MAPEH Reviewer  waltz – German dance in triple
Music – Music of the Romantic Period
Music of the Romantic Period
 romantic period – described as a cultural
movement that stressed emotion,
imagination, individualism, and freedom of
expression
 Polonaise – by Frederic Chopin, dance
composition for piano, famous in Poland until
today, shows nationalism
 Ludwig Van Beethoven – bridged the music
from Classical to Romantic Era
Violin and Strings Music
1) Niccolo Paganini – born in October 27, 1782
in Genoa, Italy, became the most famous
violin virtuoso in the world
 La Campanella
 24 Caprices for Solo Violin, Op. 1
 Concerto No,1 in Eb, Op.6
 15 Quartets for Guitar and Strings
Trio
 The Carnival of Venice
Piano Music
1) Frederic Chopin – “Poet of the Piano,” born
in March 1, 1810 in Zelazowa, Poland, died
on October 17, 1849, works express love for
Poland
 ballade – verse form or narrative
that is set to music
 etude – piece composed for the
development of a specific technique
 mazurka – Polish dance in triple
time signature
 nocturne – instrumental
composition of a pensive, dreamy
mood, for the piano
 polonaise – slow Polish dance in
triple time that consists of a march
or procession
 prelude – short piece of music that
can be used as a preface and
introduction to another work or may
stand alone
meter
 impromptu – short free-form
musical composition usually for a
solo instrument
 scherzo – musical movement of
playful character in ABA form
 sonata – composition for one or
more solo instruments consisting o
three or four independent
movements varying in key, mood,
and tempo
2) Franz Liszt – virtuosity is the best word to
describe his music, known as the virtuoso
pianist, a composer, and the busiest
musician during the Romantic Era, born in
the village Doborjan, Hungary
 La Campanella
 Liebestraume No. 3
 Hungarian Rhapsody – originally
written for solo piano, but many
were arranged for orchestra or
other combinations of instruments
 Hungarian Rhaposdy No. 2 – most
popular Hungarian Rhapsody, basis
for the cartoon “Tom and Jerry,”
also known as “Cat Concerto”
 Un Sospiro
 Sonata in B Minor
 Arrangements of the 9 Beethoven
Symphonies
 Transcriptions of Lieder by
Schubert
3) Robert Schumann – composer and music
critic, born in 1810 in Zwickau, founded the
music journal, :”Jornal Neue Zeitschrift fur
Musik” in 1834, has two pseudonyms:
Eusebius (sensitive and lyrical side) and
Florestan (fiery and stormy side)
Program Music
 program music – instrumental composition
that conveys images or scenes to tell a short
story without text or lyrics
 1) Hector Berlioz – French romantic composer
born on December 11, 1803
Story of Symphonie Fantastique
 Symphonie Fantastique – one of Berlioz’
most famous compositions, also known as
Fantastic Symphony
1) Reveries/Passion
2) A Ball
3) Scene in the Country
4) March to the Scaffold
5) Dream of a Witches Sabbath
2) Peter Ilyich Tchaikovsky – born on May 7,
1840 in Votkinsk, Russia, known for his
ballet music, died due to cholera
 Swan Lake
 The Nutcracker
 1812 Overture
 Sleeping Beauty
 Symphony No. 6 Pathetique
 Rome & Juliet
 Symphony No. 2
 Piano Concerto No. 1
3) Camille Saint-Saens – known as a talented
musician from an early age, born in Paris on
October 9, 1835, organist and one of the
best pianists of all time, created over 300
works in all genres
 Carnival of the Animals
 Danse Macabre
 Symphony No. 3
 The Swan
Arts – Arts of the Neoclassic and Romantic Periods
Neoclassicism
 neoclassic – came from the Greek word
neos (new) and the Latin word classicus
(first class)
 Neoclassicism – Western movement in
decorative and visual arts, also applies to
literature, theater, music, and architecture
that were influenced by the Classical art and
culture of Ancient Greece and Ancient Rome
