 Vigo (Pontevedra), Spain 2 Universidade da Coruña. Facultade de Ciencias – Rúa da Fraga, 10. Campus da
Zapateira. 15071 A Coruña, Spain
Microplastic content in mussels (Mytilus sp.) from the Ria of Vigo and the coast of the
Cantabrian Sea was measured. Additionally, with the aim of comparing the use of acid and alkaline
compounds as digestive agents, a comparison of microplastic levels observed in mussels digested
with nitric acid and with potassium hydroxide was carried out. The average concentration of
microplastics in mussels digested with nitric acid was 1.90±2.14 microplastics/g w.w., being
significantly lower than that observed in mussels digested with potassium hydroxide, with a value of
2.87±2.81 microplastics/g w.w. This result confirms that the use of acid compounds like nitric acid
as digestive agent induces an underestimation in microplastic levels observed in biological samples;
therefore, their use should be avoided in a future standardized extraction protocol. To analyze the
spatial pattern of pollution, only the results obtained from the digestive treatment with potassium
hydroxide were used. Average concentration of microplastics in mussels from the Ria of Vigo was
2.30±1.93 microplastics/g w.w., while in mussels from the Cantabrian Sea was 3.44±3.43
microplastics/g w.w. Fibers were the most abundant morphotype, followed by fragments. The
highest levels of microplastics were not always associated to those areas expected as the most
polluted, especially in the Ria of Vigo, where a decreasing trend from the entrance of the ria to the
inner zone was observed. Consequently, further research is needed in order to account why the
observed pattern of pollution differed from that expected.
Keywords: seafood, biomonitoring, biota samples, bivalve mollusks, rocky shores, digestion method
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∗Speaker †Corresponding author: jesus.gago@ieo.es
Cross-border assessment of microplastics in seafood

and salt
De Witte Bavo ∗ 1, Daphné Deloof , Kris Hostens
1 Flanders Research Institute for Agriculture, Fisheries and Food - Aquatic environment and quality – Ankerstraat 1,
8400 Oostende, Belgium
Presence of microplastics in seafood and salt is already demonstrated within many research
projects. Comparing literature data is not always straight forward and regional differences are
difficult to assess based on existing data: sample preparation, e.g. gut purification, may be different
and analysis methods and quality control measurements are laboratory dependent. It is therefore not
clear if consumers of different countries will be exposed to different microplastic concentrations. On
demand of the Austrian, Belgian, Danish, Italian and Spanish consumer organization, a comparative
study was conducted, analyzing microplastics in different types of mollusks, crustaceans and salts.
Microplastics were analyzed by stereomicroscope after KOH- digestion (mollusks/crustaceans),
H202-destruction (salt) or sedimentation within polytungstate solutions (clay and silica-containing
salts).
For each matrix, difference was made between fibers (Fig., blue), films (Fig., grey) and spheres
(Fig., orange). The relative amount of spheres within salt samples was 32%, which was high
compared to molluscs and crustaceans, which only contained 4-5% spheres. This difference may be
related to the efficient removal of spheres from the digestive tract of the biota.
Effect of different parameters were investigated. Salt samples were grouped depending on the
processing method and/or the package material. Highest values, up to 68.9 ± 26.0 microplas-
tics/100g, were found in ”fleur de sel” salts, which are harvested at the water surface. Package
material did not significantly increased microplastic concentrations. Mollusks were grouped ac-
cording to species, with maximum concentrations up to 47.8 ± 17.0 microplastics/100g tissue
weight. For crustaceans, difference was made between wild and within aquaculture breeded
crustaceans and between peeled and non-peeled crustaceans.
The omnipresence of microplastics in salt and seafood items studied in this research, again
stresses the need of more detailed investigation on human health effects of microplastics.
Keywords: mollusks, salt, crustaceans, cross, border assessment, European consumer organizations
∗Speaker
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Narrative role playing - a science multiplication tool-

at the AWI school lab OPENSEA on Helgoland
Laura Thiel ∗† 1, Antje Wichels 1, Christina Kieserg 1
1 AWI-School Lab OPENSEA – Alfred-Wegener-Institute Helmholtz Center for Polar and Marine Research, Biologische
Anstalt Helgoland, Germany
Over the last decades there has been an increasing awareness within the scientific community
of the importance of communicating science. A growing number of multiple citizen science
programs aimed at facilitating the sharing of scientific knowledge with the public. One such
approach adopts narrative role plays, involving interactive games which simulate real life situations
in a safe environment. During these simulations, participants adopt different roles (scientist,
politician) and are posed with a specific research question relevant to e.g. environmental
protection. With the AWI school lab OPENSEA we developed a narrative role play on marine litter.
In this narrative role playing provides an opportunity at hands-on research and discovery from four
different perspectives of plastic pollution. High School students learn about the different
perspectives of plastic pollution in the course of different phases through hands-on research and
discovery. We apply recent scientific findings and literature as well as, interactive modules designed
to take place both on-field and in the lab. The modules are designed to be also applicable for
classroom settings which are implemented to the education for sustainable development.
Keywords: Education, science communication, school lab, High School students, plastic pollution
∗Speaker †Corresponding author: laura.thiel@awi.de
A “green” analytical approach for the detection of

plastic organic additives and related compounds in
marine organisms
Javier Castro-Jiménez∗ 1, Nuno Ratola † 2
1 Aix Marseille Univ., University of Toulon, CNRS, IRD, Mediterranean Institute of Oceanography (MIO) – CNRS-MIO
– France 2 LEPABE — Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto – Rua Dr. Roberto Frias 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
There is no doubt today about the ubiquitous occurrence of plastics in the Mediterranean Sea.
Marine organisms can be physically damaged by plastic fragments, but also chemically threaten by
their constituents. Organophosphate esters – OPEs and phthalate esters - PAEs are among the most
important plastic organic additives. In addition, other compounds of emerging global concern, like
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volatile methylsiloxanes – VMSs could be present in plastic materials. In order to investigate their
occurrence in marine biota, their food web transfer as well as to enable chemical risk assessment,
their determination in marine organisms is needed. We present here a fast and ”green” method
based on QuEChERS (Quick, Easy, Cheap, Effective, Rugged and Safe) for the assessment of OPEs,
PAE, and VMS in different marine organisms. Our results show that the application of QuEChERS
successfully allow the detection and quantification (by gas chromatography coupled with mass
spectrometry – GC/MS) of VMSs in Posidonia oceanica samples (never reported before) collected
in various sites in the NW Mediterranean Sea (Marseille area, France). Interestingly, the highest
value (over 400 ng/g d.w. for Σ7VMSs) was measured in the surroundings of the Frioul
Archipelago, a suspected micro-plastic accumulation area. The QuEChERS were adapted and
optimized to work with OPEs and PAEs too, resulting in a valid option for these two contaminant
classes of emerging concern. Higher levels of phthalates (42 ng/g d.w., Σ7PAEs) were found in
Posidonia compared to organophosphate esters (3 ng/g d.w., Σ9OPEs). Our method was also applied
for the analysis of fish and mussels from the Mediterranean Sea, confirming the presence of these
plastic additives, with slightly higher concentrations in fish for OPEs (Σ9OPEs=38; Σ7PAEs=25 ng
g-1 d.w), but one order of magnitude higher PAE levels in mussels (110 ng/g d.w.) compared to
OPEs (11 ng/g d.w.).
Keywords: flame retardants, plasticisers, OPEs, phthalates, siloxanes, QuEchERS, biota
∗Corresponding author: javier.castro-jimenez@mio.osupytheas.fr †Speaker
Ingestion, Depuration and Translocation Kinetics of

Microplastics in Blue Mussels (Mytilus edulis)
Jae-Woong Jung ∗ 1, Yun-Wi Heo 1, Park June-Woo
1 Korea Institute of Toxicology – South Korea
We are currently studying the ingestion, depuration and translocation kinetics of microplastics
(10 and 90 μg mL-1, DC: 50 ng mL-1). Post-exposurem-sized fluorescently labeled polystyrene beads) in blue mussels (Mytilus edulis). The
purpose of this study was to assess the size-dependent characteristic of ingestion, depuration and
translocation kinetics of microplastics in blue mussels. At this time, a preliminary study to
determine the optimum tissue digestion method for the tracking of microplastics in the mussels were
completed. For this, we artificially injected 10 μg mL-1, DC: 50 ng mL-1). Post-exposurem-sized polystyrene beads in the blue mussels (50
particles per animal), digested the tissue of mussels using four digestion methods (i.e., H2O2
digestion, protease digestion, Lipex digestion and KOH digestion), then counted the number of
microplastics in digested solution using fluorescent microscope. H2O2 digestion and protease
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digestion methods recovered > 97% of injected microplastics while the recovered fraction of
injected microplastics by other digestion methods (i.e., Lipex digestion and KOH digestion) were
lower than 97%. Because it was reported that H2O2 digestion method has a disadvantage of foam
formation during the digestion process that can lower the microplastic recovery, we determined to
employ protease digestion method for the detection the microplastic in mussel tissues. The kinetic
study is being conducted by exposing the mussels in artificial seawater containing microplastics
(24,000 particles/L) for three days then depurating the microplastics in the mussels for eleven days.
We will track the ingestion, depuration and translocation of microplastics in mussels by observing
the number of microplastics in gill, digestive gland and non-digestive gland of the mussels. The
number of microplastics in hemolymph will be also measured to assess whether the ingested
microplastics can be translocated to the circulatory system. We expect that the result of the
ingestion, depuration and translocation kinetic study of microplastic in blue mussels can be
suggested at the time of the MICRO 2018 International Conference.
Keywords: ingestion, depuration, translocation, kinetics, blue mussels
∗Speaker
Microplastics as a vector for exposure to hydrophobic

organic chemicals in fish; a comparison of two
polymers and silica particles, using three different
model compounds
Malin Tivefälth 1, Giedre Asmonaite 1, Emelie Westberg 2, Thomas Backhaus 1,
Bethanie Carney Almroth ∗ 1
1 University of Gothenburg, Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences – Sweden 2 IVL Svenska
Miljöinstitutet AB/IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute – Sweden
Microplastics (MPs) have the capacity to act as environmental vectors, sorbing and concen-
trating hydrophobic organic chemicals (HOCs) from the aquatic environment. Current debate as to
whether MPs act as vectors for chemical contaminants to aquatic organisms, and whether MPs are a
significant pathway for exposure to HOCs compared to naturally occurring particles, requires
further experimental evidence. Thus, we conducted an experimental feeding study that sought to
assess the relative importance of two synthetic polymeric particles (polyethylene (PE) and
polystyrene (PS)) acting as vectors for HOCs in comparison to non-plastic particles (glass
particles). By using chemically spiked MPs, we aimed to investigate mechanisms of particle-
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mediated chemical transfer and study associated biological effects resulting from particle ingestion
in fish. The 3 types of particles (250μg mL-1, DC: 50 ng mL-1). Post-exposurem) were loaded with a mixture of model chemicals
(benzo(α)pyrene, ethinylestradiol and chlorpyrifos), which differed in hydrophobicity and had 3
distinct toxicological modes of action. Three-spined stickleback (Gasterosteus aculea- tus) were
exposed to 8 different diets: control diets, diets with virgin particles, diets containing particles
spiked with a chemicals and, finally, diets loaded with only the chemical mixture but no particles.
Fish were fed daily (6 % of body weight and 5 % added particles) for a period of two weeks. Gene
expression of well-established biomarkers (CYP1a, ERα, VTG and AChE) was then quantified at
mRNA level in the liver and gut. Acetylcholine esterase (AChE) activity was also measured in fish
brain. Results showed that all treatments containing chemical mixtures caused changes in gene
expression and enzymatic AChE activity. Differences could also be seen between particle types,
where PS contaminated particles showed similar pattern with the non- plastic particles, while PE
contaminated particles induced lower expression levels, indicating a smaller transfer of chemicals.
Keywords: microplastic, fish, vector effect, chemical contaminants, PE, PS, silica particles
∗Speaker
Exposure to Polystyrene microbeads induced

behavioural changes in Daphnia magna
Marco Parolini ∗ 1, Beatrice De Felice , Valentina Sabatini , Marco Aldo Ortenzi ,
Paolo Tremolada , Renato Bacchetta
1 Università degli studi di Milano [Milano] – Via Celoria 2 - 20133 Milano, Italy
A growing body of evidence has highlighted that plastic contamination represents a dramatic
environmental problem. Plastic wastes contaminate both terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems,
threatening all living organisms. Recent studies have focused on the environmental occurrence and
concomitant adverse effects of microplastics (MPs). Most of these studies have investigated the
ingestion and the toxicity of the main typologies of MPs in marine organisms, but surprisingly data
on freshwater species are still scanty. In this work we studied the effects of 1 and 10 μg mL-1, DC: 50 ng mL-1). Post-exposurem polystyrene
microbeads (PMBs) in the Cladoceran Daphnia magna, evaluating the ingestion/egestion capability
of daphnids (< 24 h) and adults; assessing changes in individual growth, and investigating PMB-
induced behavioural changes, in terms of alteration of swimming activity and reproduction. PMB
features were checked and concentration exposures were 0.125, 1.25 and 12.5 μg mL-1, DC: 50 ng mL-1). Post-exposureg/L. An initial 24-h
uptake/48-h release exposure was performed to assess the ingestion/egestion of PMBs in daphnids
and adults and then, a 21-d exposure to evaluate changes in swimming behaviour, in terms of both
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horizontal movement and phototactic response. Lastly, we carried out a 21-d reproduction test to
assess changes in the reproductive effort. PMBs of both sizes were observed in the digestive tracts
of daphnids and adults already after 1 h exposure even at the lowest concentration. Complete
egestion did not occur within 48 h, even though the amount of PMBs greatly decreased, mainly in
the 0.125 μg mL-1, DC: 50 ng mL-1). Post-exposureg/L groups. No changes in body growth were noted, but PMBs ingestion determined an
overall significant change in swimming activity and phototactic responses, which compromised
reproduction at the highest tested concentrations.
Keywords: polystyrene, ingestion, behavioral effects, Daphnia magna
∗Speaker
Studying (micro)plastics in sediments of Lake Biel,

Switzerland
Friederike Stock ∗† 1, Anja Pregler 2, Christian Kochleurs 1, Nicole Brennholt 1,
Georg Reifferscheid 1
1 Federal Institute of Hydrology – Germany 2 Paul Scherrer Institute – Switzerland
Since the beginning of the second half of the 20th century, the worldwide plastic production
increased from 1.5 Mt/year to more than 320 Mt in 2015 (PlasticsEurope, 2016). (Micro)plastics
end up in freshwater bodies and in the marine environment, and are even found in remote places
such as the Arctic (Peeken et al., 2018). In undisturbed lake sediments, only selected investigations
have been conducted until now.
For this study, a 110 cm long sediment core has been retrieved from Lake Biel in Switzer- land.
Lake Biel is one of the three large lakes in the Jura region of Switzerland (length of 15 km, width of
up to 4.1 km). Its surface area is 39.3 km2. The rivers Aare and Zihl/Thielle flowing from Lake
Neuchâtel are the main tributaries. The goal of this work is to trace the input of (micro)plastics since
the beginning of the plastic production in the 1950s. This should allow an estimation of the
continuing input if the production would continue to rise and no measures would take place.
Moreover, it contributes to the risk assessment.
For the chronostratigraphy, the sediment core was measured for 137Cs concentrations revealing
peaks of the nuclear weapon tests between 1945 to 1963, the release of the Mühleberg nuclear
power station in the middle of the 1970s and the Chernobyl peak of 1986. For (micro)plastic
analyses, samples of 2 cm were taken. First, the organic matter was digested then, the (mi-
cro)plastic particles were isolated from remaining matrix by density floatation and pressure
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filtration. Analysis was done by visual inspection and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy. The
first results show that only few fibers and small plastic particles are deposited with a decrease in
depth. Interestingly, no spheres were found in the layers.
Keywords: Lake, freshwater, microplastics, Switzerland
∗Speaker †Corresponding author: stockf@uni-koeln.de
IMPACT OF RECOVERED MARINE DEBRIS:

ECOTOXICOLOGICAL ANALYSIS USING
MARINE ZOOPLANKTON
Sara López-Ibáñez∗ 1, Ricardo Beiras † 1
1 Universidade de Vigo (Galicia) – Spain
The role of microplastics in the oceans is becoming more relevant day by day. This type of
materials, generally sized under 5 mm, belongs mostly to fragmented objects from land-based
sources. The aim of this study is to know better the characteristics of the plastics found in the open
sea, evaluate their impact and reduce it, principally in the biota. Plastics used were collected in situ
by fishermen and brought to port, where the characterization and separation of the items were done.
Most abundant items (plastic bags, bottles, nets and industrial packaging) were selected to perform
the ecotoxicological bioassays. With that aim, they were micronized to particles below 250 μg mL-1, DC: 50 ng mL-1). Post-exposurem and
incubated 24 h in a rotatory wheel at a concentration of 100 g L-1. Bioassays were carried out with
serial dilutions of the leachates obtained. Planktonic species from different trophic levels were
chosen: the microalga Isochrysis galbana, the copepod Acartia clausi and the sea-urchin
Paracentrotus lividus. For copepods and sea-urchins larval stages were used to increase sensitivity.
Population growth rate was recorded for algae, mortality for copepods and larval growth for sea-
urchins, and toxicity was quantified using the EC10/LC10 and EC50/LC50 parameters.
Keywords: larval bioassays, leachate, marine debris, microplastics, toxicity, zooplankton
∗Corresponding author: salopez@uvigo.es †Speaker
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Assessment of polystyrene uptake by analytical

pyrolysis and relationships with physiological
responses in the Mediterranean mussel, Mytilus
galloprovincialis
Alessandro G. Rombolà 1, Daniele Fabbri 1, Cristian Torri 1, Ivano Vassura 2,
Marco Capolupo 3, Elena Fabbri ∗† 3, Silvia Franzellitti 3
1 University of Bologna, Chemistry Department – via S. Alberto 163, Ravenna, Italy 2 University of Bologna –
Department of Industrial Chemistry Via dei Mille 39, Rimini, Italy 3 University of Bologna, BIGEA Department – via S.
Alberto 163, Ravenna, Italy
Contamination of marine environments by microplastics (< 5mm diameter; MP) is receiving
increasing attention as a main issue of marine litter pollution. MP are ubiquitous, widely interact
with living organisms and act as carriers of priority pollutants. Scientific reports agree that MP
ingestion may cause gut blockage, altered feeding and energy allocation, with effects on main
physiological processes. However, to establish the environmental risk posed by MP and target
mitigation measures some issues have to be clarified. Challenges in MP sampling and quantification
have not been overcome, and relationships between MP in the environment, their uptake and
biological effects need further insights. This study aimed at determining the occurrence of MP of
polystyrene (PS) in tissues of adult mussels, along with the evaluation of biological endpoints for
mussel physiological status. Mussels were exposed for 4 days to 3-μg mL-1, DC: 50 ng mL-1). Post-exposurem and 45-μg mL-1, DC: 50 ng mL-1). Post-exposurem PS-MPs
(matching size range of planktonic food sources), both at 1,000 and 10,000 particles/L. Haemocyte
lysosomal membrane stability showed the onset of a stress syndrome in mussels exposed to 10,000
particles/L at both MP sizes. A novel method based on analytical pyrolysis was developed. Toluene
extracts from alkaline digested samples were pyrolyzed at 500◦C; evolved styrene was trapped onto
an activated carbon sorbent and determined by GC-MS. Digestive glands showed the highest PS
levels at both particle sizes, consistent with MP translocation to different organs through the
circulatory system. Along with PS accumulation, gills also showed increased detoxification
activity by means of efflux transporters involved in biotransformation pathways. No significant
differences in PS tissue concentrations between mussels exposed to 3-μg mL-1, DC: 50 ng mL-1). Post-exposurem or 45-μg mL-1, DC: 50 ng mL-1). Post-exposurem MP were
observed, suggesting that size influences MP accumulation rate in filter-feeders, i.e. smaller
particles may be more effectively translocated to and accumulated in different organs while bigger
particles are more effectively eliminated.
Keywords: microplastics, polystyrene, pyrolysis, uptake, lysosome membrane stability, MXR,
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∗Speaker †Corresponding author: elena.fabbri@unibo.it
Microplastic ingestion in fish larvae in the western

English Channel
Madeleine Steer ∗ 1,2, Penelope Lindeque† 1, Matthew Cole 3, Richard Thompson 4
1 Plymouth Marine Laboratory (PML) – Marine Ecology and Biodiversity, Plymouth Marine Laboratory, Prospect
Place, West Hoe, Plymouth, United Kingdom 2 Plymouth University (-) – Drake Circus, Plymouth PL4 8AA, United
Kingdom 3 Plymouth Marine Laboratory – Prospect Place The Hoe Plymouth PL1 3DH, United Kingdom 4 University
of Plymouth – Drake Circus, Plymouth PL4 8AA, United Kingdom
Microplastics have been documented in marine environments worldwide, where they pose a
potential risk to biota. Environmental interactions between microplastics and lower trophic
organisms are poorly understood. Coastal shelf seas are rich in productivity but also experience
high levels of microplastic pollution. In these habitats, fish have an important ecological and
economic role. In their early life stages, planktonic fish larvae are vulnerable to pollution,
environmental stress and predation. Here we assess the occurrence of microplastic ingestion in wild
fish larvae. Fish larvae and water samples were taken across three sites (10, 19 and 35 km from
shore) in the western English Channel from April to June 2016. We identified 2.9% of fish larvae (n
14 347) had ingested microplastics, of which 66% were blue fibres; ingested microfibers closely
resembled those identified within water samples. With distance from the coast, larval fish density
increased significantly (P < 0.05), while waterborne microplastic concentrations (P < 0.01) and
incidence of ingestion decreased. This study provides baseline ecological data illustrating the
correlation between waterborne microplastics and the incidence of ingestion in fish larvae.
Keywords: Plastic debris Zooplankton FT, IR Coastal Fisheries
∗Speaker †Corresponding author: PKW@pml.ac.uk
Reporting on Microplastic in the Marine

Environment: Does Coverage in German Print Media
meet the Standards of Quality Journalism?
Chantal Hoffmann ∗ 1, Ismeni Walter † 1
1 Ansbach University of Applied Sciences – Hochschule Ansbach Residenzstr. 8 91522 Ansbach, Germany
The contamination of marine environments with microplastics is gaining attention in media. However,
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quality of the reporting varies. Among others, speculations about the effects of microplastics may not
always be clearly distinguished from verified scientific findings. Additionally, coverage might not refer to its
scientific reference nor point out the validity or limitations of its results. In order to evaluate the quality of the
reporting we analyzed articles of six German newspapers from 2012 - 2017 including the national
”Süddeutsche Zeitung” and ”taz” (”Tageszeitung”); two local newspapers (”Hamburger Abendblatt”,
”Nürnberger Nachrichten”), one tabloid (”Ex- press”) and one professional journal (”VDI-Nachrichten of the
Organization of German Engi- neers”).
Eleven criteria were evaluated based on the ”Media Doctor”-Project of the Technical University of
Dortmund1, a project evaluating the quality of environmental journalism. Among others, these criteria were:
”No Trivialisation / No Scaremongering”, ” Documentation / Evidence” (Presentation of studies / facts that
elucidate the evidence), ”Novelty” (The report indicates whether it deals with a new/newly discovered issue
or whether this has been in existence for some time), and ”Potential solutions and paths of action are
presented”.
Within the investigation period 15 articles focussing on microplastic in the marine environment were
evaluated. Of those, only one met all 11 criteria, four reports met 8 to 10 criteria, eight fulfilled 5 to 7
criteria, and two articles met only 4 criteria. Accordingly, from the viewpoint of quality journalism only one
third (5) of the articles examined can be regarded as excellent or good, indicating that the public is not
adequately informed about the microplastic problem.
Rögener, W, Wormer, H. (2015) ”Defining criteria for good environmental journalism and testing their applicability: An
environmental news review as a first step to more evidence based environmental science reporting”, Public
Understanding of Science Volume: 26 issue: 4, page(s): 418-433
∗Speaker †Corresponding author: ismeni.walter@hs-ansbach.de
Keywords: Microplastics, Marine Pollution, Marine Environment, German Newspapers, Quality Journalism, Quality
Criteria, Mediendoktor Umwelt
Compost - a potential source of microplastics:

amount, source and composition of plastic materials in
feedstock organic wastes
Dominik Dörder ∗ 1, Kaori Sakaguchi-Söder 1, Liselotte Schebek 1
1 Institute IWAR, Technische Universität Darmstadt – Franziska-Braun-Str. 7, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany
Compost can be a potential source for microplastics, since organic wastes delivered as feed-
stock materials of compost may contain a significant amount of plastic contaminants like plastic
bags and food packaging. Preliminary examination at a compost facility in Germany shows that
plastic items account for 2.8 percent (by weight) of organic wastes collected for the production of
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compost. Yet, the nature and extent of microplastics in compost are still largely unknown. To
understand the links between feedstock, processing technology and the resulting product ”compost”,
the plastic fraction in the feedstock has to be understood. As a part of our project ”co(MP)ost”
funded by Fritz und Margot Faudi-Stiftung, the seasonal variation in amounts, sources (items) and
compositions of plastic materials in several composting feedstock batches as processed by a
composting plant in Darmstadt-Kranichstein are being investigated. The knowledge of the nature of
the feedstock materials was gained through careful classification and sorting, giving an overview of
the to-be-expected plastic contents in the compost. Mostly plastic in the feedstock was of
macroplastic size, often intact and easily discernible pieces among the municipal biodegradable
waste. The first series of random sampling tests have showed polyethylene, polypropylene and
styrene based polymers as the most common polymers. We hypothesise that the qualitative material
composition of the output material will be roughly the same as the input material, albeit at smaller
particle size. To validate our hypothesis, the nature and extent of plastic fractions in actual compost
samples are also to be analysed. Elaborate methods are to be developed to extract microplastics
from compost as well as to determine the composition of the isolated microplastics by pyrolysis GC/
MS. Once the input and output material flows are known, single processing technologies can be
evaluated for their plastic degeneration impact and therefore their microplastic generation potential.
Keywords: microplastics, compost, waste treatment, recycling, biodegradable
∗Speaker
Comparison of one-time spiking, multiple spiking and

dialysis tubing methods for the determination of
plastic-water partition coefficient of one polycyclic
hydrocarbons on microplastic
Michael Gottschling ∗ 1, Yanyue Zhou , Ines Schwabe , Thu Quynh Bui , Albert Van
Oyen , Liselotte Schebek , Kaori Sakaguchi-Söder
1 Institute IWAR, Technische Universität Darmstadt – Franziska-Braun-Str. 7, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany
Determination of sorption capacity of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) on microplastics

(MPs) is essential to study ecological effect of POPs-loaded MPs in the aqueous environment.
However, due to high octanol-water partition coefficients (Kow) as well as low water solubility,
determination of sorption capacity of POPs on MPs in the laboratory is challenging. Here we
present three methods to determine plastic-water partition coefficient of phenanthrene (Phen), one
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of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), on low-density polyethylene (LDPE). Sorption tests

were implemented in batch tests in the laboratory using conventional one-time and multiple spiking
methods as well as a cellulose dialysis tubing method. The plastic samples tested here are LDPE
pellets with a low amount of additives.
For the one-time spiking test, a high concentration of Phen in ethanol was spiked in a 2.5L glass
bottle containing MilliQ-water and shaken. The well-mixed solution was placed into several smaller
reactors and LDPE was added. For the multiple spiking test, batch reactors containing LDPE and
MilliQ-water were prepared. A high concentration of Phen in ethanol was injected repeatedly into
each batch reactor until the concentration became stable. For the dialysis tubing test, a closed
dialysis tubing containing LDPE and MilliQ-water was placed in each batch reactor filled with
MilliQ-water with Phen far above solubility. The water concentration outside of the tubing was
expected to stay constant during the entire experiment. The concentration in the water phase for the
first two tests as well as in the dialysis tubing for the third test was monitored using high
performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). When the adsorption of Phen was completed, Phen on
LDPE was to be extracted and quantified. Sorption capacity of Phen was derived from the
experiments and methods were compared. PE- water partition coefficient of Phen were derived
based on the sorption capacity using adsorption models.
Keywords: Partition coefficient, dialysis tube, spiking, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, phenanthrene
∗Speaker
Investigating tyre-road wear particles as contributors

to microplastic waste
Florence Parker-Jurd ∗ 1
1 International Marine Litter Research Unit - University of Plymouth – MBERC, Plymouth University, Drake’s Circus,
Plymouth, PL4 8AA, United Kingdom
The ubiquitous presence of microplastic waste within the marine environment has been well
documented within contemporary scientific literature. Whilst the term frequently refers to debris
such as microbeads, recent publications, which stem primarily from reports produced in
Scandinavia, have indicated the wear generated from the abrasion of vehicle tyre tread against the
road surface to be a potentially significant contributor to microplastic emissions. Their solid state,
synthetic polymer base, insolubility in water, low degradation rate, and minute dimensions, allow
them to be encompassed under this definition. These claims however are not supported by primary
data, and the potential of these particles to reach recipient waters is uncertain. Additionally, tyre
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road wear particles (TRWP’s) do not respond well to the conventional methods of isolation and
identification of microplastics. It is therefore not known if they are previously un-reported due to a
low environmental presence, or an inadequacy of detection. Publications regarding the link between
TRWP and microplastics have a general consensus that little or no reliable, or relevant quantitative
data exists on their sources, pathways, and ultimate fate in the environment. Therefore there is a
pressing need to establish the true scale of this issue. This study offers a better understanding of the
characteristics of these particles, and proposes a protocol for the identification and quantification of
TRWP’s from environmental matrices. This study betters our understanding of the relative
significance of these particles to microplastic waste, and indicates the likelihood of TRWP’s
reaching, and polluting the marine environment.
Keywords: micropalstics, marine pollution, tyre, road wear particles
∗Speaker
Abundance and composition of floating marine macro

litter on the eastern sector of the Mediterranean Sea
Emanuel Constantino ∗ , Irene Martins 1, Filipa Bessa 2
1 CIIMAR- Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto – Novo Edifício do
Terminal do Porto de Leix ̃oes, Av. General Norton de Matos S/N, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal, Portugal 2 Marine
and Environmental Sciences Centre (MARE) – Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, Faculdade de Ciências e
Tecnologia, Universidade de Coimbra, 3004-517 Coimbra, Portugal, Portugal
Floating marine macro litter is known to be a widespread pollution problem, particularly, in the
Mediterranean basin, but records on the abundance and composition of floating marine litter in the
most eastern part are rare or unknown. Using a large observation platform (32 consecutive days, 137
transects, 1784 km) this study provides evidence of a high amount of floating marine debris in the
Levantine sub-basin within the eastern Mediterranean, where small plastic debris accounted for >
90 % of the items surveyed. The values quantified in the present study tend to be higher than
densities reported elsewhere in central and western Mediterranean, which may be related with
several factors including circulation patterns and inputs from coastal sources. Significant
correlations between floating macro litter density with wind force and sea state were found,
strengthening the need to standardize protocols of visual surveys of floating macro litter.
Keywords: Marine litter Pollution, Plastics, Surface waters, Eastern Mediterranean
∗Speaker
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Polystyrene microplastics did not affect body growth and

swimming activity in Xenopus laevis tadpoles
Beatrice De Felice ∗ 1, Renato Bacchetta 1, Nadia Santo 1, Paolo Tremolada 1,
Marco Parolini 1
1 University of Milan – Italy
Microplastics (MPs) reach the aquatic ecosystems by direct input or through the breakdown of
larger plastic items. A growing number of studies has demonstrated that diverse MPs typologies
are widely distributed in the marine environment and can be ingested by diverse organisms,
representing a serious environmental problem. Surprisingly, although the main sources of MPs for
marine environments are inland surface waters, the information on the occurrence and the effects of
MPs in freshwater ecosystems are still scant and often focused on invertebrate species or fish. Thus,
the aim of the present work is to investigate the ingestion and possible adverse effects due to the
exposure to polystyrene MPs (Ø = 3 μg mL-1, DC: 50 ng mL-1). Post-exposurem) on tadpoles of the Amphibian Xenopus laevis. Larvae at
the developmental stages 36 and 37, prior to mouth opening, were exposed under semi-static
conditions to 0.125, 1.25, and 12.5 μg mL-1, DC: 50 ng mL-1). Post-exposureg/mL of polystyrene MPs, and allowed to develop until stage
46. At the end of the exposure, the digestive tract and the gills from exposed and control tadpoles
were microscopically examined, as well as changes in body growth and swimming activity. MPs
were observed in the digestive system of samples from each concentration in a dose-dependent
manner, but no adverse effects were detected; on the contrary, no MPs were found in the gills, even
in samples exposed to the highest concentration. Tadpole growth and swimming activity were not
affected by MPs. Our results demonstrated that polystyrene MPs can be ingested by tadpoles, but
they did not alter X. laevis development and swimming behavior at least during early-life stages,
also at high, unrealistic concentrations.
Keywords: polystyrene, Xenopus laevis, swimming activity
∗Speaker
Importance of micro and nano-plastics

characterization to assess biodegradation processes.
Boris Eyheraguibel ∗†1, Martin Leremboure 1, Mounir Traikia 1, Anne Marie Delort
1
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France
The persistence of micro-plastics in the environment is a major concern that drive researchers to
develop a wide range of new analytical methods to detect and quantify micro-particles. Under
environmental constraints, the fragmentation of plastics ends with the production of nanoparticles
that are even more difficult to monitor. These low molecular weight compounds can be eventually
assimilated by microorganisms and their characterization is of major importance to understand the
biodegradation processes. To meet this challenge, we developed a multidisciplinary approach by
combining analytical chemistry methods with physico-chemical and microbiology technics. 1H
NMR spectroscopy, LC OrbitrapTM mass spectrometry, Dynamic Light Scattering analysis were
used to characterize the size, the distribution and the chemical composition of nano-particles
extracted from pre-aged polyethylene films. This methodology was applied before and after
incubation with a bacterial strain to assess the specificity and the efficiency of biodegradation
processes. The results give an extensive picture of the relative concentrations and the structural
compositions of the extracted nano-particles. Oxidized microplastics release progressively nano-
compounds with a molecular weight that does not exceed 850 Daltons. A significant part of these
molecules remains stuck in the polymer matrix and can be released with a further oxidation. 95% of
these overall nano-plastics were assimilated by a strain of Rhodococcus rhodocchrous after 240 days
of incubation. Interestingly, the larger molecular weight compounds completely disappeared from
the culture medium while smaller ones were still detectable but at a very low level. This suggests the
implication of extracellular enzymatic mechanisms leading to chain cleavages and opens new
perspectives of research on biodegradation processes. This study highlights the relevance of
multidisciplinary approaches to characterize nano-plastics and to better understand their
biodegradation in the environment. It also underlines the importance to consider the nature of
polymers, biological, chemical and physical parameters influencing the degradation.
Keywords: LC/MS, NMR, nano, plastics, biodegradation, multi disciplinary approach
∗Speaker †Corresponding author: boris.eyheraguibel@uca.fr
Standardised Protocol for Monitoring Microplastics in

