AR6017- URBAN HOUSING –STUDY MATERIAL

UNIT 1: INTRODUCTION TO HOUSING AND HOUSING ISSUES– INDIAN CONTEXT

Housing and its importance in Architecture and its relationship with

neighborhood and city planning:

 Shelter is a basic need of human; it is one of the basic human needs just next to
food and clothing.
 The traditional people, who lived between 10,000 and 2,000 B.C. built houses
like pit dwellings, lake dwellings, huts, etc.
 However, the importance of housing increased over the years due to development
of civilization.
 In the Asiatic age people gave importance to housing, wanting only a protection
against wild animals, natural calamities and also against enemies.
 The requirement of housing is growing in the context of the development of
knowledge, changes in the civilization, people becoming more aware about the
privacy, sanitation, consciousness of health, environment, infrastructural facilities
etc.
 It becomes a rational of better physical as well as infrastructural facilities, which
provides a comfortable and easy life.
 With the discovery of electricity and other infrastructure housing has become
very important, having electricity, toilet, bath, washbasin etc. within the house
itself.
 The house becoming a comfortable place has changed the old concept of
protection from animals and extreme weather conditions.
  In most of the well-developed nations, the technocrats, as well as executives bring
work to their homes in briefcases and get it done in the home at night.
 With the invention of television, radio, computer, recorded music etc. the
recreational activities within the house has also enhanced considerably.
 As per the knowledge the man spent a considerable part of his lifetime within the
house. It clearly shows the fact that the house is a part and parcel of a man‟s life.

Importance of housing:

Housing, besides being a very basic requirement for the urban people, also holds the key to

accelerate the speed of the development of the nation.

 Investment in housing industry like any other industry has a multiplier effect on income

and employment, which in turn leads to the overall development of the economy.

 It is estimated that overall employment generation in our economy due to the additional

investment in housing as well as construction industry is eight times the direct

employment.

 Housing provides employment to a cross section of people, which importantly includes

the weaker sections of the society.

 Housing also provides opportunities for home based economic activities. At the same

time, adequate housing also decides the health status of the occupants.

 Therefore, on account of health, income and employment considerations, housing is a

very important tool for removing poverty, generation of employment and improving the

health status of people.

 Magnitude of housing requirements is linked to pattern of growth, settlement status and

overall shelter quality.

 Cities and towns, which are growing at faster rate, need to develop and deliver a faster

and greater supply of housing.

 Growth of slums in India has been at least three times higher than the growth of urban

population, leading to sizeable number of urban population living in the slums.

 Therefore housing activities are to be planned according to the growth pattern of

different settlement/ cities. The people themselves with their own resources construct

majority of the houses in India.

 Therefore, the main role of the government at all levels is not to seek to build houses

itself but to act as a catalyst and make appropriate investments and create conditions

where the poor people may gain and secure good housing and remove the existing

difficulties in the housing system. In order to remove these problems National Housing

Policy was framed and it has certain well-defined aims.

Aims of Housing Policy:

The housing and habitat policy aims at:

 Creation of adequate housing stock both rental as well as the ownership basis.

 Facilitating accelerated supply of serviced land and housing with particular focus

to economically weaker sections and lowest income group‟s categories and taking

in to account the need for the development of supporting infrastructure and basic

services to all categories.

 Facilitate upgradation of infrastructure of towns and cities and make these

comparable to the needs of the times.

  Ensuring that all dwelling units have easy accessibility to basic sanitation

facilities and drinking water.

 Promotion of larger flow of funds to meet the revenue requirements of housing

and infrastructure using innovative tools.

 Providing quality and cost effective housing and shelter options to cities especially the

vulnerable groups and the poor.

Housing demand and supply

 Every person in the world deserves a better home.

 Governments in the world have come up with great housing initiatives.

 This is to ensure there are good homes for their citizens.

 Most of the cities in the world have stocks of housing.

 Nevertheless, there are a number of factors affecting demand and supply of

housing.

Affordability

 There has been an increased income for individuals.

 Many people have been able to afford and spend certain amount on houses.

 Demand for housing has always risen during times of economic growth.

 Demand for housing has been a luxury good for many years.

 The rise in income has caused vast rise in demand.

Population

 Demographic changes have influenced the number of people buying homes.

 A large growing numbers of people living alone have pushed the demand for more houses higher

Unemployment and economic growth

 Falling unemployment and higher economic growth have an effect on housing. Have all led to

an increase in demand and supply of houses.

 Rise in unemployment have made it hard for people to access houses.

National Housing Policy

 National urban housing and habitat policy 2007

 Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission (JNNURM)

 Rajiv awas yojana

Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission (JNNURM)

 JNNURM was launched in December 2005 with an aim to encourage and

expedite urban reforms in India.

 For the housing sector in particular, its main aim was construction of 1.5 million

houses for the urban poor during the mission period (2005– 2012) in 65 mission

cities.
Indira Awas Yojana

 The Indira Awas Yojana expanded to cover all poor rural households. • Financial

assistance for this included money to not only construct a pucca house but also

individual sanitary toilets and drinking water connections.

 The demarcation is done among rural poor & urban poor people for a detach set

of plans functions for the poor in urban areas (such as the Basic facilities for Poor

in Urban).

 It is among the main flagship schemes of the Rural Development Ministry to

build homes for BPL inhabitants in the towns.

 In this plan, financial aid of value 75,000/- Rs. in plain regions & 75,000/- Rs. in

difficult regions is given for building of homes.

 Sanitary latrine & smokeless chullah are necessary to be built along with every

IAY homes for which extra financial aid is given by Total Sanitation Campaign

& Rajiv Gandhi Grameen Vidyutikaran Yojana correspondingly.

 This scheme is in function since year nineteen eighty five, and offers subsidies &

cash- aid to persons in villages to build their homes, themselves.

RAJIV AWAS YOJANA

Rajiv Awas Yojana (RAY) is a new scheme announced by the President earlier in 2009,

focuses on slum dwellers and the urban poor. This scheme aims at promoting a slum-

free India in five years and would focus on according property rights to slum dwellers.

