Structure Modifications (mitigation factors)

Transamerica Pyramid Glass windows

Concrete

Monitoring devices throughout building to

measure movement

Pyramid shape- gives low centre of gravity

The frame zig zags- a steel skeleton
Steel and concrete block at bottom- an
anchor
Steel trusts- props up the building and goes
into the concrete block

Inside building for safety:

Elevators have a seismic switch- elevator
will stop and open up at nearest floor

Structure Modifications (mitigation factors)

Golden Gate Bridge Made with suspension type system

Deep Foundations- deep enough to hit the
bedrock
Concrete bases- surround the foundations
Tons of concrete used to lock it into the
ground- anchor the 2 main cables that hold
up the bridge
lots wire inside the cable (solid vs
stranded​)

Structure Modifications (mitigation factors)

Oakland Bay Bridge Made to be flexible

Steel cable along bridge deck so that the
bridge can sway if needed
Central tower has steel pylons that move
independently- horizontal hollow beams
between the pylons are flexible and would
crumple- crumpling takes force and
disperses it
Road way split in 28 sections so can move
with breaking
Hollow steel beams
 Structure Modifications (mitigation factors)

Mission Bay (houses) Test the soil- issue is house can sink

Steel beams- clusters of long pilings deep

enough to hit bedrock
Concrete caps on the clusters to increase
surface area
Connect caps with gridwork of concrete
beams- which will lead to one more addition
Second layer of concrete cap to further
increase surface area

Structure Modifications (mitigation factors)

Subways/Tunnels Hill area- cable cars made to still go fast

Caldecott Tunnel - In a concrete tunnel there is a cable
that moves which the cable cars are
attached to

Made in segments and coated with rubber

to be flexible
The segments are made with concrete but
coated with rubber so they can move
against each other
Walls lined with steel mesh and spray quick
drying concrete over it

liquefaction= when forces of earth turn solid land into a liquid type state. Anywhere where
you are on top of a delta, liquefaction is more likely. Eg. Richmond

Fires are a problem from earthquakes- the solution to this large water reservoirs with
concrete slabs. The connection points let them warp and prevents cracks