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Phase Shifting Transformers: Principles and Applications: December 2005
Phase Shifting Transformers: Principles and Applications: December 2005
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Abstract— The purpose of this paper is to give a short overview old, the PST proves to be a valuable means of control. In
of existing technologies regarding phase shifting transformers the following paragraphs, the principles of this device are
(PST’s). A classification is made based on the symmetrical or explained.
asymmetrical and on the direct or indirect character of the
PST. As a case-study, the PST’s in Meeden, The Netherlands
are studied more profoundly. Furthermore, a model is developed II. P RINCIPLES OF OPERATION
on a real-time digital simulator (RTDS) in order to demonstrate
the capabilities of the PST. 1 P,Q (pu)
P
Index Terms— Phase Shifting Transformer, Power Flow Con-
trol, Real Time Digital Simulator 0,5
0
I. I NTRODUCTION 0 0,5 1 1,5 2 2,5 3 3,5
(rad)
-0,5
In the recent past, the operation of a transmission grid was
relatively straightforward. The grid was designed to supply
Q
-1
electricity to the country in which it was built and to support
neighbouring countries in times of need. There was no need
-1,5
for large capacities at the border, because most of the energy
was supplied by powerplants within the country itself.
-2
The deregulation of the electricity market, however, has led
to major changes. The transmission grid is used as a transport Fig. 1. Active and reactive power over a transmission line as a function of
medium between producer A and consumer B, not necessarily δ
located in the same country. A and B have concealed a contract
in which is stated that A produces a certain amount of energy The active and reactive power transported over a transmis-
and that B buys this energy. Hence, the contractual path of the sion line is given by the following equations:
electricity is straight from A to B. The physical path, however,
is a group of parallel paths, some of which lead through |Us ||Ur |
P = sin δ (1)
countries that are not involved in the contract. In this manner, XL
uncontrolled power flows can occur in the transmission system
|Us ||Ur | |Ur |
of a country and overload its lines. Q= cos δ − (2)
Another problem that can occur is the uneven loading of XL |Us |
parallel transmission lines. The distribution of the power flow These equations are plotted as a function of δ in Fig. 1,
between two parallel lines is dictated by their impedances [1]. with the voltages and the line reactance equal to 1 pu.
The line with the smallest reactance carries the largest part The active power is proportional to the voltages on the
of the load. In most situations, one of the two lines will be sending and the receiving side and to the sine of the electrical
operating well below its nominal rating because otherwise the angle between both sides; it is also inversely proportional to
parallel line would be overloaded. the line reactance. Altering the active power can be done
In the two problems stated above, active power flow needs to by altering the voltages, but this has a bigger influence on
be controlled. The phase shifting transformer (PST) does just the reactive power, so this method is not very effective.
that. Several countries have already installed or are planning to The total line reactance can be lowered by placing a series
install PST’s [2], [3], [4]. Although the technology is relatively capacitor in order to compensate for the inductance of the line.
Besides the increased power flow, an additional advantage of
J.Verboomen, P.H.Schavemaker and W.L.Kling are with the Electrical this method is that oscillations can be damped by switching
Power Systems Group of the Delft University of Technology, Mekelweg
4, 2628 CD Delft, The Netherlands, Email: j.verboomen@ewi.tudelft.nl, the capacitor at appropriate times. Some Flexible Alternating
p.h.schavemaker@ewi.tudelft.nl, w.l.kling@ewi.tudelft.nl Current Transmission Systems (FACTS) can alter the total line
W.L.Kling is also with the Power Systems Laboratory of the Eindhoven impedance very dynamically [5], [6], [7].
University of Technology, The Netherlands and Tennet bv, The Netherlands
D.Van Hertem and R.Belmans are with the ELECTA research group of the The method discussed in this paper is the method of altering
K.U.Leuven,Belgium the electrical angle, as showed in Fig. 2.
• Symmetrical PST’s create an output voltage with an
altered phase angle compared to the input voltage, but
with the same amplitude.
The combination of these characteristics results in 4 cat-
egories of PST’s. Each category will be discussed in the
following paragraphs.