Sediments.
João Frias ∗† 1, Ian O Connor 1, Róisín Nash‡ 1
1 Galway-Mayo Institute of Technology – Marine and Freshwater Research Centre
(MFRC) Galway-Mayo Institute of Technology (GMIT) Old Dublin Rd, Ireland
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Marine anthropogenic litter, of which microplastics is part of, has long been recognised as an
emerging pollutant of global concern with ubiquitous distribution and direct and indirect impacts on
aquatic ecosystems, marine fauna and local economies. In order to contribute to the international
debate on microplastics, we hereby propose a standardised protocol for monitoring microplastics
in benthic and intertidal sediments from baseline data and literature review in international
databases, as well as a definition for the term microplastics. The protocol developed under the
scope of the JPI-Oceans BASEMAN project, is aimed at improving sampling, processing and
increase the quality of microplastic data collection while also allowing comparison amongst
different research studies. The protocol also takes into consideration different logistic and budget
realities of EU member-states, providing all the relevant information for stakeholders to create or
adapt their existing monitoring protocol to include the suggested recommendations on sampling,
processing and identifying microplastics from sediment samples. This protocol can be used by a
wide range of stakeholders ranging from research departments to state agencies in charge of
monitoring programmes and it was designed to provide answers to research and/or monitoring
question posed within EU legal frameworks such as the EC Marine Strategy Framework Directive
(56/EC/2008), and particularly its descriptor 10 (Marine litter).
Keywords: marine litter, benthic, intertidal, policy, pollution
∗Speaker †Corresponding author: joao.frias@gmit.ie ‡Corresponding author: roisin.nash@gmit.ie
A comparison of new and conventional methods for

isolating microplastics ingested by fish
Jessica Bianchi ∗ 1,2, Tommaso Valente , Umberto Scacco , Cecilia Silvestri ,
Roberta Cimmaruta , Marco Matiddi
1 Tuscia University – Via S.M. in Gradi n.4, 01100 Viterbo, Italy 2 Italian National Institute for Environmental
Protection and Reseach (ISPRA) – Via di Castel Romano 100, Roma, Italy
In recent years an increasing number of techniques have been developed to detect microplastics
ingested by biota. In this study we propose a new simple and rapid method of microplastics
extraction in comparison with methods commonly used. The new procedure consists of: fish
gastrointestinal tract extraction; organic matter digestion with a mixture of HNO3 5% and H2O2
15%; vacuum pump filtration through a fiber glass membrane; microplastics identification under
stereomicroscope.
Six types of polymers (nylon, polypropylene, polyethylene, polystyrene, polyvinylchloride,
polyethylene terephthalate) were analyzed before and after the inclusion in different mixtures of
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H2O2 and HNO3 in order to compare the potential plastic degradation among the tested solutions.
Changes in plastic items surface, colors and shape were evaluated with imaging software for
microscopy (ZEN 2011 SP1) and processing software (ImageJ), before and after the treatments.
The Fourier Transformed Infra-Red Spectrometry analyses (FT-IR) were used to evaluate the
integrity of polymers structure.
An homogenized pool, including gastro intestinal tissue and contents (from the esophagus to the
cloacae), of 30 Scomber japonicus (Houttuyn, 1782), was subdivided in aliquots of around 9 grams
each.
The proposed procedure for biological material removing (adding 10 ml of H2O2 15% and
HNO3 5% solution for one gram of tissue at 40◦C) was compared with two common methods, one
using an oxidant agent as H2O2 15% at 50◦C, the other a strong base as KOH 10% at 60◦C .
Samples were processed using 10 aliquots for each protocol.
The results showed an efficiency over 95% on digested biological materials for the proposed
procedure. Our results are comparable with those obtained using KOH protocol but with a clearer
filtering membrane and an higher efficiency with respect to H2O2 15% alone.
Keywords: fish, marine litter, microplastic, method, ingestion
∗Speaker
Plastic debris in Posidonia oceanica egagropiles in

coastal waters
Margherita Concato ∗ 1, Montserrat Compa 1, Carme Alomar 1, Alberto Aparicio-
González 1, Salud Deudero 1
1 Instituto Español de Oceanografía. Centro Oceanográfico de Baleares. – Muelle de Poniente s/n, 07015 Palma de
Mallorca, Spain
Plastic is ubiquitous within the global marine environment, essentially becoming part of the
environment and the ecology of these ecosystems. Several studies have documented direct or
indirect ingestion of plastic in species due to confusion with preys or through filtering processes
(Fossi et al., 2017). In addition, microplastics and plastics have already been identified floating in
coastal areas (Compa et al., 2018). Posidonia oceanica is one of the most important species in
coastal ecosystems of the Mediterranean Sea providing shelter and resources for other organisms.
According to its live cycle, the root system and leaves shed away forming spheroids (egagropiles) of
organic material which have the potential to retain other structures such as fish skeletons, sand and
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other organic and inorganic materials. In this study, a total of 89 Posidonia oceanica egagropiles
were collected floating at sea in two coastal areas of the Balearic Islands during the summer season
2017. Once at laboratory the perimeter of each egagropiles was measured and plastics inside them
were visually sorted under stereomicroscope to identify whether marine plastic was becoming part
of their internal structure. Preliminary results indicate that 48% of the egagropiles from the eastern
coast of Mallorca (Cala Ratjada) contained plastics, while only 12% of the egagropiles from the
northern coast (C’an Picafort) had plastics. In addition identified plastics have been validated with
ATR-FTIR spectroscopy (Bruker HYPERION 2000) indicating that marine plastics with different
polymeric composition are becoming part of these organic structures. Results from this study are
important since it could be indicating a transference of plastics along different sea compartments.
Keywords: Posidonia oceanica egagropiles, Costal ecosistem, Balearic Islands, FTIR
∗Speaker
Sub-lethal and embryo-toxicological effects of chrysene-

loaded microplastics on the Mediterranean mussel
Mytilus galloprovincialis
Marco Capolupo ∗ 1, Sadia Sharmin 1, Alessadro Girolamo Rombolà 2, Daniele
Fabbri 2, Elena Fabbri 1
1 University of Bologna, BIGEA Department – via S. Alberto 163, Ravenna, Italy 2 University of Bologna, Chemistry
Department – via S. Alberto 163, Ravenna, Italy
Plastic pellets and fragments resulting from the breakdown of larger objects are widely dis-
tributed in the marine environment and matter of great concern. Many reports indicate that
microplastics (< 5mm in size; MP) may act as a vector of organic pollutants, including PCBs and
PAHs, but less is known on the potentially associated effects on marine organisms. This study was
conducted in the framework of the JPI-OCEANS project PLASTOX with the aim of investigating
the effects of 3-um polystyrene MP loaded with chrysene, a potentially car- cinogenic PAH, on
different life stages of the Mediterranean mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis. Analysed endpoints
encompass gamete fertilization, embryo-larval development and a battery of lysosomal (lysosomal
membrane stability, neutral lipids), oxidative stress (lipofuscin content, catalase, glutathione S-
transferase activity) and neurological (acetylcholinesterase) biomarkers analysed in adult mussels
following a 7-day exposure. Preliminary exposure to chrysene (0.1 mg/L) did not affect gamete
fertilization, while impaired morphological development of embryos. In adults, chrysene
decreased lysosomal membrane stability and increased neutral lipids and lipofuscin content.
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Moreover, chrysene increased glutathione S-transferase and reduced acetylcholinesterase activity in

gill. The exposure to uncontaminated MP (20,000 particles/mL for embryos, 5,000 particles/L for
adults) and the same concentration of chrysene-loaded MP (4 μg mL-1, DC: 50 ng mL-1). Post-exposureg chrysene/mg MP according to GC-
MS analysis) did not alter early life stages endpoints. Both MP alone and chrysene-loaded MP
reduced the lysosomal membrane stability and increased the neutral lipid content. Only chrysene-
loaded MP triggered an increased lipofuscin content, while a downregulation of catalase activity
was induced by MP alone. No effect was induced by either chrysene-loaded MP or MP alone on the
acetylcholinesterase and glutathione S-transferase activities. This study shows that chrysene-loaded
MP altered lysosomal parameters and induced pro-oxidant effects. However, at our experimental
conditions, chrysene-loaded MP did not induce effects greater than uncontaminated MP on embryos
and adult mussels.
Keywords: Microplastics, Chrysene, mussels, biomarkers, early life steges
∗Speaker
Marine litter, a threat to biodiversity conservation in

the Santa Luzia Marine Reserve
Tomy Melo ∗† 1
1 Biosfera 1 – Cape Verde
The marine litter that is brought out by the dominant currents (current of the Canarias) The
Achados beach in Santa Luzia, accommodates 40% of the Caretta caretta nest of the Reserve and
since 2010 the environmentalist association Biosfera 1, has been working hard, with the help of
volunteers, to remove the waste from the area (mainly from fishing grounds, such as lines, nets,
buckets, etc), otherwise it becomes a deadly trap for breeding individuals, but mainly for the young.
This year, 2018, the Biosphere is to identify some of the fishing waste to attempt to make the
countries of origin of the same responsible. Because it is an uninhabited island, the cleaning
campaigns have very high costs, which is intended to achieve, along with the main polluters, some
annual budget to continue cleaning this important nesting area for marine turtles in the Reserve
Keywords: Marine litter, Environmental conservation, Caretta caretta, fishing waste, desert island, marine reserve
∗Speaker †Corresponding author: jesus.martinez@spea.pt
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Praia limpa é a minha praia: An environmental project to

reduce plastics and microplastics in marine and coastal
environments
Melanie Lopes Silva∗ 1, Rebeca Oliveira Castro 1, Caroline Souza Andrade 2, Fábio
Vieira Araújo † 2, Hugo Noboa 2
1 Universidade Federal Fluminense – Brazil 2 Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro – Brazil
”Praia limpa é a minha praia” (Beach clean is my beach) is a project of the Teacher Training
College of the State University of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; which aims to sensitize students from
public and private schools of the different education segments, as well as the general public,
regarding the presence of solid waste, mainly plastics and microplastics, in marine and coastal
environments through environmental education activities. Using various tools such as lectures,
storytelling, applications softwares developed by the project and working in both formal and
informal spaces, the project has already reached about 5000 people. The increasing in public
participation and invitations for partnerships and to carry out activities in the most diverse spaces
show that the goal of raise awareness and create interest in the preservation of coastal environments
has been achieved satisfactorily, showing that environmental education is one of the paths to the
formation of critical individuals responsible for the environment where they live.
Keywords: Coastal environments, Education, solid waste
∗Corresponding author: melaniels 1@hotmail.com †Speaker
Preliminary study on microplastic assessment in the

digestive system of marine mammals and turtles found
stranded on Samos Island, Eastern Aegean Sea.
Guido Pietroluongo ∗, Pietroluongo G., Kelly M. J., Kageler L., Shrivastava P.,
Filgiano M., Romero P., Webber S., Theodoropoulos A., Miliou A
1 Archipelagos Institute of Marine Conservation, Samos Island, Greece
The Eastern Aegean sea is characterized by the presence of a unique marine biodiversity:
cetaceans, turtles and monk seals (Monachus monachus). To date, very few studies have been
carried out for microplastic analysis in marine mammals and sea turtles even if studies of the
digestive tract of different marine species have reported the presence of marine debris.
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A preliminary analysis of the presence of microplastic was conducted on a total number of 40

animals of several ages and sexes found stranded on Samos island coastline during 2016 and 2018.
Necropsies in situ or in the laboratory, when possible, were conducted for standard diagnosis
analysis samples for the fresh carcass and the isolation of the digestive system for all the stranded
animals. The methodology applied for microplastic analysis consists in collecting the entire
digestive system from the first tract (oesophagus) to the last (last tract of the large intestine). All of
the samples, after dissolving the organic matter, are filtrated. The filters are read using a microscope
in order to identify and categorize the microplastics (sources, type, shape, colour and size). A
”needle test” is conducted to distinguish between plastic pieces and organic matter (De Witte et al.,
2014). A test for external contamination is conducted randomly. A high concentration and variety of
microplastics were found throughout each tract of the digestive systems of all the animals analysed
without any exception, confirming the wide pollution of plastic affecting the top predators of the
trophic chain.
Keywords: marine mammal, Monk seal, turtle, Aegean sea, microplastic
∗Speaker
Dynamics of floating marine debris in the northern

Iberian waters: A model approach
Diego Pereiro Rodríguez ∗ 1, Carlos Souto Torres 1, Jesús Gago Piñeiro 2
1 Universidade de Vigo – Campus Universitario, s/n, 36310 Vigo, Pontevedra, Spain 2 IEO Vigo – Spain
Floating marine debris is distributed worldwide through the oceans and poses a serious threat to
marine ecosystems. Field data and model results show high concentrations of floating marine debris
in the Bay of Biscay. In this work, the Regional Ocean Modelling System (ROMS), in conjunction
with a particle-tracking model, has been used to study the distribution of floating debris in the
northern Iberian waters. Long residence times were observed in the south-eastern Bay of Biscay,
where the concentration of floating debris would be, on average, 2.1 times higher than in the north-
western Iberian coastal waters, and 3.6 times higher when considering only the winter months. The
analysis also suggests the existence of a seasonal influx of floating debris into the south-eastern Bay
of Biscay, which would be greater during the winter, when an eastward transport of virtual drifters
along the northern Iberian coast was observed. Both results - long residence time and influx of
floating debris - support the hypothesis that the Bay of Biscay can be regarded as an accumulation
zone of floating debris.
Keywords: Bay of Biscay, floating marine debris, marine litter, northwest Iberia, ROMS. ∗Speaker
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The relevance of particle characterization for

microplastic particles (MP) in the environment
Annegret Potthoff ∗ 1, Kathrin Oelschlägel † 1
1 Fraunhofer Gesellschaft – Fraunhofer Institute for Ceramic Technologies and Systems (IKTS), Winterbergstr. 28, DE-
01277 Dresden, Germany, Germany
The main research questions (RQ) concerning MP include the understanding of: a) vertical and
horizontal distribution in the aquatic environment and factors that affect the distribution, b) changes
of material properties due to weathering and their consequences on the fate, behavior and transport
of MP, c) MP toxicity and their dependence on different material properties. Depending on the RQ
different relevant material properties have to be defined and determined with suitable particle
characterization methods. While the distribution and transport of MP in the aquatic environment is
mainly driven by properties like particle size, density and shape, the toxicity depends on the
chemical composition, particle size, adsorbed pollutants and surface charge. The weathering of MP
is linked to the polymer type, the embedded additives in the polymer structure, but also to the
density. It determines the location of the polymer in the water column and thus which weathering
processes can take place (with or without UV light). Our goal is to present a reliable set of
parameters for each RQ. Therefore we are setting a variety of measurement techniques up that offer
a broad characterization of MP within a limited time and resource effort. The particle size is
important for several research questions, therefore we focus on its determination and combine
dynamic image analysis with nanoparticle tracking to cover a broad particle size range. Both
techniques allow the measurement of additional particle parameters like particle shape,
concentration or surface charge. The surface charge of larger particles, fragments or fibers is
analyzed by streaming potential measurements. For density measurements two techniques are used:
helium pycnometry (dry samples) and flotation tests (wet samples). The link between RQ,
measuring techniques and relevant material parameters will be presented.
Keywords: Microplastic particle analysis, streaming potential, size distribution, shape, concentration
∗Speaker †Corresponding author: kathrin.oelschlaegel@ikts.fraunhofer.de
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Multimedia modeling of nano- and microplastics in

the environment.
Albert Koelmans ∗ 1,2, Joris Quik† 3, Joris Meesters 3, Anja Verschoor 3
1 Institute for Marine Resources Ecosystem Studies (IMARES) – Wageningen UR, P.O. Box 68, 1970 AB IJmuiden, The
Netherlands, Netherlands 2 Aquatic Ecology and Water Quality Management Group, Wageningen University (WUR) –
P.O. Box 47, 6700 AA Wageningen, Netherlands 3 National Institute for Public Health and the Environment [Bilthoven]
– Antonie van Leeuwenhoeklaan 9, 3721 MA, Bilthoven / PO Box 1, 3720 BA Bilthoven, Netherlands
Screening level multi-media models for the environmental assessment of nano- and microplas-
tics (NMP) are not generally available. Here, we present SimpleBox4Plastics (SB4P) as the first
model of this type, assess its validity, and evaluate it by performing rigorous sensitivity analysis.
SB4P expresses NMP transport and concentrations in and across air, surface waters, soil, and
sediment, accounting for particle-specific processes such as aggregation, settling and attachment,
including those for nanoscale particles. The model solves simultaneous mass balance equations
(MBE) using simple matrix algebra. The MBEs link all concentrations and transfer processes using
first-order rate constants for all processes known to be relevant for NMPs. The first-order rate
constants are obtained from the literature. The model accounts for emissions to air, soil, water and
atmosphere such as those from direct sources, thermal cutting of polymers, 3D printing, and
abrasion and wear of plastic items including car tyres. The output of SB4P is mass concentrations of
NMPs as free particles, heteroaggregates with natural colloids, and larger natural particles in each
compartment in time and at steady state (Figure 1). We evaluate the uncertainty in predicted
environmental concentrations (PECs) by performing Monte Carlo (MC) simulations on the
environmental fate, concentrations and speciation of NMP with sizes ranging from 100 nm and 10
mm. Realistic distributions of uncertainty and variability were applied for all of SB4N’s input and
model parameter values. We argue that this allows for the detection of the dominant processes
driving fate and distribution of NMPs as a function of size and polymer type. Finally, SB4P
predicted environmental concentrations are useful as background concentrations in environmental
risk assessment.
Keywords: Multimedia modeling, Exposure, SimpleBox
∗Speaker †Corresponding author: joris.quik@rivm.nl
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Microplastics in the Belgian Part of the North Sea:

Spatial variability and ingestion by benthic biota
Carl Van Colen ∗† 1, Brecht Vanhove , Yacine Ryckebusch , Henk Vrielinck , Tom
Moens
1 Marine Biology Research Group, Ghent University – Krijgslaan, 281 S8, 9000 Gent, Belgium
Global plastic production has reached 322 million tonnes per year in 2015. Due to careless
waste management or accidental discharges around 10% of the newly produced plastics end up in
the marine environment. Plastic debris in the oceans can be found in different forms, but in recent
years especially microscopic particles known as microplastics (particles smaller than 5mm) are of
growing concern. In 2015 the JPI Oceans project PLASTOX was established to investigate the
ingestion, food-web transfer and ecotoxicological impact of microplastics on key European marine
species and ecosystems. In the framework of PLASTOX benthic species of different trophic guilds
(invertebrates, bentho-pelagic and demersal fish) were sampled in the Belgian Part of the North Sea.
The organisms were digested using KOH (1M) after which the solution was filtered (20 μg mL-1, DC: 50 ng mL-1). Post-exposurem).
Suspicious particles were isolated from the filters and plastics analysed using infrared spectroscopy
(μg mL-1, DC: 50 ng mL-1). Post-exposure-FTIR - ATR). Preliminary analysis from 4 stations that cover gradients in sediment and water
column microparticle concentration show that microparticles are omnipresent with about 6-12 times
higher concentrations in the sediment as compared to the water column. Microparticles were found
in all of the 14 species that were analysed so far with black and blue fibers forming the majority of
ingested particles. Concentrations varied between species (0.5-2.1 per individual) and were highest
in benthic omnivores, while bentho-pelagic fish had less particles ingested that demersal fish
species. Plastics formed the majority (96%) of particles in the sediment (77% Polyethyleen
terephthalate (PET), 22 % Polyethylene (PE), 1 % Nylon) and water column (80%; all PET),
whereas only PET was found in the benthic biota that are analysed so far.
Keywords: microplastics, macrofaunal invertebrates, fish, continental shelf seabed
∗Speaker †Corresponding author: Carl.VanColen@ugent.be
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Fish, bivalves and polychaeta: microplastics ingestion

in Portuguese Coastal waters
Joana Antunes ∗† 1, Paula Sobral 1, Viren Dhimmer 1, Jo ̃ao Pequeno 1, Filipa Bessa
2
1 Universidade Nova de Lisboa – Quinta da Torre 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal 2 Marine and Environmental Sciences
Centre (MARE) – Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade de
Coimbra, 3004-517 Coimbra, Portugal, Portugal
Microplastics (MP) are ubiquitous in the marine environment and their presence can lead to
harmful consequences to biota as they are easily ingested. This study provide a quantification of MP
ingested by commercial fish, bivalves and polychaeta from Portuguese Coastal waters and aims to
contribute to public awareness of the potential harm to human health. Two different fish species
(Trachurus trachurus, n=82) and Scomber colias, n=82) were collected from Figueira da Foz and
Sesimbra fishing ports and two different species of bivalves were collected in the Tagus estuary and
in Porto Covo (Mytilus galloprovincialis, n=70; n=70) and in the Sado estuary (Scrobicularia plana,
n=140). The polychaeta Marphysa sanguinea (n=30) used as fish bait was collected in Sado estuary
and analysed for the first time regarding microplastics ingestion. MP fibres and fragments were the
most frequent MP observed (79% comparing to 21% of fragments in fish and 83% comparing to
17% of fragments in bivalves). Fish collected from Figueira da Foz comprised 62% of the total MP
detected and S. colias ingested 54% of the total MP. In total 67% of the fish and 28% of the bivalves
were found to have ingested microplastics. The lugworm had the lowest percentage (17%) and
mussels from Porto Covo had the highest (36%). Knowledge about the concentrations of MP in the
water and sediment is needed in order to establish a possible relationship between the environmental
conditions and animal feeding mode, as well as the relation between transfer of MP adsorbed
contaminants (POPs), in the food chain and contribute to risk analysis for human health as these
animals are frequently part of human diet.
Keywords: microplastics, ingestion, fish, mussels, fragments, fibers
∗Speaker †Corresponding author: jcsantunes@fct.unl.pt
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Unravelling the pathogenic potential of microplastics

in the Weser estuary (Germany)
Elanor Jongmans ∗ 1, Antje Wichels† 1, Gunnar Gerdts‡ 1
1 Biosciences, Shelf Sea System Ecology, Alfred Wegener Institute, Helgoland (Germany) – Germany
Microplastics (MP), as an emerging threat to the marine environment, have also recently been
recognised as potential vector for the dispersal of microorganisms including pathogenic bacteria
and/ or antibiotic-resistance genes (ARGs). Consequently, this poses the risk of prop- agating
pathogens and ARGs into new environments in an invasive manner. While substantial research has
already been conducted on MPs in the oceans, little is known about MPs in rivers and estuaries.
However, rivers might serve as important transportation routes and as sources of MP, harmful
microorganisms, and ARGs in the marine environment. This study investigates the occurrence of
potentially human pathogenic bacteria in microbial biofilms in freshwater, estuarine and marine
environments on MPs in contrast to wood as a natural substrate. As such, polyethylene (PE), wood,
and tire wear particles were sequentially incubated in the German River Weser and the German
Bight from freshwater- to marine conditions. Water samples and subsamples of particles were
collected and transferred to selective media for the enrichment of potentially pathogenic coliforms
(ESBL) and Vibrio spp. Obtained bacterial isolates were identified with Matrix-Assisted Laser
Desorption/ Ionisation – Time Of Flight Mass Spectrometry (MALDI-TOF – MS).
Keywords: microplastics, pathogens, antibiotic, resistance, biofilm
∗Speaker †Corresponding author: antje.wichels@awi.de ‡Corresponding author: gunnar.gerdts@awi.de
Plastics in the beach sands of the Baltic Sea: Can

some “background contamination” be defined?
Elena Esiukova∗ 1, Alexey Grave 1, Alexander Kileso 1, Lilia Khatmullina 1, Mirco
Haseler † 2, Arunas Balciünas 3, Olga Lobchuk 1, Gerald Schernewski 2, Irina
Chubarenko 1
1 Shirshov Institute of Oceanology, Russian Academy of Sciences, – 36, Nakhimovski prospect, Moscow, Russia,
117997, Russia 2 Leibniz Institute for Baltic Sea Research – Warnemünde, Seestrasse 15, D-18119 Rostock, Germany,
Germany 3 Klaipeda University – Herkaus Manto str. 84, 92294 Klaipeda, Lithuania
Plastics in general, and microplastics (MPs) in particular, are nowadays found on the beaches
worldwide. The contamination pattern is however very patchy. This makes it difficult to differen-
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tiate between the background contamination of the natural (marine) environment and by-chance
pollution of the given locality due to touristic activity or proximity to litter point sources. Typ-
ically, larger litter objects are associated with urban areas, river mouths, etc., whilst MPs is
dispersed everywhere. Whether there is a certain size of plastic particles, which can be taken as a
border between the ”background contamination” of the given marine environment, and the ”littering
of the particular beach” due to local human activity? To check this, a sampling was performed on
sandy beaches of 100-km-long UNESCO National park of the Curonian Spit, located in-between
Klaipeda (Lithuania) and Zelenogradsk (Russia) cities. The samples were collected on the beaches
of the both cities and at 4 locations along the National park coasts in-between them. Larger beach
litter (2 mm - 25 cm) was collected across the beach by the Sand Rake method (Haseler et al.,
2018); sand samples for MPs (0.5 – 5 mm) were collected from the beach face, from wrack lines,
and in-between the wrack lines, and analyzed in laboratory using the modified NOAA method
(Esiukova, 2017). For active meteo- and hydrodynamic conditions of the Baltic Sea, the
”background contamination” is associated with the MPs range.
Keywords: microplastics, beach litter, marine litter sources, beach monitoring, city areas, bathing beaches, human
impact, Good environmental status
∗Corresponding author: elena esiukova@mail.ru †Speaker
The Marine Plastic Microbiome: Microbial

Colonization of Polymer Surfaces in the Arctic
Marine Environment
Tara Stitzlein 1, Dorte Herzke 2, Geir W. Gabrielsen 3, Sophie Bourgeon ∗ 1
1 UiT The Arctic University of Norway – Breivika, Tromsø, Norway 2 Norwegian Institute for Air Research – Fram
Centre, BP 6606 Langnes, NO-9296 Tromsø, Norway 3 Norwegian Polar Institute – Fram Centre, BP 6606 Langnes,
NO-9296 Tromsø, Norway
While sources and fates of plastic pollution are receiving growing attention, major knowledge
gaps exist. Among these, microbial degradation (aka biodegradation) of plastics remains poorly
investigated. The process of biodegradation begins with the formation of biofilm on the polymer
surface; our study aimed to investigate microbial colonization of polymer surfaces in the Arctic
marine environment around Tromsø, Norway. An immersion experiment was designed to assess
microbiome community composition on four different types of pre-production microplastic (< 5mm
in diameter) pellets (Low-density polyethylene (LDPE), polypropylene (PP), polystyrene (PS) and
polyethylene-terephthalate (PET)) and rubber (a non-synthetic polymer used as a control) over a
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period of 6 months at two different locations around Tromsø. Surface states of pre and post-
immersion polymer samples were examined using Scanning Elec- tron Microscopy. Samples were
taken post-immersion at 3 and 6 months, and surface biofilm was subject to chemical and
enzymatic digestion and DNA extraction by phenol-chloroform separation. Genotyping using 16S,
18S and ITS 2 rRNA gene amplification and next-generation sequencing on the Il- lumina platform
was employed to identify bacterial, eukaryotic and fungal microbial life on the polymer surfaces.
Investigation of the species richness and diversity within and among polymer types (alpha and beta-
diversity, respectively) contribute key insights to the body of knowledge relating to the plastic
microbiome and its potential role in polymer degradation. Taxonomic profiles were compared
against a database of known polymer-degrading microbes to determine if any microbial degradation
was likely under Arctic conditions. Several no- table operational taxonomical units were identified
including members belonging to obligate hydrocarbon-degrading bacterial species, marine fish
pathogens, and members of families containing polymer-degrading bacterial species. Significant
differences in community structure were noted between polyethylene-associated and free-floating
fungal communities, as well as between PET-associated and both rubber and free-floating bacterial
communities.
Keywords: biofilm, bioremediation, microbiome community, plastic pollution
∗Speaker
Microplastics off Italian Coasts: A Comparison

between Water Sampling Techniques
Silvia Morgana ∗ 1, Stefano Pedone 1, Davide Di Blasi 1, Marco Faimali 1, Francesca
Garaventa 1
1 National Research Council – Institute of Marine Sciences (CNR-ISMAR) – Italy
Mediterranean Sea is a semi-enclosed basin, subject to intense anthropogenic pressures. Due to

the very limited water exchange with Atlantic Ocean, Mediterranean potentially acts as a trap for
microplastics (MPs). The area has been recognized as hot spot for plastic pollution, but different MP
values has been reported which sometimes make spatial or temporal comparisons tricky. A number
of reasons, including different sampling and lab techniques used, might explain discrepancies
among studies. This work aims to compare two frequently used water sampling techniques: the
Manta net, a 330 μg mL-1, DC: 50 ng mL-1). Post-exposurem-mesh for collecting water surface samples and the Bongo net, a 200 μg mL-1, DC: 50 ng mL-1). Post-exposurem-mesh
for samples 60 cm-below surface. In July 2017, during the ”Less Plastic, More Mediterranean” tour
organized by Greenpeace, water samples were collected from 19 stations located nearby harbors and
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Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) off Italian coasts, using both nets. In the lab, samples were
analyzed for their plastic content and potential MPs were categorized according to shape, size and
polymer type using Fourier-Transform Infrared (FT-IR). Differences in sample composition were
assessed using Principal Component Analysis (PCA). The results highlight the need for unique and
standardized procedures, otherwise we should always be careful when comparing and drawing
conclusions. Overall, MPs were found in all the sampling stations, with remarkable values in areas
highly populated and industrialized (e.g. Portici) but also in MPAs (e.g. Tremiti). This finding
demonstrates the ubiquity of plastic pollution from which even MPAs, supposed to be pristine, are
not immune.
Keywords: Mediterranean Sea, water sampling techniques, microplastic analysis, FTIR spectroscopy
∗Speaker
Assessment of semi-persistent and emerging

pollutants in microplastics on four Canary Islands
beaches
Andrea Carolina Acosta Dacal ∗ 1, Octavio Perez Luzardo 1, Alicia Herrera 2, Ico
Martinez 2, May Gómez 2, Maria Camacho† 1
1 Toxicology Unit, Research Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences (IUIBS), Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran
Canaria, Canary Island, Spain – Spain 2 Marine Ecophysiology Group (EOMAR), IU- ECOAQUA. Universidad de Las
Palmas de Gran Canaria, Canary Islands, Spain – Spain
Microplastics represent a growing environmental concern for the oceans due to their capacity to
adsorb chemical pollutants. The aim of this study was to monitor a wide suite of chemicals in
stranded plastic (pellets and fragments) from different beaches of the Canary Islands. A total of 77
chemical substances were determined by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Thus, we quantify
adsorbed persistent organic pollutants such as organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) and polychlorinated
biphenyls (PCBs), as well as semi-persistent contaminants such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons
(PAHs) and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs). In addition, we included a panel of selected
emerging contaminants such as chemical sunscreens (UVFs) and organophosphorous flame
retardans (OPFRs). For this purpose, we collected samples from four beaches of three islands (Gran
Canaria, Lanzarote and La Graciosa). All the selected beaches had a N or NE orientation attending
to the prevalent marine current of this region. All samples showed contamination by several
chemicals of each group of pollutants analysed and statistical differences were observed among
beaches. In Figure 1 we show the general results considering the sums per group of pollutants. Thus,
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the sum of PCBs and OCPs were significant higher in both beaches from Gran Canaria, the island
most industrialized. In addition, the sum of UV filters was higher in those beaches more frequented
(Famara and Las Canteras) than those beaches occasionally visited (Cuervitos) and remote visited
(Lambra). A similar trend was also observed for sum of semi-persistent pollutants (ΣPAHs and
ΣBDEs). In the case of BDEs, especially in preproduction resin pellets. Furthermore, the sum of
OPFRs was significant higher in a city beach (Las Canteras), in both pellets and fragments, than the
others beaches studied. Further investigation is necessary to understand the relationship between
plastic types and adsorption for different pollutants.
Keywords: POLLUTANTS, PELLETS, FRAGMENTS, EMERGING POLLUTANTS
∗Speaker †Corresponding author: maria.camacho@ulpgc.es
The retention time of microplastics in barnacle

naupliar larvae
Sing-Pei Yu∗ 1, Benny Chan † 2
1 National Taiwan University – Institute of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, National Taiwan University 1, Sec. 4,
Roosevelt Rd. Taipei 106, Taiwan, Taiwan 2 Biodiversity Research Center – 128 section 2, Academia Road, Taipei 115,
Taiwan, Taiwan
Microplastic pollution is a growing global problem. High concentration of microplastic parti-

cles smaller than 50μg mL-1, DC: 50 ng mL-1). Post-exposurem has been detected in Arctic sea ice, indicating that very small microplas-
tics may be a serious problem in future. However, little is known about how long do these small
microbeads will retain in marine larvae. In the present study, we evaluated the retention time of four
sizes polystyrene microbeads (diameter 1.0, 6.8, 10, 20 μg mL-1, DC: 50 ng mL-1). Post-exposurem respectively) in four different species of
barnacle naupliar larvae (The intertidal barnacles Amphibalanus amphitrite and Fis- tulobalanus
albicostatus The turtle barnacle Chelonibia testudinaria, and the coral inhabiting barnacle
Darwiniella angularis). Totally, there is a trend that smaller microplastics(1.0, 6.8 μg mL-1, DC: 50 ng mL-1). Post-exposurem) took longer
retention time than larger microplastics (10, 20 μg mL-1, DC: 50 ng mL-1). Post-exposurem)t. Except for A. Amphitrite larvae which
showed similar time to egest four different sizes microbeads. Despite the same trend, the duration to
egest microplastics is quite different among different species. The retention time of A. amphitrite
larvae is shortest, all of the four sizes microplastics can be egested within 90 minutes. C.
testudinaria and F. albicostatus took longer, around 2 hours to egest microplastics. However, for
coral inhabited barnacle Darwiniella, it took more than 5 hours to egest all the microplastics. This
indicated that the impact of microplastics may be species dependent and we urgently need more
studies to have a better understanding of the true effect of microplastic pollution.
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Keywords: Retention time, planktonic larvae, barnacle naupliar larvae

