Body Wearable Antenna - A Review: Chapter-Ii

CHAPTER-II Body Wearable Antenna-A Review
CHAPTER-II
BODY WEARABLE ANTENNA - A REVIEW
2.1 Introduction
An antenna is defined by Webster‟s dictionary as “a usually metallic device (as a rod or

wire) for radiating or receiving radio waves.” The IEEE standard definition of terms for
antennas (IEEE standard 145-1983) defines the antenna or aerial as “a means of radiating
or receiving radio waves.” In other words antenna is the transitional structure between
free space and a guiding device. Till date many type of antennas have been developed for
applications like marine and satellite communication, radio and television broadcasting,
cellular and wireless mobile communication and other many applications. A brief
description of various antennas is given in this section. Basis on the advancement and
technology used patch antennas can be reviewed in following ways [1].
2.1.1 Microstrip Patch antennas
Very early in 1953 Professor Deschamps presented a resonating antenna with a narrow
bandwidth in USAF 3rd symposium [2]. Further in 1955 Baissint and Gutton improved
the performance of antenna [3]. After that no effective revolution was observed in
antenna technology till 1970‟s. In 1973 Munson presented a cylindrical thin antenna for
missile. For impedance matching and radiation he proposed the quarter wavelength
concept. [4]. Then Howell presented the circular as well as linearly polarized antenna for
C and UHF band. In this paper he presented an antenna with planar radiating element and
thin substrate separating the antenna from ground plane. The designed antenna could be
easily mounted, being a very thin and rugged surface. For feeding the antenna, a feeding
line can be connected directly to patch on the substrate or through the ground plane. [5].
Disadvantage like narrow bandwidth in this antenna was removed by Hall et al. in 1979
by proposing an antenna with alumina substrate instead of using other available material
for substrate. In this technique they proved that bandwidth of antenna can be increased up
to 16 times by increasing the height of alumina antennas [6]. Carver another researcher
Design and Performance Analysis of Body Wearable Textile Patch Antenna Page 15
presented a survey paper on microstrip patch antenna. In this paper he discussed different
papers about the antenna design and practical measurement of their performance
parameters like bandwidth, gain and efficiency. Further he explained the techniques for
analytical analysis like method of moment and finite element techniques [7]. Variation of
resonance frequency, impedance matching and gain are also explained with the change in
height of substrate of antenna [8]. In 1987 Paschen discussed the broad band antennas
using the integral matching network. These types of antennas were designed and
fabricated at Ball Aerospace Systems Division (American manufacturer of spacecraft,
component and instrument for national defense). By using the integral network as an
actual part of antenna, the need of additional lumped and printed circuits can be avoided
for matching purpose [9]. Next year in 1988 Pinhas presented a quarter wave microstrip
patch antenna without the dielectric substrate. In this technique antenna is connected to
the ground plane using a metallic wall at one side of patch radiator. A very good
agreement of bandwidth is observed in S band of frequency [10]. Lee et al. presented a
two layered electromagnetic coupled rectangular patch antenna. In which they proved
that if the separation between two layers is less than 0.15 λo a large bandwidth can be
achieved. Further they observed that a high gain can be achieved by separating the patch
to a 0.3 λo. The size and separation of patches play important role for deciding the
performance parameters of antennas like bandwidth and gain [11]. In 1991 Croq et al.
presented a wide bandwidth, stacked patch aperture coupled antenna. A wide bandwidth,
weak parasitic radiation and low cross polarization is achieved which is required for
printed phase array antennas [12]. Pozar et al. presented microstrip stacked aperture
coupled patch antenna operating in K-band using integral equations. By varying the
physical dimensions bandwidth can be increased up to 20% for phased array application
[13]. At the same time Tong et al. presented an aperture coupled stacked antenna using
the coplanar feeding techniques to improve the bandwidth up to 45%. Theoretical and
experimental results were compared on the basis of VSWR and radiation pattern of the
antenna [14]. Huynh et al. presented another antenna using the coaxial feeding to a U
shaped rectangular patch antenna. In this technique without using the additional parasitic
element impedance bandwidth can be achieved 10-40% [15]. Again in 1997, Lee et al.
presented a coaxially fed U-shaped rectangular microstrip patch antenna. FDTD method
is used to analyze the antenna for gain, cross polar radiation pattern and impedance
bandwidth measurements. For this antenna a foam substrate of 0.08 λo thick is used as a
dielectric and attained 20-30% bandwidth and good impedance matching without using
extra parasitic elements is achieved. Further they noted that by changing the feed position
and width of the patch, a dual band antenna can be achieved from a wideband one [16].
Chen in 1998 presented a new miniaturization technique. In this technique by using the
shorting pin the size of antenna can be reduced for the designed frequency. Further
capacitor and resistor loading is done to overcome the disadvantage of narrow bandwidth
[17]. Luk et al. presented another rectangular microstrip patch antenna with L shaped
feeding probe. In this design, foam of 10% thick of its wavelength is used as a substrate.
With this arrangement a gain of 7.5 dBi and 35% impedance bandwidth is achieved [18].
Mak et al. explored a triangular shaped, single layer wideband antenna. This antenna also
used the L-shaped feeding probe to obtain a gain of 6 dBi and impedance bandwidth of
42% [19]. Another L probe feeding was used by Guo et al. for a U shaped circular patch
antenna. Using a very thick foam substrate a gain of 6.8 dBi and 38% of bandwidth is
achieved. [20]. Clenet et al. discussed the single layer U-slot microstrip patch antenna.
Gain and polarization are modified by exciting the orthogonal resonant modes within the
bandwidth [21]. Mak et al. presented an array of two element patch antenna feed by L
shaped feed line. Using the array, gain and bandwidth has been improved to 7 dBi and
36% respectively. Advantage of using array with L shaped feed line is that it reduce the
cross polarization and feed does not alter the operating frequency also [22].
In 2002, Lee et al. presented an antenna operating at 1.575 GHz of frequency with linear
as well as circular polarization. The size of antenna been has reduced by 8.08% and
21.2% for linear and circular polarization respectively. Further linear polarization
corrugated antenna has increased the 1% bandwidth with respect to circular polarized
antenna. A Gain of 6.8 dBi for linear and 2.8 dBi has been achieved in case of circular
polarization respectively at 1.575 GHz of frequency [23]. Kishk et al. presented a
different technique to reduce the patch size of antenna. In this paper a hook shape and L
shape feeding is used to compare the performance of designed antenna. Further an array
of 16 element array was presented for further improvement in the performance
parameters. A hook shape feeding techniques has reduced the patch size by 25% to L
shaped feeding with 30% bandwidth of matching [24]. Lai et al. presented a meandering
shaped feed, wideband and low cross polarization antenna. Using the meandering shaped
feeding an impedance bandwidth of 24% has been achieved. The designed antenna
observed the gain of 9 dBi with a less than -20 dB cross polarization [25]. Yang et al.
presented the paper showing the effect of substrate thickness. Form their observation
bandwidth can be increased with the thicker substrate provided that L shape or U-slot
probe is used for feeding. A bandwidth of 14% has been achieved with substrate
thickness of 0.2λo. [26]
2.1.2 Metamatrial antennas
Metamaterial is an artificial material having the unusual properties which are not
available in the natural materials. All material available in nature like diamond and glass
are having a refractive index with a positive electrical permittivity and positive magnetic
permittivity. Other artificial material like negative index material (NIM) or left handed
material (LH) or double negative (DNG) material or backward wave (BW) media are
having negative value of electrical permittivity and magnetic permeability are shown in
Fig.2.1. Using these artificial material new kinds of microwave components and
miniaturized antennas for defense industries and wireless communication can be
designed. In response to electromagnetic waves the magnetic permeability µ and
electrical permittivity 𝜀 are the main parameters to determine the behaviour of material.
The electrical permittivity 𝜀 and magnetic permeability µ are negative in metamaterial
and refractive index is negative due to which when wave is incident from vacuum to
material it bends the wrong way as when the same wave incident on a natural material.
Fig 2.1 Metamaterial Properties
For the metamaterial incident wave bends away from the normal to interface, but
normally wave bends towards the normal as shown in Fig. 2.2.
Fig 2.2 Propagation of wave when it enters from the vacuum to the metamaterials
In metamaterial when we change the sign of permittivity and permeability

