Chapter 3

Lecture
PowerPoint

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 Paris Junior College

2401
Anatomy and Physiology I
Chapter 3
Susan Gossett
sgossett@parisjc.edu
Department of Biology
2
 Hole’s Human Anatomy
and Physiology
Twelfth Edition

Shier  Butler  Lewis

Chapter
3
Cells

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 3.1: Introduction
• The basic organizational structure of the human body is the
cell.

• There are 50-100 trillion cells in the human body.

• Differentiation is when cells specialize.

• As a result of differentiation, cells vary in size and shape

due to their unique function.

4
 3.2: A Composite Cell
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• Also called a ‘typical’

Phospholipid bilayer

Flagellum

cell Nuclear envelope

Nucleus

Chromatin

• Major parts include: Nucleolus Ribosomes

Microtubules Basal body Cell membrane

• Nucleus
Centrioles Rough
Endoplasmic
reticulum
Mitochondrion
Smooth

• Cytoplasm
Endoplasmic
reticulum

• Cell membrane

Microvilli

Secretory
vesicles
Cilia
Golgi
apparatus

Microtubule

Microtubules

Lysosomes 5
 Cell Membrane
(aka Plasma Membrane)
• Outer limit of the cell
• Controls what moves in and out of the cell
• Selectively permeable
• Phospholipid bilayer
• Water-soluble “heads” form surfaces (hydrophilic)
• Water-insoluble “tails” form interior (hydrophobic)
• Permeable to lipid-soluble substances
• Cholesterol stabilizes the membrane
• Proteins:
• Receptors
• Pores, channels and carriers
• Enzymes
• CAMS
• Self-markers 6
 Cell Membrane
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Extracellular side
of membrane

Glycolipid Carbohydrate Fibrous protein

Glycoprotein

“Heads” of
phospholipid

Double
“Tails” of
layer of
phospholipid Phospholipid
molecules

Cell membrane Cell membrane

(a) (b) Cholesterol Globular Hydrophobic
a: © Biophoto Associates/Photo Researchers, Inc. molecules protein fatty acid
“tail”
Cytoplasmic side Hydrophilic
of membrane Phosphate
“head”

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 3.1 Clinical Application

Faulty Ion Channels Cause Disease

8
 Cell Adhesion Molecules
(CAMs)
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• Guide cells on the move

• Selectin – allows white blood White blood cell

cells to “anchor” Attachment

(rolling)
Selectin

Carbohydrates

• Integrin – guides white blood on capillary wall

cells through capillary walls Adhesion Adhesion

receptor proteins
Integrin

• Important for growth of Blood vessel

lining cell Exit
Splinter

embryonic tissue
• Important for growth of nerve
cells 9
 Cytoplasm

• Cytosol = water

• Organelles = solids

Cytoplasm is really like a Jello fruit salad

where the Jello is the cytosol and the fruits
(oranges, grapes, bananas, maybe walnuts,
etc.) are the organelles.
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 Organelles
Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
• Connected, membrane-bound
sacs, canals, and vesicles
• Transport system Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Membranes

• Rough ER Membranes

• Studded with ribosomes

• Smooth ER
• Lipid synthesis
• Added to proteins Ribosomes
arriving from rough ER (b) (c)

• Break down of drugs

Ribosomes
• Free floating or connected to ER
• Provide structural support and enzyme activity 11
to amino acids to form protein
 Organelles
Golgi apparatus
• Stack of flattened,
membranous sacs Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

• Modifies, packages
and delivers proteins
Vesicles
• Membranous sacs Inner membrane

• Store substances Cristae

Mitochondria
• Membranous sacs with Outer membrane
(a) (b)

inner partitions a: © Bill Longcore/Photo Researchers, Inc.

• Generate energy 12
 Organelles
Lysosomes Centrosome
• Enzyme-containing • Two rod-like centrioles
sacs • Used to produce cilia and
• Digest worn out cell flagella
parts or unwanted • Distributes chromosomes
substances during cell division
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Peroxisomes
• Enzyme-containing Centriole
(cross-section)

sacs
• Break down organic
molecules Centriole
(longitudinal section)
13
(a) (b)
a: © Don W. Fawcett/Visuals Unlimited
 Organelles
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Cilia
• Short hair-like projections
• Propel substances on cell
surface

Flagellum (a)

• Long tail-like projection

a: © Oliver Meckes/Photo Researchers, Inc.

