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 Analytical Ability Lesson # 1

Analytical Puzzles: Basic Discussion

The most important section of analytical ability is puzzle. Each analytical section of MBA
admission test will contain some “Analytical Reasoning “sets or puzzles accompanied by three
to six questions. Here some information or conditions are given about the problems it asks to
answer the questions according to that information or conditions or data. These puzzles can be
solved through a sample step by step procedure. Improving your score on them will require
practice. Our techniques should help you considerably; you will still need to practice on puzzle
a little each day.

Analytical reasoning questions are presented as logic puzzles. A situation is described in which
a task-such as sequencing, scheduling a group meeting, arranging colored beads on a necklace,
selecting players for a baseball team, or distributing information among several branches of a
company has to be performed.

Consider the following simple example.

Example: 1
Six colored beads-blue, red, white, green, yellow, and orange-are to be arranged on a necklace.
The blue bead has to follow the red bead.
The blue bead can only be either second or fourth.

The conditions define relationships among the objects, people, places, or events involved in the
puzzle. In Example 1, for instance, the conditions establish the relationship between the blue
and red beads and the relationship of the blue bead to all the beads on the necklace. The
conditions thus define the possible placement of the beads, limiting the number of ways in
which the task can be performed.

Some conditions, such as the first one in Example 1, define fixed relationships. The blue bed
always follows the red bead. Other conditions, such as the second one in the example, define
variable relationships. The blue bead can be placed either second or fourth among the beads.

Since some of the relationships established by the conditions are variable, the conditions do not
completely define the outcome of most logic games. Variable relationships form the basis for
many questions.

Each puzzle contains three to seven questions. The questions are of two types:
(1) Questions that ask you to reach a conclusion about how the task can be performed based on
the information provided in the conditions.
(2) Questions that provide additional information and then ask you to reach a conclusion about
how the task can be performed.

Consider the following questions in Example 1.

Six colored beads-blue, red, white, green, yellow, and orange-are to be arranged on a necklace.
The blue bead has to follow the red bead

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The blue bead can only be either second or fourth.

1. Which of the following is a possible arrangement of the beads?

(A) Orange, white, red, yellow, green, blue
(B) Blue, red, white, orange, green, yellow
(C) White, red, green, blue, yellow, orange
(D) Red, yellow, blue, white, orange, green
(E) Red, white, green, yellow, blue, orange

2. If the white bead must be placed next to the blue bead, which of the following statements
must be true?
(A) The blue bed cannot be second.
(B) The white bead cannot be first.
(C) The white bead has to be between the red and blue beads.
(D) The white bead cannot be fifth.
(E) The red and blue beads cannot be next to each other.

Questions of the first type, such as question one above, are concrete. The answers can be
deduced directly from the conditions. To answer the question, simply look at the answer
choices and eliminate the ones that do not follow the rules set out in the conditions.

The Conditions

The conditions are the core of a logic puzzle. They provide explicit (directly stated) and
implicit (implied, but not directly stated) information about how the task in any particular
puzzle can be performed. In addition, two or more conditions combined provide further
information. By carefully studying the conditions and their implications, you can gather enough
information about the puzzle to answer the questions with relative ease. In fact the majority of
wrong answers on logic puzzles result from missed information or forgotten conditions.
Understanding the conditions and keeping track of them are, therefore, essential skills for logic
puzzles.

Working with Logic Puzzle Conditions: THE STEP BY STEP POCEDURE

In the section you will be provided with the basic outline to solve these puzzles. You will need
to practice one or two problems to understand these steps elaborately.

Step 1. Read the whole setup and all the clues.

Draw a model diagram that shows the structure of the puzzle.

Step 2. Symbolize the clues in a way that’s consistent with your diagram for the puzzle.

Step 3. Double-check your diagram and symbols.

.
Step 4. Size up the clues and draw deductions.

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 Analytical Ability Lesson # 1

Step 5. Attack the questions.