simultaneously, we get a left handed triplet of phase vector k, magnetic field H and
electric field E, but for the normal material this triplet is right handed. It means Poynting
vector or group velocity is opposite to the phase vector in metamaterial. Therefore phase
vector k or wave appears to flow in opposite to actual flow of energy or Poynting vector
S. Reverse Doppler effect is another amazing property of metamaterial [27].
In 1968 Victor Veselago, a Russian physicist proposed the metamaterial theoretically

[28]. He has investigated that how the behavior of metamaterial with negative
permittivity and negative permeability will change when an electromagnetic wave will
pass through it. But practical verification of metamaterial was not verified since long
time. John B. Pendry et al in 1996 observed that an array of copper wire with specific
spacing and radius can produce the property of metamaterial with negative permittivity.
Then after three year he proposed a split ring resonator (SRRs) with a frequency band
having negative value of permeability [29]. From these two observations David Smith et
al thought that if an array of copper wire and split ring resonators as shown in Fig. 2.3
can be combined together, then a material with both, negative permeability and negative
permittivity can be designed. Then they start working and first metamaterial with both
negative permeability and permittivity was practically verified using SRRs and copper
wires in April 2001 [30].
In July 2003, another metamaterial at University of Arizona was reported by Richard W.

Ziolkowski. A substrate with split ring resonator (SRRs) and capacitively loaded strip
(CLSs) was presented as a metamaterial. The capacitively loaded strip (CLSs) acting as
strong dielectric-like response produces the negative permittivity and a negative
permeability is produced by combination of split ring resonators (SRRs). So using the
combined properties of square split ring resonators (SRRs) and capacitively loaded strips
(CLSs) a frequency band can be produced where permeability and permittivity are
negative and have a negative refractive index in this band of frequency [31].
In field of optics, first metamaterial was used by the John B. Pendry [29]. A physicist
from Imperial College London observed that being a negative refractive index a
metamateial can be used in a lens to detect an object which is less than a wavelength λ
in size.
Fig 2.3 Thin wire and split ring resonator
Any other available material other than metamaterial cannot be used to detect the so
small object. For instance an atom being smaller than the wavelength could not be
detected with the available optical microscopes. Some of the waves are propagating and
some of the waves are attenuating when plane waves are emanating from the source, so a
proper image is not produced due to the loss of information in attenuation. But a
metamaterial can used to achieve perfect image of object by supporting and growing
evanescent waves. Thereby the resolution of lens with metamterial is enhanced so called
a “super” lens. On 19 March 2004 George V. Eleftheriades a physicist form University of
Toronto reported that an object lesser than half wavelength in size also can detect using
the “super” lens. Anything like atoms or molecules which are smaller than light
wavelength can be detect using “super” lens, these objects were not in the range of lens
available at that time before the “super” lens [32].
Metamaterial can be used to increase the scanning drawback of Conventional leaky-wave

antennas. As conventional antennas have only forward scanning capability, it could not
scan the backward area. A backward scanning can be achieved by using the metamaterial
with leaky wave antennas, which can scan in all direction. Moreover metamaterial are
being used to improve the performance of optical and wireless communication devices
like hybrid ring, coupler line etc [33].
2.1.3 Body wearable textile patch antennas
Wearble antenna is an application-oriented and fast growing field in research. For sensing
and processing purposes antenna may be integrated in garments which increase the
security and comfort to the users. In this way, wearable antenna play very important role
in wireless body area network (WBAN) [34]. A textile antenna is shown in Fig. 2.4.
Fig 2.4 Body wearable textile patch antenna
These types of antennas provide the continuous information about the person‟s state of
health by monitoring and transmitting the bio-signals of that person. For this
communication an antenna is required to transmit the signals. So instead of using a metal
antenna a worn textile may be used as a transmitter or receiving antenna. The availability
of conductive textile materials, known as electro-textiles makes it easy to design the
wearable antenna [35]. The provided textile may not perform efficiently for the fire-
fighters, which are working in the harsh conditions like having high humidity and
temperature.
When antenna is placed on the human body, due to losy nature of body it may change the
dielectric constant of substrate which may further affect the radiation characteristics like
radiation pattern, gain, VSWR and efficiency of the antenna [36]. Rescue workers mostly
work in such an environment which is severed by multipath, which cause the fading of
received signal. Multiple polarizations can be used to minimize the fading of received
signal between transmitter and receiver. However textile antennas already discussed in
literature with single feed provide the good performance but they are not useful to avoid
the fading problems [37]. Because of curved or other shapes of body parts, when an
antenna have to place on body it is not necessary that space provided for it suits to
antenna. So antenna should not change its properties even when used for bending or
crumpling conditions [38].
Due to these non uniformities, incident wave is reflected back instead of radiating in
forward direction. These back radiations are harmful to body and these back radiated
waves are being absorbed by the body and measured in terms of SAR (specific absorption
rate). In many research it is found that when an antenna is loaded with metamaterials,
backward radiations are reduced. By using this techniques SAR (specific absorption rate
can be reduced) [39].
First wearable antenna was presented by Salonen et al in 2001[40]. It was a planar