• Provides motility to sperm

14
© Colin Anderson/Brand X/CORBIS
 Organelles

Microfilaments and microtubules Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Microtubules
• Thin rods and tubules
• Support cytoplasm
• Allows for movement of
organelles

Inclusions
• Temporary nutrients and
pigments
Microfilaments
© M. Schliwa/Visuals Unlimited

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3.2 Clinical Application

Disease at the Organelle Level

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 Cell Nucleus
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•Control center of the cell

• Nuclear envelope
• Porous double membrane
• Separates nucleoplasm from
cytoplasm
• Nucleolus
• Dense collection of RNA and Nucleus
Nuclear
proteins envelope

• Site of ribosome production Nucleolus

• Chromatin
• Fibers of DNA and proteins Chromatin

• Stores information for synthesis of Nuclear

pores
proteins (a)
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 3.3: Movements Into
and Out of the Cell

Passive (Physical) Processes Active (Physiological) Processes

• Require no cellular • Require cellular energy and
energy and include: include:
• Simple diffusion • Active transport
• Facilitated diffusion • Endocytosis
• Osmosis • Exocytosis
• Filtration • Transcytosis

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 Simple Diffusion
• Movement of substances from regions of higher concentration to
regions of lower concentration
• Oxygen, carbon dioxide and lipid-soluble substances
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Permeable Solute molecule

membrane Water molecule

A B A B A B

(1) (2) (3) 19

Time
 Facilitated Diffusion
• Diffusion across a membrane with the help of a channel or carrier
molecule Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

• Glucose and amino acids

Region of higher
concentration

Transported
substance

Region of lower
concentration
Protein carrier
molecule

Cell
membrane
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 Osmosis
• Movement of water through a selectively permeable
membrane from regions of higher concentration to
regions of lower concentration
• Water moves toward a higher concentration of solutes
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Selectively
permeable Protein molecule
membrane Water molecule

A B

21
(1) (2)
Time
 Osmosis and Osmotic Pressure
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• Osmotic Pressure – ability of osmosis to generate

enough pressure to move a volume of water
• Osmotic pressure increases as the concentration
(a)
of nonpermeable solutes increases
• Isotonic – same osmotic pressure
• Hypertonic – higher osmotic
pressure (water loss) (b)

• Hypotonic – lower osmotic

pressure (water gain)

(c)
© David M. Phillips/Visuals Unlimited

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 Filtration
• Smaller molecules are forced through porous membranes
• Hydrostatic pressure important in the body
• Molecules leaving blood capillaries
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Capillary wall Tissue fluid

Blood
pressure Blood
flow

Larger molecules
Smaller molecules 23
 Active Transport
• Carrier molecules transport substances across a membrane from
regions of lower concentration to regions of higher concentration
• Sugars, amino acids, sodium ions, potassium ions, etc.
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Carrier protein Binding site

Region of higher
concentration
Cell membrane

Region of lower
Phospholipid concentration
molecules Transported
particle

(a)

Carrier protein
with altered shape

Cellular 24
energy

(b)
 Active Transport:
Sodium-Potassium Pump
• Active transport mechanism
• Creates balance by “pumping” three (3) sodium (Na+) OUT and
two (2) potassium (K+) INTO the cell
• 3:2 ratio

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 Endocytosis
• Cell engulfs a substance by forming a vesicle around the
substance
• Three types:
• Pinocytosis – substance is mostly water
• Phagocytosis – substance is a solid
• Receptor-mediated endocytosis – requires the substance
to bind to a membrane-bound receptor
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Cell Vesicle
membrane

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Nucleus Nucleolus
 Endocytosis
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Cell Particle Phagocytized Vesicle

membrane
particle

Nucleus Nucleolus

Molecules Receptor-ligand
outside cell combination

Vesicle
Receptor
protein

Cell Cell
membrane membrane
indenting
Cytoplasm 27
(a) (b) (c) (d)
 Exocytosis
• Reverse of endocytosis
• Substances in a vesicle fuse with cell membrane
• Contents released outside the cell
• Release of neurotransmitters from nerve cells
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Endoplasmic Golgi
reticulum apparatus

Nucleus

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 Transcytosis
• Endocytosis followed by exocytosis
• Transports a substance rapidly through a cell
• HIV crossing a cell layer
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HIV-infected
white blood cells Anal or
vaginal canal

Viruses bud
HIV
Receptor-mediated endocytosis

Lining of anus
or vagina
(epithelial cells)

Exocytosis
Cell
membrane Receptor-mediated
endocytosis

Virus infects
white blood cells on 29
other side of lining
 3.4: The Cell Cycle
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• Series of changes a cell

undergoes from the time it
forms until the time it divide G2 phase
e
• Stages: op
has
Pr
• Interphase S phase:
genetic
Metap
hase
Anapha
• Mitosis material
replicates
Te
lop
se

• Cytokinesis ha
se
G1 phase Cytokinesis
Proceed
to division cell growth

Remain
specialized
Restriction
checkpoint

Apoptosis 30
 Interphase
• Very active period
• Cell grows
• Cell maintains routine functions
• Cell replicates genetic material to prepare for nuclear division
• Cell synthesizes new organelles to prepare for cytoplasmic
division
• Phases:
• G phases – cell grows and synthesizes structures other than
DNA
• S phase – cell replicates DNA

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 Mitosis
• Produces two daughter cells from an original somatic cell
• Nucleus divides – karyokinesis
• Cytoplasm divides – cytokinesis
• Phases of nuclear division:
• Prophase – chromosomes form; nuclear envelope disappears
• Metaphase – chromosomes align midway between
centrioles
• Anaphase – chromosomes separate and move to centrioles
• Telophase – chromatin forms; nuclear envelope forms

32
 Mitosis
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Late Interphase
Cell has passed the
restriction checkpoint
and completed DNA
Early Interphase (a) replication, as well as
of daughter cells— Restriction replication of centrioles
a time of normal cell checkpoint and mitochondria, and
growth and function. synthesis of extra
membrane.
Nuclear
envelope
Chromatin
fibers
Centrioles

Cleavage
furrow

Aster Prophase
Chromosomes condense and
Microtubules become visible. Nuclear
(e) envelope and nucleolus
(b) disperse. Spindle apparatus
forms.
Centromere

Spindle fiber Late prophase

Sister
Chromosomes chromatids
Nuclear
Telophase and Cytokinesis envelopes
Nuclear envelopes begin to
reassemble around two daughter
nuclei. Chromosomes decondense. (d) (c)
Spindle disappears. Division of
the cytoplasm into two cells.