The scheme will focus on according property rights to slum dwellers and the urban poor

by the states and union territories. It would provide basic amenities such as water

supply, sewerage, drainage, internal and approach roads, street lighting and social

infrastructure facilities in slums and low income settlements adopting a „whole city‟

approach.

SCOPE OF RAY

 Integrated development of all existing slums, notified or no notified, i.e.

development of infrastructure and housing in the slums or rehabilitation colonies

for the slum dwellers or urban poor, including rental housing.

 development, improvement and maintenance of basic services to the urban poor,

including water supply, sewerage, drainage, solid waste management, approach

and internal roads, street lighting, community facilities such as community toilets

and baths, informal sector markets and livelihoods centres.

 Other community facilities like preschools, child care centres, schools, health

centres to be undertaken in convergence with programmes of respective

ministries.
  convergence with health, education and social security schemes for the urban

poor and connectivity infrastructure for duly connecting slums with citywide

infrastructure facilities and projects

 Creation of affordable housing stock, including rental housing with the provision

of civic infrastructure and services, on ownership, rental or rental-purchase basis.

Housing agencies and their role in housing development:

Role of public sector

 During the First Five Year Plan (1951–56) government-directed various programs

such as the subsidized Housing Scheme for Industrial Workers (1952), Housing

for Low Income Group (1954), and Housing Scheme for Plantation Workers

(1956). The result of this indicated that the poor benefited the least from this

policy.

 During the Second Five Year Plan (1956–61), the government began to pursue

the policy of slum clearance and rehabilitation of housing. The slum clearance

scheme was self-defeating in the sense that it did not take into consideration the

situation of acute shortage of housing stock. On the contrary, it sought to

demolish existing stock. National Housing Policy 1988

 To promote the interest of higher and middle income groups. Draft National

Housing Policy.
  To link shelter provision with economic improvement of the poor. National

Housing Policy 1994

 To provide affordable housing for all and strengthen the enabling strategies.

Role of private sector

1. The total public-sector contribution to the housing stock is no more than 16% for the

country as a whole, while the majority of the housing stock (84%) is provided through

the efforts of the formal and informal private sector.

2. The formal sector includes direct budgetary allocations and also net financial

assistance through financial agencies like the Housing Development and Finance

Corporation (HDFC), the Life Insurance Corporation (LIC), the Unit Trust of India

(UTI), commercial banks, provident funds, etc.

3. The informal sector includes households themselves as well as public and private-

sector employers who extend housing loans to their employees (Government of India,

1992).

4. Another form of informal development is “farmers‟ land subdivisions”, where land in

urban development zones is owned and cultivated by farmers. The farmers themselves

subdivide the land without the intervention of middlemen.

5. A substantial proportion of the urban population in India is housed in the informal

housing, ranging from 33% in Delhi to over 52% in Mumbai.

6. The share of the formal private sector in this investment is only about 12%. Indeed,

housing provided by the formal private sector is beyond the reach of the poor. Most of

the housing for the poor is provided by the informal private sector.

7. However, for the poor, most of the housing is provided by the illegal informal private

sector. The illegal informal sector manages to bring the cost of housing within the

affordable limits of the poor, as land is either acquired free of cost or at low cost because

of undesirable site conditions.

Role of housing cooperatives

 There are three types of cooperative societies in India:

 Building Cooperative Societies (BCS),

 Housing Finance Cooperative Societies, and

 Tenure Cooperative Housing Societies.

 In New Delhi, they are known as Cooperative Group Housing Societies; they

undertake the planning, construction, and management of housing.

 In Mumbai, there are Tenant Ownership Housing Societies (where land is held by

the cooperative and members lease the unit from the cooperative).

 In Chennai, housing cooperatives are mainly housing finance cooperatives that

serve middle- and, to some extent, low-income households.

Role of public and private financial institutions

 From the 1950s onward, the Indian financial market was regulated by government

bodies, the Government of India did not consider housing as a priority sector;

housing was seen as a social welfare sector rather than an economic sector.

 In the Seventh Five Year Plan, it was proposed that HUDCO should largely

concentrate on EWS and LIG housing and not on MIG and HIG housing.

 In 1977, the Housing Development and Finance Corporation (HDFC) entered the

Indian finance market. Its housing program caters mainly to middle- and high-

income groups.
  The guidelines for lending were liberalized by the commercial banks in 1988 and the amounts of
admissible loans were enhanced. The beneficiaries‟ margin was reduced and the interest rate was

pushed down for small loans while the period of repayment was increased from 10 years to 15

years.

 In 1988 Government of India set up the National Housing Bank (NHB) to mobilize resources for
the housing sector, particularly to help the low income groups and promote housing finance

institutions at the regional and local level.

HOUSING AND URBAN DEVELOPMENT CORPORATION LIMITED.(HUDCO)

VISION

"TO BE AMONG THE WORLD'S LEADING KNOWLEDGE HUBS AND TECHNO-

FINANCIAL ORGANIZATIONS FOR CLEAN, GREEN AND SUSTAINABLE

HABITAT DEVELOPMENT."

MISSION

"TO PROMOTE SUSTAINABLE HABITAT DEVELOPMENT TO ENHANCE THE

QUALITY OF LIFE"

INTRODUCTION

The Housing and Urban Development Corporation Limited (HUDCO) is a government

owned corporation in India. One of the public sector undertakings, it is wholly owned by

the Union Government and is under the administrative control of the Ministry of
Housing and Urban Poverty Alleviation. It is mandated with building affordable housing

and carrying out urban development.

 HUDCO was incorporated on April 25, 1970.

 HUDCO has worked with architects such as B. V. Doshi, Charles Correa,

Christopher Charles Benninger and Sheila Sri Prakash.

 Housing and Urban Development programme in India with special emphasis on

low cost housing. Development of new townships and their infrastructural needs.

 Development of buildings material technology and industries.

 Consultancy services with India and abroad.

HOUSING

 44.33% of housing loan of HUDCO has been allocated for (EWS) and

(LIG) which carries a concessional rate of interest of 8.5 %( floating) to

9.75 %(floating), over 93% of the dwelling units sanctioned by HUDCO

benefit these sections of society.

 In the last 44 years, HUDCO has reached people in over 1877 towns and

hundreds of villages.