∗Corresponding author: az1357954@gmail.com †Speaker
Do polystyrene microplastic particles modulate the

toxicity of pesticides? Mortality and biochemical
responses of the snail Marisa cornuarietis and the non-
biting midge Chironomus riparius
Stefanie Krais ∗ 1, Hannah Schmieg , Elisabeth E. C. May , Tabea Schwarz , Aki S.
Ruhl , Heinz-R. Köhler 1, Rita Triebskorn 1,2
1 Animal Physiological Ecology, University of Tübingen – Auf der Morgenstelle 5, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany 2
Steinbeis Transfer Center for Ecotoxicology and Ecophysiology – Blumenstraße 13, D-72108 Rottenburg, Germany
Microplastics are of particular interest in ecotoxicology because they can interfere with organic
substances like pesticides or pharmaceuticals, modulate their toxicity and in addition, mechanically
affect exposed organisms. Whereas in the past most of the studies on microplastics have focused on
the marine environment, there is still little knowledge about possible impacts on freshwater
ecosystems. The aim of this study is to examine whether polystyrene (PS) microparticles
(cryogenically milled granules, fractionated to < 100 μg mL-1, DC: 50 ng mL-1). Post-exposurem) in combination with different organic
pesticides influence health parameters in the giant ramshorn snail (Marisa cornuarietis) and larvae
of the midge Chironomus riparius. Snails were exposed to PS particles (10,000 particles/L; <
100μg mL-1, DC: 50 ng mL-1). Post-exposurem) alone and in combination with different concentrations of the molluscicide methiocarb (10;
50; 100; 300; 500; 1,000; 10,000 μg mL-1, DC: 50 ng mL-1). Post-exposureg/L). As endpoints, oxidative stress (lipid peroxides, superoxide
dismutase), proteotoxicity (stress protein level hsp70), neurotoxicity (inhibition of
acetylcholinesterase) and mortality rate were studied. Up to now, no effects of PS particles on the
investigated endpoints became obvious in the snails. However, not all data have been assessed so far.
In a further study, larvae of C. riparius were exposed for 96 h to different concentrations of PS
particles (150,000 and 1,000,000 particles/L; < 50 μg mL-1, DC: 50 ng mL-1). Post-exposurem) alone and in combination with 1 μg mL-1, DC: 50 ng mL-1). Post-exposureg/L of the
insecticide thiacloprid (thia). As endpoints, mortality rate and acetylcholinesterase inhibition were
investigated. The results show a significantly increased mortality in all treatments containing
thiacloprid compared to control and microplastic-controls (Fig.1). This indicates, that PS particles
do not modulate the lethal effect of thiacloprid. The analyses of acetylcholinesterase have not been
finished yet, the results, however, will be shown on the poster.
The study is part of the joint research project MiWa (‘microplastics in the water cycle’) funded
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by the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (support code: 02WRS1378).
Keywords: organic pesticides, invertebrates, acetylcholinesterase, mortality
∗Speaker
Pollution of Algerian coastal marine ecosystems by

plastic waste
Nacima Mesli ∗† 1,2, Omar Rouane Hacene ‡ , Zoheir Bouchikhi-Tani
1 University of Oran 1 Ahmed Ben Bella, Laboratoire Réseau de Surveillance Environnementale (LRSE), Department of
Biology, – BP 1524 El M’naouer, 31000 Oran, Algeria;, Algeria 2 University of Tlemcen Abou Bekr Belkaid,
Laboratoire valorisation des actions de l’homme et protection de l’environnement. Faculty of Sciences. Départment of
Ecology and Environment. – B.P. 119.13000 Tlemcen. E-mail. ecosante@hotmail.com, Algeria
Please contact the author for more details...

∗Speaker †Corresponding author: bensmailnacima@yahoo.com ‡Corresponding author: rouaneho@yahoo.fr
The Plastic-Seine research program: Integrated

approach of microplastic fate and effects in the Seine
estuary
Jérôme Cachot ∗† 1, Christelle Clérandeau 1, Florane Le Bihanic 1, Caroline Vignet
1, Bénédicte Morin 1, Messika Revel 2, Catherine Mouneyrac 2, Marie-Pierre Halm
3, Aline Gangnery 3, Francois Galgani 4, Marie-Laure Begout 5, Xavier Cousin 5,
Sami Souissi 6, Maria Kazour 7, Amara Rachid 7, Tiphaine Monsinjon 8, Benoit
Xuereb 8, Soline Alligant 9, Bruno Tassin 9, Johnny Gasperi 9
1 EPOC UMR CNRS 5805 – Université de Bordeaux (Bordeaux, France) – France 2 MMS-UCO – Université
Catholique de l’Ouest – France 3 Ifremer Port-en-Bessin – Institut Français de Recherche pour l’Exploitation de la Mer
(IFREMER) – France 4 Ifrermer Corse – Institut Français de Recherche pour l’Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER) –
France 5 Ifremer L’Houmeau – Institut Français de Recherche pour l’Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER) – France 6
LOG – Université de Lille - Sciences et Technologies – France 7 LOG – Université Littoral Côte d’Opale – France 8
SEBIO – Université du Havre Normandie – France 9 LEESU – Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 –
France
The Seine watershed (76,800 km2 ) can be considered as representative of river basins exposed
to the impacts of intense human activity, leading to high pollution pressure. Chemical pollution is
an additional threat to already very fragile aquatic ecosystems such as estuaries and coastal marine
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areas. Few studies have focused on the contamination and impact of microplastics in estuarine
ecosystems. The Plastic-Seine project (Flow and impacts of microplastics in the Seine estuary)
involves six French laboratories associated in an innovative research project to study in an integrated
approach, the occurrence and levels of contamination of the Seine Estu- ary by microplastics in all
compartments of the ecosystem. Plastic-Seine also aims at evaluating their fate and their impacts on
the food web at different levels of organization. Several field campaigns have been conducted since
March 2017 at different sites and at different seasons, to sample surface water, sediments and seven
representative species (fish, crustaceans, mollusks, annelids) of the Seine Estuary ecosystem. The
first results indicate a moderate but general contamination of the different abiotic and biotic
compartments by microplastics including fibers and fragments. Experiments in controlled
conditions are underway to evaluate the fate and impact of environmental microplastic samples in
three representative species of the Seine estuary. It appears that the microplastics are very quickly
ingested but also eliminated (within a few hours) by the worm Hediste diversicolor and the common
sole, Solea solea pre- and post metamorphosis larvae. This project should provide an initial
assessment of the distribution and flow of land-based microplastics in the Seine Estuary and a first
evaluation of the risk for aquatic wildlife. This project is funded by the Seine-Aval program and
CPIER Vallée de Seine.
Keywords: estuary, microplastic, occurence, water, sediment, biota, kinetic of transfer, toxic effects
∗Speaker †Corresponding author: jerome.cachot@u-bordeaux.fr
Microplastics in Galway Bay: Preliminary results

Elena Pagter ∗ 1, Jo ̃ao Frias 1, Róisín Nash 1
1 Galway-Mayo Institute of Technology – Marine and Freshwater Research Centre (MFRC) Galway-Mayo Institute of
Technology (GMIT) Old Dublin Rd, Ireland
Microplastics, marine litter of anthropogenic origin, are a global problem with ubiquitous
distribution in the marine environment. Due to their size, physical and chemical properties there are
a multitude of ways in which the marine environment can interact with them. This study aims to
establish a baseline for microplastics in Galway Bay in Ireland, by quantifying their densities in
fauna, sediment and beam trawl samples from the benthos. A total of 30 sites were surveyed to
collect benthic samples, including three beam trawls sites from previously trawled areas within the
bay.
Preliminary beam trawl results show that although 100% of the species (n=24) surveyed con-
tained microplastics, 15 of the 243 individuals surveyed did not contain any plastic in their guts.
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No statistically significant differences were found between faunal feeding strategies with regards
to microplastic consumption. Despite this, the predator feeding type, in the trawl, contained an
average of 35 items versus 5 items in bottom feeders and 6 items in scavengers. Fauna species in
sediments collected with a box corer, contained an average of 1 item per individual, except for
parasitic species which had none. These results contrast with the average 3 microplastics per
individual recovered in each of the sediment sample sites.
Microplastics from the beam trawl and benthic samples were mainly fibres (97%) followed by
fragments (3%), with dominant colours being black and blue. Polymer types still need to be
confirmed with μg mL-1, DC: 50 ng mL-1). Post-exposure-FTIR analysis. It is expected that results may change with ongoing sample
processing.
Preliminary results confirm ubiquity of microplastics in Galway Bay. This work will be
enhanced with continued sampling/monitoring cruises over the next two years. Results will
contribute to the creation of management tools that will be used to inform relevant stakeholders and
to provide knowledge to the Marine Strategy Framework Directive, in Ireland.
Keywords: microplastics, monitoring, benthic, fauna
∗Speaker
Snow as a route of microplastics from urban areas to

sea
Kaisa Pikkarainen ∗ 1, Julia Talvitie 2, Outi Setälä 2, Salla Selonen † 1,2
1 University of Helsinki, Faculty of environmental and biological sciences – Niemenkatu 73, 15140 Lahti, Finland 2
Finnish Environment Institute – P.O.Box 140, FI-00251 Helsinki, Finland
In urban areas at northern latitudes, snow collected from roads, parking lots and market places is
commonly dumbed in seas or lakes nearby cities due to the lack of urban open spaces to store and
melt the collected snow. For example in Helsinki, the capital of Finland, about one third of snow
collected from urban areas is dumped directly into the Baltic Sea. However, this potential source of
marine litter and microplastic pollution in aquatic environments has still remained unexplored. To
our knowledge, this is the first study that examines the numerical quantity and the characteristics of
microplastics in urban snow. In order to study waste and particularly microplastics in snow, samples
were collected from three urban areas: a market place, a residential area and a road with heavy
traffic. The waste particles in the melted and filtered (> 300 μg mL-1, DC: 50 ng mL-1). Post-exposurem) snow samples were visually
identified utilizing the morphology of the particles, and the material of selected waste particles was
analysed using a FTIR spectrometer.
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On average, 16 600, 1 400 and 700 microplastic particles with size range of 0.3-4 mm were
found per one cubic meter of melted snow collected from the residential area, the road side and the
market place, respectively. These concentrations are considerably higher than the ones found in the
effluent of the local wastewater treatment plant or in the sea water in Gulf of Finland. Road marking
as well as polyethylene and polypropylene plastic particles were the most common microplastics in
the urban snow samples. According to our results, the sources of the microplastics in urban snow
include abrasion of asphalt pavement, road markings, car tyres, plastic products and textiles. This
study shows that snow can be a remarkable route of microplastics to marine and freshwater
environments in urban areas of northern latitudes.
Keywords: microplastic, route, snow, urban area
∗Speaker †Corresponding author: salla.k.selonen@ymparisto.fi
Assessment of the Trojan horse effect using PAH-

contaminated polystyrene microplastics: sorption
studies and responses of adult zebrafish
Ignacio Martinez-Alvarez 1, Karyn Le Menach 2, Marie-Helene Devier 2, Miren P.
Cajaraville 1, Hélène Budzinski 2, Amaia Orbea ∗† 1
1 University of Basque Country (UPV/EHU) – CBET research group, Dept. of Zoology and Animal Cell Biology;
Research Centre for Experimental Marine Biology and Biotechnology PIE and Science and Technology Faculty,
Sarriena s/n, E-48940 Leioa, Bizkaia., Spain 2 Université de Bordeaux – Université de Bordeaux – Environnements et
Paléoenvironnements Océaniques et Continentaux (EPOC), Equipe de Physico et Toxico-Chimie (LPTC)- UMR 5805
CNRS, France
The increasing presence of microplastics (< 5 mm, MPs) in the aquatic environment is being
recognised as a global-scale problem. MPs are susceptible of being ingested by organisms and,
depending on the size, of being internalised into the tissues, entering into the food web. Moreover,
due to their hydrophobic nature and large specific surface, MPs can potentially adsorb other
contaminants, especially hydrophobic organic pollutants such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons
(PAHs), already present in the environment modulating their bioavailability and hazard. With the
aim of assessing the potential role of MPs as carriers of pollutants, a phenomenon known as
”Trojan horse effect”, the sorption ability of polystyrene MPs (4.5 μg mL-1, DC: 50 ng mL-1). Post-exposurem) for benzo(a)pyrene (BaP)
and for a complex mixture of PAHs present in the water accommodated fraction (WAF) of a
naphthenic crude oil was investigated. MPs were incubated in the PAH solutions for 24 h and, after
centrifugation, PAHs were quantified in the supernatant by SPME/GC/MS. The percentage of
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sorbed B(a)P from the total B(a)P solution was 21%. Sorp- tion of the PAHs present in the WAF
was closely related with the log Kow of each compound. Chrysene showed the highest sorption
(87.55%) and fluorene the lowest (17.2%). Based on these results, an experiment with adult
zebrafish was performed, where fish were exposed to MPs, to BaP-contaminated MPs, WAF-
contaminated MPs, 5% WAF and ̃0.1 μg mL-1, DC: 50 ng mL-1). Post-exposureM BaP (21 μg mL-1, DC: 50 ng mL-1). Post-exposureg.l-1) for 21 days. Preliminary results showed
that zebrafish ingested 4.5 μg mL-1, DC: 50 ng mL-1). Post-exposurem MPs, which were found abundantly in the lumen of the intestine.
Further work is in progress to determine potential internalization of MPs into different organs, such
as intestine, liver and gills, and the associated histopathological alterations caused, as well as
transcriptomic effects.
Keywords: Microplastics, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, sorption, aquatic toxicology
∗Speaker †Corresponding author: amaia.orbea@ehu.eus
Microplastics in freshwater: surface water, sediments

and benthos – a review.
Emilie Kallenbach ∗ 1, Amy Lusher 1, Rachel Hurley 1, Nikolai Friberg 1
1 Norwegian Institute of Water Research (NIVA) – Gaustadelléen 21, Oslo 0349, Norway
Microplastics in the environment are a novel contaminant, and therefore much research is still
needed. Specifically, microplastics in surface water and sediment of freshwater systems, together
with the interaction with biota, is a high priority research need. Here we present a comprehensive
review of over 35 studies on microplastic occurrence in freshwater systems and effects on
freshwater biota. Research on microplastic concentrations in freshwater and in freshwater
sediment are limited and results vary by a factor of 10,000 for water and 100 for sediment. This
appears to be due to different sampling-, pre-treatment- and analytical methods. Furthermore, little
work has been carried out on the interaction between microplastics and freshwater biota, especially
benthic macroinvertebrates. The capacity to take up microplastics has been documented in 12
studies; with only three studies documenting in situ ingestion. Studies on ingestion and effect of
microplastics on benthic macroinvertebrates have thus far primarily been carried out under
laboratory conditions, and often at very high concentrations. In addition, several ingestion studies
have exclusively used beads, whereas the most typical microplastic morphologies found in
freshwater are fibres and fragments. Furthermore, laboratory experiments have primarily analysed
the ingestion and effect of a single polymer, whereas benthic macroinvertebrates will likely be
exposed to a complex mix of polymers in environmental settings. In general, results are not
consistent between studies and test species and more research is therefore urgently needed. Our
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present study investigates the ingestion of microplastics by benthic freshwater macroinvertebrates.
We will analyse MP content in a number of macroinvertebrates from different habitats covering a
gradient of microplastic contamination. Thereby, we hope to assess their suitability as indicators in
microplastic assessments by correlating the microplastic ingestion with microplastic in water and
sediment.
Keywords: microplastics, freshwater, benthic macroinvertebrates, ingestion
∗Speaker
Numerical tracking of debris from a shipping

containers spill in the East coast of Australia
Fanglou Liao 1,2, Isabel Rojas ∗ 1,2, Erick Fredj 3, Xiao Hua Wang 1,2
1 The Sino-Australian Research Centre for Coastal Management, The University of New South Wales, Canberra,
Australia – Australia 2 School of Physical, Environmental and Mathematical Sciences, The University of New South
Wales, Canberra, Australia – Australia 3 Jerusalem College of Technology – Havaad Haleumi Street 21 Jerusalem
91160, Israel
Lost marine debris entails major environmental and navigation issues and leads to onerous
clean-up work. Understanding and predicting the trajectories and fate of lost debris is crucial to
minimise its impacts, and to reduce the cleaning efforts. On June 1st 2018, a total of eight- one
containers were spilled from a Liberian-flagged ship, YM Efficiency, near Port Stephens (Southeast
Australia). Debris was spotted to wash up along the coast of New South Wales, but most of
containers have not been found to this day. In this study, we develop a regional numerical ocean
model coupled to TrackMPD, a 3D non-Lagrangian model (Jalón-Rojas et al., MICRO 2018), to
track and forecast the dispersion of this shipping containers spill. The model was applied to debris
with different sinking behaviour in order to predict the fate of the diverse objects storaged in the
containers. So far, the modelled trajectories of floating debris accurately reproduce the beaching
patters of the spotted debris. Results show that both wind and the eddies of the East Australian
Current highly affect the transport of the debris. The accuracy of the ongoing forecasting results is
being evaluated at the same time than new debris are located.
Keywords: container spill, non, Lagrangian model, East Australian Current
∗Speaker
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Bioavailability of microplastic in laboratory exposure

studies: What are we exposing to?
Colette Nadvornik-Vincent ∗ 1, Berit Glomstad 2, Dag Altin 3, Andy Booth 4, Iurgi
Salaverria† 5
1 Université Grenoble Alpes – Faculté de Pharmacie (UGA) – CS 40700 - 38058 Grenoble cedex, France 2 Norwegian
University of Science and Technology [Trondheim] – NO-7491 Trondheim, Norway 3 BioTrix (BioTrix) – N-7022
Trondheim, Norway 4 SINTEF – Norway 5 Norwegian University of Science and Technology – Høgskoleringen 5, 7491
Trondheim, Norway
To quantitatively study the uptake and effects of microplastic (MP) in planktonic species and
other aquatic biota in a laboratory setup, it is paramount to monitor MP bioavailability. Many
polymers are inherently hydrophobic and can elicit surface charges. Both factors can contribute to
reduced bioavailability of MP in exposure media due to homoaggregation and adhesion to the
surfaces of exposure vessels and analytical equipment. At present data on the stability and behavior
of MP suspensions over time in laboratory exposure studies are lacking. Previous methods used to
maintain MP of marginally negative buoyancy in suspension include mixing by water flow or air
bubbling, ultrasound, overhead stirring and plankton wheels. Strong water flow and air bubbles are
not typically used in exposures with planktonic species as they interfere with feeding behavior. In
addition, air bubbling can cause heterogeneous distribution of MP in a suspension and ultrasound
can damage the MP and change their properties. In the current study, the efficiency of overhead
stirring to maintain spherical polystyrene (PS) MP (Ø10.4 um) in suspension was assessed using
flocculators. A coulter counter was used to measure MP suspension concentrations regularly during
24 h. We studied the impacts of exposure vessel material,PS bead start concentration, surface to
volume ratio, stirring speed and the dispersant PVP40 (polyvinylpyrrolidone). All parameters tested
influenced the number of PS beads in suspension, but none of them ensured a stable detectable PS
concentration over time. Data from studies using plankton wheels indicate a similar issue. Overall,
our findings indicate that MP increasingly attach to surfaces of exposure systems, sediment and/or
surface over time, likely becoming gradually less bioavailable to test organisms. Consequently, we
may be underestimating the uptake rates and effects of MP in aquatic biota to a variable and
undefined degree.
Keywords: Polystyrene, adhesion, homoaggregation, bioavailability
∗Speaker †Corresponding author: iurgi.salaverria@ntnu.no
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Toxicity of microplastic fibres and their role as a

source of emerging pollutants
Dina Tevik Rogstad ∗ 1, Shannen Sait 1, Lisbet Sørensen 2, Dionis Lyakurwa , Dag
Altin 3, Martin Wagner 1, Andy Booth 2, Iurgi Salaberria 1
1 Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim – Norway 2 SINTEF Ocean AS – Trondheim, Norway 3
BioTrix – Trondheim, Norway
Microplastic fibres (MPFs) are increasingly being reported as one of the dominant forms of
microplastic pollution in aquatic environments. Clothing and textiles produced from synthetic fibres
such as polyester (PES), polyacrylic (PAC) and nylon (PA) are considered some of the main sources
of MPFs. However, there has been little focus on the environmental fate and effects of MPFs
compared to microplastic particles and fragments. Our previous findings show altered cell- and
chlorophyll a production in marine microalgae exposed to microbeads, albeit at relatively high
concentrations. In the current study, we investigate the potential for MPFs with different physical
and chemical characteristics to elicit toxicological responses in freshwater and marine microalgae.
Effects on algal production and photosynthetic activity were assessed as a function of polymer type,
fibre length and concentration. In addition, the environmental fate of MPFs was studied by long-
term mechanical and UV degradation studies using the same materials (PES, PAC and PA) under
freshwater and marine conditions. A detailed chemical characterisation of the pristine test materials
was conducted, using GC-MS, LC-MS and pyrolysis GC-MS to identify the type of additive
chemicals present. Leaching studies were also conducted under the same freshwater and marine
conditions to study the release of additive chemicals. The release of additive chemicals and their
possible photodegradation to intermediate products was investigated as part of the UV degradation
studies.
Keywords: microplastic fibres, aquatic environments, algae, production, photosynthesis, additive chemicals,
photodegradation
∗Speaker
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Detection, characterization and removal of

microplastics in wastewater treatment plants:
Conventional vs innovative process
Stefania Gorbi ∗ 1,2, Lucia Pittura 1, Alessia Foglia 3, Carlo Giacomo Avio 1,
Francesco Fatone 2,3, Maura Benedetti 1, Francesco Regoli 1,2, Simona Sabbatini 3,
Pierluigi Stipa 3, Anna Laura Eusebi 3
1 Laboratorio di Ecotossicologia e Chimica ambientale, Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell’Ambiente (DISVA),
Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona – Italy 2 Consorzio Interuniversitario per le Scienze del Mare, CoNISMa,
ULR Ancona – Ancona, Italy 3 Dipartimento di Scienze e Ingegneria della Materia, dell’Ambiente ed Urbanistica
(SIMAU), Università Politecnica delle Marche – Italy
Wastewater treatments plants (WWTP) are not specifically designed to retain microplastics
(MPs), despite conventional processes can effectively remove most of these particles from the
influent. Considering the high volumes treated daily, a considerable amount of microplastics can be
still released through the effluents, highlighting the need to evaluate more efficient methods to
reduce the input of MPs in aquatic ecosystems. In this study, the effectiveness in removing
microplastics was assessed in a WWTP based on conventional activated sludge (CAS) processes
and in a pilot scale AnMBR system made up of an upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) reactor
coupled with an ultrafiltration unit of 0.03 μg mL-1, DC: 50 ng mL-1). Post-exposurem pore size and fed with the same wastewater treated
by CAS. Microplastics were quantified in the liquid fraction collected at different steps of both the
facilities, and characterized according to shape, size and polymer typology by microscopy and μg mL-1, DC: 50 ng mL-1). Post-exposureFT-
IR technology. The CAS process revealed an abatement efficiency of 82% with the greatest decrease
of microplastics after primary and secondary settling: the influent contained 3.88 MPs/L (3880
MPs/m3), which were reduced to 2.12 MPs/L after primary settling, to 0.8 MPs/L after biological
treatment and to 0.68 MPs/L in the effluent (680 MPs/ m3). In comparison, the innovative AnMBR
system removed the 97% of microplastics, providing 1.7 MPs/L after UASB reactor, further reduced
to 0.1 MPs/L (100 MPs/m3) after ultrafiltration. MPs larger than 1mm were retained by
intermediate steps of both systems. From the effluent of CAS process were predominantly extracted
films and fragments of polyurethane and ethylene based polymers, in respect to the higher
heterogeneity observed in the inflow. After the ultrafiltration unit only fibers, mainly of polyesters,
were found. This study confirms the possibility to improve conventional WWTP with innovative
technologies, such as ultrafiltration units, to limit microplastics’ input in the environment.
∗Speaker
Keywords: Wastewater treatments plants (WWTP), Microplastics
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Impact of microplastics on phytoplankton

Azenith Castillo ∗† 1, Caesar Sorino 1, Marwa Al-Azhary 1, Reyniel Gasang 1,
Lewis Le Vay 2
1 Environmental Science Center, Qatar University – P.O. Box 2713, Doha, State of Qatar, Qatar 2 Centre for Applied
Marine Sciences, Bangor University – Menai Bridge, Anglesey LL59 5EY, United Kingdom, United Kingdom
Microplastic pollution is a growing global concern with potential impact on marine biota.
Particles are ingested by marine organisms and can serve as a vector for transfer of contaminants
with indirect consequences at higher trophic levels. The increase risk posed by the potential for
biomagnification through the marine food web underpins the need to elucidate food chain effects,
starting with phytoplankton – the base of the aquatic food web. We investigated growth and
photosynthetic characteristic of a diatom (Chaetoceros sp.) when exposed to microplastics (green,
polystyrene, 11-63 μg mL-1, DC: 50 ng mL-1). Post-exposurem) with and without an adsorbed organic contaminant (phenanthrene). 30 mL
of nutrient-rich synthetic seawater was spiked with 5 mg each either microplastic only or
phenanthrene pre-sorbed microplastics. Chaetoceros sp. (15,000 cells mL-1) was then added, with a
control as seawater only. The cultures were made in 3 replicates and maintained for 5 days with
occasional shaking to avoid sedimentation under 6800 Lux light intensity with 12 hours lights on
and off. Cell density of phytoplankton was measured using flow cytometry, while the photosynthetic
characteristic was measured based on total chlorophyll (a, b, c) using UV-Vis spectrometry.
Measurements were made daily for 5 days. Significant differences were observed at different
exposure solutions for total chlorophyll and growth of Chaetoceros. The total chlorophyll after the 5-
day culture was 2.92x10-3 μg mL-1, DC: 50 ng mL-1). Post-exposureg L-1 for the control, 2.59x10-3 μg mL-1, DC: 50 ng mL-1). Post-exposureg L-1 for microplastic only and
1.97x10-3 μg mL-1, DC: 50 ng mL-1). Post-exposureg L-1 for phenanthrene pre-sorbed microplastics. On the other hand, the cell density
was 622090, 546630 and 207600 cells mL-1 respectively. Increase in algal cells after 2 days of
exposure was observed which 91830 cells mL-1 for the control increased to 182780 cells mL-1 for
microplastics only and 94990 cells mL-1 for phenanthrene pre-sorbed microplastics. This may be
attributed to the response of algae when exposed to a particular stress.
Keywords: microplastic impact, phytoplankton, flow cytometry, chloropyll, phenanthrene
∗Speaker †Corresponding author: azenith@qu.edu.qa
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The molecular effect of polystyrene microplastics in

marine copepod Tigriopus japonicus
Jin Soo Choi ∗ 1, June-Woo Park † 1
1 Korea Institute of Toxicology – South Korea
Due to the indiscriminate use of plastics, the risk of contamination of the marine environment
with plastics-derived microplastics is constantly being raised. Globally spread microplastics can
affect all marine life, from microalgae to larger organisms. In this study, to understand
microplastics-induced toxicity at the molecular level, we examined molecular responses to exposure
to nano- (50 nm) and micro-sized (10μg mL-1, DC: 50 ng mL-1). Post-exposurem) polystyrene microbeads in the marine copepod Tigriopus
japonicus. MPs have accumulated in the intestinal track of the organism and in the female epippium.
Several changes of antioxidant related genes were observed due to increase of intracellular reactive
oxygen species (ROS), and the enzyme activity of antioxidant protein was significantly induced by
micro - plastic exposure. The results of this study indicate that molecular level analysis can be used
to understand the mechanisms of aquatic toxicity induced by microplastics in marine copepod.
Keywords: Polystyrene, Oxidative stress, ROS, gene expression, Enzyme activity
∗Speaker †Corresponding author: jwpark@kitox.re.kr
Bioavailability of benzo[a]pyrene transferred via

microplastics to early life-stages of fish through
experimental trophic food chains
Annika Batel 1, Arno Bringer 2, Sebastian Hess 1, Lucette Joassard 2, Marie-Laure
Begout ∗ 2, Thomas Braunbeck 1, Xavier Cousin 2,3,4
1 Aquatic Ecology and Toxicology, Centre for Organismal Studies, University of Heidelberg – Heidelberg, Germany 2
Laboratoire des Ressources Halieutiques (LRH) – Institut Français de Recherche pour l’Exploitation de la Mer
(IFREMER) – Station de La Rochelle, Place Gaby Coll, 17137 L’Houmeau, France 3 MARine Biodiversity Exploitation
and Conservation – Institut de Recherche pour le Développement : UMRD 248,Institutfran caisdeRecherchepourl
̧caisdeRecherchepourl
ExploitationdelaMer : UMR9190,Universit ́edeMontpellier : UMR9190,CentreNationaldelaRechercheScientifique :
UMR9190 − −CentredeSèteUMRMARBECSETE − AvenueJeanMonnet − CS3017134203SETECEDEX,France 4
Génétique Animale et Biologie Intégrative – Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique : UMR1313, AgroParisTech
– Domaine de Vilvert F-78252 Jouy-en-Josas, France
Because of their potentially high concentrations, very small microplastic particles (MPs)
ingested by zooplankton organisms might pose a special threat to early life-stages of fish. The
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present study describes exposure of fish larvae to MPs via trophic food chains from the very first
days of feeding. Zebrafish (Danio rerio) and marine medaka (Oryzias melastigma) larvae were fed
Paramecium spec. or Artemia spec. nauplii that had ingested 1 - 5 μg mL-1, DC: 50 ng mL-1). Post-exposurem (proprietary polymer by
Cospherics) or 10 - 20 μg mL-1, DC: 50 ng mL-1). Post-exposurem fluorescent polyethylene particles. Hydrophobic organic pollutant uptake
kinetics and potential accumulation patterns were analyzed with the transfer of fluorescent
benzo(a)pyrene (BaP) from MPs to fish larvae and cyp1a expression analyses. Results indicate that
Paramecium transferred very high amounts of only 1 - 5 μg mL-1, DC: 50 ng mL-1). Post-exposurem particles efficiently, whereas Artemia
transferred both 1 - 5 and 10 - 20 μg mL-1, DC: 50 ng mL-1). Post-exposurem particles. Zebrafish and medaka larvae were feeding from the
very first day of active food intake (2/3 days post hatching) on Paramecium with ingested MPs and
from 6/7 days post hatching on Artemia nauplii with ingested MPs. Following MP ingestion, neither
transfer to tissues nor accumulation of MPs could be detected with MPs egestion within hours
following ingestion. Yet, BaP was efficiently transferred via trophic transfer, with higher exposure
rates for small 1 - 5 μg mL-1, DC: 50 ng mL-1). Post-exposurem MPs when ingested via Paramecium. Induction of cyp1a expression
revealed that BaP transferred from MPs was bioavailable in fish larvae. Given the dependence of the
transfer rates from MP size and also re-desorption rates of chemicals depending of plastic type, very
small microplastic and – most likely – nanoplastic particles might thus pose a significant threat for
both early life-stages and juveniles of fish until adulthood with ongoing exposure via trophic
transfer.
∗Speaker
Keywords: organic pollutants, trophic transfer, bioavailability, fish
Identification and environmental evaluation of