Mitosis

Cytokinesis

G1 phase

Anaphase Metaphase S phase Interphase

Sister chromatids separate to
opposite poles of cell. Events
Chromosomes align along
equator, or metaphase plate G2 phase 33
begin which lead to cytokinesis. of cell.
© Ed Reschke
 Cytoplasmic Division

• Also known as cytokinesis

• Begins during anaphase
• Continues through telophase
• Contractile ring pinches cytoplasm in half

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 3.5: Control of Cell Division
• Cell division capacities vary greatly among cell types
• Skin and blood cells divide often and continually
• Neuron cells divide a specific number of times then cease
• Chromosome tips (telomeres) that shorten with each mitosis
provide a mitotic clock
• Cells divide to provide a more favorable surface area to
volume relationship
• Growth factors and hormones stimulate cell division
• Hormones stimulate mitosis of smooth muscle cells in uterus
• Epidermal growth factor stimulates growth of new skin
• Contact (density dependent) inhibition
• Tumors are the consequence of a loss of cell cycle control 35
 Tumors
• Two types of tumors: Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

• Benign – usually remains

localized
Normal cells
• Malignant – invasive and can (with hairlike cilia)

metastasize; cancerous
• Two major types of genes
cause cancer:
• Oncogenes – activate other
genes that increase cell division Cancer cells
• Tumor suppressor genes –
normally regulate mitosis; if
inactivated they are unable to
regulate mitosis
• Cells are now known as © Tony Brain/Photo Researchers, Inc.;
36
“immortal”
 3.6: Stem and Progenitor Cells

• Stem cell:
• Can divide to form two new stem cells
• Self-renewal
• Can divide to form a stem cell and a progenitor cell
• Totipotent – can give rise to every cell type
• Pluripotent – can give rise to a restricted number of cell types

• Progenitor cell:
• Committed cell
• Can divide to become any of a restricted number of cells
• Pluripotent
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Stem and Progenitor Cells
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Sperm
Sebaceous
Egg
gland cell

Progenitor
cell
Progenitor cell
Fertilized
egg
Skin cell

Stem cell
Progenitor
cell Progenitor
cell
Stem cell

Neuron

Progenitor
cell

Progenitor
cell

Progenitor Astrocyte
cell

Progenitor
cell

Progenitor
cell

Progenitor Bone cells

cell

one or more steps

Fibroblasts (a connective tissue cells)

produces another stem cell
(self-renewal)
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Blood cells and platelets
3.1 From Science to
Technology

Therapeutic Stem Cells

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 3.7: Cell Death
Apoptosis:
• Programmed cell death
• Acts as a protective mechanism
• Is a continuous process

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Important Points in Chapter 3:
Outcomes to be Assessed
3.1: Introduction
 Define cell.
 State the range of cell numbers and cells sizes in a human body.
 State the term for cell specialization.
3.2: A Composite Cell
 List the three major parts of a composite cell.
 State the general function of organelles.
 Explain how the structure of a cell membrane makes possible its
function.
 Describe each type of organelle, and explain its function.
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 Describe the parts of a cell nucleus and their functions.
Important Points in Chapter 3:
Outcomes to be Assessed
3.3: Movement Into and Out of the Cell
 Explain the various ways that substances move through the cell
membrane.
 Discuss how the mechanisms of crossing cell membranes differ.
3.4: The Cell Cycle
 Describe the parts of the cell cycle and identify the major activities
during each part.
 Explain why regulation of the cell cycle is important to health.
 Distinguish between mitosis and cytokinesis.
 List the stages of mitosis and describe the events of each stage.
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Important Points in Chapter 3:
Outcomes to be Assessed
3.5: Control of Cell Division
 Explain how different types of cells differ in their rate of cells
division.
 State the range of cell divisions a cell typically undergoes.
 Discuss factors that influence whether or not a cell divides.
 Explain how cancer arises from too-frequent cell division.
 Distinguish the two types of genetic control of cancer.
3.6: Stem and Progenitor Cells
 Define differentiation.
 Distinguish between a stem cell and a progenitor cell.
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 Explain how two differentiated cell types can have the same genetic
Important Points in Chapter 3:
Outcomes to be Assessed
3.7: Cell Death
 Define apoptosis.
 Distinguish apoptosis from necrosis.
 List the steps of apoptosis.
 Describe the relationship between apoptosis and mitosis.

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 Quiz 3
Complete Quiz 3 now!

Read Chapter 4.

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