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Introduction
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Introduction
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Introduction
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Introduction
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Introduction
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Introduction
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Introduction
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Introduction
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Introduction
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Introduction
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Introduction
This module shows the methods A message to pneumatic
of application of pneumatic circuit designers:
valves and components for Use proven and reliable design
control and automation. techniques
Produce circuits and
The methods of pure pneumatic
documentation that are clear to
sequential control are confined read
to simple examples. Design for safety
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Symbols and Standards in Pneumatics
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Symbols and Standards in Pneumatics
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Symbols and Standards in Pneumatics
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Symbols and Standards in Pneumatics
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Symbols and Standards in Pneumatics
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Symbols and Standards in Pneumatics
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Symbols and Standards in Pneumatics
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Symbols and Standards in Pneumatics
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Symbols and Standards in Pneumatics
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Symbols and Standards in Pneumatics
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Symbols and Standards in Pneumatics
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Symbols and Standards in Pneumatics
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Symbols and Standards in Pneumatics
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Symbols and Standards in Pneumatics
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Symbols and Standards in Pneumatics
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3.1 Distinguish movement of the cylinder.
3.1.1 Construct the pneumatic circuit diagram for one cylinder based on:
i. Direct method
ii. Indirect method
3.2 Determine sequence control for numerous cylinder
a. Sequence Circuit
b. Cascade method
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Construct the pneumatic circuit
diagram for one cylinder based
on:
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Direct method
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• For a valve to switch, there must • With directly actuated valves, the
always be a movement within the movement of the valve piston or the
valve. In the simplest cases only a seal can be triggered directly by the
valve piston which may have several pedal switch, etc.). This means the
31
Indirect method
Control types indirectly
actuated valves
32
• Indirectly actuated valves are also • The major advantage of this type of
The task of the actuating element sufficient to switch even large valves.
(solenoid coil, lever, pedal switch, On a solenoid valve, this means that
etc.) is only to open or close a small a small coil with low power
is actually applied.
33
Circuit layout
The standard for circuit ⚫ Circuits should be drawn
diagrams is ISO 1219-2. with all actuators at the top
of the page in order of
A4 format or A3 folded to A4
sequential operation.
height for inclusion in a manual
with other A4 documentation. ⚫ Other components to be
drawn in sequential order
To be on several sheets if from the bottom up and
necessary with line from left to right.
identification code.
⚫ Circuit should show the
Minimum crossing lines. system with pressure applied
Limit valves position of and ready to start.
operation by actuators shown
by a marker with reference
code to symbol. 34
Component identification
The ISO suggested component Note: the a0 valve symbol is
numbering system is suited for large drawn in the operated position
circuits and those drawn on several because the actuator A is
pages. instroked.
For this presentation a simple code a0 a1
A
is used.
Sequence
Run/End
A+
B+
B-
C+
C-
A-
Repeat
Run/End
a0 a1 b1 b0 c1 c0
37
2/2 Valve actuator control
A pair of the most basic of all valve
types the 2/2 can be used to control
a single acting cylinder.
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2/2 Valve actuator control
The button marked OUT is pushed to
operate the valve.
closed.
1 2
Any leaks in the installation OUT IN
can cause the piston rod to
creep.
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2/2 Valve actuator control
To control the speed of the piston
rod, flow restrictors are placed in
the pipes close to each of the
valves.
2 1
12 10 12 10
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2/2 Valve actuator control
By repeated operation of
either button during
movement, the piston rod
can be moved in small steps
for approximate positioning.
2 1
12 10 12 10
1 2
OUT IN
This will only be successful
under slow speeds.
44
2/2 Valve actuator control
With any compressed air system that
intentionally traps air, the potential
hazard of this must be recognised.
46
3/2 valve actuator control
A 3 port valve provides the inlet and exhaust path
and is the normal choice for the control of a single
acting cylinder.
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3/2 valve actuator control
To generally slow the cylinder speed an
adjustable bi-directional flow regulator or
fixed restrictor can be used.
48
3/2 valve actuator control
To control the outstroke speed of a single
acting cylinder without controlling the
instroke speed, a uni-directional flow
regulator is used.