inverted F antenna (PIFA) designed on unspecified substrate for dual band frequency at
GSM (900 MHz) and Bluetooth (2.4 GHz) frequency band. In 2003 and 2004 they
presented antenna designed on textile substrate for WLAN and GPS systems [41] [42]. In
2006 Tornquo et al. designed a rectangular ring type antenna on fleece fabric substrate,
where conductive part of antenna used was FlecTron1. This antenna works efficiently at
2.45 GHz frequency. It was integrated in garments and well tested for bending
characteristics also [43].
In another paper Tornquo et al. have presented a textile antenna operating at 2.45 GHz
for wireless body area networks. For design of this antenna fleece fabric and FlecTron are
used as a substrate and patch of antenna respectively. The FlecTron used is a nylon
woven copper plated light weight fabric of thickness 0.006 is selected because of its high
conductivity and easy to cut and sew. Due to the flexible substrate, patch and ground this
antenna is used for bending conditions also without affecting the main characteristics of
antenna. Being light in weight and flexible this antenna is easily integrated in clothing. A
50 ohms coaxial feed is used to excite this antenna. To obtain good return loss in the ISM
band the dimensions of antenna and feed points are optimized by using 2.5 D field
simulator from Agielent Technologies. To see the effect of variation in characteristics of
antenna, antenna is tested on plastic cylinder of different diameter. Although the
bandwidth of antenna is reduced in bending condition but the required frequency range is
still covered. Further the designed antenna is tested on the human body. In their
experiment they placed an antenna 8 mm above the human body. The combined effect of
body and substrate is observed. In this paper from the shown result it is cleared that there
is a minor differences in the antenna characteristics i.e. radiation pattern and gain while
tested on body and simulated results. The presented textile ring antenna shows a good
agreement between measured and simulated reflection characteristics [44].
M. Klemm and G. Troester designed a very small antenna of thickness 0.5 mm only, for
wireless body area network (WBAN) applications [45]. In this paper author has presented
ultra-wide band textile antenna for wireless body area network applications. Due to very
small in size and more flexible this antenna is directly integrated in clothes. Here two
antennas with different feeding techniques are designed and compared. The first antenna
is designed using CPW (coplanar wave guide) feeding and second one is designed with
microstrip feeding. From their observations they cleared that microstrip feeding is better
than the CPW feeding for planer textile antenna. For the design of antenna Nylon fabric
is used as a ground and patch of antenna. The selection of Nylon is made due to its high
conductivity, high flexibility and give better protection against corrosion. Due to light in
weight and good drapability, an acrylic fabric of 0.5 mm thick is used as a substrate.
Some manufacturing techniques and problems are also explained. For fabrication of
textile antenna the attachment of conductor and textile is very crucial issue. The adhesive
used to attach the conductor and dielectric should not affect the electrical characteristics
of antenna. Designed antenna operates in entire UWB rage (3.1-10.6 GHz). The gain and
radiation pattern are observed satisfactory. A good approach is used to reduce the SAR
value of antenna when used on human body.
Carla Hertleer et al. presented an aperture coupled textile antenna. A microstrip feed line
which is used to energize the patch is used through aperture instead of direct feeding
coaxial cable. In this design two substrates are separated by ground plane. The patch is
attached to the upper substrate where feed line is mounted with lower substrate. Patch is
energized through an aperture in the ground plane. It is full textile antenna which is
designed using patch and ground as a textile material. A fleece fabric is used as a
substrate of this antenna as it having a permittivity near to 1 and a low tangent loss. For
optimal design of any antenna these are excellent properties. For conductive part a
flectron material is used for ground plane and feed line. FlecTron is copper plated nylon
having very low resistivity. Shieldit fabric is used as a patch of antenna of its high
conductivity and having the good adhesive capability to attach patch and substrate. This
antenna not only covers the ISM band but also provide wide bandwidth [46].
Pekka Salonen and Yahya Rahmat-Samli put the attention on the important parameters of
antenna which are impedance matching and bandwidth of antenna. A conventional,
antenna with EBG and a dual band antennas are consider to study the bending effect of
the body when antenna is worn on human body. From the study and comparison it has
been observed that matching and bandwidth of antenna is affected when antenna is
bending along direction of patch length [47].
Zhu and Langley presented a dual band antenna operated at 2.45 and 5 GHz frequency band.
For design of this antenna zelt fabric having a high conductivity is used as a patch and ground
plane. A thin felt material is use a substrate. Being a body wearable antenna when worn on
body due to back radiation SAR is increased. An EBG technique is effectively used to
remove back radiation and reduce the SAR value in within a permitted limit. The results
observed in this paper are compared with an antenna on FR-4 substrate [48].
Luigi Vallozzi et al. have presented a new dual polarized antenna to increase the diversity
of antenna. Being a single feed antenna provide low diversity. Here by designing the
double feed antenna, authors tried to increase the diversity of antenna. In this design two
feed points are isolated to provide dual polarization to increase diversity. This type of
antenna is very useful for the workers who have to work in a very harsh condition like
high temperature and humidity. For design of this antenna a water repellent and fire
resistant foam layer was used as a substrate of this antenna. A breathable conductive
material is used for patch and ground plane of this antenna. This is most useful for
reducing the fading for wireless communication [49].
Carla Hertleer et al. have presented a flexible textile antenna for firefighters. Here all the
components a like patch, ground plane and substrate are made of different material.
Being high conducive and having very low resistivity, Shieldit super is used as a patch
and FlecTron as a ground plane. Due to good adhesive capability with substrate the
Shieldit super is used as patch and FlcTron is selected as a ground plane because of its
capability to provide good soldering even at very high temperature. In addition Flectron
as a ground plane provide a good shielding between antenna and ground plane when
antenna is worn on body, which helps to reduce the back lobe radiation and SAR value of
antenna. For the substrate of antenna, foam in cellular form is used. The selection of foam
as substrate is made due to its good vulnerability to the body part when antenna is worn
by the user. This is a special type of foam, being flexible it does not disturb the
movement of user. The design antenna was feed by a single feeding line which is located
diagonally to the patch. Feed point near to diagonal of patch provides the better
impedance matching. The radiation pattern, bandwidth, and SAR value are in the range of
ISM band. From the result and analysis it is clear that this antenna suitable for wearable
application [50].
Timothy F. et al presented T-textile antenna to increase the data rate an array of eight
antennas are used instead of single antenna. In this paper main focus is made to cover the
whole body for radiation instead of one direction. So this antenna is much useful when
the user changes his position by moving or turning. For design of these antennas array,
felt is used as substrate and Nora is used for patch of antenna. Designed antenna is
simulated measured for acceptable value of bandwidth, SAR and gain in bending
condition also [51].
Q. Bai and R. Langley In this letter have presented a dual band antenna operating at 2.45
and 5.8 GHz frequency. For design of this antenna flexible felt is used for substrate and
conducting zelt fabric is used for patch and ground plane of antenna. In design of this
antenna an inner patch is surrounded by outer rectangular ring. Designed antenna is tested
under flat and two dimensional crumpled conditions. A shift in resonant frequency is
observed when antenna is tested under crumpled condition at the lower band of
frequency. But at the same time reflection coefficient is increased and bandwidth is
decreased. For the upper band crumpling shift the resonant frequency and rest of
parameter remains in acceptable range [52].
S. Zhu and R. Langley in this paper have presented a dual band antenna operating at
wireless network band 2.45 and 4.5 GHz of frequency. For feeding of this antenna a
CPW (coplanar waveguide) is used and parameter performances are compared with a
microstrip feed patch antenna. As these antennas are supposed to be put on the human
body so effect of back radiations of antenna on human body is also analyzed. To make
this antenna more comfortable and flexible textile materials are used to design patch and
substrate of the antenna. For conducting component of antenna like patch, feed line and
ground plane Zelt fabric is used. A 1.1 mm thick is used for substrate of this antenna. The
designed antenna is tested on flat as well as bending condition. Further a SAR analysis is
also done for 1 g and 10 g of tissue. To avoid back lobe radiation an EBG
(electromagnetic) material is used. EBG being a high impedance surface along with
conductive ground plane reduces the SAR value of antenna [53].
Y. Bayram et al. have proposed a flexible and light weight E technology based textile
antenna. This antenna is designed with Ag coated textiles and single wall carbon
nanotube (SWNT), because due to good mechanical compatibility they can easily
integrate with polymer composites. With permittivity range 3-13 polymer composite give
superior RF performance. In this paper E textile antenna is simulated and fabricated in
flat and bending condition. A comparison of various performance parameters is analyzed.
From their analysis they observed that sample patch give a gain of 6 dB which is 2dB less
than that antenna which is having same dimension and ideal conditions. When their
designed antenna is tested and compared with an ideal antenna on cylindrical surface they
achieved the gain less than by 2.5 dB [54].
L. Vallozzi et al. have presented a complete textile antenna which be easily integrated in
protective garments. To improve the quality of communication link polarization diversity
and patterns are combined by the system. The performance analysis were made and
compared on body and free space. Several combining techniques and different diversity
schemes were applied for bit-error analysis and signal to noise correlations. Theoretical
results and demonstrations make this technique useful [55].
Declercq et al. designed an aperture-coupled antenna on a textile and foam substrate, with
a flexible solar cell, for tracking and monitoring purposes. LNA is used to improve the
performance of antenna. But Zhu and Langley used an electromagnetic band gap for
designing a dual band coplanar antenna to operate in 2.45 and 5.8 GHz wireless band.
The purpose of using EBG is to reduce the body presence effect on performance of
antenna [56].
A. Salman et al. designed a textile antenna, which is used with ground penetrating radar
and electromagnetic induction sensor. From the investigation of this paper it is observed
that a textile antenna can be designed to remove the undesired clutter generated due to
metallic mass and conductivity of EI and GPR systems respectively without affecting the
performance of antenna. A feeding technique is proposed in this paper which is
comfortable and suitable mechanically when antenna is used in bending condition also.
The system enable with this antenna can detect the deep buried and non metallic target
also [57].
H.J. Lee et al. [58] designed an aperture-coupled rectangular textile microstrip patch
antenna which is mounted on textile stripline with a pin diode switching network. The
felt fabric is used for this antenna because of its high flexibility and low loss. For the
patch and ground plane a pure copper taffeta fabric with a conductivity of 5x106 S/m and
a thickness of 0.08 mm has been used. The copper fabric is used because it is extremely
flexible, mechanically robust and can be easily soldered.
Scarpello, M.L et al. [59] designed stable, efficient and washable wearable antennas.
These antennas are designed with combination of screen-printing and a breathable
thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) coating. This design does not change its performance
when washed so many times.
Qiang Bai and Richard Langley, in this paper have presented a PIFA textile antenna
operating at 2.4 GHz frequency. For manufacturing and designing of this antenna a felt
textile is used as a substrate and Zelt as a conductor. The design antenna is tested and
analyzed on body off body considering crumpled surface below the antenna. When
results were compared with crumpling and without crumpling a significant variation was
observed. When simulation results were compared with measured one there was a small
shift in frequency. Due to the crumpling all the performance characteristics like
impedance, gain and radiation pattern changes significantly. Shifting in resonance
frequency, decrease the efficiency up to 26%. When antenna was tested on body
condition due to mismatching in impedance back radiation increased which further
increases the SAR (specific absorption rate). However when was tested on body,
crumpling increases the forward gain but overall efficiency was poor [60].
Lilja et al. designed and evaluated a textile dual band antenna under the extreme
environment conditions. A waterproof cover was considered in this antenna. Performance
was observed considering the key factors like moisture, absorption of water and bending
of substrate. The designed antenna performs in better way without affecting the
performance parameter even at high temperature and humidity. For design and
manufacturing of this antenna not only electrical characteristics but other factor like
comfort level, ease to use and cost also kept in mind and optimized. Further this antenna
was tested under the wet and even frozen conditions also and found for use to make
satellite communication successfully giving better SNR value [61].
In this letter a switchable antenna operating at 2.45 GHz is designed for off and on body
communication system. An aperture coupled antenna is designed with a pin diode
switching network on a textile stripline. For design of this antenna a 500 mm length felt
fabric with dielectric constant 1.38 is used for substrate. Being mechanically robust,
extremely flexible and having high conductivity a thin copper sheet is used conductive
part of the antenna. The antenna is excited by electromagnetic coupling through I shaped
aperture through the substrate giving good impedance matching at 2.45 GHz. From the
results and observations it is clear that this antenna can be used for switchable on/off
body communication system. Being more flexible this textile antenna can be used for
crucial condition and can be easily incorporated with clothing [62].
In this letter, a textile Yagi–Uda antenna is optimized, fabricated, and characterized in