 Entrusted with the implementation of the priority programmes of the

Ministry like Low Cost Sanitation, Night Shelter for Footpath Dwellers,

Shelter Upgradation under Nehru Rozgar Yojana, Rural housing under

Minimum Needs Programme.

 In times of crisis like Earthquakes, Cyclone, Floods, tsunami etc., HUDCO

has extensively contributed in the rehabilitation of the calamity affected

households, through its technical and financial help for housing

reconstruction.

BUILDING TECHNOLOGY

 HUDCO has sanctioned 655 (577 urban & 78 rural) building centres all

over the country to introduce alternative and cost effective building

technology to people. Premier research and development institutes in the

country need these building centres with innovative options, which are

cost saving, durable, functional and aesthetic.

 Financial assistance is extended to the building materials industry to

encourage innovative and alternative methods employing agricultural and

industrial waste.

OBJECTIVES

 Providing long term finance for construction of houses and urban

development programs in the country.

 Finance or undertake, wholly or partly, the setting up of the new or

satellite towns.

 Subscribe to the debentures and bonds to be issued by the State Housing

Urban Development Boards, Improvement Trusts, Development

 Authorities etc. specifically for the purpose of financing housing and urban

development programs.

 Finance or undertake the setting up of industrial enterprises of building

material.

 Administers the money received, from time to time, from the Government

of India and other sources as grant or otherwise for the purposes of

financing or undertaking housing and urban development programs in the

country, and promote, establish, assist, collaborate and provide

consultancy services for the projects of designing and planning of works

relating to Housing and Urban Development programs in India and abroad.

 Undertakes business of Venture Capital Fund in Housing and Urban

Development Sectors facilitating Innovations in these sectors and invest

in and/or subscribe to the units/shares etc. of Venture Capital Funds

promoted by Government/Government Agencies in the above areas.

 Set up HUDCO's own Mutual Fund for the purpose of Housing and Urban

Development programs and/or invest in Mutual Funds, promoted by the

Government/Government Agencies for the above purpose.

CONSTRUCTION TECHNIQUES MUD BLOCK STRUCTURES

 Unburnt sun-dried bricks for walls.

 Economical

 One side of wall is terracotta tile to make exterior wall water resistant

 Fly ash bricks for columns and bars

 Bamboo paneled doors and window shutters IPS flooring with colored

oxide

 Foundation- un-coursed rubble masonry with boulder murrum filling is

laid to prepare a flat ground.

 Mud block wall is rain proof and rodent proof. No need for any other

binding material

 No steel and wood is used for roofing.

 The roof consists of a series of arches to be placed as a formwork from

the conical tiles made out of burnt clay inserted into one another
WATTLE AND DUAB UNIT

 Cement is used as stabilizer.

 Foundation based on stilts and random rubble masonry.

 Flooring of verandah made from locally available wood.

 Columns constructed using stabilized rammed earth block technique employing

„ram rod‟ technique. Walls made of bamboo mats plastered with mud or lime

mortar.

 CGI sheet roofing over space frame truss instead of wood. Bamboo CGS can be

used. Roof water harvesting shows syntax water tank connected to a cost

effective sanitation model.

 The structure is totally earthquake resistant as vertical and horizontal bands are

provided
BRICK PANEL HOUSE

 Use of brick panels for roofing.

 Prefabricated brick panel and partially pre-cast joists require burnt clay bricks,

cement, and sand, coarse aggregate and reinforcing steel as major raw

materials.

 No major plant, equipment and machinery are required.

 The brick panels are durable, leak-proof, fire-resistant, thermal-resistant, and

less noisy in rains and provide vertical expansion.

 They are very cost-effective and generate employment opportunities in rural

areas for masons/labor.

RAT TRAP BOND CONSTRUCTION

 Random rubble arch foundation

 Rat trap bond wall that saves 25% bricks and cement.

 Brick window jallies Filler slab roof Non-erodable mud plaster upto sill level.

 Use fair face of the bricks in patterns to avoid plastering Mud and brick bats

flooring in different rooms Kadapa slabs for shelves

BAMBOO HOUSE

 Bamboo is a versatile construction material which is affordable, durable

and very suitable for earthquake prone regions

 It is a light weight, long lasting and renewable building material In case of

earthquakes, bamboo house won‟t cause any death if it collapses and is

easy to mend and repair.

 The use of these boards and other bamboo products makes the house

construction not only cost effective but also offers exotic designs.
STONE PATTI CONSTRUCTION

 Climate control only influenced the design adopted-a central courtyard surrounded

by construction of high walls with a balcony and small wind apertures to allow air

circulation as well as preventing dust blow-ins during sandstorms.

 UNIT II SOCIO-ECONOMIC ASPECTS

Social economic factors influencing housing affordability:

 Affordability is thus conceptualized to be a function of housing demand and supply,

which are in turn influenced by factors related to the macroeconomic environment,

property characteristics, mortgage loan characteristics, demographic and

household social- economic factors .

 Housing is a human right in as much as air and/or water. Like food, even those who

cannot afford it need it perhaps much more than those who can, because the latter

could be in it for the investment returns the demand of housing units is believed to be

higher than the supply of housing units.

 The shortfall in housing has been met through proliferation of squatter and informal

settlements and overcrowding. Some of the factors that have been argued as

contributing to this status quo include the high costs of constructions, the poverty

level in India, inconsistent legal framework and poor policies in the housing sectors,

corruption, inadequate financial deepening in the housing finance sector, and poor

infrastructure among others.

CRITICAL FACTORS AFFECTING THE SUPPLY OF HOUSING INCLUDE:

a) The availability and cost of land. Other factors influencing the supply of new housing

include:

B) The availability of infrastructure, including the supply of essential services (roads,

sewerage, drinking water, etc.),

c) Regional development policies and regulations that address environmental concerns,

for example, the Resource Management Act as well as natural hazards, changes in

development levies imposed by local authorities and government interventions (e.g.

those aimed at improving the sustainability of the housing stock, and regulatory

statements in general)

d) The availability of finance at an affordable price and for different ownership

structures such as multiple-owned land,

e) The performance and efficiency of the building and construction sector, including the

length of time it takes the building industry to adjust to changing demand for housing.