Step 6. Keep your pencil moving.

SOME SYMBOLIZING GUIDELINES

The symbolizing guidelines will work as your “tips” to approach the puzzles. These are very general
guidelines and your own idea of thinking up different problems may differ from these. Don’t take these as
standards; always try to come up with new ideas to help yourself.

 Make separate symbols for each element: for example, WWWW, not 4W.

 When tow elements are always next to each other, put a BLOCK

around them. Blocks make puzzles much easier.

 When two elements can never be next to each other, use an ANTIBLOCK symbols.

 For conditional clues(If ….then…) use ARROW (

The element that depends on something goes on the left. The independent element goes on the right side of the
arrow.
 In some cases it’s just not possible to symbolize a clue. Be sure to write some shorthand summary of the
clue, or circle it with your pencil, so that you don’t forget to check that clue as you do to each question.

How to Approach Puzzle Questions:

Example: 2
A concerto written for six instruments – bass, cello, flute, oboe, piano, and violin – calls for them
to enter one by one into the composition. The instruments must enter according to the following
conditions:

The piano enters fourth.

The cello enters immediately before the violin enters.
The bass enters sometime before the piano enters and sometime before the oboe enters.
The flute enters sometime before the oboe enters.

1. Which of the following is an acceptable order, from first to last, in which the instruments could
enter?
(A) Bass, cello, violin, piano, flute, oboe (B) Bass, flute, oboe, piano, violin, cello
(C) Bass, oboe, flute, piano, cello, violin (D) Flute, cello, violin, piano, bass, oboe
(E) Flute, cello, violin, bass, piano, oboe

2. If the bass enters third, which of the following must be true?

(A) The flute enters first (B) The flute enters second.
(C) The oboe enters fifth. (D) The violin enters second.
(E) The violin enters sixth.

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3. If the violin enters sixth, which of the following can be true?

(A) The bass enters third. (B) The cello enters second.
(C) The flute enters first. (D) The flute enters fifth.
(E) The oboe enters second.

Before you read on, try it yourself.

1. Read the whole setup and all the clues, and draw a diagram
Okay, we have six instruments and we have to figure out the order. Anything with an order goes on
the top of our diagram, so let’s draw the diagram like this:

1 2 3 4 5 6

2. Symbolize the clues/conditions:

 That first clue is pretty easy, right? Just put the P under the 4: A_©vr Condition-G wQj Piano enters
foruth-ZvB P-‡K 4-G emvB|
1 2 3 4 5 6
P
P
P
P
P
We’re filling in Ps all the way down the column so that you never have to worry about P or that
column again. It’s taken care of for good. The key to games is filling in spaces/blanks.

 The symbol for the next clue looks like this: Cello, Violin-Gi immediately Av‡M em‡e| ZvB G‡K GBfv‡e
symbolize Kiv hvq|

CV
Notice this block only goes in one direction, because we’re told that the cello is immediately before
the violin, and we don’t have the “after” option.

 Next clue: Bass, Piano-Gi †Kvb Av‡M (sometime) Ges O-Gi †Kvb Av‡M em‡e ZvB G‡K wb‡gœv³fv‡e
Symbolize Kiv hvq|
B…P
B…O
Notice that we separated this clue into two clues, to avoid confusion. Since we don’t know the
relationships between P and O, it’s better to separate the clue.