 Neoclassical movement – coincided with the
18th century Age of Reason or Age of
Enlightenment, art style was brought about
by the renewed interest in Greek and Roman
classics, the characteristics of neoclassic art
are:
 portrayal of Roman history
 formal composition
 use of diagonals to show the peak
of an emotion
 local color
 overall lighting
 classic geo-structure
 Classicism – the art forms produced in
antiquity or inspired by it afterward
Neoclassical Painting
1) Jacques-Louis David – influential French
painter, subjects were more on history
 The Death of Marat – shows the
portrayal of a revolutionary martyr,
painting of the murdered French
revolutionary leader Jean-Paul
Marat
 Napoleon Crossing the Alps –
painting that showed a strongly
idealized view of the real crossing
that Napoleon and his army made
across the Alps through the Great
St. Bernard
 Oath of the Horatii – large painting
that depicts a scene from a Roman
legend about the dispute between
Rome and Alba Longa
2) Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres – pupil of
Jacques-Louis David, influenced by Italian
Renaissance painters
 Portrait of Napoleon on the Imperial
Throne – depicts Napoleon in his
decadent coronation costume,
seated upon his golden-encrusted
throne, hand resting upon smooth
ivory balls
  The Apotheosis of Homer – state-
commission by Charles X to have
him remembered in the building
works of the Louvre, depicts an
image of Homer, receiving all
brilliant men of Rome, Greece, and
contemporary times
Neoclassical Sculptures
1) Antonio Canova – prolific Italian artist and
sculptor who became famous for his marble
sculptures that delicately rendered nude
flesh
 Psyche Awakened by Cupid’s Kiss
– marble sculpture portraying the
relationship of Psyche and Cupid
 Washington – marble sculpture of
Washington currently displayed at
North Carolina Museum of History
2) Bertel Thorvaldsen – first internationally
acclaimed Danish artist
 Christ – marble sculpture of
resurrected Christ currently located
at the Thorvaldsen Museum
 Lion of Lucerne – sculpture of a
dying lion in Lucerne, Switzerland
that commemorates the Swiss
Guards who were massacred in
1792 during the French Revolution
Neoclassical Architecture
 neoclassical architecture - style principally
derived from the architecture of Classical
Greece and Rome and the architectural
designs of the Italian architect Andrea
Palladio
1) Temple Style – based on an ancient temple,
feature a peristyle (continuous line of
columns around a building)
 Pantheon
 British Museum
 La Madeleine de Paris
2) Palladian Style – based on Andrea Palladio’s
style of villa construction, feature a
balustrade (railing with vertical supports
along the edge of the roof) and balusters
(vertical supports within a balustrade)
a) Robert Adams – known as the
Palladian architect of the
Neoclassical, designed two well-
known American civic buildings
(White House and the United States
Capitol)
3) Classical Block Style – features a
rectangular or square plan with a flat roof
and an exterior rich in classical detail,
exterior features a repeated classical pattern
or series of arches and columns, also known
as “Beaux-Arts style,” since it was developed
principally by the French Ecole des Beaux-
Arts
a) Henri Labrouste – masterpiece is
Library of Sainte-Genevieve
b) Charles Garnier – designed the
Palais Garnier (Neobaroque opera
house, most famous classical
block)
Romanticism
 romanticism – movement in which the artists
of Neoclassical period sought to break new
ground in the expression of emotion,
characteristics are:
 height of action
 emotional extremes
 celebrated nature as out of control
 dramatic compositions
 heightened sensation
Romantic Painting (Portraits/Figures)