Industry efficiency can be affected by labour market constraints, industry capability, the

costs of construction, and building techniques.

SITES-AND-SERVICES: THE BASIC PRINCIPLES

 The key components of a housing scheme are the plot of land, infrastructure (like
roads, water supply, drainage, electricity or a sanitary network), and the house
itself. Various inputs that go into them include finance, building
materials/technology, and labour.

 The sites-and-services approach advocated the role of government agencies only

in the preparation of land parcels or plots with certain basic infrastructure, which
was to be sold or leased to the intended beneficiaries. The next step of actual
house building was left to the beneficiaries themselves to use their own resources,
such as informal finance or family labor and various other types of community
participation modes to build their house.

 The beneficiaries could also build the house at their own phase, depending on the
availability of financial and other resources. This adopted the basic principle of
the development of a squatter settlement but without the "squatting" aspect.

TYPOLOGIES IN SITES-AND-SERVICES SCHEMES

Depending on the investment made, resources available, the implementing agency or

degree of organization of the beneficiaries, sites-and-services schemes were activated in
a number of differing ways. This variation was a result of the attempt to strike a balance
between minimum "acceptable" housing conditions and affordability of the
beneficiaries. While following the basic rule of a plot of land (sites) and essential
infrastructure (services), the degree of participation and inputs of the implementing
agency on one hand, and the beneficiaries on the other, varied greatly. They ranged from
an empty plot of land and some services (like water, electricity and sanitation
connections) to the provision of a "core" house (consisting of a toilet and kitchen only)
on the plot of land with attached services.

Some of the variations attempted in sites-and-services projects include:

 Utility wall: A "utility" wall is built on the plot which contains the connections
for water, drainage, sewerage and electricity. The beneficiaries had to build the
house around this wall, and utilize the connections from it. Some projects
provided this utility wall in the form of a sanitary core consisting of a
bathroom/toilet, and/or a kitchen.
 Latrine: Due to its critical waste disposal problem, many project provide a basic
latrine (bathroom and/or toilet) in each plot.
  Roof frame/ shell house, core house: The roof is the costliest component of a
house and requires skilled labor to build. Therefore, some projects provide the
roof structure on posts, and the beneficiaries have to build the walls according to
their requirements. Conversely, a plinth is sometimes built by the implementing
agency, which forms a base over which the beneficiaries can build their house.
Other variations to this are the shell house (which is an incomplete house
consisting of a roof and two side walls, but without front or rear walls) and a core
house (consisting of one complete room).

SLUM UPGRADATION COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION:

“...actual living conditions rather than the mere physical appearance”

The definition uses the word, “„Substandard‟ not in an objective or technological but

rather in a relative social sense, i.e., specific to a given country at a given period of time”

Firstly, the fact that a slum is always a community and hence calls for community

action. Secondly, that the requirements of a slum are very culture specific and invariably

need public participation in some degree, for identification of immediate and long term

issues.
WHAT IS THE ACTUAL ROLE OF THE STATE IN SUCH A SCENARIO?

The government is finding it exceedingly difficult to finance all large scale social

programs and schemes by itself. Hence, with the increasing grip of the private or non-

government sector on the market and economy, there is an undeniable need for civil

society to take on the social responsibility of Slum Upgradation Best done through the

process of Urban Community Development. Furthermore, how Community Centres may

play the role of an important vehicle for carrying out this task at a micro level remains to

be seen.

The main dimensions of this study are:

• Slum Upgradation • Community Development • Community Centres

SLUM UPGRADATION

What does the slum dweller realistically need? Is it shelter & tenure, nutrition, health,

sanitation, water, education, employment alone, or is it recognition, acknowledgement &

empowerment? Slum eradication/eviction was one of the earliest and most crude form of

a solution looked at by the government. Besides being an extreme measure, it was also a

failure in terms of its implementation. Other housing schemes looked at generating a

general surplus of housing stock with special emphasis on housing for the poor and

EWS (Economically Weaker Sections), they bordered on suggesting that the problem of

the urban poor is mainly restricted to Shelter. Gradually it was acknowledged that slum
communities are an integral part of any city‟s infrastructure, and cannot be indefinitely

shifted or removed. With this realization came the concept of Slum Upgradation. This

involved the betterment of slums in-situ.

The earlier schemes tended to focus on the physical component. However, it has been

established that all such efforts should adhere to local standards of physical

development. Whereby reinforcing the concept of public participation. According to the

Action Plan for Slum up gradation identified by the UNCHS and World Bank - Cities

Alliance for Cities without slums: “Slum Upgrading consists of physical, social,

economic, and organizational and environmental improvements undertaken

cooperatively and locally among citizens, community groups, businesses and local

authorities.

The relation between the three concepts mentioned earlier, namely, urban community

development, community centres and slum upgradation.

Infrastructure & Environment – RELATED PROGRAMS:

 Accelerated Urban Water Supply Program (AUWSP) Low – Cost Sanitation

 Community Toilet Complexes under VAMBAY & Sulabh schemes Employment –

related Programs:

 Self – Employment Program for the Urban Poor (SEPUP)

 Swarna Jayanti Shahari Rozgar Yojana (SJSRY)

RAJIV AWAS YOJANA CRIME PREVENTION

Vision

"Slum Free India" with inclusive and equitable cities in which everycitizen has

access to basic civic infrastructure and social amenities and decent shelter.

Mission

 Encourage States/Union Territories (UTs) to tackle slums in a definitive

manner, by focusing on:

 Bringing all existing slums, notified or non-notified (including recognised and

identified) within the formal system and enabling them to avail the basic

amenities that is available for the rest of the city/UA

 Redressing the failures of the formal system that lie behind the creation of

slums by planning for affordable housing stock for the urban poor and

initiating crucial policy changes required for facilitating the same.

 IMPLEMENTATION STRATEGY: 2 STEP IMPLEMENTATION

STRATEGIES

 Preparation of Slum Free City Plan of Action (SFCPoA) on 'whole

city'basis

 Detailed Project Report (DPRs) for slum

redevelopment/upgradation/relocation on 'whole slum' basis.