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 Next clue: Flute, Oboe-Gi †Kvb Av‡M em‡e ZvB G‡K wb‡gœv³fv‡e symbolize Kiv hvq|
F…O
Okay, now we’re ready for …

3. Double-check the work and draw deductions

Here we check everything over by rereading the whole game and checking the diagram and symbols.
Then we look at the clue symbols to see if we can make any deductions. First check the CV block.
This means that V could never be first, because if it were, there would be no place to put. C. Also, C
could never be sixth, because if it were, there would be no place put V. Let’s put those deductions on
the diagram:

V C
1 2 3 4 5 6
P
P
P
P

Since we know that B has to come in sometime before P, and we know that P must be fourth, that
means that B can never be in 5 or 6. Also, the fact that B has to come sometime before O mean’s that
O can never be first. Let’s put those deductions in our model diagram:

O B
V B C
1 2 3 4 5 6
P
P
P
P

Finally, F must come sometime before O, which means that O can never be first (which we have
already), and that F can never be sixth. And since both B and F have to come before O, O can never
be second either (there has to be room for two instruments to come before it). Let’s put those
deductions in:

F
O B
V O B C
1 2 3 4 5 6
P
P
P

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4. Attack the questions and keep the pencil moving

1. Which of the following is an acceptable order, from first to last, in which the instruments
could enter?
(A) Bass, cello, violin, piano, flute, oboe
(B) Bass, flute, oboe, piano, violin, cello
(C) Bass, oboe, flute, piano, cello, violin
(D) Flute, cello, violin, piano, bass, oboe
(E) Flute, cello, violin, bass, piano, oboe

All we have to do here is take each clue to the answer choices and check for violations. First of
all, according to the first clue, P must be fourth, so we can eliminate any answer choice that
doesn’t have the piano fourth. Eliminate choice (E). Next, the second clue tells us that C comes
immediately before V, so eliminate any choice that doesn’t say that. That gets rid of choice (B).
The next clue tells us that both P and O have to come after B; so eliminate any choice that doesn’t
say that. That gets rid of choice (D). Finally, we know that F has to come before O, so that
eliminates choice (C). What are we left with? Choice (A), and that’s our answer

2. If the bass enters third which of the following must be true?

(A) The flute enters first. (B) The flute enters second.
(C) The oboe enters fifth. (D) The violin enters second.
(E) The violin enters sixth.

First, we have to fill this information in on our diagram (remember, it will only be true for this
question):

F
O B
V O B C
1 2 3 4 5 6
2 B P
P
P
P

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Okay, B is at 3, and we already know that P is at 4, and we also know that O has to come
sometime after B. But we also have to save room for that CV block. The only positions where
there is going to be room for the CV block, with O in 5 or 6, is 1 and 2. Now the only instruments
left are O and F, and the only positions left are 5 and 6, but we already know that F can’t be in
6: So, F goes in 5 and O goes in 6:

F
O B
V O B C
1 2 3 4 5 6
2 C V B P F O
P
P
P

We know where every instrument goes, so let’s go to the answers and see what must be true:
(A) Nope, it’s fifth. (B) Nope, it’s fifth. (C) Nope, it’s sixth.
(D) Bingo! (E) Nope, it’s second.

3. If the violin enters sixth, which of the following can be true?

(A) The bass enters third. (B) The cello enters second.
(C) The flute enters first. (D) The flute enters fifth.
(E) The oboe enters second.

First, let’s fill in the information we’re given:

F
O B
V O B C
1 2 3 4 5 6
2 C V B P F O
3 P V
P
P

The violin is sixth, which means C has to be fifth. Now let’s think about O, since it’s very
restricted. Check the top of the diagram; the only place we can put O is in 3. That means B and
F can fight it out for 1 and 2:

F
O B
V O B C

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 Analytical Ability Lesson # 1

1 2 3 4 5 6
2 C V B P F O
3 B/F F/B O P C V
P
P

Let’s go to the answers and see what can be true:

(A) Nope, it’s first or second. (B) Nope, it’s fifth. (C) Bingo!
(D) Nope, it’s first or second. (E) Nope, it’s third.

Here we go. That’s a typical though relatively easy, puzzle/game. Notice that it was all about
assigning things to places. That’s what most games will ask you to do.

Remember, as you go on with the following exercise, you may not find it easy to draw some
smart diagrams like the previous one on many instances. However, you’ll draw your diagrams
for your own use and as long as they serve your damn purpose, who cares how they look.