1) Jean Louis Theodore Gericault – first French
master and the leader of the French realistic
school
 The Raft of the Medusa – portrays
the victims of a contemporary
shipwreck
 Charging Chasseur – revealed the
influence of the style of Rubens and
an interest in the depiction of
contemporary subject matter
  Insane Woman – portrait of the
mentally disabled that has a
peculiar hypnotic power
2) Eugene Delacroix – considered the greatest
French romantic painter of all, most
influential to most of Romantic painters
 Liberty Leading the People –
commemorates the July Revolution
of 1830, which toppled King
Charles X of France
3) Francisco Goya – commissioned Romantic
painter by the King of Spain, a printmaker
regarded both as last of the “Old Masters”
and the first of the “Moderns”
 The Third of May – Goya’s
masterpiece that sought to
commemorate Spanish resistance
to Napoleon’s armies during the
occupation of 1808 in the
Peninsular War
 Saturn Devouring His Son – depicts
the Greek myth of the Titan Cronus,
who fears that he would be
overthrown by one of his children,
so he ate each upon their birth
 The Burial of Sardine – Spanish
ceremony celebrated on Ash
Wednesday, symbolical burial of
the past to allow society to be
reborn
Romantic Painting (Landscape Painting)
 landscape painting – depicts the physical
world that surrounds us and includes
features such as mountains, valleys,
vegetation, and bodies of water
1) Theodore Rousseau
 Der kleine Fischer
 Landscape with a Plowman
2) Jean-Baptiste-Camille Corot
 The Church of Marissel, near
Beauvais
 Le repos sous les saules
 Both are members of the Barbizon School (a
circle of artists who held meetings in the
village of Barbizon) that led the Romantic
landscape painting in France.
Romantic Sculpture
 romantic sculpture – can be divided into
works that concern about the human world
and those that concern the natural world
1) Francois Rude – best known for his social art
which aimed to inspire and capture the
interest of a broad public
 Departure of the Volunteers –
known as La Marseillaise, portrays
the goddess liberty urging the
forces of the French Revolution
onward
 Jeanne d’Arc
2) Antoine-Louis Barye – most famous animal
sculptor of all time
 Hercules Sitting on a Bull
 Theseus Slaying the Minotaur
Gothic Revival Architecture (Neogothic)
 gothic revival – also known as Victorian
Gothic or Neo-Gothic, architectural
movement that began in the late 1740s in
England, buildings feature castellation in
which the walls and towers are crenellated in
imitation of medieval castles
1) Charles Barry – name behind Britain’s
foremost Gothic Revival monument, the
Westminster Palace
2) James Renwick – crowning work was the St.
Patrick’s Cathedral
Neoclassicism and Romanticism in the Philippines
1) Felix Resurreccion Hidalgo y Padilla – one of
the great Filipino painters of the late 19th
century, inspired members of the Philippine
reform movement
 The Christian Virgins Being
Exposed to the Populace – portrays
two scantily clothed Christian
female slaves being mocked by a
group of boorish Roman male
onlookers
 2) Juan Luna y Novicio – painter and sculptor, Religious and Secular Festivals
one of the first recognized Philippine artists,  religious festivals – festivals in honor of a
political activist of the Philippine Revolution certain religious icon
 Spolarium – Latin word referring to Name of Place of
Religious
Month of
Figure
the basement of the Roman Festival Origin
Honored
Celebration
Colosseum wherein the fallen and Sinulog F. Cebu City Sto. Niño January
dying gladiators were dumped and Dinagyang F. Iloilo City Sto. Niño January
Ati-atihan F. Kalibo, Aklan Sto. Niño January
devoid of their worldly possessions, Peñafrancia Bicol Virgin Mary September
features a glimpse of Roman Higantes F.