PREPARATION OF SFCPOA

 Activities for preparation of SFCPoAs include:

 Slum Survey

 Data Entry into MIS

 GIS Mapping of Slums

 GIS-MIS integration

SFCPOAS IN TWO PARTS

 Curative Strategy for Slum Redevelopment of all existing slums, notified,

 recognized or non, notified, on lands belonging to State/Central

Government, Urban Local Bodies, Public Undertakings of State/Central

Government any other public agency and private land; Preventive Strategy

for Containment of growth of future Slums.

 Admissible Components:

 Provisioning of Housing and basic civic infrastructure and amenities

In Slum development/improvement/up gradation Transit Housing for in situ

redevelopment

 Rental Housing and Dormitories

 Social infrastructure including Community halls, Child care centers,

Informal markets, Common workplaces/livelihoods centre.

HEALTH PRINCIPLES IN HOUSING

 Principles" may be defined as rules for guiding thought and action, based on

experimental.

 Clinical or epidemiological findings. As such, they have been deliberately

left General. The evidence on which they are based varies in quality. Many

of them require situation-specific Adaptations, to bring them in line with

circumstances (climate, culture), preferences (choices of locations and

housing materials), and the availability of resources to provide and improve

Housing.

 The general nature of these principles distinguishes them from housing

standards

And codes, which are usually drawn up by governments on the basis of selected
 Principles, to provide norms that are applicable to particular communities at

Specific times.

PRINCIPLES RELATED TO HEALTH NEEDS

 The relationships between housing conditions and human health are set

Forth in

 six major principles, some of which include a number of subdivisions.

 The subjects of the major principles are:

 Protection against communicable diseases.

 Protection against injuries, poisonings and chronic diseases.

 Reducing psychological and social stresses to a minimum.

 Improving the housing environment.

 Making informed use of housing.

 Protecting populations at special risk

PROTECTION AGAINST COMMUNICABLE DISEASES

 Adequate housing provides protection against exposure to agents and

vectors of

 communicable diseases, through

 Safe water supply, o sanitary excreta disposal,

 Disposal of solid wastes,

  drainage of surface water,

 personal and domestic hygiene,

 safe food preparation, and

 structural safeguards against disease Transmission

Safe Water Supply

 An adequate supply of safe and potable water assists in preventing the

spread of gastrointestinal diseases, supports domestic and personal hygiene

and provides an improved standard of living.

Sanitary disposal of excreta

Sanitary disposal of excreta reduces the faucal-oral transmission of disease

and the breeding of insect vectors.

Disposal of Solid Wastes

Adequate and safe disposal of solid domestic wastes reduces health risks

and helps to provide a more pleasant living environment.

Drainage of surface water

 Efficient drainage of surface waters helps to control communicable diseases,

 Safety hazards and damage to homes and property.

Personal and domestic hygiene

 Adequate housing includes facilities for personal and domestic hygiene, and

People should be educated in hygienic practices.

Safe food preparation

o Healthy dwellings provide facilities for the safe preparation and storage of

food, so that householders can employ sanitary food handling practices

Structural safeguards against disease Transmission

o Adequate housing provides structural safeguards against the transmission

of disease, including enough space to avoid overcrowding.

PROTECTION AGAINST INJURIES, POISONINGS AND CHRONIC DISEASES

 Adequate housing provides protection against injuries, poisonings and

thermal and other exposures that may contribute to chronic disease and

malignancies; special attention should be paid to

 structural features and furnishings,

 indoor air pollution,

 chemical safety, and

 The use of the home as a workplace.

REDUCING PSYCHOLOGICAL AND SOCIAL STRESSES TO A MINIMUM

Adequate housing helps people's social and psychological development and

reduces to a minimum the psychological and social stresses connected with the

housing environment.

IMPROVING THE HOUSING ENVIRONMENT

 Suitable housing environments provide access to places of work,

essential services and amenities that promote good health.

 Three provisions are of special concern to health.

 Security and emergency services

 Health and social services

 Access to cultural and other amenities.

 NATIONAL HEALTH POLICY1983

• "A health policy generally describes fundamental principles regarding which health

providers are expected to make value decisions." 'Health Policy' provides a broad

framework of decisions for guiding health actions that are useful to its community in

improving their health, reducing the gap between the health status of haves and have

not‟s and ultimately contributes to the quality of life.

• NHP 1983 stressed the need for providing primary health care with special

emphasis on prevention, promotion and rehabilitation

•Suggested planned time bound attention to the following

• i) Nutrition, prevention of Food • Adulteration •

ii) Maintenance of quality of drugs

The Priorities of this policy

a. Nutrition

b. Prevention of food adulteration and quality of drugs

c. Water supply and sanitation

d. Environmental protection

e. Immunization programs

F.Maternal and child health services.

 UNIT III HOUSING STANDARDS

INTRODUCTION

• Planning is a continuous process & planning system should be such that it ensures
continuity.

• Earlier town planning was a piecemeal process but after Independence the city
planning experienced tremendous growth & challenges for resettlement due to political
changes.

• Several resettlement, new Industrial base towns & urban centers were under process of
planning & masters & town planners conclude that land use plans are needed to guide
development of urban centers to promote orderly development & healthy living
environment.

• For this purpose the ministry of Urban affairs & employment, governing of India
organized a national workshop on master plan approach during February 24-25, 1995.
The research study of this workshop awarded as UDPFI – Urban development plans
formulation and implementation guidelines.

The Need of guidelines: The study of UDPFI norms and standards is needed to evolve:

 System that is dynamic, flexible and efficient.

 Process that is less time consuming.
 Innovative ideas of land assembly and fiscal resource mobilization
 Simple & effective form of laws, rules and regulations.

Urban Development Planning system it consist of

a. Perspective plan: 20-25 years duration.

 Includes Maps & Diagrams.
 State government‟s goal, policies, strategies of urban local authority
regarding spatio-economic development.
b. Development plan :
 Conceived within Frame work of approved Perspective plan. Medium
Duration for 5 years.
  Proposals for socio-economic & spatial development of urban centers
including land use.
c. Annual plan:
 Conceived within the frame work of Development plan. Details of new &
ongoing projects for local authority to implement in financial year
Necessary fiscal resources mobilization.
d. Plan of Projects/schemes:
 Conceived within the frame work of approved development Plan.
 Includes detailed working layouts with cost of development, source of
Finance & recovery instruments for Execution by a public or private
agency.