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3/2 valve actuator control
For independent speed control in each direction
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Actuator control 5/2 valve
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- +
5/2 Valve actuator control
For a double acting cylinder the power and
exhaust paths are switched simultaneously.
4 2
14 12
4 2
When the button is released port 1 is connected 14 12
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cylinder moves minus.
- +
5/2 Valve actuator control
Independent speed control of the plus
and minus movements:
4 2
14 12
5 1 3
In most applications speed is controlled
by restricting air out of a cylinder. - +
acting cylinder:
4 2
14 12
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Manual control
The 5/2 double pilot valve is bi-stable therefore the push button valves
only need to be pulsed.
- + - +
4 2 4 2
14 12 14 12
5 1 3 5 1 3
2 2 2 2
12 10 12 10 12 10 12 10
3 1 3 1 + 3 1 3 1
+ - - 56
Manual control
The 5/2 double pilot valve is bi-stable therefore the push button
valves only need to be pulsed.
- + - +
4 2 4 2
14 12 14 12
5 1 3 5 1 3
2 2 2 2
12 10 12 10 12 10 12 10
+ 3 1 - 3 1 + 3 1 - 3 1
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Semi-automatic control
- + a1
Manual remote start of a double A
acting cylinder with automatic return:
4 2
Cylinder identified as “A”. 14 12
5 1 3
identified as “a1”. 3 1 3 1
+ a1
-
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Fully-automatic control
- +
Continuous automatic cycling from a0 a1
A
roller operated trip valves:
positions.
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Sequential control
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Circuit building blocks
a0 a1 b0 b1
A B
Run/End
Each actuator will have a power valve and two associated feedback valves.
The first actuator to move also has
a Run/End valve. 61
Repeat pattern sequence
A repeat pattern sequence is The signal starting the first
one where the order of the movement must pass through
movements in the first half of the Run/End valve.
the sequence is repeated in Needs only the basic building
the second half. blocks to solve.
Each actuator may have one
Examples of repeat pattern
Out and In stroke only in the
sequences:
sequence.
A+ B+ C+ D+ A- B- C- D-
There may be any number of
A- B+ C- A+ B- C+
actuators in the sequence.
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C+ A+ B- C- A- B+
Repeat pattern sequence
a0 a1 b0 b1
A B
Run/End
b0 b1 a1 a0
Apply the rule “The signal given by the completion of each movement
will initiate the next movement”.
Run/End
c0 c1 a1 a0 b1 b0
Apply the rule “The signal given by the completion of each movement
will initiate the next movement”.
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Non-repeat pattern sequence
a0 a1 b0 b1
A B
Run/End
a0 b0 a1 b1
The sequence is A+ B+ B- A- 65
Opposed signals
a0 a1 b0 b1
A B
Run/End
a0 b0 a1 b1
When the valve is set to Run, cylinder A will not move because the 5/2
valve has an opposed signal, it is still being signalled to hold position
by the feedback valve b0.
If A was able to move + a similar problem will occur for the 5/2 valve
of B once it was +. The sequence is A+ B+ B- A-
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Mechanical solution
a0 a1 b0 b1
A B
Run/End
a0 b0 a1 b1
If these two valves were “one way trip” types and over tripped at the
last movement of stroke, only a pulse would
be obtained instead of a continuous signal. 67
3/2 roller lever valve
68
3/2 roller lever valve
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3/2 roller lever valve
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Sequence solution methods
The main solutions to solving Shift register circuits are similar
sequences are:
to cascade but use one logic
Cascade (pneumatic)
valve for every step.
Shift register (pneumatic)
Electro-pneumatic Electro-pneumatic circuits use
PLC (Programmable logic solenoid valves and electro-
controller)
mechanical relays.
Cascade circuits provide a
standard method of solving any PLC: the standard solution for
sequence. It uses a minimum of medium to complex sequential
additional logic hardware (one systems (except where
logic valve per group of
electrical equipment cannot be
sequential steps). 71
used).