compounds migrated from polymers in marine
medium biodegradation studies
Feliu Sempere ∗ 1
1 AIMPLAS – València Parc Tecnològic C/. Gustave Eiffel, 4 46980 Paterna, Spain
Polymers are made of monomers, but other substances are necessary for the polymerization
reaction such as initiators, catalysts and solvents can also be used depending on the manufacturing
process. In addition to this, the term plastic is referred to polymers to which additives have been
added to give the desired properties for their processing or required final product characteristics.
Examples of additives include pigments, light stabilizers, flame retardants, plasticizers,
antimicrobials and antioxidants among others. All these non-polymeric components are usually of
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low molecular weight and, therefore, can migrate from the plastic product to air, water and other
contact media. On the other hand, the polymerization reactions are rarely complete and, therefore,
unreacted monomers can also be found in the polymeric material. The type of substances that are
formed during the abiotic and/or biotic degradation of polymers varies according to the type of
polymer, the degradation mechanisms, the presence of polymerization impurities and the
environmental effects. Some of the raw materials, intermediates or by-products of the polymers can
sometimes be more toxic than the monomer itself, therefore, their environmental impact must be
evaluated. Respectful additives with the environment should be selected to diminish their impact
when plastics undesirably reach the ecosystem. The work presented herein is focused in the
environmental impact of these compounds in the marine medium, as the accumulation of
microplastics in the sea is of high environmental concern. The migration to marine medium of
conventional and alternative additives added to polyamide (PA), low density polyethylene (LDPE),
polyvinyl chloride (PVC) and polyhydroxy butyrate (PHB) have been evaluated during
biodegradation studies in laboratory scale reactors. Biodegradation of the polymers and the
formation of intermediate compounds have been determined for the subsequent study of their
toxicological effect on sensitive marine organisms.
Keywords: Microplastics, environmental impact, migration, polymer additives, biodegradation
∗Speaker
Review of existing monitoring programs for marine

litter in the Mediterranean Sea
Beatriz Rios ∗ , Asvin P. Torres , Carme Alomar 1, Aina Carbonell , Salud Deudero
The Marine Strategy Framework Directive (MSFD) is a European policy instrument that
provides a framework in which Member States (MSs) must take the necessary measures to achieve
or maintain the Good Environmental Status (GES) in their own EU’s marine waters by 2020. GES is
assessed by 11 descriptors, among them Descriptor 10 (D10) addresses Marine litter defining
”Properties and quantities of marine litter do not cause harm to the coastal and marine
environment”. Moreover, the MSFD has a specific objective which is to further improve monitoring
programs emphasizing the need to establish appropriate coordinated monitoring at (sub-)region
level. Considering the different indicators for D10 (beach litter 10.1.1, floating litter 10.1.2, micro-
litter 10.1.3 and litter in biota 10.2.1) a review of existing monitoring in the UE Mediterranean MSs
has been realized. This analysis provided detailed information on gaps, commonalities and
differences amongst EU MSs monitoring programs. Methods used to estimate abundance,
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distribution and composition of marine litter (macro and micro) on sea compartments (e.g. sea floor,
sea column and sea surface) and biota showed high variability across MSs. There are countries with
few detailed methodologies for one indicator, such as France and Spain, which present several
subprograms for all the indicators, and others with none, like Croatia for indicator 10.1.1, and
Cyprus and Malta for 10.1.3. Special attention has been carried out to compare temporal and spatial
resolution of monitoring programs as well as the parameters measured. It is remarkable that the
subprograms established to analyze the micro-litter indicator are poorly defined. Considering the
MSs monitoring in each (sub- )region in accordance with UNEP MAP plans, the present study
proposes tools to harmonize and standardizes monitoring across MSs
Keywords: Marine Litter, MSFD monitoring, Mediterranean Sea, GES
∗Speaker
Is Mullus barbatus a good bioindicator of microplastic

marine pollution? Spatial and temporal comparison of
microplastic occurrence in the NW Mediterranean.
Oriol Rodríguez-Romeu ∗ 1, Anna Soler-Membrives 1, María José Ramos-Sosa 1,
Maite Carrassón 1, Ester Carreras-Colom 1, Francesc Padrós 1, María Constenla 1
1 Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona – Campus de la UAB, Plaça Cívica, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain, Spain
The Mediterranean Sea is a marine area with a high incidence of contamination by plastics as it
is a closed basin surrounded by remarkable populated countries. Currently, microplastics have been
focused much attention, especially on quantifying them in different areas and studying their
potential vehiculization to other pollutants. The ingestion of this type of marine litter has also been
described in many fish species, however, the potential impact that microplastics can have on marine
organisms in wild remains totally unknown. Thus, the possibility that they can reach the trophic
chain maintains an open discussion of the possible implications in marine communities at
ecological level and human health. Red mullet (Mullus barbatus) is a fish species commonly used as
a bioindicator for a large amount of pollutants and it has been also reported to ingest microplastics.
In our current study, we aim to determine the potential impact of microplastics in Mullus barbatus
using a refined methodology. A multidisciplinary approach (integrating environmental variables,
microplastic quantification, fish condition, histopathological and parasitological assessments) have
been carried out in order to infer the possible effects of plastics in the red mullet fitness. We aim to
elucidate if this species could be used as good bioindicator of microplastics pollution. This study
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was developed in both temporal and spatial scale: (1) we analyze if the amount of microplastics has
increased during the last decade (11 years) and its potential impact in red mullet samples; (2) we
also quantified the presence, amount, and potential impact of microplastics in red mullets obtained
at two sampling stations in the NW Mediterranean, comparing a low impacted zone to another with
a higher anthropic impact. Details, results and conclusions will be reported during the congress.
Keywords: Microplastic ingestion, Mullus barbatus, Bioindicator
∗Speaker
Microplastic retention in a Danish storm water pond

Kristina Olesen ∗ 1, Diana A. Stephansen 1, Nikki Van Alst 2, Jes Vollertsen 3
1 Aalborg University – Denmark 2 Section for Water and Environment, Aalborg University – Thomas Manns Vej 23,
9220 Aalborg Øst, Denmark 3 Aalborg University – Thomas Manns Vej 23, 9220 Aalborg O, Denmark
Microplastic retention in a Danish storm water pond Kristina B. Olesen, Diana A. Stephansen, Nikki van Alst, Jes
Vollertsen, Department of Civil Engineering, Aalborg University, Denmark.
Large amounts of microplastic enter our environment with runoff from urban areas. Stormwa-
ter ponds are known to retain a wide range of micropollutants. However, no study has, to our
knowledge, investigated the microplastic retention efficiency of a stormwater pond. In this study we
present results from measurement of microplastic in stormwater from a retention pond, as well as
sediments and fish from the same pond. We find low but not insignificant concentrations in both the
water phase (4 μg mL-1, DC: 50 ng mL-1). Post-exposureg/L) and pond sediment (400 μg mL-1, DC: 50 ng mL-1). Post-exposureg/g). The results indicate (based on a rough
estimation) a retention efficiency of 95 % (see figure 1). Hence the microplastics that enter the pond
are accumulating in the sediments, making it a possible hotspot.
Microplastics are an inhomogeneous group of particles consisting of many different materials. It
is hence rather challenging to measure it in natural systems, especially those that contain much
organic material other than plastics. In this study, we therefore put focus on not only the measured
microplastic concentrations, but also the methods and protocols to determine the plastic particles.
We show how methods are optimized to micro FT-IR imaging, and how reliable the quantification
methods are. The target particles of this study are in the size range 10 - 500 μg mL-1, DC: 50 ng mL-1). Post-exposurem. The data obtained
by FPA-μg mL-1, DC: 50 ng mL-1). Post-exposureFT-IR-Imaging are processed by MPhunter – a dedicated software for automated MP
detection. Figure 1. The sampling location and the microplastic fingerprint in the water and the
sediments. The fingerprint from the water shows a larger variation in detected plastic types
compared to the sediment. This could indicate that some plastics are retained to a lesser degree by
the pond.
Keywords: Stormwater pond, runoff, micro, FT, IR Imaging, sediment, Fauna. ∗Speaker
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Pilot study on possible micro plastic occurrence in

marine mammals from German waters
Carolin Philipp ∗ 1, Bianca Unger 2, Miriam Hillmann 1, Ursula Siebert 1
1 Institute of Terrestrial and Aquatic Wildlife Research, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover Foundation –
Werftstrasse 6, 25761 Buesum, Germany 2 Institute of Terrestrial and Aquatic Wildlife Research, University of
Veterinary Medicine Hannover Foundation – Werftstrasse 6, 25671 Buesum, Germany
In the last years, especially the visible fractions of macro- and meso-scaled plastics were shown
to be of concern, but the presence and effects of microplastic particles (MPPs) came more into focus
of modern research. For instance, 30 sperm whales stranded in 2016 in the North Sea, of which nine
individuals showed ingestions of macro plastic, e.g. fishing net or a car part (Unger et al 2016). In
contrast to macro plastic, knowledge on MPPs, especially its accumulation in and physical influence
on marine top predators is still insufficient.
We analysed faeces samples of three marine mammal species inhabiting German waters (har-
bour porpoise, harbour and grey seals) in order to gain information on micro plastic occurrence.
Since the 1990s, the Institute for Terrestrial and Aquatic Wildlife Research (ITAW) regularly
conducts necropsies of marine mammals found on the coasts of Schleswig-Holstein, Germany.
Faeces sample collection started in 2014 with removing parts of the intestine with faeces content
during necropsies according to an established protocol to avoid secondary pollution and conserv-
able loss. With those valuable data collection, we were able to analyse the occurrence of MPPs in
faeces samples in marine mammals from German waters for the first time. After isolation, the MPPs
will be verified and identified if possible with the help of Fourier-Transform-Infrared spectroscopy
(FT-IR). The investigation of marine debris of all sizes and its impacts on marine biota and habitats
are essential for implementing the European Marine Strategy Framework Directive (MSFD). This
includes the ubiquitous MPPs and its occurrence and transport in the marine food web. Especially,
marine mammals as top predators are predestinated to accumulate both, MPPs and their associated
chemicals.
Keywords: Micro plastics, occurence, faeces samples, harbour porpoise, harbour seal, grey seal, North Sea, Baltic Sea
∗Speaker
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Biodegradability of pristine and weathered car tire

particles and their individual components
Fabio Polesel∗ 1, Ann Flemming Nielsen 1, Tiia Ahonen 1, Anders Baun 1, Nanna
Hartmann † 1
1 DTU Environment, Department of Environmental Engineering – Bygning 115, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
The wear of car tires is a contributor to particulate matter pollution, chemical pollution, and
microplastics pollution. Tire wear particles are generated from the interaction between tire tread and
road surface and released into the environment. The tire tread consists of a polymeric blend of
natural rubber (NR), isoprene rubber (IR), butadiene rubber (BR), and styrenebutadi- ene rubber
(SBR), compounded with carbon black or silica as a filler, along with extender oils, and additives
responsible for vulcanization and protection. Biodegradability of car tire rubber was investigated
following the OECD 301F guideline and using OxiTop instrumentation to determine complete
mineralization under aerobic conditions. Pristine and UV-weathered tire particles were tested using
both activated sludge and soil as inoculum. Effects of particles size (< 63 μg mL-1, DC: 50 ng mL-1). Post-exposurem, 63-90 μg mL-1, DC: 50 ng mL-1). Post-exposurem, or 90-125
μg mL-1, DC: 50 ng mL-1). Post-exposurem) and inoculation time (4 or 11 weeks) was investigated. To asses biodegradability of individual
components the following materials were tested: devulcanized tread particles (DTP), NR, IR, BR
and TDAE oils.
Pristine and weathered rubber exhibited low but measurable biodegradation levels in the pres-
ence of activated sludge (3.8-7.6% ThOD) and soil supernatant (0.8%-2.3%). No relation between
particle size and biodegradability could be established, likely due to similarity in sizes. Extending
the inoculation time from 4 to 11 weeks increased the biodegradability from 6.7% to 9. No
improved biodegradability was found when comparing DTP (3.46%) to tire particles (4.13%). Of
the individual substrates, NR showed the highest degree of biodegradation (34.32%), followed by
TDAE (7.13%). BR and IR showed no or negligible biodegradation. Overall, ready biodegradability
tests proved suitable to obtain information on degradation of car tire rubber. The findings of this
study provide a starting point for understanding the environmental fate of tire wear particles,
providing an insight into the degradability of the tire wear rubber as well as its individual
components.
Keywords: car tires, tyres, road wear, degradability, environmental fate
∗Corresponding author: fabp@env.dtu.dk †Speaker
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Have your say: What are the risks of microplastics?

Lisa Zimmermann ∗ 1, Carolin Völker 2, Martin Wagner 3
1 Goethe-University Frankfurt am Main – Max-von-Laue Str. 13 , 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany 2 Institute for
Social-Ecological Research – Hamburger Allee 45, 60486 Frankfurt am Main, Germany 3 Norwegian University of
Science and Technology [Trondheim] – NO-7491 Trondheim, Norway
Up to date, our knowledge on the impacts of microplastics on human and environmental health
is incomplete. Nevertheless, opposing perceptions of the risk of microplastics divide the scientific
community: Whereas some believe microplastics are or can become a threat for our ecosystems in
the near future, others argue that they pose no risk due to their low environmental concentrations.
Whether or not science considers microplastics as issue, societies have already decided to take
action on this environmental issue. A range of policies aims at reducing microplastic entry in
water bodies (e.g. ban of microbeads). These actions are legitimated based on public rather than on
scientific consensus and are implemented in the absence of a comprehensive ecotoxicological risk
assessment. In that regard, we want to ask the community of microplastics researchers attending the
MICRO2018 for their opinion. Hereby, we hope to broaden and strengthen the scientific perspective
on the environmental risk of microplastics. On the basis of an interactive poster, we want to I)
obtain expert opinions whether and why they perceive microplastics as a risk, II) reflect on the role
of ecotoxicology in this complex issue and III) collect ideas on how to conceptualize microplastics
for the purpose of environmental risk assessment taking into account their physico-chemical
heterogeneity (no single chemical but a diverse and complex composition of different polymers,
additives, sorbed chemicals and organisms as well as of different sizes and shapes).
Keywords: microplastics, risk perception, environmental risk assessment
∗Speaker
Adsorption of natural organic matter on microplastic

and its effect on dispersion stability
Lars Eitzen ∗† 1, Frederik Zietzschmann 1, Aki S. Ruhl 1, Martin Jekel 1
1 FG Wasserreinhaltung, Technische Universität Berlin – Straße des 17. Juni 135, 10623 Berlin, Germany
While the sources and sinks of microplastic (MP) are currently well-addressed, the envi-
ronmental behaviour of MP particles remains unpredictable. Rivers are transport vectors from
sources (places of human activity) to sinks (lakes or oceans) with a lot of uncertainties involved in
the transport process. A large discrepancy between lab work and environmental findings on MP
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particles is the interaction with water constituents acting as dispersants. Virgin polymers are highly
hydrophobic leading to homo-agglomeration and attachment on glassware surfaces whereas
environmental MP is stably dispersed in water. Particle density is also altered: plastics of
originally low densities such as polypropylene and polyethylene are found in sediments whereas
those with high densities such as polyvinylchloride and polyester are also reported to be found in the
water column, e.g. in manta trawls (Sighicelli et al. 2018). This indicates a transformation of
physical properties, leading to different behaviours in the environment as compared to in the lab.
Interactions of MP with natural organic matter (NOM) were shown to influence the stability of MP
in dispersions (Chen et al. 2018) and are likely the most important factors for behavioural changes.
Therefore, sorption capacities of different MP particles (polystyrene, polyethylene, acrylic glass,
etc.) for NOM fractions were analysed. MP particles were produced by cryogenic milling. Particle
sizes and dispersion concentrations were determined by light extinction particle counting. Changes
in the zeta potential and agglomeration behaviour were examined in regard to dispersion stability.
Both pH and ionic strength of the media were systematically varied to identify their respective
impacts. PS was loaded with up to 0.78 mg DOC/g depending on NOM type. Furthermore, NOM
sorption decreased homo-agglomeration of particles and had a bivalent effect on the zeta potential.
The results also indicate a stabilizing effect of adsorbed NOM, explaining the dispersibility of MP
in natural waters.
Keywords: dispersion, agglomeration, NOM sorption, transport behaviour, zeta potential
∗Speaker †Corresponding author: lars.eitzen@tu-berlin.de
Microplastic at Slovenian beaches: Study repeated

Špela Korez ∗† 1, Kristine Reuter 1, Lars Gutow 1, Reinhard Saborowski 1
1 Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research – Am Handelshafen 12, 27570
Plastic litter is gaining attention in environmental science, public perception, and, finally, in
politics. Macro- and microplastic pollution of rivers, oceans, and beaches are regularly reported.
However, to our knowledge nobody studied the temporal dynamics of plastic pollution at beaches.
This study is a re-investigation of a former work done in 2012 on the occurrence, distribution and
composition of microplastic at Slovenian beaches. Similar methods in field sampling and particle
isolation were applied. The study was extended by including additional beaches, addressing
seasonal aspects (winter and summer) and introducing quality assurance/quality control checks.
Furthermore, the chemical composition of isolated plastic items was verified by ATR-FTIR
spectroscopy. Only about 10 % of the putative microplastic items were decisively recognised as
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synthetic material. Secondary microplastics were present as fragments, fibers, films, and foams.
Primary microplastics were absent at all. The microplastic concentrations of the present study were
distinctly lower than in the former study.The low pollutionof Slove- nian beaches could be the result
of regular beach clean-ups of touristic beaches, or an improved environmental consciousness of
citizens and tourists.This study emphasize the importance of continuous microplastic monitoring to
understand the annual microplastic contamination and its’ seasonal and inter-annual dynamics.
Keywords: Adriatic Sea, Sediment Samples, Density Separation with NaCl
∗Speaker †Corresponding author: spela.korez@awi.de
Do micoplastics induce oxidative stress in marine

invertebrates?
Sarah Riesbeck ∗ 1, Mara Weidung , Lars Gutow 1, Reinhard Saborowski† 1
The global production of plastics increased 20-fold in the last five decades. Simultaneously,
environmental pollution by plastic litter became a rising issue. Marine plastic litter can have adverse
effects on marine vertebrates and invertebrates. Upon ingestion, smallest plastic fragments may
enter organs and even penetrate into cells where they may cause imbalances of the cells’ redox state.
The occurrence of oxidative stress can have adverse effects on cell membranes, proteins, or DNA.
Here we studied the ingestion of microplastics by marine invertebrates, the possible transfer into
cells of the digestive tract, and the cellular effects in the midgut gland. The Atlantic ditch shrimp
(Palaemon varians) was chosen as model species. It inhabits coastal regions, estuaries, and brackish
water systems, which are strongest exposed to anthropogenic pollution. Fluorogenic polystyrene
microbeads were offered with the food and served as tracer. Uptake into the digestive organs and,
particularly, into the midgut gland was analysed by fluorescent microscopy of cryostat sections of
the digestive tract. An increase in the cellular defence mechanism against oxidative stress was
verified by the activity of the antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase
(CAT). Formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) indicated NADPH oxidase activity, a
superoxide (O2-) catalysing enzyme. The expression of NADPH oxidase in P. varians was verified
by PCR-amplification. The outcome of this work may help identifying cellular reactions after
exposure to microplastics and indicate a toxicological impact on cells and whole organisms.
Keywords: Crustacaens, Histology, NADPH oxidase, Enzyme activity, RNA
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Combined effects of microplastics and gold

nanoparticles on the marine microalgae Tetraselmis
chuii
Lúcia Guilhermino ∗ 1, Elham Davarpanah 2
1 ICBAS CIIMAR, University of Porto – ICBAS, University of Porto, Lab of ecotoxicology, Rua de Jorge Viterbo
Ferreira, 228, 4050-313, Portugal 2 ICBAS CIIMAR, University of Porto, Portugal – ICBAS, University of Porto,
Laboratory of Ecotoxicology, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313, Portugal
Microplastics are global pollutants that have been found to modulate the toxicity of other
pollutants. Nanoparticles have been increasingly used and they are suspected of being important
environmental contaminants in anthropogenic impacted areas but the current situation is largely
unknown. The potential influence of microplastics in the toxicity of gold nanoparticles to the marine
microalgae Tetraselmis chuii was investigated. T. chuii cultures were exposed for 96 h to ̃ 5 nm
diameter gold nanoparticles (AuNP) and to virgin 1-5 μg mL-1, DC: 50 ng mL-1). Post-exposurem diameter microplastics (MP), alone and in
mixtures. The effect criterion was the inhibition of the average specific growth rate. AuNP alone and
MP alone did not cause significant (p > 0.05) decrease of T. chui average specific growth rate up to
the low ppm range. The mixture containing the highest concentrations of both substances
significantly (p ≤ 0.05) reduced the average specific growth rate of the microalgae. Therefore, the
mixture was more toxic to T. chuii than its components individually, indicating that the presence of
MP in the water increased the toxicity of AuNP to T. chuii.
Keywords: Microplastics, Gold nanoparticles, Tetraselmis chuii, marine ecosystems, microalgae, mixtures
∗Speaker
May polyethylene microplastics affect ephyrae

jellyfish survival and behaviour?
Elisa Costa ∗ 1, Chiara Gambardella 1, Veronica Piazza 1, Silvia Lavorano 2, Marco
Faimali 1, Francesca Garaventa 1
1 ISMAR-CNR – Italy 2 ACQUARIO DI GENOVA, COSTAEDUTAINMENT Spa – Italy
The aim of this study was to verify whether polyethylene microplastics (MPs) could affect the
survival and behavior of Aurelia sp. jellyfish, a new and sensitive model recently proposed for
ecotoxicological surveys. Ephyrae were exposed to environmental and high (0.01-10 mg/L)
concentrations of 1-4 μg mL-1, DC: 50 ng mL-1). Post-exposurem and 4-6 μg mL-1, DC: 50 ng mL-1). Post-exposurem MPs. After 24 and 48 hours, acute (percentage of im-
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mobility) and behavioural (percentage of frequency of pulsation) endpoints and MP build up were
investigated. MPs significantly affected ephyrae survival and behavior at all concentrations after 24
h of exposure, independently from MP size. In addition, it was possible to quantify the toxic effect
by means of EC50s. MPs were observed on gelatinous body surface and mouth, likely attached on
the surface, rather than ingested. These findings were related to a mechanical disturbance due to
MPs, since contaminated ephyrae exposed to clean seawater showed a full recovery after 48 h.In
conclusion, short-term exposure to MPs induces a toxic effect on both survival and behavior in a
zooplankton species: independently from the size, polyethylene MPs temporarily affect both
immobility and frequency of pulsations. The comparison of these results with those available in
literature highlights how Aurelia sp. ephyrae are more sensitive than other marine invertebrates used
so far for MP toxicity assessment.
Keywords: Ephyrae, Jellyfish, polyethylene microplastics, Behaviour, Recovery
∗Speaker
Biological Effects of virgin and weathered

Microplastic Particles and their Leachates
Dana Kühnel ∗ 1, Christoph D. Rummel 1, Annika Jahnke 2, Mechthild Schmitt-
Jansen 1
1 Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ – Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ,
Department Bioanalytical Ecotoxicology, Permoserstr. 15, DE-04318 Leipzig, Germany, Germany 2 Helmholtz Centre
for Environmental Research – Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Department Cell Toxicology,
Permoserstr. 15, DE-04318 Leipzig, Germany, Germany
Studies on the potential effects of microplastic (MP) particles in the aquatic environment are
numerous. However, many laboratory studies apply pristine particles, which may be of limited
environmental relevance given that factors such as UV light irradiation, mechanical stress, salinity
and biofilm growth can influence the weathering of plastic debris. The aim of this study within the
JPI Oceans-funded project WEATHER-MIC was to assess the impacts that weathering has on the
effects of MP particles and their leachates on organisms and microbial communities. This poster
summarizes our recent work on potential effects: (1.) Impact of MP particles on organisms:
exposure to different fractions of virgin and weathered MP under controlled conditions. From the
observation of apical endpoints in the acute toxicity assays, concentration-response relationships for
the different fractions were deduced. A critical evaluation of the suitability of the applied test
protocols for the assessment of adverse effects of MP was performed.
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(2.) Influence of aging plastic on biofilm structure, function and community tolerance: Natural
biofilms were grown in microcosms on different types of aged and pristine polymeric substrates. To
study the influence of weathering on the attachment and succession of biofilms, sum parameters
such as biomass, pigment profiles, cell counts and sequencing data were studied. (3.) Mixture effects
of chemicals liberated from the most common polymers during weathering toward daphnia and
algae. Plastic degradation products and additives were liberated during simulated weathering by
intense UV light in artificial seawater. The chemicals were enriched by solid-phase extraction or
extracted from pristine particles by ultrasonic-assisted extraction using solvents. The concentrated
leachates and solvent extracts were then dosed into bioassays. The results may help to understand
biological effects of chemicals that may leach out of weathering plastic material..
Keywords: weathering, organismic toxicity testing, plastic, aquatic environment
∗Speaker
Microplastics in benthic, pelagic and demersal species

along the North Sea coastline of Schleswig-Holstein,
Germany
Laura Polt ∗ 1, Matthias Schwarz 1, Matthias Tamminga 1, David Fleet 2, Elke
Kerstin Fischer† 1
1 Center for Earth System Research and Sustainability – Bundesstraße 55, 20146 Hamburg, Germany 2 Landesbetrieb
für Küstenschutz, Nationalpark und Meeresschutz Schleswig-Holstein – Schlossgarten 1, 25832 Tönning, Germany
The aim of the study is to evaluate the occurrence and distribution of potential microplastic
contamination in benthic, pelagic and demersal species within the investigation area along the
eastern German North Sea coast and to assess the suitability of different species for future
monitoring purposes. Sampling of species took place in September 2017 and May 2018 at four
different sites along the North Sea coastline of Schleswig-Holstein, Germany. Species were sampled
with 20 individuals per sampling period and comprised the benthic species blue mussel (Mytilus
edulis), common periwinkle (Littorina littorea), common cockle (Cerastoderma edule), soft-shell
clams (Mya arenaria), pacific oyster (Magallana gigas), lugworm (Arenicola marina), and green
crab (Carcinus maenas). Additionally, the pelagic atlantic herring (Clupea harengus) and the de-
mersal species common shrimp (Crangon crangon), European plaice (Pleuronectes platessa),
common cole (Solea solea) and viviparous eelpout (Zoarces viviparus) were sampled. Concerning
the benthic species both residues after 24 hours of incubation in filtered saltwater and subsequently
the whole organism were investigated. Concerning fish, stomach and guts were dissected and further
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analyzed. Laboratory analysis comprised digestion with KOH/NaClO and density separation using
NaI. Samples were transferred to cellulose filters and were stained with the lipophilic dye Nile Red
prior to counting and scaling of microplastic particles under a fluorescence microscope (AxioLab
A.1, Zeiss). A subsample was additionally analyzed with micro-Raman imaging (DXR2xi Raman
Imaging Microscope, Thermo Fisher Scientific). Results on microplastic findings both for the
investigated species and potential spatial patterns will be presented.
Keywords: microplastics, benthic species, pelagic species
Microplastics in the Marine Environment and Biota of

Israeli Coastal Waters
Debra Ramon ∗† 1,2, Eli Shemesh‡ 1, Beverly Goodman-Tchernov§ 3, Dan
Tchernov¶ 1,2
1 Leon H. Charney School of Marine Sciences, Department of Marine Biology, University of Haifa – Abba Khoushy Ave
199, Israel, Haifa, 3498838, Israel 2 The Morris Kahn Marine Research Station, Department of Marine Biology,
University of Haifa – Israel 3 Leon H. Charney School of Marine Sciences, Department of Marine Geosciences,
University of Haifa – Abba Khoushy Ave 199, Israel, Haifa, 3498838, Israel
Microplastics are being recognized as a major marine pollutant throughout the oceans of the
world. While research has shown that a wide range of marine biota are consuming microplastics,
mainly through assessing target indicator species, little research has been done evaluating multiple
fish species of different trophic levels and ecological niches in a single system. The present study
aims to understand the extent to which microplastics have entered the marine food web in Israeli
Mediterranean waters. The following set of measurements is being used; 1) screening for
microplastics in marine fish of Israeli waters, 2) assessing the differences in microplastic mass
compared to plankton mass in surface waters, and 3) screening of microplastics in bivalves to
identify potential bioindicators. In this study 793 fish from 36 different species were collected using
commercial trawling and a manta trawl simultaneously. Additionally, 10 individuals of the bivalve
Spondylus spinosus were collected from five different sites along the Israeli coast known to have
different levels of anthropogenic activity. Preliminary results show that of 106 fish specimen (9
species) assessed thus far, 24 have some type of microplastic contamination in their gastrointestinal
tract. Except for a single blue film found in the predatory reef-associated Alepes djedaba, all
microplastics observed are microfibers. Confirmation of the chemical makeup are awaiting
microscopic-FTIR analysis. Manta trawl contents collected from fish collection site presented
relatively high quantities of microplastics to that of plankton. However, this data is still being
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processed. As no research has been done on microplastics in the biota of Israeli waters, this research
will provide a baseline study for local waters. Additionally, the approach of this study allows for
focus to be removed from the individual and, instead, looks at an entire population, thus
contributing insight to microplastic behavior within a trophic system.
Keywords: fibers, trophic system, marine, fish contamination, plankton, bivalve, bioindicator, biota
∗Speaker †Corresponding author: debiramon@gmail.com ‡Corresponding author: eshemesh@univ.haifa.ac.il
§Corresponding author: goodmanbeverly@gmail.com ¶Corresponding author: dtchernov@univ.haifa.ac.il
Uptake of differently sized microplastics in gut

passage by different species of Daphnia
Suffeiya Supian ∗ 1, Iseult Lynch† 2, Jonathon Sadler 2
1 UNIVERSITY OF BIRMINGHAM, UNITED KINGDOM – United Kingdom 2 University of Birmingham – School of
Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, B15 2TT, United Kingdom
Microplastics are synthetic polymers with a diameter smaller than 5 mm and down to the
nanoscale,have a widespread occurrence and negative effects on different trophic levels have been
described. The freshwater crustaceans Daphnia forms part of the plankton community making them
an important indicator species in the foodchain. The Daphnia family includes species ranging in
size from D.magna (2.3-5.0 mm) to D. ambigua (0.88 ± 0.01mm) which span a similar range of
sizes as micro and nanoplastics, thus suggesting that different members of this family may be
differentially sensitive to or affected by different sizes of micro or nanoplastics. This work presents a
first analysis of the effect of Daphnia body and gut size on uptake of microplastics of different sizes.
We investigated the ingestion and effects of polybead carboxylate microspheres (0.1, 1.0 and 10 μg mL-1, DC: 50 ng mL-1). Post-exposurem)
on freshwater cladocera of different body sizes after 24 to 72 hours exposure to a range of mass
concentrations. The hypothesis tested was that the size of microplastic particles preferentially taken
up by the organisms will scale with organism size, due to differences in their gut sizes and filter
feeding capabilities. We assessed the uptake, accumulation, and depuration of the microplastics in
Daphnia species using stereomicroscope measurements. Image analysis approaches were utilized to
calculate gut area in an effort to quantify particle uptake. Rapid accumulation in the gut was
observed after exposure to all particle sizes in D.magna, with the smaller particle sizes being
detectable in the guts of neonates of all three species and are presented here for the first time.
Keywords: Daphnia, cladocera, microplastics, freshwater systems
∗Speaker †Corresponding author: i.lynch@bham.ac.uk
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Exposure to microplastic: ingestion/egestion rates and

behavioural impact on Solea solea
Caroline Vignet ∗ 1,2,3, Marie-Laure Begout 2, Jérôme Cachot 1, Xavier Cousin 2
1 Université de Bordeaux – Université de Bordeaux (Bordeaux, France) – France 2 Ifremer – Institut Français de
Recherche pour l’Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER), Institut Français de Recherche pour l’Exploitation de la MER -
IFREMER – France 3 Institut national universitaire Champollion - Albi – Institut national universitaire Champollion -
Albi – Place de Verdun - 81012 Albi cedex 09, France
Microplastic (MP) occurrence is ubiquitous in fresh and marine waters and species living in
Estuary are particularly exposed to this kind of pollution. In this context, the Seine River is
interesting for investigating the impacts of MP on fish, because of intense and numerous human
activities through its watershed. The goal of this study is to evaluate the fate and impact of MP
ingestion using experimental exposure of the common sole, Solea solea, a representative species of
the Seine Estuary. Larvae of fish (from 7 days post hatch (dph) to 42 dph) were exposed during 2
hours to MP particles before (7 dph), during (21 and 22 dph) and after metamorphosis (41 and 42
dph). Three types of industrial MP were chosen with different properties (middle size floating (27-
35μg mL-1, DC: 50 ng mL-1). Post-exposurem, d=0.99), middle size sinking (27-32μg mL-1, DC: 50 ng mL-1). Post-exposurem, d=1.20) and large size sinking (63- 75μg mL-1, DC: 50 ng mL-1). Post-exposurem, d=1.20).
In addition, at the last stage, fish were also exposed to natural plastic particles collected in the Seine
River and ground into a fraction with a size less than 100 μg mL-1, DC: 50 ng mL-1). Post-exposurem (PVC, PE, PET, PS and PP tested
separately). After exposure, fish which had ingested MP were counted (Figure 1) and isolated to
monitor egestion. Solea solea ingested all types of plastics in variable (1 to more than 100)
quantities and egested them on average less than 24 hours after exposure at all stages. A behavioural
challenge, was performed on MP contaminated larvae. Behavioral responses of fish did not seem to
be affected by MP exposures before metamorphosis compared to controls but distance moved
decreased during metamorphosis for fish that had ingested MP particles. This could be explained by
the fact that before metamorphosis fish can still use yolk energy reserve and are thus less affected by
MP than later on when external feeding becomes mandatory.
Keywords: fish, solea solea, microplastics, behaviour
∗Speaker
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Preliminary results of plastic pollution analysis in the