Angono,
St. Clement November
history centered on the bloody Rizal
Longganisa Vigan City,
carnage brought by gladiatorial St. Paul November
F. Ilocos Sur
matches Kinabayo F. Dapitan City
James the
July
Great
3) Fernando Cueto Amorsolo – National Artist
Pintados de Pinatados
in Painting, portraitist and painter of rural Sto. Niño March
Passi City, Iloilo
Philippine landscapes, known for his Señor San
Pattarradday Santiago City May
Tiago
craftsmanship and mastery of light Sangyaw F. Tacloban City Sto. Niño July
 Planting Rice with Mayon Volcano  secular festivals – non-religious festivals in
4) Guillermo Estrella Tolentino – Filipino honor of thanksgiving or celebration of
sculptor named National Artist for the Visual peoples’ industry and bountiful harvest
Arts in 1973, hailed as the “Father of Name of Place of Month of
Industry
Philippine Arts” Festival Origin Celebration
Dagupan,
 The Original Oblation Bangus F. Milkfish In. April to May
Pangasinan
 Pambansang Bantayog ni Andres Bambanti F. Isabela
Scarecrow
January
(Farming)
Bonifacio Mammangui
City of Ilagan Corn In. May
5) Napoleon Isabelo Veloso Abueva – National F.
Artist for Sculpture, entitled as the “Father of Panagbenga
Baguio City Flower In. February
F.
Modern Philippine Sculpture,” the only Migratory
Ibon Ebon F. Pampanga February
Boholano to be given the distinction of Birds Egg In.
Iba,
National Artist of the Philippines in the field Mango F. Mango In. April
Zambales
of Visual Arts Mask (Sugar
Masskara Bacolod City October
 Siyam na Diwata ng Sining In.)
Koronadal, Colorful
T’nalak January
Cotabato Abaca
Gathering of
Ammungan Nueva
Tribal May
PE – Festival Dances F. Vizcaya
Industries
Why Festivals? Binatbatan F.
Vigan, Ilocos
Weaving In. May
 festival dances – cultural dances performed Sur
Locomotor Movements
to the strong beats of percussion instruments
 locomotor movements – movements that
by a community of people sharing the same
allow you to move from one point in space to
culture usually done in honor of a Patron
another, canned from two words, locos
saint or in thanksgiving of a bountiful harvest
(place) and motor (movement)
Preparatory Movements
 step – basis of all locomotor movements,
transfer of weight from one foot to another
  walk – series of steps executed by both of
your feet alternately in any direction
 run – series of walks executed quickly in any
direction wherein only one feet stays on the
ground while the other is off the ground
 jump – having both feet lose its contact with
the ground
Non-Locomotor Movements
 non-locomotor movements – movements
that are performed in one point in space
without transferring to another point, don’t
allow you to move from one place to another
 flexion – act of decreasing the angle of a
joint
 extension – opposite of flexion, increasing
the angle of a joint
 contraction – muscle movement done when
it shortens, narrows, and tightens using
sufficient amount of energy in the execution
 release – muscle movement opposite to
contraction done when it let goes or let
looses of being held into a shortening
movement
 collapse – to deliberately drop the exertion of
energy into a body segment
 recover – the opposite of collapse, to regain
the energy exerted into a body segment
 rotation – to move a body segment allowing
it to complete a circle with its motion
 twist – to move a body segment from an
axis halfway front or back or quarter to the
right or left
 pivot – to change the position of the feet or
any body part that carries the body’s weight
allowing the body to face in a less than 360
degrees turn
 turn – to move in a turning movement with a
base of support, usually a pointed foot
2
Basic Time Folk Dance Steps
4
Step Pattern/Counting
Name of Step
(Rhythm)
Step R sideward (1), Close Step L to
Close Step R (2)
Bleking Step R, in place (1), Heel Place L in
front (2)
Step R sideward (1), Point L in Front
Touch Step of R (2)
Walk Step R forward (1), Step L forward (2)
Step R (1), Close Step L to R (and),
Change Step Step R in Place (2)
Cross R over L (1), step L sideward
Cross Change Step (and), step R in place (2)
Hop Step
Step R sideward (1), Hop R in place
(2)
Point L in place (and), Step R in place
Mincing (1), Point L in place (and), Step R in
place (ct. 2)
Step R across L (1), Step L sideward
Cross Step L (2)
Heel-toe, change Heel place R sideward (1), point L
close to R (2), change step with the R
step (Maybe repeated with L)
Elements of Movements in Space
 rhythm – regular recurrence of a beat
 level – the level of movement
 range – the scope of movement execution,
dictated by the space provided
 floor pattern/design – the designs created on
the floor by bodies of dancers
 direction – adds to variety of movement, may
be performed forward, backward, sideward,
even upward
 focues – focal point of dancers attention
while moving in space
Fuelling our Body for Exercise
 go foods – specific foods that give us
energy, primary source of carbohydrates
 calories – measurement of energy, energize
us and consumed when we are moving
Maintaining, Losing, and Gaining Weight
 To maintain weight, eat a well-balanced diet
and have a regular exercise program.