Fig. 2. Model of a transmission line with and without a PST A. Direct, asymmetrical PST’s
1
P without PST
0,8
P with PST
0,6
0,4
0,2
0 (rad)
0 0,5 1 1,5 2 2,5 3 3,5
Fig. 5. Phasor diagram of a direct, asymmetrical PST
Fig. 3. Active power as a function of δ with and without a PST
Fig. 4 shows the configuration of a direct and asymmetrical
The active power transported over the line is a non-linear PST. The input terminals are L1 to L3. The winding with
function of α. This is an important aspect when designing con- variable tap [8] that is connected to the input terminal is
trollers for a PST, although in most cases they are controlled magnetically coupled with the winding between the other two
by human action. terminals. In this manner, a quadrature voltage that can be
regulated by means of the variable tap is added to the input
III. T YPES OF PST’ S voltage in order to obtain a phase shift α. The direction of
PST’s come in many different forms. They can be classified the phase shift can be changed by using the switches. In
by these characteristics: this manner, the power flow in the line can be increased or
• Direct PST’s are based on one 3-phase core. The phase decreased. The relation between the tap position and the angle
shift is obtained by connecting the windings in an appro- α is non-linear and can be derived from the phasor diagram:
priate manner.
• Indirect PST’s are based on a construction with 2 sep-
|∆U1 |
α = arctan (4)
arate transformers; one variable tap exciter to regulate |UL1 |
the amplitude of the quadrature voltage and one series The relationship between the output voltage and the injected
transformer to inject the quadrature voltage in the right quadrature voltage is given by:
phase.
• Asymmetrical PST’s create an output voltage with an |∆U1 |
|Us1 | = (5)
altered phase angle and amplitude compared to the input sin α
voltage. Using 4, 5 becomes:
|∆U1 |
|Us1 | = (6)
sin arctan |∆U 1|
|UL1 |
The output voltage |Us1 | is always larger than the input volt-
age |UL1 |. The fact that voltage levels are changed, influences
the transmitted power over the line:
|Us1 ||Ur |
P = sin(δ + α) (7)
XL + XP ST
Using 4 and 6, 7 can be rewritten as follows:
|Ur | |∆U1 | |∆U1 |
P = · sin δ + arctan
XL + XP ST sin arctan |∆U1 | |UL1 |
|UL1 |
(8)
This can be rewritten as: Fig. 7. Direct, symmetrical PST
|Ur |
P = · (|UL1 | sin δ + ∆U1 cos δ) (9)
XL + XP ST
The effects of an increasing angle and an increasing sec-
ondary voltage combine in such a way that the result is a linear
behavior of the active power with respect to the quadrature
voltage. In theory, there is no maximum for P.
Equations 4 and 9 are plotted in Fig. 6 for δ = π6 , with |UL1 |
|Ur |
and XL +X P ST
equal to 1 pu. The curve of α is relatively linear
up to a value of about 0, 6 rad or 34 ◦ .
2,5 1,2
P (pu) (rad)
Fig. 8. Phasor diagram of a direct, symmetrical PST
1
2
P
0,8 Using 10, the transferred active power becomes:
1,5
0,6
1 |UL1 ||Ur | |∆U1 |
0,4
P = sin δ + 2 arcsin (11)
XL + XP ST |2UL1 |
0,5
0,2 Equations 10 and 11 are plotted in Fig. 9 with UL1 and
|Ur |
XL +XP ST equal to 1 pu. The quasi-linear range of the α-curve
0 0
0 0,5 1 1,5 2 2,5
has doubled in comparison with Fig. 6.
| U1| (pu) An alternative implementation of a direct and symmetrical
PST is depicted in Fig. 10. The resulting phasor diagram
Fig. 6. Relation between P, α and the quadrature voltage for a direct (Fig. 11) has a hexagonal shape. An important advantage of
asymmetrical PST with δ = π6
this implementation is that only one tap variable transformer
is needed per phase. A disadvantage is the need for additional
impedances to protect the tap changers when the phase shift is
B. Direct, symmetrical PST’s set to zero, because in that case, short circuit currents occur.
With some modifications, the direct, asymmetrical PST can
be made symmetrical. An additional tap changer is needed,
which raises the total cost of the device. The advantages are C. Indirect, asymmetrical PST’s
that the voltage amplitudes remain unchanged and that the
The indirect, asymmetrical PST consists of an exciter and
maximum attainable angles are much larger.
a series transformer. Depending on the rating of the system,
The relation between the quadrature voltage and the angle α
these two transformers are housed in separate tanks or in a
is still non-linear and can be derived from the phasor diagram
single tank. The two-tank system has the advantage of easier
(Fig. 8):
transport.
|∆U1 | Fig. 12 shows the configuration of the system. The phasor
α = 2 arcsin (10)
2|UL1 | diagram is exactly the same as the one depicted in Fig. 5.
P (pu) (rad)
1,2 3,5
3
1 P
2,5
0,8
2
0,6
1,5
0,4
1
0,2
0,5
Fig. 11. Phasor diagram of a direct, symmetrical PST with hexagonal winding
0 0
connection
0 0,5 1 1,5 2 2,5
| U1| (pu)