free space and on a skin-equivalent phantom for millimeter wave. For design of this
antenna a cotton textile with 0.2 mm thickness and dielectric constant of 1.5 is used as a
substrate. For conductive part a 0.07 mm thick copper foil sheet is used. The designed
textile Yagi-Uda operates at 57-64 GHz for on-body communication. Further antenna is
tested on phantom model having characteristics of fat, muscles and bones of human
body [63].
In this paper another millimeter wave operating in frequency 57-64 GHz, textile antenna
is present. For design of wearable textile antenna a cotton woven fabric and copper foil is
used as a substrate and patch of antenna. An open stub impedance matching technique is
used to characterize the substrate of thus antenna. The antenna is fabricated and simulated
successfully and results are compared on the basis of parameters like gain, return loss and
SAR (specific absorption rate). Further antenna is tested on body and free space with and
without bending conditions of antenna. From observations and results it is clear that there
is small deviation in reflection coefficients and gain of antenna when tested under
bending and crumpling conditions. Gain of antenna is also reduced due to the lossy
human body and radiations are reflected towards the body which further increases the
SAR value also [64].
In this paper a textile planer inverted F antenna has been presented at 2.4 GHz ISM band.
Here one antenna is designed with conductive textile and another is designed with
conductive thread in the embroidered pattern with metallic button. For results and
observation the influence of lockstitch and thread has been considered. It is observed that
button used can create interface between microwave circuit and textile antenna. A
metallic button is used because it is compatible with textile and can be easily soldered.
On the other it can detach easily when cloth is required to wash [65].
Here a dual band body wearable textile antenna is presented. For designing of this
antenna, a suspended plate technique is used. By using proper slits, slot, shorts and vias a
dual band antenna is achieved. The bandwidth achieved is 280 MHz and 850 MHz which
is well suitable for ISM and HiperLAN respectively. From the radiation pattern it is
observed that maxim radiation is perpendicular to the radiator and a high gain is achieved
in that direction. A conductive ground plane shields the body from the radiating patch
and avoids the back lode radiation towards the body. So by reducing the back radiation
this is useful on the human body and reduce the SAR value of antenna. Observed gain of
antenna is 8.33 dB where as efficiency lies between 67%-89% [66].
Here a multiband soft textile antenna covering the range from the digital television to
wireless communication is presented. Various performance parameters like return loss,
efficiency and specific absorption rate are discussed here. Designed antenna is tested in
free space and on the human body. From the results it is observed that when antenna is
tested on human body phantom there is slightly shifting in return loss. But the efficiency
was decreased up to 90% when same is tested on body phantom. In lower band it
decreased by 90 % but at the higher it is decreased by 40%. In this paper it also suggested
that by increasing the thickness of substrate or using the EBG (electromagnetic band gap)
the back radiations can be directed in desired direction and back lobe radiation are
decreased. In this way maximum radiation will be normal to the patch and gain will be
increased and SAR value will decrease. By decreasing SAR value designed antenna
attracts towards wearable applications [67].
In conjunction with an interface layer a new wearable antenna using inkjet printing is
designed. By DC measurement, it has been confirmed that natural surface of textile is not
suitable for film inkjet printing because of inherent rough surface. First of all surface of
textile is made smooth by using screen printing on interface layer. Again DC
measurement has been conducted to compare the performance of printed antenna.
Interface layer printing have been increased the efficiency by 70% of antenna. It is also
observed that the efficiency of antenna with interface layer is greater that an antenna
which is layered by five times without interface layer. Therefore this technique is time
saving, low cost and fast as compared to other conventional one and useful for printing
wearable antennas [68].
A wearable antenna based on half-mode substrate-integrated cavity is designed. For