 To lose weight, engage oneself in vigorous
aerobic activities together with a well-
planned diet.
 To gain weight, engage in weight resistance
training together with a well-designed diet
program.
Computing Total Energy Requirement (TER)
TER ( cal )=DBW × Physical Activity
Computing Desirable Body Weight (DBW) Principles of First Aid
1) Obtain your height in centimeters. Dos in Giving First Aid Don’ts in Giving First Aid
2) DBW in kilograms is obtained by subtracting 1) DO stay calm 1) DON’T give food
one’s height from a constant factor of 100. 2) DO reassure and drink to an
3) DBW for Filipinos is adjusted by subtracting and comfort the unconscious
victim. person.
10% of the obtained DBW value in item
3) DO check for a 2) DON’T move an
number 2. medical bracelet injured person
indicating a unless you need
condition. to place him/her
Health – Unintentional Injury, Prevention, Safety 4) DO loosen any in the recovery
tight clothing. position.
and First Aid
5) DO keep the
The Basics of First Aid victim covered
 first aid – immediate and temporary care to reduce shock.
given to a person who suddenly gets ill or Survey of the Scene and the Victims
injured Steps in Assessing Emergency Situations
Roles of First Aid 1) Is anyone in danger?
1) It is a bridge that fills the gap between the  If yes, can the danger be easily
victim and the physician. managed?
2) It is not intended to compete with or to take  If it cannot, call for emergency help
the place of the services of the physician. and protect the scene.
3) It ends when the services of the physician 2) Move to the quietest victim.
begins.  Gently shake the shoulders and ask
Objectives of First Aid a question: “Hey, hey, hey, are you
1) To save lives okay?”
2) To prolong life  If the victim responds, treat any life-
3) To alleviate suffering threatening condition.
4) To prevent further injury  If there is no response, check the
Characteristics of a Good First Aider airway.
1) Gentle – does not cause pain and panic 3) Open the airway.
2) Observant – notices all signs
 Do the “Head Tilt-Chin Lift Method:”
3) Resourceful – makes the best use of things
lift the chin, remove any
at hand
obstructions present, and then
4) Tactful – does not frighten the victim
gently tilt back the head.
5) Sympathetic – comforts and reassures the
4) Check for breathing.
victim
 If breathing, check for and treat any
life-threatening conditions and
place in the recovery position.
 If not breathing, give two rescue
breaths: pinch the nose, seal your
mouth over the victim’s mouth and
breathe into the person.
 If rescuer is alone, call for an
ambulance.
 5) Look for signs of circulation. 