White, Barents and Kara Seas
Anna Vesman ∗† 1,2,3, Tara Toˇsic‡ 4, Marc Vruggink 4, Nikita Sobolev 5
1 Arctic and Antarctic Research Institute – Beringa Street 38, 199397, St. Petersburg, Russia, Russia 2 Saint Petersburg
University – Russia 3 Nansen International Environmental and Remote Sensing Center - Russia – Russia 4 Ecole
Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne – CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland, Switzerland 5 Northern (Arctic) Federal
University named after M.V. Lomonosov – Russia
In recent years more and more studies concerning microplastic pollution in the Arctic are
appearing: Lusher et al. (2015) showed first results of microplastic quantification in the area to the
south of Svalbard, Ilka Peeken et al. (2018) proposed that Arctic sea ice can act as a sink for
microplastics, Tekman et al (2017) showed a plastic contamination of the deep seafloor and van
Sebille et al (2012) demonstrated that it is possible that a new garbage patch is forming in the
Barents Sea and that plastic debris enter that area with Atlantic waters. However, there are still a lot
of open questions and not enough in-situ data. Even fewer data are available in the Russian sector of
the Arctic. In this study, we are showing preliminary results of the plastic contamination analysis
performed during the ”Arctic Floating University 2018” expedition in July 2018. A manta-trawl was
used for surface sampling in addition to a bulk water sampling method. Quantification and
classification of the microplastic candidates were performed under a magnifying binocular. Finally,
the composition of the candidates was characterized using FTIR spectroscopy. The goal of the study
was to quantify microplastic concentration in the White, Barents and Kara Seas. Besides analyzing
microplastics in sea water, the study of the macro-litter on the shores of Novaya Zemlya was
conducted using DeFishGear Methodology for Monitoring Marine Litter on Beaches. East and west
shores were selected to compare the difference in marine itter accumulation between the Barents
Sea and the Kara Sea.
Keywords: Arctic, sea water, in, situ data
∗Speaker †Corresponding author: anna.vesman@gmail.com ‡Corresponding author: taratosic@me.com
How to get rid of ingested microplastic fibers? A

demonstration by the shrimp Palaemon varians
Eva Paulischkis 1, Lars Gutow 1, Reinhard Saborowski ∗† 1
Coastal microplastic debris often contains high shares of fibers. These may originate from e.g.
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brittle plastic ropes, fishing nets, or domestic effluents of textile washing. Various marine animals
can ingest these fibers. However, the effects of microplastic fibers upon ingestion by marine biota
are widely disregarded in ecotoxicological research. Therefore, we investigated whether microplastic
fibers are eaten by the shrimp Palaemon varians, a common species in the coastal areas and
estuaries of the North Sea. We investigated whether the shrimps differentiate between organic food
and synthetic fibers and where the fibers remain upon ingestion. Animals were exposed for three
hours to a suspension of 50 mg l-1 of fluorescent acrylic fibers (ca. 150 – 300 μg mL-1, DC: 50 ng mL-1). Post-exposurem) and different
concentrations of food (0, 2.5, 5, and 10 mg per animal). After the feeding experiment, the digestive
tracts were dissected, and the fibers were counted under a fluorescence binocular. P. varians readily
ingested microfibers only when organic food was present simultaneously. Moreover, microplastic
fibers ingested by Palaemon varians remained in their stomachs and did not enter the guts or midgut
glands. One day after the feeding experiment, fibers appeared agglutinated in gel-like structures
within the water but were absent in the feces of the animals. Ingestion of microplastic fibers by P.
varians seems not to be an active process to satisfy hunger because the animals did not eat fibers
when no food was present simultaneously. They rather ate the fibers by mistake together with their
regular food. Further research is required to investigate whether the fibers were egested by
regurgitation and, if so, whether this mechanism also appears in other marine organisms,
representing an efficient way to eliminate fibrous microplastic debris from the digestive tract.
Keywords: ingestion, regurgitation, egestion, food
Microplastics in cosmetics in the italian market: an

overview
Raffaella Mossotti ∗ 1, Alessio Montarsolo 2, Eleonora De Sabata 3
1 Italian National Research Council - Institute for Macromulecolar Studies (CNR-ISMAC) – c.so G. Pella, 16 - 13900
Biella, Italy 2 Italian National Research Council - Institute for Macromulecolar Studies – Italy 3 MedSharks – Italy
Microplastics - plastic material typically smaller than 5mm, derived from the fragmentation of
larger objects or intentionally added to products – cause great concern because they are easily
ingested by marine organisms. Microplastic fragments may not be well retained by filters and end up
in the environment. As part of a project to raise awareness on marine waste, in 2017 the Clean Sea
Life project (LIFE15 GIE / IT / 000999) carried out a survey to identify products containing
microplastics currently on sale in Italy, mainly cosmetics and hand washing pastes for industrial use.
The survey, conducted in 50 stores throughout Italy (perfumeries, pharmacies, supermarkets,
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harware stores) focused on polyethylene (PE) which, according to the European association of
cosmetic manufacturers Cosmetics Europe, represents 93% of the microplastics contained in
cosmetic products. The survey showed over 100 products containing polyethylene currently on sale
in Italy, produced by 40 companies, some on sale in the ”natural” products section. In this poster we
present results of the filtration, drying and analysis (FT-IR, DSC, SEM, weight) of the solid residue
of some of these products, carried out by CNR-ISMAC, which quantify the amount of polyethylene
contained in each product. The project is also conducting an on-going evaluation to see if there is a
change in the ingredient lists, and verified in some products the replacement of polyethylene with
silica and perlite. Several EU Member States have enacted or proposed national bans on the
intentional use of microplastics in certain consumer products, and the European Commission has
expressed the intention, in the proposed Plastic Strategy, to take regulatory action at the EU level on
intentionally-added microplastics to products of any kind. In Italy, a law that prohibits its use by
2020 was recently passed, thanks also to the results of the present study.
Keywords: microplastics cosmetics
∗Speaker
In vitro effects of polyethylene microplastics on

primary cultures and cell lines of fish
Diego Romero∗ 1, Cristóbal Espinosa† 1, Maria A. Esteban‡ 1, Alberto Cuesta §¶ 1
1 University of Murcia – Spain
Microplastic (MP) pollution in marine environments is in the spotlight due to the possible
negative effects they can cause after their ingestion by marine fauna. Although ingested
microplastics might harm fish health, current research has mainly focused on the toxicological
effects of substances commonly found in marine water. Unfortunately, microplastics are able to
incorporate these substances, with their subsequent accumulation and incorporation to the trophic
food chain. In this work we aimed to investigate the effects of different polyethylene (PE) MPs on
primary cultures of leucocytes and erythrocytes as well as to fish cell lines of the marine fish
gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata) and European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax). Thus, head-kidney
leucocytes (HKLs) from seabream or sea bass were incubated with 100 mg MPs/mL for 24 h. MPs
higher than 20-25 μg mL-1, DC: 50 ng mL-1). Post-exposurem. HKLs from sea bass showed significant mortality as well as up-regulation of
the expression of genes related to apoptosis and cytochrome P450. No effects were produced in
seabream HKLs nor in HKLs respiratory burst immune reaction. Regarding erythrocytes, no effect
of MPs incubation was observed in the cell viability up to 1 week of incubation in vitro. Regarding
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the seabream (SAF-1) and sea bass (DLB-1) cell lines the incubation with PE MPs failed to
significantly affect their viability. In conclusion, it seems that PE MPs produce very little to no
effects on cell cultures of fish cells in vitro.
Keywords: FISH, MICROPLASTICS, POLYETHYLENE, CELL LINES, LEUCOCYTES
∗Corresponding author: diegorom@um.es †Corresponding author: cristobal.espinosaruiz@unipa.it ‡Corresponding
author: aesteban@um.es §Speaker ¶Corresponding author: alcuesta@um.es
Monitoring litter inputs from a river to the marine

environment: Presence, diversity and seasonal trends
in two beaches located close to its mouth.
Elisa Rojo-Nietoa,b, Elena Marchantea and José Antonio Peralesa
a
Department of Environmental Technologies, University Institute for Marine Research (INMAR), International Campus
of Excellence of the Sea, University of Cadiz, Spain., bDepartment of Cell Toxicology, Helmholtz Centre for
Environmental Research – UFZ, Permoserstr. 15, DE-04310, Leipzig, Germany
Marine litter, together with microplastics, is ubiquitous in the world's oceans and beaches,
negatively affecting these, the economy, wildlife and human health. Despite the increasing interest
and research related with marine litter, the progress that has been accomplished thus far, and the
emerging studies regarding rivers as potential sources or vectors transporting it to the marine
environment, seasonal trends of litter in beaches and the influence of rivers in these
presence/absences are still to be unraveled. This work aims to fill some of the gaps related with this
issue, studying the seasonal variation along a year and the influence of river incoming in the marine
litter distribution in two beaches located in the Southwest of Spain (Atlantic Ocean). 55 categories
of litter items were studied, in 5 different sampling sectors (3 in Valdelagrana beach and 2 in La
Puntilla beach), 2-3 times per season, gathering 50 sets of data for 1 year. For this purpose, the
existing sampling protocols were adapted and improved, in order to allow collecting data to be later
on transferred to international databases. In parallel, the incoming to the sea due to the transport
from the Guadalete River was evaluated weekly. The results show that in this specific case of study,
the river is not the main source of marine litter for the beaches close to its mouth. Furthermore, it
not even a remarkable source, due to most of this litter usually get stranded upstream in the
meanders, being probably only transported to the ocean during extreme climatologic events (like
river floods). Despite the categories of “cigarettes, butts & filters”, “plastic fragments” and “straws”
were the most usually found in all sampling points, some specific temporal trends have been
observed along the different seasons, according to the abundance and the importance in the total
bulk of marine litter of the different categories studied.
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Keywords: marine litter, river, beach, seasonal trends

∗Speaker †Corresponding author: elisa.rojo-nieto@ufz.de
Microplastic prevalence in the River Weser

Maurits Halbach∗ 1, Sonya Moses† 2, Lisa Roscher ‡§ 3, Barbara Scholz-Böttcher 1,
Martin Löder 2, Christian Laforsch 2, Sarmite Kernchen 2, Gunnar Gerdts 3
1 Institute for Chemistry and Biology of the Marine Environment (ICBM), Carl von Ossietzky University of Oldenburg –
D-26111 Oldenburg, Germany, Germany 2 University of Bayreuth – D-95440 Bayreuth, Germany, Germany 3 Alfred
Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research – D-27483 Helgoland, Germany, Germany
As global plastic production continues to increase steadily, so does the amount of synthetic
material that enters aquatic environments. In recent years, more and more studies have focused on
the occurrence of microplastics (MPs), i.e. synthetic organic polymers with a size < 5 mm, in the
environment. These omnipresent and hardly degradable pollutants are easily accumulated in the
environment and potentially ingested by a wide range of organisms which holds a high toxic
potential. Whilst most studies focus on MP in marine environments, only very little data on MP
pollution of river systems are available, particularly those focusing on estuarine regions as transition
zones. How- ever, riverine and estuarine systems may represent the main transport routes for MP,
connecting terrestrial and marine systems.
This work aims at assessing MP pollution throughout the entire German River Weser, which
connects big urbane and agricultural areas with the North Sea. Besides the major river com-
partments (sediment/water), the role of point sources, like waste water treatment plants, and diffuse
sources (aeolian/drainage) are investigated. The riverine and atmospheric samples were collected in
April and May 2018 while the outlet of two wastewater treatment plants will be sampled monthly
over one year from July 2018 – July 2019. Samples will then be treated following a novel
purification protocol in order to remove organic and inorganic residues. The isolated MP fraction
will be analyzed with state-of-the-art methods (FTIR, RAMAN, PY-GC/MS) which provide
polymer specific information about the particle count, size distribution and mass. Knowledge gained
in this study will contribute to a better understanding of MP sources and pollution in rivers and will
particularly aid in the understanding of transport mechanisms within interconnected aquatic
systems, in addition to acting as a fundament for future conservation and monitoring measures.
Keywords: Microplastics, environmental samples, River Weser, Pyrolysis, GC/MS, FTIR spectroscopy
∗Corresponding author: maurits.halbach@uni-oldenburg.de †Corresponding author: Sonya.Moses@uni-bayreuth.de
‡Speaker §Corresponding author: lisa.roscher@awi.de
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Fate and Transport of Particulate Plastics in a Pilot

Scale Wastewater Treatment Plant (WWTP)
Stefan Frehland ∗ 1, Michael Schmiedgruber 1, Ralf Kägi 1, Denise Mitrano† 1
1 Swiss Federal Institute for Environmental Science and Technology [Dübendorf] – Uberlandstrasse 133, 8600
Dübendorf, Switzerland
Reports on the occurrence of particulate plastics (nano- and microplastic particles and fibers) in
the environment emerge on a weekly basis, but quantitative data are still limited due to analytical
difficulties and inconsistencies of the methods applied to detect particulate plastics in complex
environmental matrices. Investigation of transport processes is therefore key to understand
environmental fate scenarios and material flows from e.g. urban areas into the environment. While
wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) are considered hubs for particulate plastics between
consumers and the environment, the fate of particulate plastics in the system is still highly uncertain
and needs an accurate and truly quantitative assessment. In previous work, we synthesized
nanoplastic particles and microplastic fibers, with a chemically entrapped metal tracer (Pd, In
respectively), which enabled tracing plastic particles through well-established total elemental
analyses. Here we used these materials to investigate the fate and transport of particulate plastic in a
pilot WWTP representing the activated sludge process. Our findings show that > 95 % of the
nanoplastic particles and microplastic fibers are associated with the sludge flocs and therefore
removed from the wastewater stream by the activated sludge process. While the processes
controlling retention of particles has been demonstrated before (e.g. engineered nanoparticles, etc.)
and surveys of municipal treatment plants have shown similar trends in the magnitude of
microplastics removed, we can now validate the retention of nanoplastics and microplastic fibers
with a more complete mass balance study. With a better understanding of emissions from WWTP,
one could suggest estimated annual load of particulate plastics released into the surface waters
which could, by extension, be used as a starting point for fate modelling.
Keywords: wastewater treatment plants, nanoplastics, textile fibers
∗Speaker †Corresponding author: denise.mitrano@eawag.ch
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Toxicological effects of Solea senegalensis larvae after

exposure to PCB contaminated microplastics
Cátia Gonçalves ∗† 1, Mariaelena D’ambrosio 1, Marta Martins 1,2, Pedro M. Costa
3, Paula Sobral 1, Maria H. Costa 1
1 MARE – Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, Departamento de Ciências e Engenharia do Ambiente,
Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia da Universidade Nova de Lisboa – Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia da
Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal 2 UCIBIO, REQUIMTE - Departamento de Química,
Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa – Departamento de Química, Faculdade de
Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal 3 UCIBIO – Research Unit on
Applied Molecular Biosciences, Departamento de Ciências da Vida, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia da
Universidade Nova de Lisboa – Departamento de Ciências da Vida, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia da
Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal
Due to its ubiquity, plastic debris is nowadays recognised as an emergent contaminant of aquatic
ecosystems. Microplastics (MP), i.e. plastic particles < 5 mm, are already described as the most
abundant in marine waters. Besides primary MP, which can be released to the environment by
accident or negligence, secondary MP are produced by fragmentation of post- consumer plastic
products. Although, preliminary findings demonstrated that flatfish larvae ingest primary MP
without significant pathological consequences (Fig.1), the potential effects of irregular MP or PCB
contaminated MP, remains unclear. Senegalese sole larvae (8 dph) were exposed, via water, to four
treatments of polystyrene MP, plus control: i) spherical MP (250 μg mL-1, DC: 50 ng mL-1). Post-exposurem), ii) secondary MP (< 250
μg mL-1, DC: 50 ng mL-1). Post-exposurem); iii) spherical MP contaminated with the mixture of PCB congeners (Aroclor 1254), and iv)
secondary MP with Aroclor 1254. Two concentrations of every MP were employed: 1,000 and
10,000 MP·mL-1. The experiments had a total duration of 14 days to enable monitoring of full
larval development (i.e. up to ocular migration). Larvae were fed daily with Artemia sp.
metanauplii. At days 7 and 14, mortality and developmental anomalies (e.g. skeletal deformities,
incorrect eye migration) were assessed and the remaining larvae from each treatment were collected
and stored at -80◦C for oxidative stress- and detoxification- related analyses (e.g. lipid peroxidation,
and superoxide dismutase and glutathione S-transferase activities). The results were integrated to
evaluate the potential effects and responses of fish larvae after MP exposure and to disclose the
influence of MP as a potential vector of PCB toxicity.
Keywords: microplastics, polystyrene, flatfish larvae, Aroclor 1254, biochemical responses
∗Speaker †Corresponding author: cv.goncalves@campus.fct.unl.pt
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Exposure of juvenile turbot (Scophthalmus maximus) to

contaminated microplastic diet: Oxidative stress
biomarkers, erythrocytic nuclear abnormalities and
histopathological effects.
Mariaelena D’ambrosio ∗† 1, Marta Martins 1, Cátia Gonçalves 1, Antonella Rosato
2, Giulio Zanaroli 2, Pedro M. Costa 3, Paula Sobral 1, Maria H. Costa 1
1 MARE – Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, Departamento de Ciências e Engenharia do Ambiente,
Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia da Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal. – Portugal 2 Alma
Mater Studiorum University of Bologna – Università di Bologna Via Zamboni, 33 - 40126 Bologna, Italy 3 UCIBIO-
REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 2829-
516 Caparica, Portugal – Portugal
In the last decades, the contamination and accumulation of microplastics (MPs) in aquatic
ecosystems have been considered one of the major threats in terms of environmental wellness and
human health. One of the main concerns of MPs relates to their predicted capacity of adsorbing
hydrophobic organic compounds. This property can have a major impact in the persistence,
horizontal transport and uptake of highly hazardous persistent organic pollutants (POPs). As a
contribution to understand the risk of POP absorption to MPs, a controlled experiment was
performed using juvenile turbot (Scophthalmus maximus) as biological model. The animals were
exposed through feed to MP spiked with a mixture of polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) congeners
(Aroclor 1254), a well-known POP. Aryl hydrocarbon receptor-related metabolism, histopathology
and genotoxicity were considered as major endpoints. Three different diets were prepared by
incorporating commercial fish pellets with MP sizing between 200 and 250 μg mL-1, DC: 50 ng mL-1). Post-exposurem: i) control, with
uncontaminated MP; ii) MP contaminated with the PCB; iii) MP contaminated with the
dehalogenated PCB. Moreover, a blank test was included to isolate potential effects of MP. The
organisms were fed twice a day, and physico-chemical parameters of the water were monitored
daily. At days 0, 14 and 36, twelve fish per treatment were sampled. Blood was used to survey
erythrocyte nuclear abnormalities (ENAs). Depending on organ (gills, liver or brain), other analyses
included biomarkers related to phases I-bioactivation and II-conjugation such ethoxyresorufin-O-
deethylase activity, glutathione and glutathione-S-transferase activity. Oxidative stress biomarkers
(superoxide dismutase activity, lipid peroxidation) and neuromus- cular impairment (acetylcholine
esterase activity) were also surveyed. Liver was also used for PCB bioaccumulation and
histopathological analysis. The results were integrated in order to assess the influence of MPs as
vectors of PCB and biofilm modified PCB toxicity in marine fish, a group that is known to be
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particularly sensitive to these pollutants.

Keywords: Microplastics, polychlorinated biphenyl, biomarkers, genotoxicity, flatfish
∗Speaker †Corresponding author: dambrosio.mariaelena@gmail.com
Evaluation of a microplastic sediment separator in the

context of MSFD beach microplastic monitoring
Tristan Macadré 1, Camille Lacroix ∗† 1, Karine Duboscq 1, Pierre Richard 1, Lo ̈ıc
Kerambrun 1
1 Centre de documentation de recherche et déxpérimentations sur les pollutions accidentelles des eaux – Cedre – 715
rue Alain Colas, CS 41836, 29218 Brest Cedex 2, France, France
Microplastics (< 5 mm) are widespread aquatic pollutants, observed in every marine com-
partments including sediments. The descriptor 10 of the Marine Strategy Framework Directive
(MSFD) requires that the ”properties and quantities of marine litter do not cause harm to the coastal
and marine environment.” To achieve or maintain Good Environmental Status (GES) in European
Seas, European Member States (MS) have to develop strategies that should lead to programmes of
measures. This involves the establishement of monitoring programmes, enabling the assessment of
the status of marine waters on a regular basis. In order to obtain accurate assessment of
microplastic abundance and its evolution in marine sediments, a monitoring protocol has to be set
up. Part of this protocol, the routine extraction step is of first importance. The MicroPlastic
Sediment Separator (MPSS) proposed by Imhof et al. (2012) is a commercialized tool reported by
the manufacturer to reliably separate microplastics from sediment. In this work, we assess the MPSS
potential for routine microplastics extraction from sediment. Performances, mainly efficiency and
repeatability, were evaluated by varying test conditions (extraction times; sand grain sizes) with
different microplastics in terms of sizes (from 0.1 to 5 mm), densities and shapes. The use of the
MPSS for routine extraction of microplastics from beach sediment samples in the context of MSFD
beach microplastic monitoring is discussed.
Keywords: Microplastic, sediment, extraction, MPSS, monitoring, MSFD
∗Speaker †Corresponding author: camille.lacroix@cedre.fr
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Adsorption rate study of persistent organic pollutants

in function of physical and chemical degradation of
marine microplastics
Bárbara Abaroa-Pérez 1, Daura Vega-Moreno ∗† 1, Joaquín Hernández-Brito 2
1 Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria – Spain 2 Plataforma Oceánica de Canarias – Spain
Over marine microplastics they are adsorbed large amount of persistent organic pollutants
(POPs), mainly polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), organochlorine pesticides (OPs) and
polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). These POPs have much more affinity for the plastics than
seawater and therefore they tend to accumulate over microplastic surface. But this affinity and
preconcentration is not the same for all kind of plastics. This study compare POPs adsorption rate
over the most abundant plastics: Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET), High Density Polyethylene
(HDPE), Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC), Low Density Polyethylene (LDPE), Polypropylene (PP) and
Polystyrene (PS).
Moreover adsorption rate vary on function of physical and chemical degradation state of the
plastics. POPs adsorption on microplastic is generated over the surface layer, mechanical fric- tion
of microplastic fragments (physical degradation) increase their surface and therefore their capacity
to POPs preconcentration. But also, the chemical degradation of the plastic, measure by
microplastic yellowness (Brandon 2016), varies the adsorption rates of these pollutants over
microplastic, added to the fact that the most yellowish fragments are also the ones with more
microfractures. In this study it has been evaluated on one side the adsorption rate of persistent
organic pollutans (POPs) over different kind of plastic composition fragments, and on the other, the
evaluation over the same kind of plastic (HDPE), with similar size and shape, but at different
physical and chemical degradation conditions.
Keywords: degradation, diferent kind of microplastics, yellowness, POPs
∗Speaker †Corresponding author: daura.vega@ulpgc.es
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Microplastics ingestion by deep-water catsharks Galeus

melastomus and Scyliorhinus canicula (Chondrichthyes)
in the Tyrrhenian sea (Western Mediterranean Sea)
Tommaso Valente ∗ 1, Jessica Bianchi , Cecilia Silvestri , Umberto Scacco , Andrea
De Lucia , Andrea Camedda , Marco Matiddi
1 Italian National Institute for Environmental Protection and Research (ISPRA) – Via di Castel Romano, 100 - Roma,
Italy
Nowadays plastic debris must be considered a ubiquitous element of marine ecosystems, dis-
tributed both in shallow and deep-water. Different diet studies suggest that shark and rays could be
threatened by plastic ingestion. Blackmouth catshark, Galeus melastomus (Rafinesque, 1810) and
lesser-spotted catshark, Scyliorhinus canicula (Linnaeus, 1758) are two abundant deep-water
elasmobranchs, both opportunistic scavengers, whose feeding habits have been widely studied in
overlaps and differences. The aim of our study is to verify any differences in frequency of plastic
ingestion by the two species and to evaluate possible incidence according to the intra-specific
variables. Samples result from a by-catch of professional fishing boat armed with trawl net for Giant
red shrimps capture at depths between 400 m and 500 m. Morpho-anatomical data (total length,
total weight, sex, maturity stage, weight of liver and gonads) were recorded for each individual.
Stomach and intestinal contents were weighed before incubating separately in a 10% KOH digestive
solution at 60◦ C overnight, to remove biogenic material and identify plastic debris using a
stereomicroscope. Nature of suspected items was determined using Fourier Transformed Infra-Red
spectrometry (FT-IR).
Preliminary results confirm that plastic ingestion occurs in both species and filaments-like are
the most frequent items, without significant differences in the two catsharks. However, there is a
greater variability in shape of plastics (sphere, fragment, film) ingested by G. melastomus than S.
canicula. This probably reflects differences in feeding habits of the two species. The detection of
plastics in the final part of the gastro-intestinal tract of both species seems to suggest that these
animals can expel the plastics with the feces and no forms of gastric blockage have been observed.
Studies are in progress to verify the magnitude of the observed differences between the two species
and to better investigate the phenomenon.
∗Speaker
Keywords: shark, deep water, microplastic, Mediterranean Sea, ingestion
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The sorption potential of 9 pharmaceuticals on the

surface of microplastics
Alan Puckowski ∗† 1, Katarzyna Mioduszewska 1, Anna Bia lk-Bielinska 1, Piotr
Stepnowski 1
1 University of Gdansk, Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Environmental Analysis – ul. Wita Stwosza 63 80-308
Gdansk, Poland
The interaction between environmental pollutants such as microscopic plastic particles (mi-
croplastics) and pharmaceuticals represents an unexamined concern related to intensively used
chemicals, which pose a potential threat to the aquatic environment. Therefore, the current study
investigates the sorption capacity of nine priority substances from the groups of anti- cancer drugs,
beta-blockers, veterinary antibiotics and anthelmintics, on the surface of the most often identified
microplastics in the aquatic environment. The sorption experiments were carried out in accordance
with the OECD 106 procedure, using polyethylene (high and low density), polypropylene and
polyvinyl chloride. The objectives include determining the sorption characteristics by analysing the
aqueous phase samples at equilibrium adsorption using chromatographic techniques (HPLC-UV),
as well as observing the influence of changes in pH and ionic strength on the process.
Keywords: pharmaceuticals, sorption, mikroplastic
∗Speaker †Corresponding author: alan.puckowski@ug.edu.pl
Swimming behaviour as a new endpoint to assess

microplastic effects on marine invertebrates
Chiara Gambardella ∗† 1, Silvia Morgana 1, Francesca Garaventa 1, Marco Faimali 1
1 ISMAR CNR – Via De Marini 6, 16149 Genova, Italy
Microplastics (MPs) are a global and emerging threat for the marine environment, due to their
worldwide distribution and persistence. Literature data show that, once ingested, they do not seem to
affect survival, but are able to induce sub-lethal effects in marine invertebrates. The aim of this
study was to propose the swimming behaviour as sub-lethal endpoint for three zooplankton species,
to assess MPs toxicity. The swimming speed alteration (SSA) of the rotifer Brachionus plicatilis, the
brine shrimp Artemia sp. and the larvae (pluteus) of the sea urchin Paracentrotus lividus was
investigated after exposure to polyethylene MPs. These invertebrates were exposed to a wide range
of MP concentrations (from 0.01 to 10 mg/L) different in size (1-4 μg mL-1, DC: 50 ng mL-1). Post-exposurem; 4-6 μg mL-1, DC: 50 ng mL-1). Post-exposurem) for 24 and 48
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hours. The sensitivity of the behavioural endpoint, measured with an automated recording system,
was compared to mortality or immobility. The swimming behaviour was also evaluated after
organism exposure to MPs spiked with benzophenone-3 (BP- 3), a hydrophobic organic chemical
used in cosmetics with direct input in coastal areas. MP build-up and significant differences in SSA
were observed in all species exposed to virgin and spiked-MPs, while no acute toxicity was found in
any invertebrates. Virgin MPs induced a higher effect on SSA than BP-3 spiked MPs in term of
LOEC, suggesting that BP-3 combined MPs are less toxic than MP itself. In general, these results
show that short-term exposure to virgin and spiked MPs causes changes in behavioural response,
affecting the swimming speed of marine rotifers, brine shrimps and sea urchin larvae. In conclusion,
swimming behaviour can be a good tool to assess sub-lethal effects of MPs alone and in mixture
with contaminants in marine invertebrates.
Keywords: swimming, invertebrates, sublethal toxicity, chemicals
∗Speaker †Corresponding author: chiara.gambardella@ge.ismar.cnr.it
Microplastic marine pollution: European policy needs

Raffaella Piermarini ∗† 1, Maria Vale‡ 2, Frederic Vandeperre§ 3,4,5, Marco Ar.
Santos¶ 6, Marco Matiddi 1, Christophe Kim Pham∗∗ 3,4,5, Cecilia Silvestri†† 1
1 ISPRA Italian National Institute for Environmental Protection and Research – Via Vitaliano Brancati 48 00144 Rome,
Italy 2 FRCT - Regional Fund for Science and Technology, SRMCT-GRA, Ponta Delgada, Azores, Portugal – Portugal 3
Okeanos, University of the Azores, Horta, Azores, Portugal – Portugal 4 IMAR-Institute of Marine Research, Horta,
Azores, Portugal – Portugal 5 MARE – Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, University of the Azores, Horta,
Portugal – Portugal 6 DRAM – Regional Directorate of Maritime Affairs, SRMCT-GRA, Horta, Azores, Portugal –
Portugal
Microplastics (MPs) are one of the environmental issues strongly debated by the public in
relationship with marine pollution and human health. The awareness regarding this issue is also
increasing at the policy makers level. Many international and intergovernmental bodies are debating
about the global problem of plastics in the marine environment. However, the problem of
microplastics has not yet been addressed globally in an appropriate manner by policy due to the
complexity of the problem: dispersal, durability, diversified pollution sources, fragmented
authorities, and uncoordinated policies.While it is easy to identify the recipient of the laws for
microplastic production and product design, it is more difficult to identify the correct addressee for
microplastics already released in the environment or coming from large items fragmentation.It is
important to focus on which policy areas and what requirements are needed to promote actions for
the management of microplastics. This poster provides an overview of the existing regulatory
instruments, which address the topic of marine microplastics developed at European and
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International levels.It discusses specific management options, measures, and best practices that are
already implemented, underling the existing gaps.
Keywords: microplastics, policy, marine pollution, legislation
∗Speaker †Corresponding author: raffaella.piermarini@isprambiente.it ‡Corresponding author:
Maria.LA.Vale@azores.gov.pt §Corresponding author: frederic.vandeperre@gmail.com ¶Corresponding author:
Marco.AR.Santos@azores.gov.pt Corresponding author: marco.matiddi@isprambiente.it ∗∗Corresponding author:
christopher.k.pham@uac.pt ††Corresponding author: cecilia.silvestri@isprambiente.it
Numerical modelling of plastic movement in coastal

regions
Cleo Jongedijk ∗† 1, Philippe Delandmeter 2, Jose M Alsina 3, Erik Van Sebille 2,
Maarten Van Reeuwijk‡ 1
1 Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering [Imperial College London] – South Kensington Campus London
SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom, United Kingdom 2 Institute for Marine and Atmospheric Research, Utrecht University,
Utrecht, the Netherlands – Netherlands 3 Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya [Barcelona] – C./Jordi Girona, 1-3,
08034 Barcelona, Spain
Recent investigations show that the largest concentrations of plastic litter in oceans occurs in the
nearshore. Coastlines are a major sink of microplastics, yet it is unclear how these small particles
are carried by breaking waves across the surfzone. The velocity fields of ocean models are used to
predict the transport of microplastic around the world. Ocean models currently do not include
coastal hydrodynamics and assume the plastic particles to behave as passive tracers. This makes
these models incapable of representing processes such as non-linear shoaling and breaking waves
as well as the sinking, inertial behaviour and the important process of beaching/resuspension of
particles in the swash zone.
This work aims to combine the multi-layer non-hydrostatic free-surface model SWASH and La-
grangian tracking software PARCELS in order to predict the transport magnitude and direction of
weakly inertial particles in the nearshore and in particular under the influence of breaking waves.
We have successfully incorporated the capability to simulate inertial and buoyant particles into
PARCELS and have validated the implementation by comparing to an analytical solution for the
settling of weakly inertial negatively buoyant particles under linear waves (Eames; 2008). The
comparison with the analytical solution is presented in Figure 1.
Current work focuses on the integration with PARCELS with the ultimate aim to simulate the
beaching of plastics for various plastic types. This work will contribute to better understanding of
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the behaviour of plastic particles in the coastal region where it directly affects humans, also it will
contribute to a better understanding of plastic particle dynamics at the boundary of the ocean which
will improve global scale plastic particle transport modeling.
Eames I 2008 Settling of particles beneath water waves J. Phys. Oceanogr. 38 2846-53
Keywords: Numerical Modeling, Microplastic, Coastline, Coastal, Waves
∗Speaker †Corresponding author: c.jongedijk17@imperial.ac.uk ‡Corresponding author:
m.vanreeuwijk@imperial.ac.uk
Microplastics in freshwater systems (southeast Poland)

preliminary results
Urszula Aleksander-Kwaterczak, Marzena Połeć, Katarzyna Wątor, Ewa Kmiecik.
1 AGH University of Science and Technology, Poland – Poland
Microplastic contamination is an increasing environmental problem. There are studies con-

firming the dominate role of rivers in plastics transport from terrestrial areas to the seas and oceans.
In Poland, there is a lack of research concerning on the problems of microplastics in the freshwater
environment. The research has been mainly related to the marine environment so far. Therefore, the
purpose of the work is to check the presence of microplastic in freshwater system. This paper
presents the preliminary results of the research on the occurrence of microplastics in surface water
and bottom sediments as well as groundwater. Research was carried out in the southeast Poland,
mainly in the city of Cracow. Two water samples from Vistula and Rudawa rivers and one sample of
groundwater used as tap water were collected. The water samples were filtered through 40 μg mL-1, DC: 50 ng mL-1). Post-exposurem glass
fiber filter and then analyzed macroscopically. A stereomicroscope, SEM and FT-IR were used for
further analysis. The presence of microplastics was not detected in surface water samples. In
groundwater sample it has been found some particles, which sup- pose to be plastic debris.
Additional analysis of that sample with SEM and FT-IR gave no certain results. All found debris are
very similar to the microplastics.
Subsequent research applies to the bottom sediments. Three samples of sediments were
collected from channels entering the Vistula River. Sediments were sifted through the sieve column.
The sieve contents were poured with distilled water into porcelain dishes and allowed to dry in con-
dition protected from possible air pollution. The collected, sorted sediment was subjected to a
preliminary macroscopic analysis. Some fragment of a plastic film was detected. The reference
sample was used as a standard to compare the results obtained from environmental samples. It was
prepared using the cosmetic facial cleansers containing microgranules and shredded plastics.
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Keywords: microplastic, freshwater systems, water, bottom sediment, Poland