Cascade two group
The A+ B+ B- A- circuit is solved by Because only one group output
the two group cascade method. is available at a time it is not
b0
a1
Gp l
Gp ll
Sequence:
Run/End Gp l A+ B+ Gp ll B- A-
a0 b1
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Cascade (two group)
a0 a1 b0 b1
A B
b0
a1
Gp l
Gp ll
Sequence:
Run/End Gp l A+ B+ Gp ll B- A-
a0 b1
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Cascade (two group)
a0 a1 b0 b1
A B
b0
a1
Gp l
Gp ll
Sequence:
Run/End Gp l A+ B+ Gp ll B- A-
a0 b1
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Cascade (two group)
a0 a1 b0 b1
A B
b0
a1
Gp l
Gp ll
Sequence:
Run/End Gp l A+ B+ Gp ll B- A-
a0 b1
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Cascade (two group)
a0 a1 b0 b1
A B
b0
a1
Gp l
Gp ll
Sequence:
Run/End Gp l A+ B+ Gp ll B- A-
a0 b1
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Cascade (two group)
a0 a1 b0 b1
A B
b0
a1
Gp l
Gp ll
Sequence:
Run/End Gp l A+ B+ Gp ll B- A-
a0 b1
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Cascade building blocks
A two group building block consists
of a lever valve to run and end the Gp l
sequence plus the 5/2 double pilot
Gp ll
operated cascade valve. 4 2
14 12
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Cascade rules
Establish the correct sequence Interconnect the blocks as follows:
The first function in each group
• Divide the sequence in to groups. is signalled directly by that
group supply.
• Always start a sequence with the The last trip valve operated in
Run/End valve selecting group l each group is supplied with main
supply air and selects the next
e.g. group.
R/E | A+ B+ | B- C+ | C- A- The remaining trip valves are
supplied with air from their
Select the cylinder building blocks. respective groups and initiate
the next function.
Select the cascade building block. The “run/end” valve will control
the signal from the last trip
valve to be operated.
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Home Work:
Question 1:
A+ B+ C+ A- B- C-
Question 2:
A+ B+ C+ C- B- A-
Question 3:
A+ A- B+ C+ C- B-
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Class Work: ➢ Question: A+ B+ B- C+ C- A-
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Logic functions &
Feedback methods
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Logic NOT
A logic NOT applies to the state of the Z
output when the operating signal is present 2
10 12
(the output is simply an inversion of the X
1 3
operating signal).
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Logic MEMORY
A logic MEMORY allows the output signal
state (ON or OFF) to be maintained after
the input signal has been removed. Z
X
Any bi-stable valve is a logic MEMORY.
12 10
3 1
With this lever detented valve, once the Y
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Logic MEMORY
A bi-stable double pilot valve Z
3 1
pulse (push and release) on
buttons X or Y. 2
12 10
Y
3 1
2
12 10
X
3 1
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Logic MEMORY (latch)
A popular memory circuit is the latch.
Z
Will not re-make after pneumatic power 1 3
Y
failure. 12
2
10
12
A pulse on X operates the pilot / spring 10
3 1
valve to give output Z.
3 1 3 1
2 2
12 10 12 10
X X
3 1 3 1
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OR, AND, NOT z 2
OR 12 10
3 1
x OR y gives output z x y
z 2
NOT
x AND y gives output z. 12 10
3 1
x gives NOT z x
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Single pulse maker
Converts a prolonged signal x into z
2
a single pulse z. 12 10
3 1
Signal x must be removed to
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Time delay
A signal is restricted to slow the rate
of pressure build up on a pressure Output
3 1
When the pressure switch operates a
strong un-restricted output is given.
Signal
A reservoir provides capacitance to in
A
double acting cylinder with a
time delay in the outstroked
position before automatic 14
4 2
12
return: 5 1 3
2
12 10
3 1
2 2
12 10 12 10
3 1 a1 3 1
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Time delay
Problem:
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Time delay
Solution:
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EXERSICE: PRODUCT SEPARATION
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Solution 1: PRODUCT SEPARATION
Direct circuit
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Solution 1: PRODUCT SEPARATION
Indirect circuit
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