Development Control Regulation

 Development Control is the process involving land use control in which

the development carried out by any agencies both private and public is
checked in the benefit of whole society.

 Modern town planning helps in a systematic regulation to be followed in

the use of land.

Factors to be considered in the complex urban system

1. Physical factor – based on size and density of population
2. Functional factor – based on predominance of activities
3. Administrative factor

Certain issues to be considered

1. Sporadic growth of private properties
2. Sprawl of slums
3. Major transportation congestion
4. Crowding of residential and industrial zones
5. Availability of land for reclamation and thus offering new
opportunities for development.
 Need for Development Control
• Control over development and use of land and buildings by local
authorities.
• It helps to avoid the chaotic growth of towns and to promote – Health
Safety morals

General welfare of the community

How to enforce the rules?
• Good and efficient police power
• Efficient authority to enforce the development controls

• Efficient development control system.

Aims and Objectives of development control

1. Guides development or the use of land and preserves other sites

from the undesirable development
2. Prevents the misuse of land so that it will not injuriously affect the
interests of the community
3. It sets certain frame work of the development process – help in the
improvement of the total environment
4. The rules should be flexible enough for the changing population and
the complex needs of urban society.
 USE OF DEVELOPMENT CONTROL REGULATIONS

Health and safety

Strong rules to prevent injurious and hazardous to the people.

 Provision against health hazards

 Provision of adequate day light, sun shine and ventilation
 Protection against air pollution
 Provision of facilities for normal family and community life
 Protection against normal hazards- fire - Provision of aesthetic satisfaction.

Convenience

• The inter- relationship between different activities should be convenient to

the public for easy movement between home to work, work to recreation etc.,
Economy

• It is an important factor concerning development control.

• The particular land use should be allocated in the particular area.
For example: An institutional building should not come up in a commercial zone-
as economically there is a loss in the land value or land cost. Aesthetic
• The place of living/working and spend one‟s leisure time, there should be
some importance given to aesthetic components.
For example: the correct setback has to be followed to give a good look of the
building.
Tools of development control
The most common tools are

 Sub division control

 Height control
 Plot coverage control
 Set back control
 Floor Area Ratio(FAR) control
 Density control
 Building line control
 Architectural control
 Advertisement control

1. Sub division control

• Due to increasing demand for plots for erection of houses, factories
and other structures, the owners of agricultural and vacant lands in the
outside of the towns subdivide their lands in to plots and streets and
sell them.
• The local authorities can exercise control over this land sub- division.
• The streets showed in the layout should be properly leveled, paved,
sewered, drained and lighted.

2. Height control

• This is ensured to provide adequate supply of light and air.

• Regulations are adopted for tall buildings because they cut off light
and air from neighbors.

3. Plot coverage control

• Open space which is compulsory to be left to secure sufficient light and
ventilation.
4. Set back control

These rules are beneficial because

 Gives space for trees and lawns

 Keeps the building away from dust, noise of the street
 Reduce fire hazard
 Can be used for parking.

5. Floor Area Ratio (FAR) control

• FAR is the ratio of the total gross floor area of all the storey‟s of a
building to the total area of the plot.
• It can be applied to all buildings and any alterations can be easily
done.
6. Density control

• It checks the number of persons in the area.

• It helps to maintain optimum living standards.

7. Building line control

• Building lines are made on one or both sides of a street and thus
prevent the creation of any new structure between building line and
street.
• It helps in future widening of streets and roads.
8. Architectural control

• The primary objective is to prevent excessive uniformity of the

buildings and poor design while extension of buildings.
• It also helps conserving historic areas.
9. Advertisement control
• It is a recent development and helps towards public interest in controlling
outdoor advertisement.
 Layout Regulations
“Layout” means division of land into plots exceeding eight in number.
Role played by local authority
The local authority can regulate
-the individual plot development by regulating building line specifying land use
-controlling density and building heights
-controlling the use of special building materials
-insisting on specific designs of elevations in certain areas

Aim of layout regulations

Preparation of layouts which will satisfy

-higher standards with respect to open spaces outside

-adequate area inside the building
-to provide good light and ventilation

Layout regulations

 A good layout can be prepared by planning a high density of order

of 300-350 persons/acre.
 The buildings should be located taking care of the prevailing breeze
and day light.
According to CMDA

• layout regulation seeks to ensure access to plots by way of roads and private
passages,

• creating hierarchy of roads depending on the road length and intensity of

developments in the area

• provide adequate linkages to the existing roads and proposed roads in the Master
Plan and Detailed Development Plan
• Further to provide proper circulation pattern in the area, providing required
recreational spaces such as parks / playgrounds,

• Providing spaces for common amenities such as schools, post and telegraph offices,
fire stations, police stations etc.
(1) The minimum extent of plots and frontage shall be as prescribed for
various uses and types of developments.
(2) (a) The minimum width of the public streets/road shall be 7.2m for
residential layout developments and 9m for industrial layout
developments

(b) The minimum width stated above shall be the existing width of the
road and not the street alignment prescribed.

(3) The width of the streets/roads and passages in the layouts shall conform
to the minimum requirements given below:
Cul-de-sacs:
A comparatively narrow street or approach road with a dead-end is
known as Cul-de-sacs.

• They can be provided when their length do not exceed 60

metres. They shall be provided with a turnaround area of 9 metres x 9
metres at the closed end.
(5) Splay: -

• A splay at the intersection of two or more streets / roads shall be provided

subject to the minimum dimensions given below:
(6) Reservation of land for recreational purposes in a layout or sub-division for
residential, commercial, industrial or combination of such uses shall be as
follows.
 (7) The space set apart for roads and the 10% area reserved for recreational
purposes shall be transferred to the Authority or Agency or the Local Body.
(8) 10% of layout area (excluding roads), additionally, shall be reserved for
"Public Purpose" in those layouts, which are more than 10000 sq.m. In extent.
(9) In cases where the extent of the residential layout exceeds 10000 sq.m. ( 1
hectare) 10% of layout area
(excluding roads) shall be developed as
EWS (Economically weaker section) plots and the owner or developer or
promoter shall sell these plots only for this purpose

(10) When the area of land proposed for subdivisions is 20 hectares or more the
Authority may reserve not more than 12 percent of the total area for industrial
and commercial purposes
(11) The cost of laying improvements to the systems in respect of road, water
supply, sewerage, drainage or electric power supply that may be required as
assessed by the competent authority.
(12) Notwithstanding anything stated above layouts for EWS housing, site and
services schemes, and Slum improvement may be approved subject to certain
conditions as may be stipulated by the Authority.