Common Question Types

Although logic games come in many different forms, the majority of them fall into three basic
types based on the tasks they require you to do:
(1) Sequence Puzzles (2) Group Puzzles (3) Map Puzzles
The example we just worked on was a sequence problem. In this lesson we will focus on a few
more sequence problems.

Class Work

Questions 01 – 04

Six animals-K, I, M, S, T, U-must each be scheduled for examination by a veterinarian. The

animals are to be examined one at a time in six consecutive time slots on the same day
according to the following conditions.
M cannot examined immediately before or immediately after S
L must be examined immediately before U
K must be examined fourth

01. Which of the following is an acceptable examination schedule for the animals, in order from
first to last?
(A) L, T, S, K, M, U (B) L, U, T, K, S, M (C) M, T, S, L, U, K
(D) S, T, M, K, L, U (E) T, M, S, K, L, U

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02. If L is examined in the second slot, then which of the following must be true?
(A) K is examined at some time before S (B) M is examined at some time
before T
(C) T is examined at some time after K (D) M is examined sixth
(E) S is examined first

03. S can be examined in any of the following times slots except-

(A) first (B) Second (C) Third (D) Fifth (E) Sixth

04. If L is examined first, T must be examined-

(A) Immediately before K (B) Immediately before S
(C) At some time before M (D) At some time after S (E) At some time
after K

Questions 05 – 07
Seven soccer players are to be honored at a banquet. The players will be seated along one side
of a rectangular table.

Allen and Barry have to leave the party early and so must be seated at the extreme right end of
the table, which is closest to the exit.

Clay will receive a plaque and so must be in the center chair to facilitate the presentation.

Dewey and Early, who were bitter rivals for the position of goalie during the season, dislike
one another and should be seated as far apart as possible.

Forrest and Gates are best friends and want to sit together.

05. Which of the following players may not be seated at either end of the table?
(A) Dewey (B) Early (C) Barry (D) Gates (E) Allen

06. Which of the following pairs of players may not be seated together?
(A) Gates and Early (B) Clay and Early (C) Forrest and Allen
(D) Barry and Early (E) Forrest and Dewey

07. If neither Forrest nor Early is seated next to Clay, how many different seating
arrangements are possible?
(A) 1 (B) 2 (C) 3 (D) 4 (E) 5

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Questions 08 – 10
The five staff members of the customer service department of a retail store – Paul, Quentin,
Rachel, Stella, and Ted – are passing around a single copy of a letter of complaint because no
one wants to take responsibility for answering it or for discarding it. When a staff member
receives the letter, he or she sends it on the morning of the next workday (Monday through
Friday) to another staff member, who receives it on the same day that it is sent.

Paul always sends the letter to Ted.

Ted always sends the letter of Stella.
Stella sends the letter to no one but Quentin or Rachel.
Quentin sends the letter to no one but Paul or Rachel.
Rachel sends the letter to no one but Paul or Ted.

08. If Rachel receives the letter on a Monday, which of the following staff members are certain
to receive it before Friday?
(A) Both Paul and Quentin (B) Both Paul and Stella (C) Both Paul and Ted
(D) Both Quentin and Stella (E) Both Stella and Ted

09. Which of the following lists all those staff members, and only those staff members, who are
included in the shortest possible repeating sequence of letters senders?
(A) Rachel, Stella, Ted (B) Quentin, Rachel, Stella (C) Stella, Ted
(D) Quentin, Ted (E) Rachel

10. If the letter comes to Rachel a second time and she sends it on, which of the following is the
complete and accurate list of Rachel’s fellow staff members who might never
subsequently receive the letter?
(A) Paul (B) Quentin (C) Stella
(D) Paul, Quentin (E) Paul, Stella

Questions 11-13
The cast of a benefit program will consist of exactly four actors to be selected from the seven
actors P, Q, R, S, T, U, and V according to the following conditions:
Either P or T must be in the cast, but they cannot both be in the cast.
If T is in the cast, then Q must be in the cast.
IF U is in the cast, then neither P nor R can be in the cast.