design of this antenna a low loss and low permittivity foam is used as a substrate and
two layers of silver are used as ground plane and patch of antenna. For their design
dimensions précising is done with the computerized embroidery. The design
complexity of this antenna is very less as compared to other manufacturing

techniques, because no accurate patterned cutting of conductor is required in this
technique. A good isolation from radiating patch is provided by the ground plane to
avoid back radiations. With a gain of 7.2 dB the good agreement between simulated
and measured result is achieved [69].
An open sleeve antenna with two dipole is designed on a flexible substrate which
resonant at its two frequencies. Antenna behaves as a dipole at first resonance frequency
and it behaves as quadruple at the second resonance frequency. A far field radiation
pattern was also compared with and without parasitic elements. From the near field study
it was observed that current flows in the better way for the first mode as compared to
second mode. So impedance matching was better in case of first mode and antenna
behaves as multiband antenna [70].
In this paper, an all textile circular patch antenna is designed. For design of this antenna
conductive threads and felt as a substrate is used. A coaxial feeding with two shorting
vias is used to generate higher order TM21 mode. By generating this mode antenna is
radiating like monopole antenna radiating in one direction perpendicular to patch. In this
mode gain and bandwidth of antenna is increased and covers the full ISM band. Further
antenna performances are tested under bending conditions also on human body phantom
model. Being monopole human body is not effected due to back radiations and SAR is
decreased [71].
A dual band body wearable antenna covering both frequency band (2.4 and 5.8 GHz) is
designed using half diamond shaped technology. The antenna was designed using half
wave technology and ground plane. The designed antenna was tested on body and free
space conditions. A very good agreement between measured and simulated result is
observed. An impedance bandwidth of 4.9% and 5.1% is observed for lower and upper
band of frequency. The measured gain of 4.1 and 5.8 dBi is achieved at 2.4 and 5.8 GHz
frequency respectively. The designed antenna was tested under bending condition also.
There was very good impedance matching when antenna tested in bending condition with
radius of 40 mm. A small shifting infrequency is observed when antenna tested on
phantom model of human body. To verify this antenna suitable for body wearable SAR
value was also tested within safe value for both frequencies [72].
In this paper authors have presented a textile antenna working in UWB (ultra wide band)
frequency 3 to 12 GHz. For design of this antenna, a circular textile patch and a ground
plane with slot cut is used. The proposed antenna is simulated and measured under
bending and normal conditions. From the result it is clearly observed that antenna
performance is satisfactorily meets the requirement of a body wearable antenna within
the required range of frequency. So this antenna can be used for body centric wireless
communications [73].
In this paper a SIW (substrate integrated waveguide) technology based, body wearable
antenna is designed. For design of this antenna, thick protective foam is used as substrate
and copper polyester Taffeta is used as conductive part. The surface of antenna is reused
for energy management system by saving the energy. Being flexible it is suitable for
body wearable, and all the parameters like impedance matching, gain and bandwidth are
verified within the frequency range. Due to high robustness, low influence to human
body, more flexible and compactness it is suitable for wearable applications [74].
In this communication, an all-textile AMC-integrated dual band antenna is proposed for

WLAN applications. This novel structure gives dual-band property by combining a slot
dipole and patch antenna. To suppress electromagnetic coupling and back radiation AMC
is used. The material to design antenna easily available and no extra skill is required. The
designed antenna is simulated and measured successfully in both frequency 2.4 and 5
GHz. The performance parameter like bandwidth, radiation pattern and efficiency are
found satisfactory to use the antenna for these two frequencies band and useful for
WBAN/WLAN applications [75].
A textile microstrip patch antenna used for wearable applications has been proposed for
reducing the back lobe radiation. The antenna has been surrounded by a soft surface to
reduce the back radiation and power is radiated in desired direction to increase the gain of
antenna. Then without affecting the radiated power and gain same antenna is tested for
bending conditions with different radius. When the characteristics of the human body are
included then enhancement in the broadside radiation was also demonstrated. When the
antenna structure with human body bent, antenna performance remains unchanged. The
proposed antenna is also suggested to use in harsh conditions like moisture and high
temperature [76].
Using innovating radiator topology “full-ground-plane” an all-textile UWB, microstrip