Previous Illness
 If the victim is a child or an adult 
Last Meal
who has suffered from a drowning 
Events prior to what
or accident proceed directly to the happened
CPR (combine rescue breathing  Period of Pain
with chest compressions).  Area
 Otherwise, look for signs of life  Intensity
such as movement and normal skin  Nullify
color for a few seconds. b) Checking for Vital Signs
Vital Signs i) Pulse Rate – use fingertips
 vital signs – measures of various not thumb, may be taken
physiological statistics taken in order to from different positions
assess the most basic body functions (body
 Brachial
temperature, pulse rate, blood pressure,
 Carotid
respiratory rate)
 Wrist
 ABC – airway, breathing, circulation,
 Temporal
mnemonics for essential steps used by both
medical professionals and lay persons such  Subclavian
as first aiders when dealing with a patient  Axillary
Difference between Signs and Symptoms  Femoral
 signs – details discovered by applying your Normal Pulse Rate
60 – 70 Men
sense during the course of the examination 70 – 80 Women
 symptoms – sensations that the victim feels 80 – 90 Children over 7 years old
or experiences and may be able to describe 80 – 120 Children within 1 – 7 years old
110 – 130 Infants
Physical Examinations ii)Temperature – measured
1) Primary Survey – used when the victim is using a thermometer within
unconscious and to find out and immediately the:
treat life-threatening conditions
 Rectum (rectal)
a) Check for Consciousness
 Mouth (oral)
b) Open the Airway
 Armpit (axillary)
c) Check for Breathing
iii) Respiration – number of
 Look for chest movement,
breaths per minute,
sound of breathing, or feel
wheezing means asthma
of breath on your cheek.
attack and gurgling
d) Check for Circulation
something is stuck in the
 Perform CPR if there are
throat (12 – 20 breaths for
no signs of circulation.
adults and older children,
2) Secondary Survey – used when the victim is
40 for infants)
conscious or has revived, aims to detect
iv) Skin Color – reflects the
everything about the patient’s condition
circulation of blood and the
a) History Taking
saturation of oxygen in
 Symptoms
blood, healthy skin is warm
 Allergy and pink
 Medication c) Head to Toe Examination
 i) Head and Neck – check 6) While applying maximum head-tilt-chin-lift
for lacerations or method, pinch the nose and give 2 initial full
contusions and fluid in the breaths to the victims.
nose and ears 7) Take off the clothes of the victim that can
ii) Eyes – pay close attention block the compression area.
to the pupils 8) Perform CPR on the victim.
Pupil Appearance Assessment  Do 5 cycles of 30 compressions
Dilated Pupil State of Shock
Poison or use of prohibited
and 2 breaths.
Very Small Pupil 9) If the victim is revived, do the secondary
drugs
Head injury that needs survey.
Different Size
immediate attention
Small and bright Pupils are reactive 10) Do the secondary survey (History Taking,
No reaction Death Vital Signs, and Head to Toe Examination)
iii)
Chest – check for cuts, Dressing and Bandages
bruises, penetrations, and  dressing – piece of sterile cloth that covers a
other impairments wound to prevent infection and/or to stop
iv) Abdomen – check for pain, bleeding
tenderness, and lumps Techniques in Applying a Dressing
v) Back – check for 1) Wash hands and wear gloves, if possible.
movement and sensation 2) Unwrap the dressing as close to the wound
Top Ten Things to do In Case of Emergency as possible, do not touch the wound.
1) Shout for help! 3) If the dressing falls, discard and use a new
2) Survey the scene and assess the situation. one.
3) Determine if the accident warrants a visit to 4) Place the dressing over the wound.
the nearest hospital. 5) Use a dressing that is large enough to
4) If you are certified in CPR and a victim extend at least 1 inch beyond the edges of
needs it, begin CPR right away. the wound.
5) Stop the bleeding, if there is any. 6) If body tissue or organs are exposed, cover
6) Treat any symptoms of shock. the wound with a dressing that will stick.
7) Look for the medical alert tag in every victim. 7) Secure the dressing with a bandage or
8) Seek trained medical assistance. adhesive tape.