11. If U is in the cast, which of the following must also be in the cast?
(A) P (B) Q (C) R (D) S (E) V

12. If P is in the cast, any of the following groups of three could make up the rest of the cast
EXCEPT
(A) Q, R, and S (B) Q, R, and V (C) Q, S, and V (D) R, S, and V (E) S, U, and V

13. If S is in the cast but needs to be replaced, which of the following actors, if not in the cast, is
eligible to replace S regardless of the composition of the rest of the cast?
(A) P (B) R (C) T (D) U (E) V

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Home Work
Questions 1 – 7
The only persons who attended a meeting were four ship captains and the first mates of three
of those captains. The captains were R, S, T, and W; the first mates were L, N, and V. Each
person in turn delivered a report to the group as follows:

Each first mate present spoke immediately after his or her captain.
S was the first captain to speak, and T was the second captain to speak.

1. All of following are possible orders of speakers EXCEPT

(A) S, L, T, V, W, R, N (B) S, N, T, V, R, W, L (C) S, T, L, R, N, W, V
(D) S, T, L, W, N, R, V (E) S, T, V, N, W, R, L

2. If R spoke after L, and L was the third of the first mates to speak, all of the following
statements could be true EXCEPT:
(A) W spoke immediately after V.
(B) The order of the first four speakers was S, V, T, N
(C) W’s first mate was present.
(D) L was the fourth speaker after S.
(E) The captains spoke in the order S, T, W, R
3. Which of the following must be true?
(A) If the second speaker was a captain, the seventh speaker was a first mate.
(B) If the second speaker was a first mate, the seventh speaker was a captain.
(C) If the third speaker was a first mate, the seventh speaker was a captain.
(D) If the third speaker was a captain, the seventh speaker was a first mate.
(E) If the seventh speaker was a first mate, the first and third speakers were captains.

4. If L spoke immediately after R and immediately before W, and W was not the last speaker, R
spoke
(A) second (B) third (C) fourth (D) fifth (E) sixth

5. If V is S’s first mate, N could be the person who spoke immediately

(A) before T B) before L (C) before V (D) after T (E) after V

6. If L was the third of the first mates to speak, and R was the captain whose first mate was not
present, which of the following must be true?
(A) L spoke sometime before R. (B) N spoke sometime before W.
(C) R spoke sometime before W. (D) W spoke sometime before R.
(E) W spoke sometime before T.

7. Which of the following additional conditions would make S, N, T, V, R, W, L the only possible
order of speakers?
(A) N is S’s first mate; V is T’s first mate; L is W’s first mate.
(B) N is S’s first mate; V is T’s first mate; L was the second to speak after R.
(C) The order of the first four speakers was S, N, T, V.

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(D) The order of the last three speakers was R, W, L

(E) The order in which the captains spoke was S, T, R, W.

Questions 8- 11
Seven meetings—J, K, L, M, N, O, and P—are to be scheduled, one on each day of a week that
begins on Sunday.
Meeting J must take place on Sunday.
Meeting K must take place after both meeting L and meeting M.
Meetings N, O, and P must take place on three consecutive days, not necessarily in that order.

8. Which is the latest day of the week on which meeting L can take place?
(A) Tuesday (B) Wednesday (C) Thursday (D) Friday (E) Saturday

9. Which of the following must be true about the order of meetings?

(A) L takes place after J. (B) L takes place after O.
(C) N takes place after O. (D) N takes place after P.
(E) O takes place after P.