∗Speaker †Corresponding author: aleksa@geol.agh.edu.pl
Three-dimensional numerical simulation of

microplastics dispersal from point sources in the
Baltic Sea region
Samor Wongsoredjo ∗† 1, Erik Toorman 2
1 Hydraulics Division, Department of Civil Engineering, KU Leuven – Kasteelpark Arenberg 40 (box 2448) 3001
Leuven, Belgium 2 Hydraulics Division, Department of Civil Engineering, KU Leuven – Kasteelpark Arenberg 40 (box
2448), 3001, Heverlee, Belgium
Microplastics are found to be dispersed over a large geographical extend between continents, in
oceans and on beaches (Barnes et al., 2009; Cozar et al., 2014). Depending on the processes present
in an area, such as wind (Chubarenko & Stepanova, 2017), tides or water surface waves (Isobe et al.,
2014), dispersal of plastic particles could extend over large areas, like the Baltic Sea (Chubarenko &
Stepanova, 2017). Insight from these studies combined with three-dimensional numerical modelling
are applied to the Himmerfjärden bay (near Stokcholm, Sweden) and Oslo Fjord (Norway) to
simulate the geographic dispersal of microplastics emitted from a point source (located at the
outflow of a waste water treatment plant). A particular insight is the relative great distance of
microplastics in the open sea dispersed by the wind (Chubarenko & Stepanova, 2017). In this
regard, it was important to include wind in the numerical simulation. This research was carried out
as part of the JPI Oceans WEATHER-MIC project (http://www.jpi- oceans.eu/weather-mic/about).
The main physical processes that were taken into account in this research were as follows: water
level fluctuations (i.e. tides, extracted from a larger numerical model of the Baltic Sea using the
TPXO tidal database); tide generating and Coriolis force, and wind from the ECMWF database. In
this early stage of numerical modelling, the microplastics dispersal wasmodelled with passive
tracers in a Telemac 3D (www.OpenTELEMAC.org) simulation with a point source. A simulation
representing 28 days shows a relatively small dispersal along the source point with the above
mentioned processes implemented in the 3D models, which is explained by the sheltered source
locations (Figures in Annex). Long-term simulations will be carried out and more processes,
including weathering and biofouling, will be incorporated.
Keywords: three dimensional numerical model, microplastics, telemac 3D
∗Speaker †Corresponding author: samor.wongsoredjo@kuleuven.be
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Tracking plastic incorporation into biogeochemical

cycles
Kelsey Rogers ∗ 1, Joan Carreres Calabuig 1, Elena Gorokhova 2, Nicole Posth 1
1 University of Copenhagen – Nørregade 10, 1165 København, Danemark, Denmark 2 Stockholm University – Sweden
Recent studies show ubiquitous distribution and leaching of plastics in seawater, which increases
bioavailabilty of plastic-derived DOM to marine organisms. In aquatic environments, many bacteria
and fungi colonize plastic particles and utilize polymers as an energy source. We hypothesize that
the utilization of plastics as a microbial carbon source can be traced in the isotopic composition of
plastic-derived DOM (dissolved organic matter). As a derivative of oil products, this DOM will be
depleted in δ13C and 14C signatures; this signal can be traced in microbial biomass. To explore
the relationship between the microbial community and plastic-derived DOM, we use various
isotopic approaches, i.e., isotopic tracer experiments in water, slurry and whole sediment cores,
stable isotope probing (SIP) and nanoSIMS to track the incorporation of plastic derived DOM into
the microbial loop. In this way, we aim to understand the fate of plastic particles in marine waters
and sediment, their biogeochemical cycling and transport.
Keywords: microbial loop, carbon isotopes, plastic derived DOM, SIP, nanoSIMS
∗Speaker
Citizen science: a useful tool for both microplastic

research and environmental engagement
Luis F. Ruiz-Orejóna*, Gemma Agella*, Maria Viciosob*, Cristina Puigc*, Elisabetta
Brogliod*, Nayeli Bernal-Mendozaa* and Juan Baztane*
a: Centre d’Estudis Avançats de Blanes (CEAB-CSIC). Carretera d’accés a la Cala St. Francesc 14, 17300. Blanes-
Girona, Spain; b: Institut de Ciències del Mar (ICM-CSIC). Passeig Marítim de la Barceloneta, 37-49. 08003
Barcelona, Spain; c: Museu Marítim de Barcelona · Avinguda de les Drassanes, s/n 08001 Barcelona, Spain; d:
Barcelona Citizen Science Office. Instituto de Cultura de Barcelona-Palacio de la Virreina, La Rambla, 99. 08002
Barcelona, Spain; e: CEARC, Observatoire de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, 11 boulevard d’Alembert, 78280
Guyancourt, France. *Marine Sciences For Society.
Microplastics are currently one of the most widely distributed debris in marine ecosystems
around the world. Over the past decade, microplastic detections have become a growing concern in
the scientific community, that highlights the importance of a better understanding of their spatial-
temporal distribution and the need for a society committed to face problems with a strong
anthropogenic origin. The marine citizen science platform Sea Watchers monitors microplastic
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abundance, distribution and composition in beaches involving educational community in scientific

research in the framework of the ‘Plastic 0’ campaign. Here we present the preliminary results from
several locations in the North Western Mediterranean coast. Citizen science may provide an
important means to highlight environmental threats, to engage communities in environmental
monitoring and to build on scientific and social connections. ‘Plastic 0’ involved more than 1500
students in beach sampling and microplastic analyses under training and mentorship of scientists.
The results provided highlight the spatial-temporal variations in the beaches sampled, where
densely populated points have reached maximum concentrations of over 40 items·m -2. ‘Plastic 0’
has proven to be a suitable project to involve a community in scientific research and foster private-
sphere behaviors such as reduced plastic consumption, and public-sphere behaviors, such as
stewardship activities.
Microplastics in polychaetes from the Norwegian

continental shelf. Methods for determination and
preliminary results from analysis
Jakob Cyvin∗1,2, Heidi Knutsen1,3 Thomas Møskeland 4, Arne Pettersen 1, Hans
Peter H. Arp 1,3
1 NGI – Norway, 2 NMBU – Norway, 3 NTNU – Norway, 4DNV-GL - Norway
Our earlier investigations of sediments from the Norwegian Continental Shelf found a visual
average concentration of 60 ± 80 mg microplastic/kg sediment (range from < LOD=0.001 g to 410
mg/kg), with a mean concentration confirmed by FTIR of 6 ± 10 mg/kg (range from < LOD=0.001g
to 46 mg/kg). Microplastic concentration in polychaetes (Galathowenia oculata) from the same area
are being investigated, herein methodology and preliminary results from these analysis are
presented, and compared with analyzed sediments from the same stations.
The area of investigation is in the Northern North sea (close to the oil fields Kvitebjørn and
Visund), and in the Barents Sea. The samples were taken from 66 to 80 m depth. Our method for
investigation of the polychaetes is based on digestion, density separation, filtration and finally
analysis with FT-IR microscopy.
The species and benthic ecosystem impacts of excessive levels of microplastics in polychaetes is
currently unknown. Increased knowledge about the transfer of microplastic between the ocean,
sediments and biota (in our case polycheates) is vital to assessing consequences and addressing
solutions for the global problem of microplastic pollution.
Keywords: microplastic, polycheates, Norwegian continental shelf, benthic
∗Speaker
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Another top predator in the list: microplastics in

Mediterranean Monk Seals
Gema Hernandez-Milian ∗ 1, Amy Lusher 2, Luigi Bundone 1, Jasna Antolovic 3,
Emanuele Coppola 4, Sanja Zalac 5, Emanuela Molinaroli
1 Archipelagos Italia, Ambiente e Sviluppo (Archipelagos - environment and development) – Calle asiago 4 (Sant’
Elena), venize 30132, Italy 2 Norwegian Institute for Water Research (NIVA) – Gaustadalléen 21 0349 Oslo, Norway 3
Grupa Sredozemna medvjedica – Kreˇsimirov trg 15 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia 4 Gruppo Foca Monaca Italia – via Carlo
Emery, 47 00188 Roma, Italy 5 Grupa sredozemna medvjedica – Kreˇsimirov trg 15 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia
Mediterranean Sea has been considered one of the areas with highest density of plastics. This is
a particular Sea Region where one of the most critically marine mammal species, the Mediterranean
monk seal, inhabit. The incidence of plastics, including microplastics, in this species has not been
investigate yet. In this study we present the first results about incidence of microplastics in this
predator through scat analysis. Scat samples from north Adriatic (Istria- Croatia, n=4) and south
Tyrrhenian (Sicily-Italy, n=4) seas were collected and analyzed for both microplastics and dietary
investigations. Microplastic separation and identification was carried out following previous
methodology adapted for scat samples. In all samples, only demersal fish was identified, but only
30% of the samples contained microplastics (fibers). Although the study was carried out with
limited sample size, the trophic transfer possibility is discussed. In addition, we underline the
importance of this information for an endangered mammal such as the Mediterranean monk seal,
and the use of scats for the first time for this species.
Keywords: Mediterranean Sea, Monk Seal, Microplastics, scats
∗Speaker
Textual synthetic fibres from machine washing and

tumble drying: emissions and their reduction
Markus Sillanpää ∗ 1, Minna Sepponen
1 Finnish Environment Institute SYKE – P.O. Box 140, FI-00251 Helsinki, Finland, Finland
Synthetic fibres released in cloth washing are assessed to be one of the major sources of primary
microplastics into the environment. The objectives of this study is 1) to quantify the emissions of
synthetic textile fibers discharged from sequential machine washings and tumble dryings and 2)
investigate the collection efficiency of two commercially available tools that were designed to trap
the textile fibres from washing waters. The synthetic fabrics under investigation included four
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types of polyester textiles (two fleece fabrics, one softshell fabric and technical T-shirt), one
technical T-shirt of polyamide and one jersey of polyacryl. All the fabrics were new/unused and they
were separately treated in five sequential washing-drying cycles. The collection efficienfy of
Washing bag (GuppyFriend) and washing ball (Coraball) was determined. The three replicate
samples from total washing water was filtrated and subsequently analysed gravimetrically and under
an optical microscopy. The fibres released in the tumble drier were collected after each drying and
their masses were determined. The number and mass of microfibers released from test fabrics in
the first wash varied in the range 1.0x105 to 6.3x106 kg-1, and 0.038 to 0.22 % w/w, respectively.
The corresponding mass range in the first drying was 0.001 to 0.17% w/w. Fibre emissions showed
a decreasing trend both in sequential washes and dryings. The ratio of machine washing to tumble
drying varied between the fabrics: the ratio was nearly one or lower to polyester fleece fabrics
whereas it was much larger to other tested textiles. The collection efficiency values for washing bag
and Cora ball will be given and means to reduce the emissions will be discussed. For the further
studies, sampling and analytical methods have to be developed in order to quantify these small
microplastic fibres in the wastewater treatment plants and various environments.
Keywords: microplastic, polyester, polyamide, polyacryl, washing machine, tumble drier, emission reduction
∗Speaker
Antioxidant and immune status of European sea bass

after ingestion, combined or separately, of
polyethylene microplastics and oxybenzone
Daniel Gonzalez-Silvera ∗ 1, Steffen Keiter 2, Bettie Cormier 3,4, María De Los
ángeles Esteban 1, Alberto Cuesta 1
1 Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Murcia – Departamento de Biologia Celular, 2
Facultad Orebro de Biologia, Universidad de Murcia. Espinardo, Murcia. CP:30100, Spain Universitet, Institutionen
for Naturvetenskap och Teknik – Sweden 4 3 Man-Technology-Environment EPOC, Bordeaux University – Research
UMR5805 Centre, Orebro, EPOC, School Sweden University of Science of Bordeaux, and Technology, Pessac, France –
France Orebro University
Microplastic (MP) pollution in marine environments is in the spotlight due to the possible
negative effects they can cause after their ingestion by marine fauna. Although ingested
microplastics might harm fish health, current research has mainly focused on the toxicological
effects of substances commonly found in marine water. Unfortunately, microplastics are able to
incorporate these substances, with their subsequent accumulation and incorporation to the trophic
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food chain. In this work we aimed to investigate the effects, separately and in combination, of both
microplastic (polyethylene, PE) and oxybenzone (2-hydroxy-4-methoxybenzophenone, BP3) on
antioxidant status and immunological parameters of European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax). Fish
were fed with diets consisting of control commercial diet alone or supplemented with PE MPs (100
mg/kg fish feed), BP3 (115 μg mL-1, DC: 50 ng mL-1). Post-exposureg/kg fish feed) or PE+BP3 (BP3 adsorbed on PE MP particles). Liver
superoxide and catalase activities were determined. Serum and head-kidney leucocytes (HKL) were
obtained after 7 and 28 days from the beginning of the experiment, and innate immune parameters
were studied (serum bactericidal activity against pathogenic bacteria as well as HKL phagocytic
capacity and ability, respiratory burst and peroxidase activities). Results show some changes in both
antioxidant and immune status of the sea bass immune system after ingestion of microplastics, in
particular when they are combined with oxybenzone.
Keywords: Microplastics, polyethylene, oxybenzone, european sea bass
∗Speaker
Developing baseline for future research on

microplastic contamination in urban waters of Gujarat,
through rapid evaluation of major water bodies in
Ahmedabad
Raj Parmar ∗ 1, Chirag Shastri† 1, Shwetal Shah ‡ 2
1 Center for Climate Change Clean Development Initiative – 7, Nandanvan Row House, Prerna Tirth Derasar Road, B/
h. ISRO, Satellite, Ahmedabad 380015, Gujarat, INDIA, India 2 Climate Change Department, Government of Gujarat –
Climate Change Department 11/1 Sardar Bhavan, Sachivalaya, Gandhinagar - 382 010 Gujarat, India, India
Microplastics are now a threat to the natural systems and it has became a major pollutant. Plastic
in natural environment, pollute the water resources, negatively affect the ecosystems and it acts a
carrier of many pollutants like heavy metals, synthetic dyes and other toxic contaminants. For a
nation like India which is the major consumer of plastic in the world, the awareness of microplastic
is lacking and there is a clear evidence about the research gap in the field of assessments related to
microplastics in India. The proposed study focuses on quantification and identification of major
plastic types found in the water bodies in the urban area of Ahmedabad. The assessment is focused
finding evidence of microplastic in Sabarmati river, 3 major lakes & ponds based upon different
localities and the assessment was given for various plastic type like low-density polyethylene, high-
density polyethylene, polypropylene, polystyrene, polyethy- lenterephthalt, polyvinyl chloride. The
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assessment done with the help of phytoplankton net showed that there are evidences of plastic in the
surface water bodies. Water samples were collected to assess microplastic through FTIR shows
presences of microplastic as-well. The primary assessment of the various surface water bodies has
shown significant amount of plastic and diversity in the types of plastic. The nature of the
assessment was rapid the finding of the research provides a pathway to assess the actual impact and
magnitude of contamination due to plastic in water bodies.
Keywords: Microplastic, Urban Environment, Lakes, Rivers, Synthetic Fibre, Rapid Assessment
∗Speaker †Corresponding author: chiragshastri71@gmail.com ‡Corresponding author: spshah987@gmail.com
Exploring public views on the issue of microplastics

in relation to the recent government imposed plastic
ban in western part of India: Perceived causes,
perception of stakeholders and the degree of change in
the understanding of the issue
Darpan Vaishnav ∗ 1,2, Shwetal Shah † 3
1 Darpan vaishnav – Navarangpura Ahmedabad - 380009 Gujarat, INDIA, India 2 Action Group (Gujarat) – India 3
Climate Change Department, Government of Gujarat – Climate Change Department 11/1 Sardar Bhavan, Sachivalaya,
Gandhinagar - 382 010 Gujarat, India, India
The government of Maharashtra, in India, announced a ban on manufacture, use, sale,

distribution and storage of plastic materials such as one-time-use bags, spoons, plates, PET and
PETE bottles and thermocol items. A similar ban followed suite in Gujarat, on 5th June 2018, on the
World Environment Day. The civic authorities have imposed a fine of Rs 5,000, Rs 10,000 for the
first-time and second-time offenders and a fine of Rs 25,000, along with a three-month
imprisonment for third time offenders. This study was aimed at finding the perceptions of this ban
on various stakeholders, their perceived cause and thereafter to check whether they can connect the
microplastic crisis to this ban. Out of the 450 respondents that we interviewed or who participated
in our study through a survey, which consisted of 160 NGOs, 148 local vendors who earlier used
plastic, 33 vendors who earlier did not use plastic bags, 15 university researchers whose research is
in the field of environment or allied subjects and 15 whose is not, 36 consumers and 43 school
students. The questionnaire used was designed to be the same for all subjects and focused more on
businesses as well as community and consumer perspectives. Only less than 59 respondents
managed to correlate the plastic ban to the microplastics crisis, only 18 of these were able to do it
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without prompted awareness from the questionnaire itself. The NGOs that worked with themes
aligned with environment mostly showed that their understanding of the issue also considered the
microplastics crisis, majority of which were influenced by the World Environment Day campaign
against plastic. Others had varied perceptions. Finally we measured the degree of change of the
understanding of the issue based on the responses, which resulted in a positive change of +2 out of a
maximum of +5.
Keywords: plastic, plastic ban, microplastics, pollution, policy
∗Speaker †Corresponding author: spshah987@gmail.com
Occurrence and identification of small plastic litter in

Algerian beaches
Nasr-Eddine Taibi∗ 1, Mohamed El Amine Bentaallah 2, Carmen Alomar † 3,
Montserrat Compa 3, Salud Deudero 3
1 University of Mostaganem – Site III (ex ITA), BP 227 RP, 27000 Mostaganem, Algeria 2 university of Tlemcen –
Algeria 3 Instituto Español de Oceanografía. Centro Oceanográfico de Baleares. – Spain
The lack of plastic recycling, the underdeveloped solid waste Management and people be-
haviour in Algeria has led to an important accumulation of plastic litter in the urban zones and the
environment. Large plastic litter can be collected on the beach, unlike small plastic items, which
remain in the sediment. Therefore, the aim of this work is to quantify and to identify the plastic
particles (≥1 mm < 60mm) existing on the beaches of the Algerian western coast. Furthermore, the
aim was to find out the relationship between the plastic litter occurrence and human pressure in each
beach. In this sense, anthropogenic impact was classified into high, medium, and low taking into
account the distance between each beach and the nearest populated areas. Sediment sampling was
performed within a 0.5 m x 0.5 m quadrant for each beach using transects set between the coastline
and the dune system. Data analysis was based for each sample on the concentration of items
(number/m2), and weight (g)/m2), and size (mm). The mean weight ranged from 0.01 to 0.07
g/m2.A positive correlation between plastic items concentration and human pressure has been
proved for three beaches:, Sablettes (66 items/m2); , Benabdelmalek Ramdane (34,29 items/m2),
and; Petit Port (East, 66,4 items/m2). Microplas- tics (< 5 mm) composed of fragments and granules
were dominant for all beaches except for Bahara (34%). In addition, a subsample of the plastics
representing each beach was tested to characterize polymers and FTIR results indicated that 79.5%
of the plastics were polyethylene and 15.4% were polyamide. The presence of plastic waste could be
reduced on the beaches by setting more garbage containers, especially during the summer holidays,
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and improving the waste management treatment. Recycling and environmental consciousness could
be an efficient solution to minimize the plastic issue in Algeria.
Keywords: Plastic litter, Algeria, beaches, FTIR
∗Corresponding author: nasreddine.taibi@univ-mosta.dz †Speaker
Performance of bio-degradable plastic in the marine

environment
Christian Lott ∗† 1,2, Andreas Eich 1, Boris Unger 2, Dorothée Makarow 2, Markus
T. Lasut 3, Miriam Weber 1,2
1 HYDRA Marine Sciences GmbH – Burgweg 4 76547 Sinzheim, Germany 2 HYDRA Institute for Marine Sciences –
Seestr. 8 80802 München, Germany 3 Sam Ratulangi University UNSRAT, Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Science,
Manado – Jalan Kampus, Bahu, Malalayang, Kleak, Kota Manado, Sulawesi Utara 95115, Indonesia
Replacing conventional plastic with biodegradable plastic is discussed as a possible mitigation

strategy for marine plastic pollution. However, there have been hardly any systematic field tests
under marine conditions. There is little information and a lot of bias. Some laboratory tests have
been performed with natural marine matrices, few tests have been conducted under natural
conditions in the field. Thus, there is not a lot of specific information about the performance of
biodegradable plastic under marine conditions. Biodegradability is usually tested in a laboratory test
in closed systems by following the CO2 production and/or the O2 consumption over time. Various
standard laboratory tests exist for compost, soil and also marine conditions. Once proven in the
laboratory, it is important to verify whether the material is also biodegrading under natural marine
conditions. We have been developing in-situ tests for several marine scenarios, and tested about 20
different polymers and blends of plastic film with 12 - 100 μg mL-1, DC: 50 ng mL-1). Post-exposurem thickness in natural coastal habitats
in the Mediterranean Sea and Southeast Asia. All tested materials that have been proven
biodegradable in lab tests showed disintegration in field tests. The half-life of materials range from
some weeks to some years. The disintegration of all biodegradable plastic tested is much faster than
estimated for conventional plastic. The disintegration depends on climate zone and habitat
conditions, such as matrix (water, sand, mud), temperature and nutrients. Some habitats in the same
region are more active in the biodegradation of a specific material. Different materials are degraded
differently under different conditions, especially with regard to oxygen availability, i.e. apparently
some materials degrade faster without, others faster with oxygen. Results of concluded and ongoing
field experiments as a baseline for a catalogue of the specific half-life as a material property for the
most common biodegradable polymers and blends are given.
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Keywords: biodegradable plastic, disintegration, in situ tests, half life

∗Speaker †Corresponding author: c.lott@hydramarinesciences.com
Microplastics presence in Fuerteventura beaches

(Cofete and Gran Tarajal)
Patricia Ostiategui - Francia ∗ 1
Canaria, Spain
Marine debris impacts and microplastics presence on beaches has been widely reported.
However, only one study had been performed by Baztan et al., 2014 in Fuerteventura Island. This
new study, performed along 5 months allows a wider vision of microplastics impact on
Fuerteventura beaches. For this study, two beaches of Fuerteventura were sampled, Cofete and Gran
Tarajal. Beaches were chosen according to geographical orientation and human impact. Beach
orientation allows to determinate impact of Canary Current on microplastics presence, whereas
human use allows to determinate which if debris comes from the ocean or due to human activities.
In addition, Gran Tarajal beach is located at the mouth of a stream bed, which flow debris from
inland after strong rains.
Sampling was carried out between October 2016 and February 2017, according to the method-
ology developed by Baztan et al., whit some modifications. A 100 meters transect was chosen at the
highest tide line, and triplicates samples were token along this transect. 3 adjoining quadrants were
determinate for macro (> 5mm), meso (5mm – 1mm) and micro (< 1mm) plastics sampling. For
meso plastics analyses, sand samples were dried at a stove, weight and sieve trough a sieve tower.
For micro plastics, samples were dried at a stove and dry weight was recorded. Afterwards, based on
Thompson methodology (Thompson et al., 2004), hipersaline water was added and mixed for two
minutes, allowed to settling and upper layer was removed with a syringe and filtered through a 0.7
μg mL-1, DC: 50 ng mL-1). Post-exposurem paper filter. Same process was repeated 3 times.
Results showed that Cofete beach, at the West side of Fuerteventura is more affected by marine
debris contamination, due to the effect of the Canarian Current. These results agree with those
obtained by previous studies both in Fuerteventura and other islands of Canarian Archipelago.
Keywords: Fuerteventura, Microplastics, Beach, Sand, Cofete, Gran Tarajal
∗Speaker
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Detecting microplastics pollution in world oceans

using radar satellites
Narangerel Davaasuren ∗ 1, Armando Marino† , Carl Boardman‡ , Matteo Alparone ,
Ferdinando Nunziata , Nicolas Ackermann , Irena Hajnsek
1 The Open University – School of Engineering and Innovation, STEM The Open University, Walton Campus, Milton
Keynes, MK7 6AA, United Kingdom., United Kingdom
Plastic pollution in world oceans is estimated to have reached 270.000 tones, or 5.25 trillion
pieces. This estimation however is largely based on sea surface trawling which requires a con-
siderable amount of resource to provide data for upscaling estimates. The plastic accumulates in the
ocean gyres, creating so-called ”garbage patches”. The largest garbage patches are located in the
North Pacific, the ”Great Pacific Garbage patch” and in the North Atlantic, the ”North Atlantic
Garbage patch”. This plastic debris will disintegrate and degrade into microplastic and colonized by
microorganisms which can create unique surfactants and bio-film. We hypothesize, that these
surfactants, will affect the fluid dynamic properties of waves (change in viscosity and surface
tension) and make them detectable by radar satellite. In this study we used Sentinel-1A, COSMO-
SkyMed and TerraSAR-X radar satellite images from different dates. If possible, detection based on
the use of radar would yield data that current detection methods could not match in terms of spatial
and temporal resolution. At present, radar is not used for this purpose, we therefore explore its
potential by considering the impact of plastic on ocean fluid dynamics. We are also considered the
contextual image analysis, ocean geophysical products of the sea surface temperature, surface wind,
chlorophyll, wave heights and direction. In addition, we started lab experiments under controlled
conditions to test the behaviour of microbes colonizing the two most common marine pollutants,
polyethylene (PE) and polyethylene terephthalate (PET). The analysis of the satellite images had
shown that a combination of surface wind speed and Langmuir cells- ocean circulation pattern
create a distinctive appearance of surfactants, sea-slicks and microbial bio-films. The preliminary
conclusion of our study is that radar satellite images may be able to detect plastic pollution in the
open oceans and this method can be extended to other areas.
Keywords: Microplastics, Surfactants, radar satellite
∗Speaker †Corresponding author: armando.marino@stir.ac.uk ‡Corresponding author: carl.boardman@open.ac.uk
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Exposure of polystyrene microplastics on +0 juvenile

Sparus aurata: An assessment on ingestion and fatty
acid metabolism
Marisa Faria a,b, Paula Canada b,c, André Góis a, Natacha Nogueira b,c,d, Nereida
Cordeiro a,b,d
a Laboratory of Bioanalysis, Biomaterials am Biotechnology - Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of
Madeira, 9000-390 Funchal, Portugal bOceanic Observatory of Madeira ‐ ARDITI, 9020‐105 Funchal, Portugal
cMariculture Center of Calheta; Fisheries Directorate, 9370‐133 Calheta, Portugal dCIIMAR - Interdisciplinary Centre
of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal
In the last years, the presence of plastics debris in the marine environment has been a constant
over time, arousing the interest of the scientific community. Different mechanical and
physicochemical processes such as biodegradation, thermooxidative degradation, thermal
degradation and photodegradation, transform these debris into small particles, microplastics (MPs),
which are very difficult to remove it. Swallowing of the non-digestible particles increases the risk of
bioaccumulation in marine organisms and may spread along the trophic chain. In this study, the
influence of exposure to MPs in the fatty acid metabolism and their ingestion on +0 juvenil Sparus
aurata was assessed using two MPs concentrations. The presence of microplastics on fish gut was
evaluated by fluorescence microscopic and fatty acid analysis was performed by GC-MS.
Preliminary studies showed the presence of microplastics in the gastric intestinal tract of all
treatments. Exposure to MPs seems to arise effects in the profile of fatty acids, namely on PUFAs.
Based on these results, it is possible to assume that the exposure and ingestion of MPs by +0
juveniles affects the lipid metabolism of these organisms.
Keywords: Microplastic, Fatty acid, Ingestion, Sparus aurata
∗Speaker
Isolation of Plastisphere phototrophs and a look at the

early stage plastic colonisation in the Mediterranean
Sea
Mira Latva ∗ 1, Marco Polin 2, Joseph Christie-Oleza 1
1 School of Life Sciences, The University of Warwick – United Kingdom 2 Physics Department, University of Warwick –
United Kingdom
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Microbial community composition on marine plastic particles has been investigated after long-
term incubation periods (weeks or months), whereas little is known about the early stage
colonisation process (first few hours). Understanding the patterns of early stage plastic colonisation
is important, because the first colonisers may have the ability to influence the dynamics of the
biofilm and the Plastisphere formation. For instance, species with potential to degrade plastics
require access to the plastic surface for biodegradation to occur, and whether this is achieved or not
will likely depend on the initial establishment of the microbial community. The role of substrate
surface parameters in relation to environmental factors in the early stages of microbial attachement
to microplastics is likewise unclear (Oberbeckmann et al. 2018). Here I will discuss results of recent
fieldwork on the Mallorcan coastline of the Mediterranean Sea, aimed at characterising early stage
plastic colonisation as well as isolating a marine phototroph that is able to colonise plastic surfaces.
The phototroph we discovered will allow us to establish a minimal but environmentally relevant,
self-sustaining community of plastic-colonising marine micro-organisms enabling the detailed
quantitative study of early stage colonisation dynamics within controlled settings.
Keywords: Plastisphere, plastic colonisation, marine microbiology, phototroph, isolate
∗Speaker
Characteristics of conventional and bio-based

polymers during sewage sludge treatment
Annett Mundani ∗† 1, Steffen Krause , Christian Schaum
1 Universität der Bundeswehr München – Werner-Heisenberg-Weg 39 85577 Neubiberg, Germany
Microplastic in limnic systems is in the focus of current research. Possible entry paths are waste
water treatment plants, where most of the quantified polymer particles (smaller than 5 millimetres)
are eliminated and sewage sludge acts as sink. Here, previous studies typically compare particle
number and size of a waste water treatment plant’s in-/outflow and sewage sludge.
Within laboratory experiments, digested sludge has been spiked with a specific number of starch
blend and polypropylene particles of different size. The experiments were designed to evaluate
changes of material properties for conventional and bio-based plastic. Here, a model water serves
as abiotic control that correlates in its composition with the electrolyte composition of the
supernatant of digested sludge.
After preparation and extraction (according to the developed procedure for micro plastic in
anaerobic environments by our group), the polymers were characterised with optical, spec-
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troscopic, gravimetrical, and thermoanalytical methods. Results clearly show alterations of starch
blend – after 28 days approximately 15 % reduction in mass for those with a diameter of 3 mm in
size and 25 % reduction in mass for those of 6 mm diameter (fig. 1). In contrast, no variations (after
28 days less than 1 % reduction in mass) could be observed for polypropylene particles. The
chosen particle sizes of 3 and 6 mm diameter correspond to those that may be introduced into the
digester by food packages as co-substrate
This research work is a first step in order to analyse degradation and compare variations in
material properties of different polymers in digested sewage sludge. All studies took place within
the frame of project ”Strategies for the reduction of urban plastic emissions into limnic systems
(PLASTRAT)”, funded by the Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF) as part of
priority programme ”Plastik in der Umwelt – Quellen, Senken, Lösungsansätze” .
Keywords: polymers, anaerobic environments, sewage sludge, analysis, degradation
∗Speaker †Corresponding author: annett.mundani@unibw.de
Are drifting microplastics entry vectors of alien