LAYOUT DESIGN CONCEPTS

What is layout?

The term layout refers to establishing proper relationship between

buildings, roads and surrounding open spaces on a reasonably big area of
land.

• To evolve a good layout design the following facilities have to be taken

care - Traffic Engineering
 Housing design
 Recreational facilities
 Social aspects
 Architectural treatment.
• Large scale layouts can use all the various shapes, forms and types of
buildings.

• In large scale developments, as it takes time for completion and

provisions should be made for any adjustments.

• No incentives are given for planning problem in small scale layouts.

• Large scale development- takes care of both social and individual

needs.

• When large scale development is done new cities are developed, old
cities are improved.

• Isolated plot by plot developments are not be allowed as they don‟t

provide all the facilities for good.

• The main objective of preparing layout

• It has not changed over the years.

• By adopting new planning trends, it can evolve model layouts

providing traffic safety and health safety.

• A good layout can be made, it is not costly, and it can be made

economical in many ways.
 PRINCIPLES OF LAYOUT DESIGN CONCEPTS
The concept should give standards, principles for any development so that
individual plots can be developed following the standards and principles. The
principles that are followed are
-Size,
-Boundaries of plots,
-Local shops should be provided
-Internal roads
-Open space
- Recreational areas should be provided.
Size

• The size of a neighborhood area can vary from 3000-12000 ha.

• The school has to be provided following the ratio – strength of students to

the total population is one-sixth.

• The size can also be determined by the density.

Boundaries

• Boundary is enclosed by rapid transit road or ring road.

• The community gets a feeling that it is enclosed.

Internal roads

• Internal roads define the housing plots, front open space for pedestrian
movement.

• The houses can have two accesses, the front part of the house has open
space for pedestrians and foot path, the rear part has access to service road.
PERFORMANCE STANDARDS FOR HOUSING:

UNIT IV SITE PLANNING AND HOUSING DESIGN

HOUSING:

 Housing is “The physical environment, neighborhood, micro – district or the physical infra
structures that mankind use for shelter and the environs of that structure, including all necessary
services, facilities, equipment and devices needed for the physical health and social wellbeing of
the family and the individual.”

Project Formulation

“Housing is a Commodity”

Factors influence the Housing Project

 Land - Value, Condition and Ownership

 Need and Context
 Target Group and Composition of Typologies
 Prevailing Building Bye Laws
 Sources of Infrastructure
 Organizational Hierarchy ( In case of Industrial Housing)
 Finance and market
 Cost of Construction
 Delivery and Maintenance
 SITE PLANNING

 Site planning is the allocation of functions in a piece of land to derive efficient utilization of

resources at disposal. Useful spaces with respect to functions are being created in the process and

the character of site is accentuated.

 Site Planning is defined by Kevin Lynch as “the art of arranging structures on the land and

shaping the spaces between; an art linked to architecture, engineering, landscape architecture and

city planning.”

 Harvey M. Rubenstein defines it as “the art and science of arranging the uses of portions of land.

These uses are designated in detail by selecting and analyzing sites, forming land use plans,

organizing vehicular and pedestrian circulation, developing visual form and materials concepts,

readjusting the existing landforms by design grading, providing proper drainage, and developing

the construction details necessary to carry out the projects”. (A Guide to Site and Environmental

Planning, 1980).

PURPOSE OF SITE PLANNING

 To learn and practice a logical method of fitting design programs and sites harmoniously.

 To understand interaction of following factors in design process.

i. Natural factors (landscape),

ii. Socio-economic forces (planning), and

iii. Technological functions (architecture & engineering)

 To understand the site development process by observing natural and human

 Factors affecting the form and appearance of the environment.

 To collect information and data concerning planning or design issue

 To classify and analyze the data.

 To make recommendations for issues at hand.

 To draw up guidelines for planning, architecture and landscape disciplines.

There are two methods of establishing a SITE:

SITE SELECTION PROCESS

This process selects from a list of potential sites one that suits best the given use and

requirements of the project.

DEVELOPMENT SUITABILITY PROCESS

This process selects the best possible use and development suited for a given site.

SITE ANALYSIS

 Site Analysis –On site

 Off Site Condition

 Natural Factors – Water, Physiography, Orientation, Vegetation, View, Climate etc.

 Manmade Factors – Location, Cultural Attraction, Utilities and Services, Buildings,

Roads Etc.
Onsite Conditions

Identification of the following:

 Site Potentials

 Site Problems

 Site issues

 Site Amenity

 Site Danger Signal

Off Site Condition

 Direct Affect

 Availability and Proximity to various utilities

 Indirect Affect:

 Availability of Primary School

 Undesirable views, Parking, Shops, bus stop, library and Park.

Site Analysis is a vital step in the design process. It involves the evaluation of an existing or

potential site in relation to:

 the development programme,

 environmental impact,

 impacts on the community

 adjacent properties,

 project budget

 Schedule.
 environmental constraints and opportunities

 Developmental constraints and opportunities.

A well-executed site analysis forms the essential foundation for a cost effective,

environmentally sensitive, and rational approach to project development. Analysis of the

building programme and the ability of the site to accommodate it, combined with

assessment of political, environmental and regulatory issues, reveals the development

potential of a parcel of land.

1. LOCATION

 Where is the site located?

 How is the site approached?

 How far is the major junction?

 Are there any traffic and parking issues?

 Existing major streets

 Landmarks

 Aerial photographs help

 Documentation of distances and time from major places

 Verified by either driving or walking first – hand.

2. NEIGHBOURHOOD CONTEXT

 Zoning of the neighborhood as per the municipal planning dept. / master plan.