antenna for WBAN applications was proposed. The new thing in this antenna was a large
and full ground plane. For design of this antenna Shieldit super is used as a conductor and
felt is used a substrate material. The designed antenna is simulated and measured and
performance characteristics found suitable for ultra wide band application covering the
frequency range from 3 to 10 GHz [77].
In this paper a dual band antenna 2.45 and 5.4 GHz is presented. For design of this
antenna also Shieldit super is used as a conductor and felt is used a substrate material. In
this design to provide a negative permeability a composite of right/left-handed (CRLH)
planar waveguide structure is proposed. This CRLH provides negative permeability
below its cut of frequency. Further to generate negative permeability around its resonance
frequency patch is loaded with meander slot. By this arrangement two modes are
generated and enable the antenna used for wearable applications. Due to small size,
simple topology and low back radiating power antenna is suitable of wireless
communication systems [78].
A transformer based new textile antenna is presented in this paper. The transformer
winding are used to provide isolation between antenna and circuit. The infraction of
human body with antenna is avoided by using a conductive textile ground plane. It also
helps to stop the back radiation towards the body and make the body safe from harmful
radiations. The designed antenna operated fairly in frequency range 2.4 -2.483 GHz. The
radiation pattern and reflection coefficient shows good agreement between measured and
simulated results [79].
In this paper two thin arms and two thick arms of crossed LV shaped logo is used as a
textile antenna. For design of this antenna conductive textile is used for ground and patch
of the antenna. The designed antenna is fed by a coaxial feeding line at the cross point
between the L-shape and the V-shape. A 3.5 mm thick leather is proposed for substrate
so that the antenna can be easily integrate in a leather hand bag. Due to two long and
short thin arms a dual band characteristics is achieved. A frequency resonance 2.45 is
achieved due to two longer thin arms and due to shorter thick arm design antenna also
resonates at 4.5 GHz also. A peak gain 0.29 dBi and 3.05 dBi is achieved at lower and
higher frequency band respectively [80].
In this paper a metamaterial based dual band wearable antenna used for WLAN
applications is proposed. Complete structure of antenna is designed using textile material
except feeding connector. The designed antenna is operating in 2.4 and 5.2 GHz
frequency, which is used for wireless local area networking applications. By using
metamaterial two symmetric modes with similar radiation pattern have been generated.
The antenna is simulated and measured for the upper and lower frequency band
successfully. Same antenna is tested on human body and specific absorption rate is
reduced to a safe value. A SAR value of 0.37 and 0.69 is achieved in lower and upper
frequency range which is much less than international standard of radiation for SAR [81].
In this paper authors have focused on SAR of antenna. They designed the different
antenna using low and high conductive material. From their results and observation it
come to know that if the textile used for antenna are low conductive more SAR will be
generated. But conductivity of the material used for ground is high, then very low
radiation can penetrate the body and maximum radiation will be directed away from body
and SAR will be decreased. Because low conductive ground plane could not shield the
body from ground plane properly. Secondly if the distance between antenna and body
varies SAR value will also changes drastically. The designed antenna was tested at 2.45,
5.2 and 5.8 GHz of frequency [82].
A fully textile monopole antenna operating in dual frequency band have been proposed
in this paper. The shear, stretching and bending effect is also considered for investigating
the bandwidth of antenna in both bands. To quantify the effect of these uncertainties on
the bandwidth a statistical tool was employed for wearable antenna. A useful observation
is given for these factors which affects the performance of antenna. To bring out an
empirical relation between the bandwidth and the uncertainties a regression modeling
was present. The analytical model presented in this paper can be used to identify the
parameter affecting the performance of body wearable antenna [83].
In this paper a textile antenna operating in frequency band ISM (5.725-5.875 GHz) is
designed. For designing of this antenna leather is used a substrate and conductive textile
is used for circular patch and ground plane. To direct the radiation towards the surface of
instead of body an EBG (electromagnetic band gap) is used. By adding the EBG more
radiation are directed in perpendicular direction to the patch and gain is increased up to
much extend. When antenna was tested on human body SAR analysis was also done and
found satisfactory in required frequency band. So the designed antenna is suitable of
body wearable applications [84].
Here a quarter-mode substrate integrated waveguide topology is used to design body

wearable textile antenna. The deigned antenna was fabricated and measured on human
body. A 5.1% impedance bandwidth is achieved on body measurement as compare to
4.8% on free space. Whereas, a 3.8 dBi gain is observed on body and 4.2 dBi gain in free
space is observed. A specific absorption rate (SAR) over 1 g of tissue with input power of
500 mW is 0.45 mW/g, which is within safe value of international SAR standards [85].
In this paper a combined stacked patch and parasitic coupling concept is used to design
ultra wide band (UWB) textile antenna. In this design a large reflector is used to
minimize the back radiated power and wide bandwidth is achieved in free space and on
body measurement. Due to reflector plane most of power is radiated in desired direction
and specific absorption rate is reduced, which is required for body wearable antennas. In
close to patch a parasitic patch is also placed to achieve wideband and low profile
antenna [86].
In this letter, authors have achieved precision up to 0.1 mm, fabrication cost reduced by
24 times and fabrication time is reduced by 50% by using an embroidery process. They
employed very thin 7-filament, Elektrisola E-threads to achieve this performance. These
E threads are sewed to form a very thin single layer. The designed antenna performs very
satisfactory in frequency 1-5 GHz. Overall, the proposed embroidery process brings
forward a new capability for a wide range of applications [87].
In this paper a wearable textile antenna for wireless communication, operating at 2.4
GHz is designed using multilayer of fiber. Emissive properties like radiation pattern,
return loss, efficiency and bit error rate (BER) are tested on body and off body
communication. For design of this antenna the host textile is composite with a polymer-
glass-metal fiber using conventional weaving method. This multi-material fiber satisfies
all the cosmetic and mechanical properties at the radio frequencies. These multi-material
layers are suitable for wireless and short range applications like IEEE 802.15.4 and IEEE
802.11b/g/n standards at 2.4 GHz frequency [88].
In this paper a metamaterial structure is used to design a pattern-reconfigurable body