species in the Canary Islands?
Emilio Soler Onís∗† 1, May Gómez 2, Alicia Herrera 2, Juan Fernández Zabala 1
1 Spanish Bank of Algae. FPCT of the University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria – Muelle de Taliarte s/n. 35214 Telde,
Canary Islands, Spain, Spain 2 Marine Organisms Physiology. ECOAQUA. – Faculty of Marine Sciences, Campus
Tafira, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35017 Las Palmas, Canary Islands, Spain, Spain
Exotic, invasive, alien, non-native and harmful species are being transported around the world
by drifting plastic debris, though not a shipping vector, has also been shown to cause transoceanic
transfer of marine life. The introduced organisms include viruses, bacteria, spores, algae,
microalgae, cyanobacteria and others, which have a global, ecological, social and econom- ical
impacts. From the ecological point of view, invasive species has been identified, in general, as the
second greatest threat to global bio-diversity after habitat loss. In the last years, the identification of
microalgae and cyanobacteria species with a distant bio- geographical distribution in isolated areas
without any antropogenic disturbances of the Ca- nary Islands as for instance, Meloneis mimallis
(Milos Island, Mediterranean Sea), Procentrum panamense (Martinique, Contadora, French
Polynesia and Panama) Prorocentrum sipanadense (Sipadan Island, Malaysia), Prorocentrum
elegans (Belize), Cabra levis (Sea of Japan, Russia), Gambierdiscus caribaeus (Caribbean Sea,
Florida and Belize) suggests that there are several vectors and pathways for aquatic invasive species
in the archipelago (ballast waters, aquaculture, sediment transport, etc.) In this study, an account of
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suspect alien species found on microplastics, that may have been inadvertently introduced into the
Canary Archipelago is presented. This fact suggests that drifting microplastics could be an
important vector for aquatic invasive species in the Canary islands.
Keywords: Alien species, microalgae, HABs, Canary Islands
∗Speaker †Corresponding author: esoler@marinebiotechnology.org
Are microplastics vehicles of bacteria or virus

pathogens for marine bivalves?
Ika Paul-Pont ∗† 1, Yannick Labreuche 2,3, Morgane Chalopin 1, Christine Dubreuil
4, Lois Maignien 5, Anne-Laure Cassone 1, Bruno Petton 4, Christophe Lambert 1,
Julie Reveillaud 6, Damien Piel 2, Frédérique Le Roux2, Arnaud Huvet 7
1 Laboratoire des Sciences de l’ Environnement Marin (LEMAR) – Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique :
UMR6539, Université de Brest : UMR6539, Institut français de Recherche pour l’Exploitation de la Mer, Centre
National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut de Développement, Université de Brest – IUEM Technopôle Brest-Iroise -
rue Dumont Recherche d Urville pour le - 29280 Plouzané - FRANCE, France 2 ifremer, Unité Physiologifremer, e
Fonctionnelle des Organismes Marins, – Institut Français de Recherche pour l’Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER) – ZI
de la Pointe du Diable, CS 10070, F-29280, Plouzané, France, France 3 Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Paris 06, CNRS,
UMR 8227, Integrative Biology of Marine Models, – Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Université Paris 6 – Station
Biologique de Roscoff, CS 90074, F-29688, Roscoff cedex., France 4 Ifremer, Laboratoire des Sciences de
l’Environnement Marin (LEMAR), UMR 6539 UBO/CNRS/IRD/Ifremer – Institut Français de Recherche pour
l’Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER) – CS 10070, 29280 Plouzané, France 5 Laboratoire de Microbiologie des
Environnements Extrêmes (LM2E) – Institut Universitaire Européen de la Mer (IUEM), Institut Français de Recherche
pour l’Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER), Université de Bretagne Occidentale [UBO], CNRS : UMR6197 – Institut
Universitaire Européen de la Mer, Rue Dumont d’Urville, 29280 Plouzané, France 6 ASTRE, INRA, CIRAD, Université
de Montpellier – Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique - INRA, Centre de coopération internationale en
recherche agronomique pour le développement [CIRAD] 7 Institut Français de Recherche pour l’Exploitation de la Mer
(IFREMER) – 155, rue Jean-Jacques Rousseau - 92 138 Issy-les-Moulineaux Cedex, France
Microplastics (< 5mm) exhibit intrinsic features such as density, hydrophobicity, or high surface/
volume ratio, that are known to promote microbial colonization and biofilm formation in marine
ecosystems. Some studies investigating microplastic associated bacterial communities in marine
ecosystems revealed specific bacterial assemblages in comparison to the surrounding seawater, and
among these the Vibrio genus appeared as commonly detected in the microplastic fraction. The
Vibrio genus comprises numerous pathogenic species for human and marine organisms, including
juvenile oysters (Crassostrea gigas) in which they have been associated, together with the presence
of a herpes virus (OsHV-1 μg mL-1, DC: 50 ng mL-1). Post-exposurevar), to successive mortality outbreaks in France raising questions
about the role of microplastics on pathogen population transport and disease transmission. To
address such question, we immersed plastic pellets of three different polymers (polyethylene,
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polypropylene and polyvinyl chloride) in an oyster farming area (Brest, France) (Figure) over a
summer period covering mass mortality events. Pellets were placed at different tidal levels (water
column, sediment, intertidal subtidal) and collected each week over a 4-months period. Real-time
PCR was performed in DNA extracted from seawater, oyster and microplastics samples to detect
and quantify Vibrio crassostreae, a virulent population involved in the oyster disease, and the
herpesvirus. The presence in both oyster and seawater samples of these pathogenic agents was
revealed concomitant to significant oyster mortality that reached up to 61%. Detection of these
pathogens on microplastics will be discussed at the conference: come along and see for yourself!
Keywords: bacteria, microplastics, coastal ecosystem, real, time PCR, vibrios
∗Speaker †Corresponding author: Ika.PaulPont@univ-brest.fr
Nanofragmentation of polyethylene and polystyrene

macro-plastics under simulated environmental
weathering (thermooxidation and hydrodynamic
turbulence)
Frida Björkroth , Karin Mattsson 1, Therese Karlsson , Martin Hassellöv∗† 1
1 University of Gothenburg, Department of Marine Science – Sweden
Fragmentation of macroplastics into microplastics in the marine environment is probably the

process that has generated most drive for development of the microplastics research field. It is thus
surprising that the level of scientific knowledge on the combined oxidative weathering (UV or
thermal catalyzed) and mechanical fragmentation is relatively limited. Furthermore, it has been
hypothesized that plastic fragmentation plausibly continue into the nanoplastic size domains, but
environmentally realistic studies is lacking.
Here is shown result from a laboratory simulation of hydrodynamic conditions relevant for the
shoreline environment, and fragmentation of thermooxidatively pretreated polyethylene film and
polystyrene macroplastic cubes, were studied over the course of a 4-day stirring experiment.
Subsamples was filtered, with analysis in light microscopy with automated image analysis particle
size distribution determinations and the nanoplastic size fraction was measured using nanoparticle
tracking analysis. The results illustrate that fragmentation of the macroplastic objects is observed
already after two days but more distinct after 4 days, with higher abundance for the smaller size
fractions, which imply more release of smaller sizes, or fragmentation is several steps. The
nanoplastic fraction show very high abundance released or fragmented for both polymers and higher
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for day 4 than day 2. The conclusions is that nanofragmentation is important and understudied pro-
cess, and that standardized test protocols for both weathering and for mechanical treatments
mimicking realistic environmental conditions is needed and then further testing of the most
common macroplastic materials to assess the rates and fluxes of fragmenting particles to micro- and
nanoplastic fractions should be conducted.
Keywords: Plastics, Fragmentation
∗Speaker †Corresponding author: martin.hassellov@gu.se
Evaluation of systems for reduction of fibre emissions

from washing machines
Francesca De Falco1, Emilia Di Pace1, Hakim Elkiar2 Andrej Krzan2,3, Maurizio
Avella1, Mariacristina Cocca1
1 Institute for Polymers, Composites and Biocomposites Italian National Research Center, Via Campi Flegri 34 , 80078
Pozzuolli, Italy, 2 Planetcare Ltd., Stegne 22, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia, 3 National Institute of Chemistry, Department
for Polymer Chemistry and Technology, Haj- drihova 19, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
Recent studies indicate that microfibres represent a significant part of microplastics found in the
environment. It is generally accepted that washing and drying of textiles and clothes is the main
source of microfibre emissions into wastewater streams. Fibre emissions have been evaluated in
several studies although the full effect of factors involved is not yet fully understood.
To reduce microfibre emissions from washing machine a filtration system was developed to be
installed on washing machine and a protocol to evaluate its effectiveness was developed.
Results from our tests show that available solutions have very different efficiencies: from vir-
tually no effect to reductions exceeding 90 %. The most efficient solutions generally involve ”linear”
approaches where all water/fibres must pass a filter, whereas ”parallel” solutions where water is
randomly filtered were less efficient. The long-term efficiency under repeated use still needs to be
evaluated. It should be understood that tests performed in various studies follow different protocols
and that results differ depending on the conditions used. Eventually a standardized testing protocol
will need to be developed.
∗Speaker †Corresponding author: andrej.krzan@ki.si
Keywords: Microfibers, Microplastics, Solutions
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Plastics in freshwater dams with human impacts:

microbial colonization and distribution
Maria Riese 1,2, Ute Kuhlicke 2, Thomas Neu 3, Reinhard Bierl 1, Katrin Wendt-
Potthoff ∗† 4
1 Trier University, Hydrology – Trier, Germany 2 Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research – Brückstr. 3A, 39114
Magdeburg, Germany 3 Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Department of River Ecology – Brückstr. 3A,
39114 Magdeburg, Germany 4 Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Department Lake Research – Brückstr.
3A, 39114 Magdeburg, Germany
Plastic particles introduced into aquatic systems will rapidly develop microbial biofilms on their
surfaces. Studies in marine environments and rivers show that the surrounding milieu is of key
importance for this process. Much less is known about biofilm formation on plastic particles in
stratified lakes, such as reservoirs intensely used by humans. We assumed that the opposed gradients
of light and oxygen trigger the development of biofilms differing in thickness and microbial
composition. We also hypothesized that a principally biodegradable polymer would be colonized
more intensely than conventional polyethylene (PE). To test this, 25 μg mL-1, DC: 50 ng mL-1). Post-exposurem thick foil pieces made of
EcovioR and PE were exposed in Hassel pre-dam (Harz Mountains, Germany) during summer
stagnation. The three depths covered epi- meta- and hypolimnion. After three and five weeks
samples were withdrawn to study biofilm thickness, microbial biomass, community composition
and polymer mass and structure.
Microbial biomass on both polymers did not differ significantly among epilimnion samples,
although biofilm thickness measured using Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy was slightly
higher on EcovioR. Microbial biomass estimates based on two methods (phospholipid phosphate
extraction and crystal violet staining) differed because the methods target different biofilm com-
ponents and have different flaws. Microbial colonization of both polymers increased during the
exposition especially in the epi- and metalimnion and it was constantly low and dominated by
bacteria in the hypolimnion. Here, EcovioR was colonized preferentially, and it showed higher mass
loss than PE. This indicates that Ecovio R might be both a substratum for attached growth and a
carbon source. Using ATR-FTIR-Spectroscopy, a chemical change of PE exposed in the
hypolimnion was also detected, indicating weathering of the polymer. The distribution and sinking
behavior of plastic particles in dammed water bodies is one focus of the project MikroPlaTaS, which
will also address taxonomic and mineral compositions of plastic-associated biofilms.
∗Speaker †Corresponding author: katrin.wendt-potthoff@ufz.de
Keywords: Plastic, freshwater, dams, biofilm, microbial colonization
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Microplastic load from different land-based sources

and reflection in abundances in coastal waters and
sediment in the eastern Baltic Sea
Inga Lips ∗† 1, Kati Lind 1, Polina Turov 1
1 Tallinn University of Technology, Department of Marine Systems – Akadeemia tee 15a, 12618 Tallinn, Estonia
Microplastics in the aquatic environment are of global concern. The studies in the Baltic Sea are
increasing to determine the amount, size, character and impact of microplastic. There are not many
studies on land-based loads of microplastic covering besides water treatment plants also other
potential sources and pathways of microplastic pollution. During the last years, we have taken
samples from different wastewater treatment plants (WWTP) situated along the Estonian coast, the
sea surface close to these WWTP outfalls to the sea and sediments in the nearby areas. Besides, we
have sampled several rivers covering the areas where the river is passing through the forests,
agricultural regions and cities. Microplastic samples are also taken from cargo harbours, shipyards
and public beaches. We will demonstrate the measured amounts, character (fraction, fibre) and
polymer types of microplastic from different land-based sources and compare the information
obtained when sampling the sea surface with Manta trawl and sediments with Niemistö corer or
grab sampler.
Keywords: Microplastic, freshwater, marine, land, based sources
∗Speaker †Corresponding author: inga.lips@ttu.ee
Plastic litters from the coastal inlets of the

northeastern Sea of Marmara: Awareness and some
misapplications
Meral Yurtsever ∗† 1
1 Sakarya University (SAU) – Sakarya University Environmental Engineering Department M2 Building 2203 office
SAKARYA/TURKEY, Turkey
This study is essentially an analysis of the plastic litter on the shores of a Turkish city (Ko-
caeli), on the basis of a process executed with reference to OSPAR. Furthermore, an Microplastic
awareness survey is carried out to assess and raise awareness on this issue. The study found that the
most common types of plastic litter observed on the shore to be disposable water bottles (PET),
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plastic bags (PE), packaging wastes and plastic cups (PE, Styrofoam-PS) etc., in the respective order
of frequency. The local government of the region regularly cleans the sea and the shore. The
municipalities collect tons of plastic litter from the sea surface and from coastal inlets, using the
Established Barrier System in creek. Furthermore, even though the municipality regularly collects
the trash deposited in the crowded shore areas of the city, people visiting the area for daily
excursions still litter around. The monitoring activities in the area revealed mostly ”new” single-use
plastic waste which is often larger than 5-10 cm in size, as well as various pieces of smaller
”eroded” plastic waste which the cleaning workers cannot effectively collect and which are potential
sources of MPs. The majority of the waste observed in the area were found to be disposable plastics,
and their existence cannot be overcome even through two rounds of collection per week. In this
context, it is evident that the production and consumption of disposable products should be reduced
sub- stantially, and awareness-raising activities should be accelerated. Obviously this is a problem
beyond the capabilities of waste collection operations of the municipalities. The results of the survey
also draw attention to the same important problem.
Keywords: OSPAR, awareness, shoreline, microplastics, survey
∗Speaker †Corresponding author: mevci@sakarya.edu.tr
Object detection for microplastic using deep learning

on microscopic images
Ulas Yurtsever ∗† 1, Meral Yurtsever 2
1 Sakarya University, Department of Computer and Information Engineering, Sakarya, Turkey – Turkey 2 Sakarya
University, Environmental Engineering Department, Sakarya, Turkey – Turkey
We still lack a standard method of analysis in terms of assessing microplastics pollution, which
is recognized as a major problem affecting the whole environment including the waters, biota, air,
and soil. The studies so far engaged in the classification of the microplastics with reference to their
sizes, shapes, colors and polymer types. The most common forms of microplastics found in water
and wastewaters are fiber, particle, and film. The literature has yet to be enriched with an artificial
intelligence application developed for the classification of microplastics. In this study, microplastics
were extracted from the wastewater after several processes such as oxidation of organic materials,
density separation and filtration. Then microplastics on the filter were examined under a
stereomicroscope and images were taken. The images of microplastics found in wastewaters were
subjected to convolutional neural network (CNN), a deep learning algorithm for object detection
purposes. Doing so utilized convolutional neural network for the classification of the microplastics
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as either fibers, particles, or films, based on microscope images.

Keywords: deep learning, convolutional neural network, microplastics, object detection, wastewater, shape
∗Speaker †Corresponding author: ulas@sakarya.edu.tr
Macro and Micro(plastics) in the Environment of

Some French Rivers
V. Verney , G. Bissagou Koumba , F. Delor Jestin , Z. Dominink , H. Askanian , J.
Peiry , E. Roussel , O. Voldoire , A. Schaal , L. Durantou ∗† 1, M. Liboiron
1 La Pagaie Sauvage – Microplastics Observatory – La Pagaie Sauvage – Microplastics Observatory – France
It is now known that the vast majority of microplastics found in the seas and oceans originate
from lands. In such a process freshwater environment (rivers and riverbanks) play a major role. It is
therefore necessary to imagine the scenario that a used plastic, becoming a waste after use, will be
found in the environment if it has escaped to a waste treatment stream. Its stay in the environment
can persist for a very long time and this waste will then be exposed to a set of environmental
constraints (UV, rain, wind, mechanical erosion, ...) which will continue and amplify its
degradation, leading to its fragmentation. The work we have undertaken consists of collect and
analyze the composition of microplastics in the surface waters of different french rivers (Allier,
Charente, Loire, Touvre, etc.). To do this, we rely on citizen science operations, in particular thanks
to the contribution of the babylegs sampling net [3,4], which makes it possible to multiply samples
and analyzes. https://www.researchgate.net/project/RiverP
Keywords: Microplastic, Fresh water, Rivers, Plastic pollution, Citizen science
∗Speaker †Corresponding author: contact@lapagaiesauvage.org
Comparison of microplastic content in digestive tracts of

two marine vertebrate species in the Mediterranean:
loggerhead turtles (Caretta caretta) and striped dolphins
(Stenella coeruleoalba)
Olga Novillo ∗† 1, J. A. Raga 1, J. Tomás 1
1 Marine Zoology Unit, Cavanilles Institute of Biodiversity and Evolutionary Biology, University of Valencia – Marine
Zoology Unit, Cavanilles Institute of Biodiversity and Evolutionary Biology, University of Valencia. Catedrático José
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Beltrán St, 2, 46980, Paterna (Valencia, Spain)., Spain
Microplastics are becoming well documented in different environmental compartments. How-

ever, little is known about their presence in wild and non-commercial protected species yet. In this
on-going study, we compare microplastic contents in digestive tracts of loggerhead turtles (Caretta
caretta) and striped dolphins (Stenella coeruleoalba) stranded in Valencia region, Span- ish
Mediterranean. In total, we analysed 12 loggerheads recorded in 2017-2018, and 47 striped dolphins
recorded between 1989 and 2017. Loggerheads had a mean±SD= 8.25±8.62 microplastic items per
individual, while striped dolphins had 14.9±22.3 microplastics per individual. Although
microplastics seem to be more abundant in striped dolphins, this species showed higher variability.
Concerning microplastic shape, dolphins had mostly fibres (73.3 %), with fragments representing
26.4 % of all items, while turtles similar amounts of both categories (fragments: 55.5%, and fibres
44.4%). No primary microplastics or pellets were found in loggerhead turtles, but we did observe
two dolphins with white pellets, both located in close locations although stranded in different years.
Regarding microplastic colours, both dolphins and turtles had black as predominant in fibres (68.4
and 60 %, respectively). Regarding colour of fragments, in dolphins, translucent was the most
predominant colour (46.8%), followed by white (15.8%) and black (15.2%). In turtles, most of
fragments were blue (30.9%), followed by white (27.3%) and translucent (20%). In conclusion, both
species intake microplastics in the Mediterranean Sea and there are no big differences concerning
microplastic shape or colour. Further research should focus on how they intake it, and whether its
intake could affect their fitness. It is essential to continue monitoring in order to have better
knowledge about the role of plastics in marine ecosystems as well as to be able to identify the most
problematic plastics and act accordingly.
Keywords: striped dolphins, loggerhead turtles, microplastics, strandings, western Mediterranean
∗Speaker †Corresponding author: olnosan@alumni.uv.es
Marine bacteria colonize and enrich on plastic pellets

Josefine Hansen 1, Jette Melchiorsen 1, Ramona Valentina Mateiu 2, Lone Gram 1,
Eva C. Sonnenschein ∗† 1
1 Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark [Lyngby] – Technical University of
Denmark, Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Matematiktorvet 301, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark,
Denmark 2 Department of Electron Nanoscopy, Technical University of Denmark [Lyngby] – Technical University of
Denmark, Department of Electron Nanoscopy, Fisikvej 307, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark, Denmark
Since the introduction of mass production in the beginning of the last century, plastic pro-
duction has been growing continuously resulting in an estimated 8 million metric tons of plastic
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waste annually entering the oceans. We are only in the very beginning of understanding the impact
of plastic on the marine environment, including its transport, degradation and potential risk.
Microorganisms could influence the fate of plastic debris by colonization or degradation. As a basis
to investigate bacteria-plastic interactions, the purpose of this study was to develop a simple
experimental setup to estimate bacterial colonization on plastic pellets and utilize it to identify
plastic colonizers by enrichment. Using a bacterial isolate, we found that neither addition of
nutrients nor incubation longer than 24 hours did have an effect on pellet colonization. Testing the
setup with six bacterial strains and three common thermoplastics (polystyrene, polypropylene,
polyethylene) demonstrated that only in the case of one strain, the plastic type influenced the level of
colonization. Incubating natural seawater with plastic pellets for two weeks demonstrated that the
communities on plastic were distinct from the initial microbial diversity present in seawater
suggesting an enrichment of certain bacteria on the pellets. How- ever, diversity did not differ
depending on plastic type. Currently, the samples are investigated for the presence of genes involved
in plastic degradation using degenerate primers. In the future, the setup will allow estimation of the
impact of bacterial colonization on plastic transport in the aquatic environment as well as isolation
and identification of possible plastic-degrading microorganisms.
Keywords: Plastic, Bacteria, Bacterial colonization, Marine ecosystems
∗Speaker †Corresponding author: evaso@bio.dtu.dk
CRISS project: an opportunity to integrate marine

litter and micro plastics problematic within
interdisciplinary projects, while working Digital
Competence in the school.
Lourdes Guàrdia1, Pablo Baztán1, Montse Guitert1, Teresa Romeu1, Marcelo
Maina1, Federica Mancini1 and Maria Moreno1.
1 Universitat Oberta de Catalunya (UOC).
Competence Based Education (CBE) has a long history, but in the last decade, its presence in
the European educational systems has become a reallity. Despite this presence and the efforts, how
to work in the school and performs the assessment following the CBE is still a challenge.
We introduce here some elements of the H2020 CRISS project. CRISS is a user-driven, flexible,
scalable and cost-effective cloud-based digital learning ecosystem that allows the guided
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acquisition, evaluation and certification of digital competence in primary and secondary education,
and it is easily scalable to other educational levels. The transversality of the competences allows the
integrations of other Key Competences within the same ecosystem, as “Mathematical competence
and basic competences in science and technology” or “Social and civic competence”. CRISS
provides a Digital Competence framework addressed to primary and secondary schools. It consists
of five areas (digital citizenship, digital communication and collaboration, search and manag digital
information, digital content creation, digital problem solving) that group 12 sub-competences.
Digital Competence (DC) is developed and evaluated in context by means of Competence
Assessment Scenarios (CAS) integrated into the school curriculum. The CAS pedagogical approach
is based on the pedagogy of integration. A CAS adopts advanced instructional approaches where the
learner or learners are at the center to solve problems or develop projects in realistic contexts and
meaningful situations. CRISS provides a set of CAS, covering the whole DC, and gives the
possibility to adapt them or to create new scenarios. This flexibility allows to embed every topic in
an interdisciplinary way. As an example, we present one of the CAS: "Through the Screen, and
What Alice Found There", whose objective is invite the students to participate in an active mood
through digital technologies in social improvement and environmental sustainability initiatives
related to MP’s.
Keywords: Competence Based Education, Digital learning, Marine litter, Interdisciplinarity
∗Speaker †Corresponding author: pbaztan@uoc.edu
A protocol to successfully extract DNA from different

polymers to investigate microbial diversity and the
capacity of polymers to spread harmful marine micro-
organisms
Dominique Hervio-Heath ∗† 1, Erwan Legeay , Justine Evrard 2, Quentin Deshoulles
3, Benjamin Morga 4, Cyrielle Lecadet , Isabelle Arzul 4, Raffaele Siano 5, Catherine
Dreanno 6
1 IFREMER – Ministère de l’Enseignement Supérieur et de la Recherche Scientifique, Ministère de l’Ecologie, du
Développement durable et du Transport – ZI Pointe du Diable BP 70 29280 PLOUZANE, France 2 Ifremer - LDCM
(Laboratoire Détection, Capteurs, Mesure) – Institut Français de Recherche pour l’Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER)
– France 3 Institut Français de Recherche pour l’Exploitation de la Mer (Ifremer) – Ministère de l’enseignement
supérieur, de la recherche et de l’innovation, Ministère de la Transition écologique et solidaire – Laboratoire
Comportement des Structures en Mer (LCSM), Ifremer-Centre de Bretagne, 29280 Plouzané, France 4 Laboratoire de
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Génétique et Pathologie des Mollusques Marins (SG2M-LGPMM) – Institut Français de Recherche pour l’Exploitation
de la Mer (IFREMER) – Avenue de Mus de Loup, 17390 La Tremblade, France 5 Dynamiques des Ecosystèmes Côtiers
(DYNECO Pelagos) – Institut Français de Recherche pour l’Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER) – Technopole Brest-
Iroise, BP 70, 29280, Plouzané, France 6 IFREMER REM/RDT/LDCM – Institut Français de Recherche pour
l’Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER) – France
Plastic debris found in the marine environment might serve as vectors for dispersal of harmful
micro-organisms and invasive species. Despite recent research on plastic-associated micro-
organisms in seawater, very few studies investigated simultaneously the presence of harmful ma-
rine micro-organisms and microbial communities on polymers with different surface properties and
composition. The detection of target micro-organisms and the molecular characterization of
communities are highly impacted by the composition of polymers and by technical and analysis
method. In this respect, DNA extraction is a challenging step since it has a crucial effect on the
determination of community composition. In the present study, six DNA extraction methods were
selected to evaluate microbial colonization of three types of polymer immersed in coastal seawater
of the Bay of Brest (France, August 2017). The three polymers (Low density polyethylene,
polyamide and polypropylene membranes (30 cm2)) were collected after 15 days of immersion and
DNA was extracted. DNA yield, integrity and purity varied among methods.
If all the tested methods led to successfully amplify the 16S and 18S rDNA, control of DNA
amplification inhibition with real time PCR for V. parahaemolyticus including an exogenous internal
positive control showed differences between protocols. Strong inhibition with the (Phe-
nol/Chloroform/isoamyl alcohol (PCI) protocol was observed when using sucrose in the prelim-
inary lysis step. Target PCR indicated the presence of total Vibrio spp., Vibrio alginolyticus, V.
parahaemolyticus, Alexandrium minutum and Marteilia refringens on the three types of polymer.
Other target taxa, Ostreopsis spp., Bonamia spp. and the herpesvirus, OsHV-1, were not amplified.
The microbial community composition was then examined using a metabarcoding approach
spanning the V3-V4 regions of the 16SrRNA gene. The results will be discussed enlighten the pros
and cons of the selected protocols.
Keywords: DNA extraction methods, plastic debris, microbial communities
∗Speaker †Corresponding author: Dominique.Hervio.Heath@ifremer.fr
Comparative weathering of the nine polymers that

constitute the 'Baseman's Kit'
J.m. Andrade 1, V. Fernández-González 1, G. Grueiro-Noche 1, C. Moscoso-Pérez 1,
Soledad Muniategui-Lorenzo ∗† 2, P. López-Mahía 1, D. Prada 1
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1 Group of Applied Analytical Chemistry – University of A Coruña. Campus da Zapateira s/n, 15071, A Coruña. Spain,
Spain 2 University of A Coruña (UDC) – Spain
There has grown a general awareness in the scientific community that identifying a piece of a
polymer in an environmental sample requires not only a background database with pristine
polymers to compare with but an evaluation of its potential degradation. Despite a ‘quantitative’
assessment of the degree of evolution of a polymer in the environment would be ideal, this is so far
almost impracticable due to the very many difficulties in deriving generalized conditions. Therefore,
we need at the very least to include in the databases general patterns that apprehend how the
polymers evolve during their natural weathering. For this, a weathering system emulating the solar
irradiation at the Earth surface was deployed; marine and dry-shoreline conditions were simulated
and the nine polymers constituting the BASEMAN’s kit of microplastics were weathered for three
months.
In this work a general comparison is given for the weathering of the nine polymers that con-
stitute the so-called BASEMAN’s kit of polymers for studying of the presence of microplastics in
the oceanic environment. The most relevant infrared (medium region) spectral bands giving rise to
the major differences between pristine (as received) and weathered polymers are described.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The Galician (Grant ED431C 2017/18) and Spanish governments (Grants PCIN-2015-170-C02- 01 –BASEMAN
Project and CTM2016-77945-C3-3-R –ARPA-ACUA-) are acknowledged. The BASEMAN project was funded by the
EU through the JPI Oceans Program. The Galician research grant is partially financed by the FEDER/ERDF program.
Keywords: Microplastic, Weathering, Infrared Spectroscopy
∗Speaker †Corresponding author: smuniat@udc.es
A Comparison between chemical and enzymatic

digestion for the analysis of microplastics in plankton
A. López-Rosales , G. Grueiro-Noche 1, Veronica Fernández-González 2, J.m.
Andrade 1, P. López-Mahía 1, D. Prada 1, Soledad Muniategui-Lorenzo ∗† 2
Plastic is one of the most frequent materials worldwide and constitutes one of the most common
and persistent pollutants in the oceans. In fact, plastics amount up to 60-80% of total marine litter. A
particular fraction of plastic debris is constituted by the microplastics (particles 5 mm). The
primary risk associated with microplastics is their bioavailability to marine organisms, including
phyto- and zooplankton, which can ingest microplastics. When this occur, microplastics might
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obstruct feeding appendages, aggregate and block the alimentary canal, therefore limiting the
natural food intake of those organisms or, even, be translocated into the circulatory system. In
addition, microplastics can introduce pollutants into the organisms, either additives from their
production process and/or hydrophobic contaminants present in the marine environment. Very
scarce reports have been found in literature reporting on a complete digestion of plankton. There are
two main types of digestion: chemical and enzymatic. In the former, one or more chemicals (KOH,
H2O2) are used to dissolve (digest) the biomass, being one of its major draw- backs that it could
destruct the plastic particles and their surfaces and create interferences that difficult their infrared
microspectroscopy measurement. Thus, enzymatic digestion methods are proposed to minimize
damage to plastics.
In this work, an enzymatic and a chemical digestion have been developed and optimized to
digest biological material and, further, identify and characterize the microplastics by optical
microscopy and μg mL-1, DC: 50 ng mL-1). Post-exposureFTIR.
Acknowledgement: Financial support is acknowledged to the Xunta de Galicia (Programa de Consolidacion e
Estructuramento de Unidades de Investigacion Competitiva) partially co- financed by ERDF (reference: ED431C-
2017/28) and by the Ministry of Economy and Compet- itiveness (subproject PCIN-2015-170-C02-01 of the EU-
Funded BASEMAN Project-JPI Oceans and, project CTM2016-77945-C3-3-R (ARPA-ACUA).
Keywords: microplastic, enzymatic digestion, chemical digestion, plankton
Direct determination of antimony in microplastics by

ultrasonic slurry sampling and electrothermal
atomization atomic absorption spectrometry
A. Carlosena 1, P. Marcos-Pacheco 1, M.c. Prieto-Blanco 1, R. Soto-Ferreiro 1,
Soledad Muniategui-Lorenzo ∗† 2, D. Prada 1
Additives are included in plastics for various purposes, as fillers to reinforce plastic resin,
thermal and UV/light stabilizers, flame retardants, pigments, antimicrobials, etc. Also, they can be
incorporated in plastics as catalyst residues from the polymerization processes. Several metals are
part of their formulation, namely lead, zinc, iron, titanium, antimony, aluminum, calcium, barium,
copper and nickel. Antimony compounds, particularly Sb2O3, are typically used as
polycondensation catalysts in PET polymerization, as synergist flame retardant compounds in
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halogen containing plastics and also as pigments, due to their resistance to heat, light and chemical.
Thus, Sb is present on a variety of plastics and therefore it can be discharged into the oceanic
environment from plastic residues like the microplastics. This metal is considered by the USEPA
and EU as a priority pollutant and, from the environmental point view due to its natural low levels
in the earth’s crust, it can be considered as a potential marker of environmental metallic pollution.
In this work the direct determination of Sb in microplastics was accomplished by automated
ultrasonic slurry sampling (USS) and electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry (ETAAS). The
experimental conditions for sample homogenization, the instrumental parameters and the furnace
temperature program were carefully optimized. The use of a surfactant (Triton) was revealed
necessary to promote the suspension of the microparticles. Microplastics samples of PET, PVC,
LDPE, PC and PS were analysed.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The Galician (Grant ED431C 2017/18) and Spanish governments (Grants PCIN-2015-170-
C02- 01 –BASEMAN Project- and CTM2016-77945-C3-3-R –ARPA-ACUA-) are acknowledged. The BASEMAN
project was funded by the EU JPI Oceans Program. The Galician research grant is partially financed by the
FEDER/ERDF program.
Keywords: Microplastic, plastic additives, antinony, automated ultrasonic slurry sampling, ETAAS
The use of Polysorbate 20 as an ”optimizer”

component in the alkaline digestion of fatty fish
digestive tract for microplastic extraction
Clara Lopes ∗† 1, Veronica Fernández-González 2, Soledad Muniategui-Lorenzo 2,
Miguel Caetano 1, Joana Raimundo 1
1 Portuguese Institute for the Sea and Atmosphere (IPMA) – Portugal 2 University of A Coruña (UDC) – Spain
The ubiquitous presence and accumulation of microplastics in the ocean and inside different
marine organisms have become a global concern. Alkaline digestion techniques using potassium
hydroxide (KOH) are currently accepted and applied in monitoring studies to separate microplastics
from biological samples. The KOH allows an efficiently digestion of organic matter without
degrading plastic polymers in a time- and cost-effective way. However, for some fishes which
contain large amounts of fat, alkaline approaches were found to be troublesome, due to the
formation of fat layers which difficult the digestion and solubilization of biological material. To
overcome these limitations, this study aims to evaluate the influence of Polysorbate 20 and stirring
in the known alkaline protocol. The potential effect of stirring and Polysorbate 20 on eight common
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polymer types were searched by Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectrometry (FTIR). Digestion