9) Never give anything by mouth to an  cold compress – used to reduce swelling and
unconscious victim. relieve pain, cold packs are used
10) Wait for medical professionals to arrive.  hot compress – used to allow normal blood
Emergency Action Principles circulation
1) Is the scene safe? Two Phases of Bandaging
 If yes, continue and if no, call  bandages – used to apply pressure to
Emergency Services. bleeding, for covering wounds and burns and
2) Make sure the victim is lying on his back. providing support for immobilization for
 If not, roll the victim. broken bones, sprains, and strains, three
3) Check for responsiveness. types:
4) Call for help, if there is no response. 1) triangular – made from cloth and
5) Do the primary survey of the victim. can be used as cold compress,
 Do the ABCs. padding, support for pressure or
support sling
 2) ace – secures dressing in place
3) tubular – used to support joints or
hold dressings in place
4) small tubular – used for finger
injuries
1) Open phase bandaging – used for wounds
on top and back of the head, chest, back,
hand, and foot, and as arm sling
2) Cravat phase bandaging – used for wounds
that need extra support like wound on the
eye, forehead, ear, cheek, jaw, shoulder, hip,
arm, leg, elbow, knee, and palm and for a
sprained ankle
Techniques in Bandaging
1) Keep in mind the following:
a) Always a square knot.
b) Keep the cloth sterile.
c) Always keep the ends/
2) Bandaging technique depends upon the size
and location of the wound, your first and
skills, and materials at hand.
3) Bandage firmly over bleeding and securely
over the broken bone.
4) When wrapping bandages around the body,
use its natural hollows to slide the bandage
gently into its place.
5) Check regularly for swelling to ensure that
the bandage is still comfortable and that it
remains firmly secured.
6) Secure the bandage with tape, clips, bow, or
square knot.
How to do a Square Knot
 Right over left and left over right.
Wounds
 wound – a break in the continuity of a tissue
in the body
 closed wound – there is no break or damage
in the skin, also called hematoma or
contusions
 open wound – there is a break in the skin
Kinds of Open Wounds
1) puncture – piercing wound caused by
pointed objects
2) abrasion – caused by rubbing or scraping
the skin against a rough surface
3) incision – cut caused by a sharp object
4) laceration – blunt breaking or tearing of soft
tissues usually resulting from mishandling
tools
5) avulsion – forcible tearing or partial tearing
away of tissues
How to Manage Wounds
1) For hematomas, use the mnemonic RICE:
 Resting
 Ice application
 Compression
 Elevation
2) For open wounds with severe bleeding:
a) Wear gloves and remove or cut
clothing as necessary to expose
wound.
b) Control bleeding by applying direct
pressure.
c) Elevate the injured part above the
heart except for eye injury and
wounds with embedded object.
d) Cover wound with sterile dressing
and bandage.
e) Care for shock.
f) Consult a physician immediately.
Carrying and Transporting an Injured Person
Different Kinds of Transport
 In transporting a victim, the first aider must
consider the following:
a) weight and height of the victim
b) status of the victim
c) environment
d) special need considerations
One-man Transport
 fireman’s carry – easiest way to transport a
light and smaller victim
 piggy back – when the victim is unconscious
 pack strap carry – when the victim is smaller
than the first aider
  shoulder drag – used when the floor is
smooth, short distance transport
 fireman’s drag or tied-hands crawl – used
when the first aider and victim must crawl
underneath a low structure
 blanket drag – used when the victim is
seriously injured and should not be lifted
Two-man Carry
 chair or seat carry – when there are two first
aiders and a chair is available
Three or More-man Transport
 hammock carry – when there are three first
aiders
 bearer alongside carry – carriers will stay on
the uninjured side of the victim
 six man lift and carry – when there are six
first aiders
First Aid for Common Unintentional Injuries
Fracture
 fracture – break or crack in a bone, two
types:
a) open fracture – pierces the skin
surface
b) closed fracture – skin above is
intact
1) Check vital signs.
2) Do not move injured part.
3) Stop bleeding.
4) If moving is needed, immobilize the broken
part by splinting.
5) Seek medical help immediately.
Dislocation
 dislocation – partial or complete
displacement of the bones
1) Call for help immediately.
2) Splint the affected part.
3) Do not try to move a dislocated part or force
it back into place.
4) Apply ice on the injured part to reduce
swelling.