wearable antenna. This patch can be resonant between -1 mode or zeroth order mode
by reconfiguring the dispersion curve of the transmission line yielding an
omnidirectional or a broadside radiation pattern, respectively. The designed antenna
operates at 2.4 GHz frequency, suitable for ISM frequency band. Further antenna was
tested for specific absorption rate on human body model and found in safe range as
per European standard [89].
A half mode antenna designed with substrate integrated cavity is suitable for wearable
applications because of its planar structure and environmental isolation effects. Although
size of antenna is very large at the designed frequency 2.4 GHz but a half-mode folded
substrate integrated cavity is proposed. For practical applications as an additional
advantage a shielded stripline is used for proper and planar feeding of antenna. A folded
cavity prototype antenna has been designed and fabricated using computerized
embroidery. The measured radiation patterns and reflection coefficient of the simulated
and prototype are compared and found suitable for wearable application [90].
In this paper two wideband array antennas are presented. In first design a probe fed, two
E shaped antenna arrays on cylindrical ground plane is presented. In second design author
have used four E-shaped tightly coupled patches on circular dielectric substrate. An
ominidirectional pattern is achieved in both cases with a deviation of less than 3 dB. The
bandwidth of proposed antenna is 33% and 21% at 3.4 and 3.3 GHz respectively. A gain
of 2.98 dBi and 4.56 dBi is observed at 3.4 and 3.3 GHz respectively. A good agreement
between results is shown for simulated and fabricated antennas [91].
In this paper a flexible antenna is presented for body area networking operating at 2.45
GHz. Three different textiles are used to design this antenna. A copper foil is used for
patch and Shieldex textile selected for ground plane. A thin felt is used for substrate of
designed antenna. The antenna is tested in flat and bending condition of antenna. When
antenna tested for bending condition a shift of resonant frequency observed. To
compensate a shorting probe is used and antenna is again tuned to required frequency. So
antenna is suitable for wearable application also [92].
In this paper, the performance and analysis of a cavity backed textile antenna integrated
with rescue worker‟s garment is presented. This antenna is designed with substrate
integrated waveguide operating at ultra wide band frequencies. In this analysis factors
like channel information, sound, high resolution power are considered. All the
measurements were done in real intervention like considering body postures effect,
distance between two members and their orientations [93].
In this paper authors have presented a load bearing spiral antenna for conformal
application on conductive textile threads. This circularly polarized antenna exhibits a 6.5
dBi gain with 1-3 GHz bandwidth in 0.3 to 3 GHz frequency range. For design of this
antenna, Elektrisola E-threads are used as a spiral cavity and Kevlar fabric is used as a
substrate to increase its robustness and strength. The geometrical precision of these
threads can be achieved up to 0.1 mm down. There was no change in performance of
antenna after bending several times. Overall, the proposed spiral is useful for wideband,
load bearing and conformal applications such wearable and airborne [94].
In this letter a textile antenna operating at 2.4 GHz suitable for ISM band has been
proposed and designed. For design of this antenna substrate integrated cavity backed
technique is used. Further a metamaterial is used to reduce the size of antenna at designed
frequency and size reduction of 80% has been achieved. By directing the power normal
to surface a broadband pattern is achieved which is required for wearable applications.
The designed antenna is tested for flat and curved surface and results are analyzed in free
space and on body models. The antenna performances were observed by considering the
human body phantom model. The measured gain of antenna is 5.35 and an efficiency of
74.3% have been achieved. Further specific absorption rate (SAR) is also calculated and
found in safe value of international standards. The calculated SAR for 10 g tissue is 0.38
W/Kg which is much beyond the 2W/Kg European limit. So designed antenna is suitable
for wearable applications [95].
In this paper a planar inverted-F antenna (PIFA) is presented. A dual band resonance
at 433 MHz and 2.4 GHz is achieved by designing a PIFA along with a ground plane.
The bandwidth of 35 MHz and 309 MHz is observed at lower and upper band of
frequency. Further antenna is tested for bending condition also and found suitable for
wearable applications by giving 48% and 64% efficiency at lower and upper band
respectively [96].
In this paper textile integrated antenna IC are interconnected in the form of radio
frequency identification (RFID) tags at ultra high frequency (UHF). The tag antennas
were cut from commercial electro-textile materials and tag ICs were connected with
conductive yarn. The wireless performance of the ready-made textile RFID tags was
evaluated through measurements, and the results were compared to tags with ICs attached
by commonly used conductive epoxy [97].
In this letter, an indoor/outdoor antenna system is designed to be integrated in military

beret. For this purpose a monopole antenna utilizing TM 41 higher order resonating at 915
MHz and 1.575 GHz is used. As this antenna have to be integrated in military beret, so
only textile and conductive threads are used to design this antenna. A SAM head
phantom is used to analyze the effect of human body. The SAR value was within the safe
limit specified by the international standard and no variation is observed even on body
phantom and bending condition of antenna. The designed antenna covers the 915-MHz
ISM band (902–928 MHz) and the GPS L1 band (1.563–1.587 GHz) with a good return
loss. So the antenna is suitable for wearable and wireless communication for military
applications [98].
In this paper a button type wearable antenna is proposed for wireless local area network
(WLAN) applications. For this antenna a textile is use for the substrate and a button made
from conductive textile is mounted on the top of substrate. The same antenna operates in
two frequency bands. First band is 2.4 GHz and having monopole type radiation pattern
radiates only normal direction and used for on body communication. In second band
same antenna provides broadside pattern at 5 GHz and suitable for off body
communication. The designed antenna is tested under different conditions and positions
of antenna without any alteration of performance of antenna. A gain of 90% is achieved,
which is very high as compared to such type of antennas discussed in literature. So
having such a favorable properties antenna is suitable for wearable and wireless
communication [99].
In this paper a body wearable antenna loaded with EBG structure is designed, simulated
and measured for medical applications. When antenna is tested for on body
communication to minimize the mismatching due to body effect, an EBG structure is
used. In addition to conductive ground plane EBG structure avoids the back radiated
power and directs in desired direction of antenna. The proposed antenna provides a good
bandwidth and gain even on the human and bending condition also. The measured gain
and bandwidth of proposed antenna are 27% and 7.8 dBi respectively at 2.4 GHz. Further
SAR value of designed antenna is also low and lies in the safe range of FCC and CNIRP
regulations. Due to these inherent properties, antenna with EBG structure is suitable for
medical and wearable applications [100].
In this paper a dual band antenna operating at 2.45 and 5 GHz is designed for on-body
and off-body communication for ISM band. In this antenna by using a shorting pin and
two slots the propagation mode TM11 and TM02 are generated. Due to these modes
antenna behaves as a dual band antenna. In one mode the resonance frequency is 2.45
GHz and radiation pattern is normal to the patch and used for on-body communication. In
other band antenna provides the broadband radiation pattern at 5 GHz and useful for off
body communication. For measurement antenna is tested on semisolid body phantom
model and a bandwidth of 84 and 247 MHz in the 2.45- and 5.8-GHz bands, respectively
is observed. Due to these properties proposed antenna found suitable for body-centric
communications [101].
In this paper a body wearable aperture couple antenna with miniature feeding network is
presented. Here a conventional probe feed is replaced by aperture coupled feeding. Probe
feeding is not suitable when user have to move from place to place and reduce the
comfort level. An aperture feeding can be use without any fear of broken and provide
more comfort. Here antenna is designed for 2.45 GHz using this feeding technique and
gain of 5.6 dBi and efficiency of 47% is achieved successfully. Moreover this antenna
provides high front to back ratio and low cross polarization and used for wearable
applications [102].
In this letter, a printing technology has been used to design a 3-D flexible antenna using
a liquid metal. To validate the approach a body wearable Inverted F Antenna (IFA)
operating at 885 MHz have been designed. Galinstan liquid metal and Ninja Flex plastic
material is use to design this antenna. The designed antenna has been tested for good
impedance matching and fair total efficiency under bending condition of antenna on a
human body is observed [103].
In this paper authors have presented a wearable on body sensor which can access the
information from multiple on body sensors integrated in their clothing. So to gather the
information at high speed from remote base station a wearable sensor is integrated in first
responder‟s garments. By combing the dual polarization diversity and dual spatial a four-
element ultra wideband textile cross array is developed in first responder‟s garment. The
mutual coupling between the array elements is below -25 dB and 1.43 GHz bandwidth is
provided by the array system [104].
Authors have presented a reconfigurable body wearable textile antenna. In this technique
active components and their biasing circuits are integrated in snap on button. For this
purpose a varactor diode loaded reconfigurable wearable body wearable dual band
antenna deigned. A good agreement is observed between simulated and measured results
to validate the concept of the reconfiguration module. The designed antenna gave good
resonance at 2.45 and 5.8 GHz with a tuning range of 32.8% and 8.8% respectively. So
proposed, snap-on button concept is a promising practical engineering solution for
reconfigurable textile antennas [105].
In this communication, author designed a circularly polarized textile antenna operating at