10. If meeting O is on Saturday, then meeting K must take place on

(A) Monday (B) Tuesday (C) Wednesday (D) Thursday (E) Friday

11. Which of the following represents a possible ordering of meetings on three consecutive
days?
(A) JMK (B) KLO (C) MNJ (D) OJN (E) POM

Questions 12- 14
An instructor regularly offers a six-week survey course on film genres. Each time the course is
given, she covers six of the following eight genres: adventure films, cinema noir, detective films,
fantasy films, horror films, musical comedies, silent films, and westerns. She will discuss exactly
one genre per week according to the following conditions:

Silent films are always covered, and always in the first week.
Westerns and adventure films are always covered, with westerns covered in the week
immediately preceding the week adventure films are covered.
Musical comedies are never covered in the same course in which fantasy films are covered.
If detective films are covered, they are covered after westerns are covered, with exactly one of
the other genres covered between them.
Cinema noir is not covered unless detective films are covered in one of the previous weeks.

12. Which of the following is an acceptable schedule of genres for weeks one through six of the
course?
(A) Silent films, westerns, adventure films, detective films, horror films, musical comedies
(B) Silent films, westerns, adventure films, horror films, detective films, fantasy films
(C) Fantasy films, musical comedies, detective films, cinema noir, westerns, adventure films
(D) Westerns, adventure films, detective films, cinema noir, musical comedies, horror films
(E) Detective films, westerns, adventure films, horror films, fantasy films, cinema noir

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13. If musical comedies are covered the week immediately preceding the week westerns are
covered, which of the following can be true?
(A) Adventure films are covered the second week.
(B) Cinema noir is covered the fourth week.
(C) Detective films are covered the third week.
(D) Fantasy films are covered the fifth week.
(E) Horror films are covered the sixth week.

14. Which of the following will NEVER be covered in the sixth week of the course?
(A) Cinema noir (B) Fantasy films (C) Horror films
(D) Musical comedies (E) Westerns

Questions 15- 21
The appellate court of a state in the United States is staffed by exactly eight judges—R, S, T, U,
V, W, X, and Y. At the beginning of each session of the court, the clerk of the court announces
two panels of three judges each, one to hear criminal cases and one to hear civil cases.

No judge can serve on more than one panel at a session of the court.
At least two members of the panel hearing criminal cases must have had prior experience with
criminal cases. The judges with experience in criminal cases, listed in order of descending
seniority, are R, S, T, and U.

At least two member of the panel hearing civil cases must have had prior experience with civil
cases. The judges with experience in civil cases, listed in order of descending seniority, are V,
W, X, and Y.

The presiding judge of each panel is the judge among the three on the panel with the greatest
seniority in the area of the cases.

Each of the three major geographical regions of the state must be represented on every panel
by exactly one judge. Judges S and W are from the western part of the state; Judges R, U, and Y
are from the central part of the state; and Judges T, V, and X are from the eastern part of the
state.
If a judge cannot serve on a panel because of illness or conflict of interest, his or her place can
be taken only by a judge who meets the necessary conditions for the panel.

15. Which of the following could be the panel of judges selected to hear civil cases?
(A) R, S, V (B) S, U, X (C) T, W, Y (D) U, V, Y (E) V, X, Y

16. If X is the presiding judge of the panel selected to hear civil cases, which of the following
must be the other two members of that panel?
(A) R and W (B) S and U (C) S and Y (D) T and Y (E) U and V

17. Which of the following could be the panel of judges selected to hear criminal cases?
(A) R, S, X (B) R, V, W (C) S, T, W (D) S, V, Y (E) T, U, X

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18. The judges selected to serve on any panel announced by the clerk of the court must include
either
(A) R or U (B) R or Y (C) S or W (D) T or V (E) T or X

19. If the panel of judges hearing criminal cases consists of T, U, and W, and if U withdraws
because of a conflict of interest and is replaced, which of the following judges will be the
presiding judge of the panel hearing criminal cases after U has been replaced?
(A) R (B) S (C) T (D) W (E) Y

20. If V cannot serve on either panel and if the panel of judges hearing civil cases consists of U,
W, and X, all of the following must be true EXCEPT:
(A) S is a member of the panel hearing criminal cases.
(B) T is a member of the panel hearing criminal cases.
(C) T is the presiding judge of the panel hearing criminal cases.
(D) W is the presiding judge of the panel hearing civil cases.
(E) Either R or Y, but not both, is a member of the panel hearing criminal cases.