Sprain and Strain
 sprain – injury to the ligaments of a bone due
to accidental tearing or overstretching
 strain – injury to the muscles which is a
result of improper use of the muscle
1) Rest the injured part.
2) Apply ice.
3) Compress the injured part.
4) Elevate the injured part.
Heat Exhaustion
 heat exhaustion – caused by loss of salt and
water due to excessively high temperature,
may lead to heatstroke and even death
1) Transport a victim to a cool place.
2) Give plenty of water.
3) Check for vital signs.
4) Seek medical help.
Food Poisoning
 food poisoning – caused by consuming food
or drink that is contaminated with bacteria or
viruses
1) Help the person to lie down and rest.
2) Give him plenty of flavorless fluids to drink
and a bowl to use if he vomits.
3) Call for medical help if the condition
worsens.
Choking
 choking – results when a foreign object
blocks the throat
1) Ask the person if he is choking.
2) Encourage him to cough.
3) Give five back blows, when the person
cannot speak or stops coughing.
4) If back blows fail, try abdominal thrusts.
5) Check his mouth.
6) Call for ambulance, if obstruction still has not
cleared.
Drowning
 drowning – happens when air cannot get into
the lungs because of water, can cause
immediate death when taken for granted
1) Lay person down on his back.
2) Check breathing and open airway
3) Give rescue breaths and chest compression
if necessary.
 4) If the person is breathing, place him/her in
the recovery position.
5) Treat for hypothermia by removing wet
clothing and covering with dry blanket.
Heart Attack
 heart attack – caused by a sudden
obstruction of blood supply to the part of the
heart muscles
1) Help the person sit or lie down with head
elevated.
2) Call for medical help.
3) If the person is conscious, give him a full-
dose of aspirin and advise him to chew it
slowly.
4) Constantly monitor vital signs.
Chemical Burns
 chemical burns – occurs when electricity
passes through the body
1) Make sure that contact with the electrical
source is broken.
2) Flood the sites of injury at the entry and exit
points of the current with plenty of cold
water.
3) Wear disposable gloves and place a sterile
dressing over the burn.
4) Call for medical help.
5) Reassure the victim and treat for shock.
Burns
 burns – caused by domestic incidents such
as touching a hot iron, friction, or spilling
boiling water on the skin
1) For minor burns, flood the injured area with
cold water.
2) Put on gloves and cover the area with sterile
non-adhesive dressing.
3) For severe burns, help the person to lie
down and prevent the burnt area from
coming into contract with the ground. Douse
the burn with plenty of cold liquid.
4) Seek for medical assistance. Do not delay
medical help.
5) Wear disposable gloves and gently remove
any accessories before the tissues begin to
swell.
6) Carefully remove any burnt clothing. Cover
the burnt area with non-adhesive dressing.
7) Continue to monitor vital signs.
8) Reassure casualty and treat for shock.
Heat Stroke
 heat stroke – caused by a failure of the
“thermostat” in the brain to regulate body
temperature and seriously heats the body
1) Move the person immediately to a cool
place.
2) Remove as much of his outer clothing as
possible.
3) Call for medical help.
4) Wrap the person in a cold, wet sheet and
keep the sheet wet until his temperature
drops to 38C or 37.5C under the tongue or
armpit, respectively.
5) If the person has returned to normal
temperature, replace wet sheet with a dry
one.
6) Monitor vital signs until help arrives.
7) If temperature rises, repeat the cooling
process.
Stroke
 stroke – condition in which the blood supply
to a part of the brain is suddenly and
seriously impaired by a blood clot or ruptured
blood vessel
1) If the person is conscious, help him to lie
down with his head and shoulders slightly
raised and supported.
2) Incline his head to the affected side and
place a towel on his shoulder to absorb any
dribbling.
3) Call for help.
4) Loosen any tight clothing.
5) Monitor any vital signs and reassure the
victim.
6) If the victim is unconscious, give rescue
breathing and chest compression.
7) Call for an ambulance or call for help.