efficiency was assessed using ray’s liver which is known to be a tissue with a high fat content. The
results indicate that Polysorbate 20 and stirring can be used with no interference or minimal
interference in the FTIR spectrum of the majority of microplastics. Moreover, for increasing lipids
emulsification, it provides a less viscous solution that facilitates the filtration step and increase the
recovery rates of microplastics. In order to assess the efficiency of the optimised protocol for
environmental samples, 40 digestive tracts of ray (Raja spp.) from the Portuguese coast. Samples
were processed using a solution of 10% KOH with 10% Polysorbate 20 for 24h at 60oC, filtered
with a cellulose nitrate 12 μg mL-1, DC: 50 ng mL-1). Post-exposurem filter and analysed by stereo microscope and FTIR.
Keywords: Polysorbate 20, ray, microplastic, methodology
The use of Polysorbate 20 as an “optimizer” component in the alkaline digestion of fatty fish digestive tract
for microplastic extraction. Clara Lopes et al., > 222617
The use of Polysorbate 20 as an ”optimizer”

component in the alkaline digestion of fatty fish
digestive tract for microplastic extraction
Clara Lopes ∗† 1, Veronica Fernández-González 2, Soledad Muniategui-Lorenzo 2,
Miguel Caetano 1, Joana Raimundo 1
1 Portuguese Institute for the Sea and Atmosphere (IPMA) – Portugal 2 University of A Coruña (UDC) – Spain
The ubiquitous presence and accumulation of microplastics in the ocean and inside different
marine organisms have become a global concern. Alkaline digestion techniques using potassium
hydroxide (KOH) are currently accepted and applied in monitoring studies to separate microplastics
from biological samples. The KOH allows an efficiently digestion of organic matter without
degrading plastic polymers in a time- and cost-effective way. However, for some fishes which
contain large amounts of fat, alkaline approaches were found to be troublesome, due to the
formation of fat layers which difficult the digestion and solubilization of biological material. To
overcome these limitations, this study aims to evaluate the influence of Polysorbate 20 and stirring
in the known alkaline protocol. The potential effect of stirring and Polysorbate 20 on eight common
polymer types were searched by Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectrometry (FTIR). Digestion
efficiency was assessed using ray’s liver which is known to be a tissue with a high fat content. The
results indicate that Polysorbate 20 and stirring can be used with no interference or minimal
interference in the FTIR spectrum of the majority of microplastics. Moreover, for increasing lipids
emulsification, it provides a less viscous solution that facilitates the filtration step and increase the
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recovery rates of microplastics. In order to assess the efficiency of the optimised protocol for
environmental samples, 40 digestive tracts of ray (Raja spp.) from the Portuguese coast. Samples
were processed using a solution of 10% KOH with 10% Polysorbate 20 for 24h at 60oC, filtered
with a cellulose nitrate 12 μg mL-1, DC: 50 ng mL-1). Post-exposurem filter and analysed by stereo microscope and FTIR.
Keywords: Polysorbate 20, ray, microplastic, methodology
∗Speaker †Corresponding author: clara.lopes@ipma.pt
Chronic effects of polystyrene microplastics on two

crayfish species
Joseph Clokey ∗ , Paula Redondo-Hasselerharm , Ivo Roessink , Edwin Peeters ,
Albert Koelmans 1,2
University (AEW - WUR) – Wageningen UR, P.O. Box 47, 6700 AA Wageningen, Netherlands 2 Institute for Marine
Resources Ecosystem Studies (IMARES) – Wageningen UR, P.O. Box 68, 1970 AB IJmuiden, The Netherlands,
Netherlands
As the world continues to focus in on microplastic pollution of the environment, it becomes

increasingly necessary to better understand the environmental risks surrounding these particles by
adding to existing knowledge. The effects on biota are one of the key components of this work. The
use of consistent testing protocols has so far been limited, potentially reducing the robustness of any
risk assessments derived from different studies. This study closely follows other experimental
designs for testing microplastics with other benthic macroinvertebrates with the aim of contributing
to the taxonomic diversity of tested species and ultimately being a basis for an environmental risk
assessment. Due to their additional role as a human food source, two crayfish species were used
(Procambarus acutus and Pacifastacus leniusculus) and tested as juveniles, the standard set up
previously used was altered to accommodate their idiosyncrasies. Each bioassay held an individual
organism for 28 days with microplastic spiked sediment. A wide range of polystyrene microplastic
concentrations were used in the sediment: varying from no microplastic, starting at environmentally
relevant concentrations (0%, 0.1%, 1%) through to high levels (5%, 10%, 20%, 40%). For each of
the seven concentrations eleven replicates were used. No effects of microplastic spiked sediment
were seen on the survival or weight for either Procambarus acutus or Pacifastacus leniusculus. The
high concentrations used in the sediment compared with concentrations found in the field gives a
good indication that microplastic pollution has limited effect on the growth or mortality in crayfish
species.
Keywords: Polystyrene, microplastic, crayfish, effects, chronic. ∗Speaker
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Marine plastic pollution as a planetary boundary

threat – The drifting piece in the sustainability puzzle
Patricia Villarrubia Gómez1, Sarah E. Cornell1, Joan Fabres2
1 Stockholm Resilience Centre (Sweden), 2 Joan Fabres is from GRID-Arendal (Norway).
The exponential increase in the use of plastic in modern society and the inadequate management
of the resulting waste have led to its accumulation in the marine environment. There is increasing
evidence of numerous mechanisms by which marine plastic pollution is causing effects across
successive levels of biological organization. This will unavoidably impact ecological communities
and ecosystem functions. A remaining question to be answered is if the concentration of plastic in
the ocean, today or in the future, will reach levels above a critical threshold leading to global effects
in vital Earth-system processes, thus granting the consideration of marine plastic pollution as a key
component of the planetary boundary threat associated with chemical pollutants. Possible answers
to this question are explored by reviewing and evaluating existing knowledge of the effects of plastic
pollution in marine ecosystems and the ‘core planetary boundaries’, biosphere integrity and climate
change. The irreversibility and global ubiquity of marine plastic pollution mean that two essential
conditions for a planetary boundary threat are already met. The Earth system consequences of
plastic pollution are still uncertain, but pathways and mechanisms for thresholds and global systemic
change are identified. Irrespective of the recognition of plastic as a novel entity in the planetary
boundaries framework, it is certain that marine plastic pollution is closely intertwined with global
processes to a point that deserves careful management and prevention.
Bisphenol A and its effect on photoautrophic and

heterotrophic organisms
Spackova J., Durovcova I., Holubova L., Kyzek S., Galova E., Sevcovicova A.
Comenius University in Bratislava, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Department of Genetics, Mlynská dolina, Ilkovičova 6,
842 15, Bratislava 4, Slovakia.
Bisphenol A (BPA) is an environmental contaminant that is present not only in soil, but also in
aquatic ecosystems. Hence, it is important to study the potential genotoxic activity on organisms
that naturally occupy these habitats. In our research, we studied the toxic effect and potential
genotoxicity of BPA on algal and yeast cells. As model organisms Chlamydomonas reinhardtii,
Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Schizosaccharomyces pombe were used. We found out that increased
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concentrations of BPA affected the growth rate of cells and inhibit cell division.
Keywords: bisphenol A, growth rate, toxicity/genotoxicity, yeast, algae.
∗Speaker †Corresponding author: janka.spackova@gmail.com
Acknowledgement: The research was supported by The Ministry of Education, Science, Research and of the Slovak
Republic (VEGA 1/0410/18) and Slovak Research and Development Agency (APVV-14-0154).
Bisphenol A as an environmental pollutant with

genotoxic effect on human lymphocytes
Durovcova I., Spackova J., Holubova L., Kyzek S., Galova E., Sevcovicova A.
Comenius University in Bratislava, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Department of Genetics, Mlynská dolina, Ilkovičova 6,
842 15, Bratislava 4, Slovakia.
Bisphenol A (BPA) is widely used in industry to manufacture polycarbonate plastic and epoxy
resins and serves for production of plastic bottles, food cans, containers, thermosensitive paper,
dental fillings and other medical aids. It was found that BPA belongs to endocrine disrupting
chemicals (EDCs) or exogenous substances that can alter the function of the human endocrine
system. For its large production and poor recycling, it has become a new environmental pollutant. In
our study, the potential genotoxic activity of BPA on human lymphocytes was evaluated by using
the alkaline comet assay. Moreover, to detect oxidative DNA damage in human lymphocytes a
modified comet assay with bacterial DNA repair enzyme FPG was used. Our results show that
increasing concentrations of BPA induce DNA double-strand breaks and oxidised purines in human
lymphocytes. Thus, the proposed mechanism of BPA action in human lymphocytes could be
mediated by induction of ROS.
Keywords: bisphenol A, comet assay, oxidative DNA damage, ROS
∗Speaker †Corresponding author: ivana.durovcova@gmail.com
Acknowledgement: The research was supported by The Ministry of Education, Science, Research and of the Slovak
Republic (VEGA 1/0410/18) and Slovak Research and Development Agency (APVV-14-0154).
Page 405
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________
Impact of microplastics alone or with adsorbed oil

compounds from the water accommodated fraction of a
North Sea crude oil on marine mussels Mytilus
galloprovincialis
Nagore Gonzalez Soto ∗ 1, Alberto Katsumiti 1, Nerea Duroudier 1, Amaia Orbea 1,
Eider Bilbao 1, Enrique Navarro 2, Miren Pilare Cajaraville 1
1 Cell Biology in Environmental Toxicology, Science and Technology Faculty and Plentzia Marine Station, University of
the Basque Country (UPV/EHU). – Spain 2 Animal Physiology Research Group, Department of Genetics, Physical
Anthropology and Animal Physiology, Science and Technology Faculty, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU)
– Spain
Due to their hydrophobicity and relatively large surface area, microplastics (MPs) can adsorb
persistent organic pollutants such as oil hydrocarbons present in the ocean and may facilitate their
transfer to organisms (the so-called ”Trojan horse effect”). This study examined the effects of
dietary exposure to polystyrene MPs of 4.5 μg mL-1, DC: 50 ng mL-1). Post-exposurem alone and with adsorbed oil compounds from the
water accommodated fraction (WAF) of a naphthenic North Sea crude oil at two different dilutions
(25% and 100%) on mussels Mytilus galloprovincialis. Pristine or contaminated MPs were provided
daily mixed with algae, at an environmentally relevant concentration of 1000 particles/mL.
Additionally, an extra group of mussels was exposed to a 25% dilution of WAF for comparison
purposes. After 7 and 21 days of exposure, 16 EPA PAHs were determined in mussel whole tissues;
catalase activity, neutral red (NR) uptake and DNA damage by comet assay were determined in
hemocytes and activity of antioxidant enzymes and histopathology were assessed in the digestive
gland. Whole organism responses (condition index, oxygen consumption, clear- ance rate,
absorption efficiency (AE) and scope for growth (SFG)) were measured after 21 days of exposure.
Significant accumulation of PAHs occurred in mussels exposed to WAF but not in those exposed to
MPs with adsorbed WAF compounds. Accordingly, NR uptake decreased significantly in hemocytes
of mussels exposed to WAF with respect to controls (Figure 1). At whole organism level, AE and
SFG decreased in the same group. Single strand breaks in DNA increased in all treatments
compared to controls. Further studies are in progress to unveil the potential role of MPs as carriers
of oil compounds.
Keywords: Polystyrene microplastics, Water accommodated fraction of oil, Dietary exposure, Tro- jan horse effect, Cell
and tissue biomarkers, Scope for Growth, Mussels.
∗Speaker
Microplastics in the Portuguese coastal waters. Clara Lopes et al., > 222616
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_____________________________________________________________________________________________________
Microplastics in the Portuguese coastal waters

Clara Lopes 1, Susana Garrido 1, Maria Manuel Angélico 1, Miguel Caetano 1,
Isabelina Santos 1, Joana Raimundo ∗† 1
1 Instituto de Investigaç ̃ao do Mar e da Atmosfera – Avenida Alfredo Magalh ̃aes Ramalho, 6, 1449-006 Lisboa,
Portugal
Nowadays, plastic has achieved a key status in the society, with applications in different sectors
such as in the commerce, industry, and medicine. Plastic debris, which may be accidentally lost or
intentionally rejected, tend to accumulate in coastal areas, being a threat to marine organisms.
Plastic marine debris drifting in the water column gradually breaks into small fragments, called
microplastics (< 5mm), being bioavailable to be ingested by several organisms. Transects,
perpendicular to the coast, were made along the Portuguese coast during May 2018 with the NI
Noruega. Samples were collected at the end of the day using plankton nets with a mesh size of 300
μg mL-1, DC: 50 ng mL-1). Post-exposurem. The nets were towed during 45 minutes near the surface with a constant ship velocity. Samples
were freezed until further analyses. In the laboratory, samples were sieved with a 1 mm mesh. The
part of the sample that pass through the sieve was than filtered with a 20 μg mL-1, DC: 50 ng mL-1). Post-exposurem polycarbonate filter and
observed with a stereo microscope. The part of the sample that was larger than 1 mm was processed
and observed under a stereo microscope. The results indicate fibers as the predominant category of
microplastic followed by fragments. Higher microplastic concentrations were observed between
Peniche and Sines, probably associated with the presence of the Tagus estuary, the largest in
Europe. This area also has high population densities and industrial activities that promote the enter
of this anthropogenic pollutant in marine environment.
Keywords: microplastics/water column/coastal area/Portugal
∗Speaker †Corresponding author: jraimundo@ipma.pt
Individual and mixture exposures of polyethylene,

polypropylene and polystyrene micro- and
nanoplastics to freshwater microbial communities
Rebecca Adams ∗† 1, Iseult Lynch 2, Jonathon Sadler 2
1 University of Birmingham – School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, B15
2TT, United Kingdom 2 University of Birmingham – School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences,
University of Birmingham, B15 2TT, United Kingdom
Micro- and nanoplastics, defined as < 5 mm and < 1 im respectively, are recognised as global
Page 407
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________
environmental contaminants. Due to their prevalence in aquatic environments, inhabiting

organisms frequently encounter them, resulting in detrimental effects to the organism’s health and
survival. Laboratory studies often focus on single polymer type exposure when assessing potential
impacts of plastics. However, micro- and nanoplastics exist as a ”cocktail of compositions” within
the environment. Analysis of the effects of a single polymer type may miss any synergistic effects
that arise from exposure to mixtures of different micro- and nanoplastic compositions; thus results
from single composition studies may not be representative of the more complex effects in the
environment. In this study, freshwater microbial communities, taken from surface waters of the
Worcester and Birmingham canal, were exposed to polyethylene, polypropylene and polystyrene
particles of varying sizes (200 nm, 3 im and 30 im) and concentrations (0.01, 0.05 and 0.1 mg/L)
either singly, as pairwise mixtures or as a mixture of all three compositions. Using Biolog R
multiwell plate technology, active respiration of the microbial communities was measured to
ascertain whether the microorganisms were capable of surviving the exposure conditions and
utilising the polymer(s) as the sole carbon source over 72 hours. Surface characteristics of the 3
polymers were also examined via Scanning Electron Microscopy before and after exposures to
observe any evidence of microbial colonisation or biodegradation. By incorporating micro- and
nanoplastic mixture exposures into laboratory-based studies, any observed impacts to microbial
respiration or the plastic surfaces could more accurately represent in-situ environmental processes.
Furthermore, freshwater research remains an understudied area in comparison with the marine
environment. Therefore, effort needs to be directed into bridging the gap between the two
environments and also between what is happening in the environment and what we are observing in
laboratory experiments.
Keywords: Freshwater, Microbial communities, Toxicity, Mixtures
∗Speaker †Corresponding author: RMA693@bham.ac.uk
Page 408
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________
List of participants
Abaroa Pérez Bárbara, Abrantes Nelson, Abreu António, Acosta Dacal Andrea Carolina, Adams Rebecca,
Adern Febles Ninoska, Adern Febles Ninoska, Agustí Susana, Airoldi Laura, Al-Sid-Cheikh Maya, Alligant
Soline, Almeshal Wael, Alomar Carme, Altmann Korinna, Amara Rachid, Ana Markic, Andersen Thorbjorn,
Andrade Jose, Andrady Anthony, Andrews Susan, Andrews Robert, Antunes Joana, Aparicio-González
Alberto, Araujo Fabio, Askanian Haroutioun, , Asmonaite Giedre, Avio Carlo Giacomo, Bahri Tarub, Baini
Matteo, Balakrishnan Nair Gireeshkumar, Ball Hollie, Banywesize Bahizire Wilbrord, Barahona Elisa, Bavo
De Witte, Baztan Juan, Baztán Pablo, , Bebianno Maria, Becker Luca, Begout Marie-Laure, Beiras Ricardo,
Bellas Juan, Bellou Nikoleta, Bendjebbour Karim, Bentzen Thomas Ruby, Bergmann Sven, Bernardini Ilaria,
Bertin Delphine, Bessa Filipa, Bessa Filipa, Binelli Andrea, Blair Reina, Boodraj Prishani, Booth Andy,
Bordos Gabor, Borsella Mauro, Botterell Zara, Bouiba Samira, Bour Agathe, Bourgeon Sophie, Bouwman
Annerieke, Brandts Irene, Braunbeck Thomas, Breider Florian, Brotons Blanes Marta, Bruge Antoine, Bulák
Peter, Burrows David, Caballero Maria Jose, Caban Magda, Cachot Jerome, Cajaraville Miren P, Callaghan
Amanda, Camedda Andrea, Campillo Juan, Campoy López Pedro, Camps Ameena, Canada Paula, Capanni
Francesca, Capolupo Marco, Capper Angela, Carl Boardman, Carney Almroth Bethanie, Carola Murano,
Carreras-Colom Ester, Castro Jiménez Javier, Catarci Carteny Camilla, Cavalleri Annamaria, Centelleghe
Cinzia, Cermakova Lenka, Chan Benny, Choi Jin Soo, Ciabattoni Francecso, Cirino Erica, Clavería Alberto,
Clokey Joseph, Clüsener-Godt Miguel, Cocking Jennifer, Cole Matthew, Cole Matthew, Collot Anne-Gaelle,
Compa Montserrat, Concato Margherita, Constant Mel, Constantino Emanuel, Coppa Stefania, Coppock
Rachel, Cordier Mateo, Cormier Bettie, Coscia Lucia, Courtene-Jones Winnie, Cousin Xavier, Cowger Win,
Cuesta Alberto, Cunha César, Cyvin Jardar, Cyvin Jakob, Czech Elisa, çevik Cem, durovcová Ivana,
ˇspacková Jana, Daines-Ravn Alysia, Daisuke Sutani, Darbha Gopala Krishna, Davaasuren Narangerel, De
Felice Beatrice, De Lucia Giuseppe Andrea, De Sales Carolina, De Simone Maria Rosaria, Deegan Malcolm,
Dehaut Alexandre, Delandmeter Philippe, Denham Julia, Déniel Maureen, Deshoulles Quentin, Devriese
Lisa, Dewar-Fowler Vicky, Di Vito Legambiente, Diana Zoie, Diatta Abdoulaye, Diepens Noël, Dimante-
Deimantovica Inta, Dörder Dominik, Doyle Thomas, Doyle Darragh, Dris Rachid, Duarte Carlos, Durantou
Lise, Dysted Helle, Egger Matthias, Eitzen Lars, El Rakwe Maria, Eleonora Faraggiana, Enders Kristina,
Erica De Rysky, Erni Cassola Gabriel, Ershova Alexandra, Estess Ethan, Everaert Gert, Ewa Croker,
Eyheraguibel Boris, Fabbri Elena, Fackelmann Gloria, Fajkovic Hana, Falahudin Dede, Farhan Khan, Felis
Núria, Fernandez Florencio, Fernández-González Verónica, Ferreira Catarina, Fischer Dieter, Fischer
Marten, Fischer Elke, Fisher Jeffrey, Floehr Tilman, Folkers Jann, Forrest Shaun, Fossi Maria Cristina, Foster
Laura, Fouriau Jérémy, Franco Javier, Frehland Stefan, Frey Silvia, Frias Jo ̃ao, Gago Jesús, Galgani
Francois, Galgani Luisa, Galli Matteo, García Chamero Arianna, Gasperi Johnny, Gauchotte-Lindsay
Caroline, Geissen Violette, Gerdes Zandra, Gerdts Gunnar, Giani Dario, Giraudeau Solene, Gomez May,
Gonçalves Cátia, Goñi Godoy Gara, González Carballo Marta, Gonzalez Soto Nagore, Gonzalez-Silvera
Daniel, Gottschling Michael, Grelaud Michael, Grimsdale Jess, Güemes Sara, Guilhermino Lúcia, Gundogdu
Sedat, Gutekunst Sören, Gutiérrez Ana, Gutow Lars, Haave Marte, Hagemann Randi, Hamm Thea, Hanke
Georg, Hanus John, Harmer Rogan, Hartikainen Samuel, Hartl Mark, Hartmann Nanna, Haseler Mirco,
Page 409
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________
Hassellov Martin, Henderson Lesley, Hengstmann Elena, Heo Yunwi, Hernández Borges Javier, Hernandez-
Milian Gema, Herper Dominik, Herrera Alicia, Herzke Dorte, Hideki Hasunuma, Holden Rod, Horton Alice,
Houssein Djama Samatar, Hurley Rachel, Huvet Arnaud, Hylland Ketil, Ide Youichiroh, Iordachescu Lucian,
Ivanova Ekaterina, Ivar Do Sul Juliana, Izallalen Mounir, Jahnke Annika, Jalon-Rojas Isabel, Jiménez García
Gonzalo, Jones Jen, Jongedijk Cleo, Jongmans Elanor, Jorgensen Bethany, Jucker Meret, Julienne Fanon,
Jung Jae-Woong, Kaandorp Mikael, Kanhai La Daana, Käppler Andrea, Karlsson Therese, Katayama
Kanako, Kazour Maria, Kedzierski Mikaël, Keiter Steffen, Kheroufi Nawel, Killarney James, Kim Seung-
Kyu, Kine Martinussen, Kirchgeorg Torben, Kirstein Inga, Klaeger Franziska, Klein Malin, Knauss
Christine, Knefel Markus, Knoblauch Doris, Koelmans Albert, Kögel Tanja, Koistinen Arto, Koji Kimura,
Kolandhasamy Prabhu, Kondjia Chamberlin Jules De Braise, Kooi Merel, Kopke Kathrin, Korez ˇspela,
Krais Stefanie, Kramm Johanna, Krzan Andrej, Kuckelkorn Jochen, Kühn Susanne, Kühnel Dana, Lacerda
Ana, Lacroix Camille, Laforsch Christian, Lahtela-Kakkonen Maija, Lang Kevin, Latva Mira, Laufkötter
Charlotte, Laura Bomm, Lebreton Laurent, Lechthaler Simone, Lefebvre Charlotte, Lehtiniemi Maiju, León
Víctor M., Limonta Giacomo, Lindeque Penelope, Linderholm Linda, Lips Inga, Liria Loza Ana, Liu Fan,
Lompe Kim Maren, Loozen Michelle, Lopez Naima Andrea, Lopez Mahia Purificacion, Lorenz Claudia,
Lorenzo-Navarro Javier, Lott Christian, Lusher Amy, Magni Stefano, Márquez Govea Lázaro, Martin Cecilia,
Martin Betancor Keila, Martinez Jesus, Martins Irene, Martins Marta, Mastel Stefan, Mateos Cárdenas
Alicia, Matiddi Marco, Mattsson Karin, Mawule-Dzossou Senoumagbey Ayavor Koffivi, Mboglen David,
Mcgoran Alexandra, Meigikos Dos Anjos Roberto, Mendes Ana, Mendoza Amaia, Mesli Nacima, Messinetti
Silvia, Meyns Michaela, Milan Massimo, Miranda Santiago, Mitrano Denise, Mittelbach Martin, Miyaji
Kohei, Mohamed Nor Nur Hazimah, Mongoni Samuel, Monje Belén, Montarsolo Alessio, Montoto Tania,
Mordecai Philip John, Moreira Bernardo, Morgana Silvia, Morin Benedicte, Morrison Liam, Mossotti
Raffaella, Mouneyrac Catherine, Mundani Annett, Muniategui-Lorenzo Soledad, Murphy Bob, Murphy
Fionn, Mustonen Anna-Riina, Nadvornik-Vincent Colette, Näkki Pinja, Narayanaswamy Bhavani, Nash
Roisin, Ndibe Gilbert, Nel Holly, Nelms Sarah, Nelson Plastic Free Mermaid, Nerland Inger Lise, Nielsen
Ann Flemming, Niemann Helge, Nikiforov Vladimir, Nogueira Natacha, Novillo Sanjuan Olga, Novotná
Kateˇrina, O Donovan Mairéad, Oaie Smaranda, Ockelford Annie, Ogonowski Martin, Ohwada Takashi,
Olesen Kristina, Omland Marius, Orbea Amaia, Osborne Amy, Ostiategui-Francia Patricia, Ouldyerou
Karima, Pabortsava Katsiaryna, Pacheco Alexandre, Pagter Elena, Palazzo Luca, Panti Cristina, Pantos Olga,
Paradinas Lola, Parajuli Kishor, Pardo María Amaya, Parker-Jurd Florence, Parolini Marco, Parravano
Roberta, Paulischkis Eva, Pedrotti Maria Luiza, Peña-Rodriguez Cristina, Pennati Roberta, Pérez Diego,
Peter Corina, Pettersen Arne, Pfeiffer Felix, Philipp Carolin, Piarulli Stefania, Piccardo Manuela, Pikkarainen
Kaisa, Piliyan Raju, Pinto Maria, Pittura Lucia, Pivokonsky Martin, Planchat Alban, Plassmann Merle, Po
Hoi Ki, Posth Nicole, Potthoff Annegret, Poumey Jennifer, Po lec Marzena, Primpke Sebastian, Proietti
Maira, Puckowski Alan, Pulido-Reyes Gerardo, Putna-Nimane Ieva, Raimundo Joana, Ramon Debra,
Redondo Hasselerharm Paula, Regoli Francesco, Reilly Katie, Remoe Svend Otto, Reuter Kristine, Revel
Messika, Ribeiro Francisca, Riesbeck Sarah, Rios Beatriz, Ripken Christina, Ritsema Coen, Rivera José,
Robertson Ian, Roblin Brett, Rocchia Massimiliano, Rodrigues Diana, Rodríguez Yasmina, Rodríguez
Romeu Oriol, Rodríguez Seijo Andrés, Rogers Kelsey, Rojo-Nieto Elisa, Romera Castillo Cristina, Rosato
Page 410
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Antonella, Roscher Lisa, Roset Miquel, Rubi Blanca, Ruff Ines, Ruiz Orejon Luis, Rummel Christoph, Saarni
Saija, Saboret Gregoire, Sait Shannen, Sakaguchi-Söder Kaori, Salaberria Iurgi, Sandias Manuela, Sandias
Francesco, Santos-Echeandía Juan, Sarah Schönbauer, Scacco Umberto, Schmieg Hannah, Schmitt-Jansen
Mechthild, Schnetzer Julia, Scholz-Böttcher Barbara, Schür Christoph, Schwarz Matthias, Schymanski
Darena, Selig Uwe, Sempere Feliu, Sempere Richard, Senoumagbey Ayavor Koffivi Mawule-Dzossou,
Senoumagbey Ayavor Koffivi Mawule-Dzossou, Setälä Outi, Shah Shwetal, Shanahan Timothy, Shimizu
Akiko, Shiravani Gholamreza, Sibirtsova Elena, Sigursson Valtýr, Simon Laura, Simpson Peter, Singh Nisha,
Sobolev Nikita, Sobral Paula, Song Nan-Seon, Sonnenschein Eva, Speroni Lucia, Stanton Thomas, Stead
Jessica, Steer Madeleine, Stindlova Anna, Stock Friederike, Stöwer Sarah-Christin, Strum Michael, Suaria
Giuseppe, Supian Suffeiya, Svardal Benny, Svardal Benny, Taibi Nasr-Eddine, Tallec Kevin, Tamminga
Matthias, Tarasco Marco, Tato Tania, Taylor Joe, Tejedor María Luisa, Tekman Mine B., Teles Mariana,
Telszewski Maciej, Teunkens Bert, Tevik Rogstad Dina, Thiel Laura, Thiele Christina, Thomas Helene,
Thomas Kevin, Thompson Richard, Tirelli Valentina, Toorman Erik, Torrent Theresa, Toˇsic Tara, Town
Raewyn, Treilles Robin, Türkeri Ezgi, Turov Polina, Unger Bianca, Valente Tommaso, Van Alst Nikki, Van
Colen Carl, Van Melkebeke Michiel, Van Oyen Albert, Van Sebille Erik, Vega-Moreno Daura, Vianello
Alvise, Villarrubia Gómez Patricia, Völker Carolin, Vollertsen Jes, Vruggink Marc, Wagner Martin,
Waldschläger Kryss, Walkinshaw Chris, Waller Cath, Walter Ismeni, Watanabe Taisuke, Weber Annkatrin,
Weber Miriam, Weiss Lisa, Welden Natalie, Wendt-Potthoff Katrin, Wichels Antje, Wichmann David,
Wieczorek Alina Madita, Winkler Anna, Winton Debbie, Woodall Lucy, Wright Robyn, Wyss Virginie,
Yeuc’h Valérie, Yoshida Kazuhiro, Yu Sing-Pei, Yurtsever Meral, Yurtsever Ulas, Zadjelovic Vinko, Zanaroli
Giulio, Zeytin Sinem, Zhiyue Niu, Zimmermann Lisa, Zouxia Long, Zucchi Sara.
_____________________________________________
Page 411
@PlasticoCero @2020Micro @mesurerltdmonde
#ReservaBiosfera #Lanzarote #plasticpollution
#microplastic #nanoplastic #macroplastic
#MICRO2016 #MICRO2018 #MICRO2020
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MICRO 2018

Fate and Impact of Microplastics:

Under the patronage of UNESCO

Bioavailability and ingestion of microplastic by zooplankton in the natural environment......73

Process controls on microplastic recontamination in fluvial sediments due to flooding........135

DISTRIBUTION AND BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF MICROPLASTICS IN MARINE

Study of Microplastic formation: Accelerated degradation of polyamide 6 in thermal and

Compost - a potential source of microplastics: amount, source and composition of plastic

Assessment of the Trojan horse effect using PAH-contaminated polystyrene microplastics:

Exposure of juvenile turbot (Scophthalmus maximus) to contaminated microplastic diet:

8h30, Registration Desk in el Cabildo

8h30-17h30, Panels 5.1, 6.1, 7.1, 8.1 and posters

9h-17h, JPI Oceans Microplastics Projects

19h15, Presentation 2nd JPI Oceans joint call on microplastics

8h30-18h.30, Panels 10.1, 11.1, 12.1, 13.1 and posters

19h30-20h30, Public Keynote and Film

8h30-18h.30, Panels 15.1, 16.1, 17.1, 18.1 and posters

8h30-17h, Panels 20.1, 21.1, 22.1 and posters

17h, Closing Event

November 19th: 8h30 Registration desk in el Cabildo de Lanzarote.

Keynotes and public discussions:

19h30-20h30, Wednesday Nov. 21st

19h-20h, Thursday Nov. 22nd

November 23rd 17h, Closing Event...

Oral presentations, by day and panel

Degradation of Polyolefin Plastics Under Marine

Clean Coast: project for the study and management of

Do antifouling paint particles pose a risk to sediment-

Global Plastic Waste Fluxes from Coastal and

Use of the risk assessment paradigm to organise and

Understanding the effects of the plastic additive

∗Speaker †Corresponding author: imartins@ciimar.up.pt

November 19th – Plenary 2: 14h30 - 17h (Arrecife

Accumulation of plastic debris and associated

What about us? Effects of nano- and microplastics on

Occurrence of Microplastics in Commercial Seafood

Investigating the presence of microplastic in Danish

∗Corresponding author: jak@bios.au.dk †Speaker

Development of a jet pump based microplastic

High Concentrations of Microplastics in the Bed

A methodology to characterize macroplastic dynamics

The Plastics Manufacturers efforts to prevent marine

Acute need of Legal Framework for management of

Development of a novel technological approach for the

1 abcr GmbH – Im Schlehert 10, 76187 Karlsruhe, Germany

Treatment stage effect on microplastic abundance and

Understanding the retention of nanoplastics at rock

November 20th – Panel 5.2: 8h30 - 10h (EC), Panel

From the sewer to the sea - microplastic transport and

Microplastics going Dutch: A systems approach to

Our understanding of microplastic pollution in freshwaters is lagging behind. Although

Laboratory and numerical testing of transport

Numerical modelling of microplastic transport in

Giving value to plastic bottles: an effective solution

November 20th – Panel 6.1: 10h30 - 12h30 (AGH),

Microplastic pollution of the Akyatan Beach one of

Marine litter monitoring in the Neva Bay (Baltic Sea):

Microplastics pollution on the beaches at the northern

Accumulation of microplastics on sandy beaches of

Microplastic pollution on Gran Canaria island beaches

Quantity and type of plastics in the beaches of the

The french approach for msfd beach microplastic

November 20th – Panel 6.2: 10h30 - 12h30 (EC),