21. If the panel of judges hearing criminal cases consists of T, U, and W, and if X is appointed as
a replacement on the panel hearing civil cases, after that change which of the following
judges will be the presiding judge of the panel hearing civil cases?
(A) S (B) V (C) W (D) X (E) Y

Questions 22- 27
A museum curator must group nine paintings— F, G, H, J, K, L, M, N, and O—in twelve spaces
numbered consecutively from 1-12. The paintings must be in three groups, each group
representing a different century. The groups must be separated from each other by at least one
unused wall space. Three of the paintings are from the eighteenth century, two from the
nineteenth century, and four from the twentieth century. Unused wall spaces cannot occur
within groups.
G and J are paintings from different centuries.
J, K, and L are all paintings from the same century.
Space number, 5 is always empty.
F and M are eighteenth-century paintings.
N is a nineteenth-century painting.

22. If space 4 is to remain empty, which of the following is true?

(A) Space number 10 must be empty
(B) The groups of paintings must be hung in chronological order by century.
(C) An eighteenth-century painting must be hung in space 3.
(D) A nineteenth-century painting must be hung in space 1.
(E) A twentieth-century painting must be hung in space 12.

23. If the paintings are hung in reverse chronological order by century, the unused wall spaces
could be
(A) 1, 5, and 10 (B) 1, 6, and 10 (C) 4, 7, and 8
(D) 5, 8, and 12 (E) 5, 9, and 10

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 Analytical Ability Lesson # 1

24. Which of the following is a space that CANNOT be occupied by a nineteenth-century painting?
(A) Space 1 (B) Space 6 (C) Space 8
(D) Space 11 (E) Space 12

25. If J hangs in space 11, which of the following is a possible arrangement for spaces 8 and 9?
(A) F in 8 and M in 9 (B) K in 8 and G in 9 (C) N in 8 and G in 9
(D) 8 unused, and H in 9 (E) 8 unused and F in 9

26. If the twentieth-century paintings are hung in spaces 1 - 4, which of the following CANNOT be
true?
(A) Space 8 is unused. (B) Space 9 is unused. (C) F is hung in space 6.
(D) M is hung in space -12. (E) N is hung in space 9.

27. If the first five paintings, in numerical order of spaces, are F, O, M, N, G, which of the
following must be true?
(A) Either space 1 or space 4 is unused.
(B) Either space 7 or space 12 is unused.
(C) H hangs in space 11.
(D) Two unused spaces separate the eighteenth-century and nineteenth-century paintings.
(E) Two unused spaces separate the nineteenth-century and twentieth-century paintings.

Questions 28- 31
Seats on a small plane are being assigned to six passengers—N, P, Q, R, S, and T. The eight seats
on the plane are in four rows, numbered 1 through 4, and each row has two seats. Seat
assignments are made according to the following conditions:
N must sit alone in a row.
P must sit in the same row as R.
Q cannot sit in the same row as S.
The rows with only one passenger must be row 1 and row 3.

28. Which of the following passengers could be assigned to sit in the same row as Q?
(A) N (B) P (C) R (D) S (E) T

29. If P and R are in row 2, which of the following must be true?

(A) N is in row 1. (B) Q is in row 1. (C) Q is in row 4.
(D) S is in row 3. (E) T is in row 4.

30. Which of the following is the total number of passengers eligible to be the passenger
assigned to sit in the same row as T?
(A) 1 (B) 2 (C) 3 (D) 4 (E) 5

31. If Q and T are assigned to sit together in a row, which of the following passengers could be
assigned to sit in row 3?
(A) P (B) Q (C) R (D) S (E) T

learn today, lead tomorrow 17