 Observation of architectural patterns

 Street lighting

 Condition of existing buildings

  Immediate surroundings of the site

 Reaction of the surrounding buildings towards the site

 Analyze movement of people around the site

 Landmarks and nodes (Nodes are key public gathering places that encourage people to

linger and socialize

 Prominent vision lines / visual linkages

 Locally available resources

3. SITE & ZONING

 Verify site boundaries by physical measurement or thru the tax accessor‟s office

 Zoning classification

 Set-back requirements

 Height restrictions

 Allowable site coverage

 Uses permitted

 Parking requirement

 Social and political boundaries

4. LEGAL ELEMENTS

 Property description

 Present ownership – free hold/lease hold/ licentiate – by govt or private (POA)

 Governmental jurisdiction In which the site is located

5. NATURAL PHYSICAL FEATURES

  Topographical features of the site thru contour map

 Site drainage

 Existing natural features of

o Trees – size, type, diameter, height, spread of roots, falling of leaves, water requirement,

soil nourishment. (1 eucalyptus tree consumes almost 500 gallons of water)

o Ground cover,

o Ground texture,

o Soil type and soil conditions (particularly black cotton soil, clayey soil)

o IS4326 codes for construction in seismic zone IV. Add sand filling at the bottom. The

crack will not advance towards structure. Bands will check vertical spread of crack. Have

r.c.c. roofing as a diaphragm

o Rock formations

o Location of swamps, marshes etc

o Biological considerations. Promote aqua life. Bio- diversity zone

6. MAN-MADE FEATURES

Features located on site such as

o buildings

o walls

o fences

o patios

o plazas

7. CIRCULATION

 make an inventory of streets, roads, alleys, sidewalks & plazas

 observe what activities happen on these circulation gateways
 promote ground percolation in paved areas.
8. UTILITIES – on or around the site

get a print of the location of government utility lines serving the site:

 sewage – residual capacity available for the site at the external source
 drainage
 potable water supply
 electricity supply
 solid waste disposal
 water hydrants/fire stations – as per population sizes

9. SENSORY COMPONENTS

 first hand sketching and photographs (sometime aerial photos)

 direst observation of
 noise
 odour
 smoke
 pollutant areas nearby

10. HUMAN & CULTURAL COMPONENTS

 census statistics of the neighborhood

 activities among people on the site and their inter relationships

11. CLIMATIC COMPONENTS

orientation – with respect to - sun path and wind direction

TEMPERATURE

 Average yearly temperature, average monthly temperature, max. and minimum temp range thru
the seasons.
 Is it a heating or a cooling climate?
 Should solar heat gain be maximized or minimized?

WIND

– intensity & direction thru the year

– wind direction may vary from place to place inside the site and thus be checked from a few different
places esp. if the site is large. (book bC.P. Kukreja)

HUMIDITY & RELATIVE HUMIDITY

PRECIPITATION AND HYDROLOGY

 Average annual rainfall, Peak hourly rainfall

 Spread of rainfall thru the year
 Drainage patterns of site – whether it stagnates or flows along natural slopes
 Location of water bodies- ponds, lakes, rivers – if seasonal or perinne
 Depth of Water table
 Quality of ground water
 HFL - highest flood level – no imp building should be below the HFL
Design Development

 House Analysis
 Housing Concept Development
 Open Spaces
 Circulation and Parking
 Services
 Recreational facilities and Amenities
 Landscaping
 Materials & Technology and Cost
 Community Participation

House Analysis

 Determination of House Quality and Suitability

 Identification of Household types
 Identification of House Type
 Correlation of Household/House type

Territory….. Orientation….Privacy…..Identity….Convenience...Accessibility….. Safety.

OPEN SPACES

 Local (neighborhood)

 District

 Regional

 Icon open spaces

Location, size and setting of open spaces

 Location of open spaces should consider accessibility and equitable distribution

 Parks may be linear when connecting two destinations, or standalone spaces, but
Should always be of a reasonable size and shape to easily allow the desired use.
 Space should not be the left-over or un-developable land.

OPEN SPACE DESIGN PRINCIPLES

INFRA STRUCTURE AND SERVICES

Social infrastructure: An integrated township always has the basic social infrastructure

Essentials. They are as follows:

Ø School: A quality school with education up to at least 10th standard is set up within the
township, reducing the travelling time between home and school and in turn providing
the children with more time for play and studies.

Ø Medicare: A good healthcare facility with at least 50-plus beds and an emergency
care is set up within the township, thereby facilitating residents.
Ø Recreation: Adequate space for basic sports such as football, cricket, tennis and
badminton, fitness facilities including a gymnasium and swimming pools are set up
within the township to enhance social lifestyle.

Ø Community centre: A spacious, well-decorated community centre with a club house

and a function hall is set up within the township.

Ø Road network: A well-planned road network both within the township and
connecting to the nearest highway or main road is built, thereby easing communication.

Ø Water supply and management: A well-planned and sustainable water management

system is built within the township, providing round the clock water supply to residents
as well as treating the waste water generated within the township and recycling it. This
also reduces dependence on municipal water supply.

Ø Electricity supply and management: Although an integrated township depends on a

public or private utility supplier for basic power supply, it has adequate, if not abundant,
back-up power for both homes and common areas during temporary or scheduled power
cuts or disruptions by the utility supplier.

Ø Communication infrastructure: Good quality telecom services are also made

available within the township and nearby.

Ø Garbage and waste management: Good garbage collection, aggregation, treatment

and disposal system is a must for a healthier and eco-friendly township.

Ø Infrastructure maintenance: Proper and regular maintenance of roads, pathways,

parks, electrical and plumbing infrastructure, children play areas and common areas
including community centre is essential for a well-developed integrated township.

Ø Security: Superior estate security and safety for all residents is a critical element of an
integrated township.

Ø Shopping and entertainment: An integrated township is incomplete without shopping

centers and entertainment areas.

Ø Entertainment: Quality cinema or multiplex, popular games and kid entertainment

facilities should be established within the township.

Ø Shopping: Well-stocked grocery stores as well as shopping centres including branded

garment stores, electronic goods should be established within the township.