ISM band 2.45 GHz. This antenna can be concealed in sleeve badge within jacket wear
by the security personal. Being light in weight it provides impedance bandwidth of 5.6 %
at ISM band frequency. The antenna is designed using the garment which is easily
available in market at low cost. When jacket in which antenna is integrate is required to
wash then antenna can be detached easily [106].
Using dedicated short-range communications a slotted short-circuited microstrip, fully

textile-integrated antenna has been designed, manufactured, and experimentally validated
for its use in automobile upholsteries. To avoid coating and sewing process a laser
prototype machine is use for printing and sewing the antenna. The antenna provides god
agreement between results at the central frequency of 5.9 GHz [107].
An array of body wearable textile dipoles was presented operating in frequency 60 to

2000 MHz with a bandwidth of 30:1. The length and width of array is 1.4 m and 0.05 m
respectively. Two prototypes were fabricated and tested for this array. One was printed
on Rogers RO4003 with copper using conventional printed circuit board fabrication. The
other was designed on organza using textile with the help of automated embroidery
machine. A geometrical precision of 0.1 mm is achieved using Elektrisola E-threads. The
antenna was tested and measured on 2 mm thick human body. The results were found
satisfactory and useful for wearable applications [108].
In this paper a wearable dual band antenna is designed and analyzed on body phantom
and without body phantom model. A good agreement is achieved between simulated
and measured results at designed frequency. From the transmission coefficient results it
is observed that path loss obtained with on body communication is 10 dB down that of
off body communication for operating antenna operating at 2.4 GHz ISM band of
frequency [109].
A compact single-layer wearable MIMO antenna is designed. Capacitively loaded by two

strips along two orthogonal edges ground plane is used as a main radiator of antenna.
Each strip line provides the radiation pattern like dipole antenna with linear polarization.
Quasi-orthogonal radiations generated by the two antennas provide good isolation and
polarization diversities. The antenna is designed on felt textile with 1.2 of permittivity
and 20% bandwidth is achieved. When antenna is worn and bended on body in garment,
due to broadband behavior antenna provide good impedance matching. Due to lossy
nature of body the gain of first antenna is reduced by 1.6 dBi where as 1.2 dBi is reduced
by second antenna. Due to compactness, easy integration, single layered structure and
reasonable gain useful for wearable applications [110].
A FSS (frequency selective surface) is used to deign textile reflect array (TRA) for the C
band frequency. Patch and ground plane is embroidered on textile substrate using
conductive threads. A broadside radiation pattern is achieved by using 15x15 element
array at 5.8 GHz. Solid ground plane is replaced by FSS. The phase variation of 330
degree is adequate to design the TRA. For feed of TRA multilayer stacked patches are
used. The antenna provides -15 dB side lobe level, 29% aperture efficiency, -25 dB cross
polarization with 7.3% of 0.5 gain and bandwidth [111].
Based on the use of Fabry–P´erot concept a medium-directivity simple wearable antenna

has been proposed. The impedance matching, directivity and robustness of antenna are
found good under bending condition also. Due to the non availability of textile material
of good range and thickness the design are limited. In another design same antenna is
replaced by inductive FSS (frequency selective surface). This arrangement of antenna
provide more flexibility but critical in E plane bending [112].
In this paper a uniplanar, compact electromagnetic bandgap (EBG) textile antenna for
millimeter-wave is presented. The unit cell of the EBG has a flexible fractal design which
can be easily fabricated at millimeter scale with self-similar window-like structure. The
fabricated EBG is a 3 × 3 cell array laser-cut from adhesive copper foil on polyester
fabric substrate. By using the EBG the gain and bandwidth is improved by 3 dB and 40%
respectively. Back lobe radiation is also reduced by 15 dB and decrease the health risk by
decreeing the SAR of antenna at designed frequency. So antenna with EBG surface is
suitable for wearable applications [113].
A bandstop frequency selective surface (FSS) textile integrated fully textile-integrated

working at 5 GHz frequency is designed. The bandwidth achieved at this resonance
frequency is 1.8 GHz. Two periodic square shaped conductive rings are isolated to form a
FSS. Due to the symmetry of this FSS, the performance of textile system is independent
of angle of incidence and polarization. The textile FSS is tested under bending condition
and found suitable for wearable applications [114].
2.2 Inferences Drawn from literature
 Wearable antennas are mainly planar ones, specifically microstrip patch antennas,
because they mainly radiate perpendicularly to the planar structure and also their
ground plane efficiently shields the human body.
 The bandwidth and efficiency performance of a planar microstrip antenna is
mainly determined by the substrate dielectric constant and its thickness.
 The low dielectric constant of textile martial reduces the surface wave losses that
are tied to guided wave propagation within the substrates. Therefore, lowering the
dielectric constant increases spatial waves and hence increases the impedance
bandwidth of the antenna. However, lowering the substrate permittivity can also
increase the resonance frequency of the antenna, allowing the development of
antennas with acceptable efficiency and high gain.
 In addition, the ability of the fibres to absorb moisture must also be considered.
Therefore, when water is absorbed by the textile fibres or is trapped in the fabric
structure, it changes its dielectric constant and loss tangent.
 The thickness of the dielectric material is also crucial in the design of antennas.
For a fixed relative permittivity, the substrate thickness may be chosen to
maximize the bandwidth but may not optimize the antenna efficiency of the
planar antenna.
 The conductive fabrics for the patch and the ground planes must have a very low
electrical surface resistivity in order to minimize the electric losses and so
increase the antenna efficiency.
 After choosing the textile materials, their assemblage may also be critical, as the
elongation and bending causes mechanical deformations that interfere with the
antenna behaviour.
 Fabric used to design antenna should have low stable electrical resistance
(≤ 1 ohm/square), homogeneous over the antenna area and the variance of the
resistance through the material should be small.
 The fabric should be flexible such that the antenna can be deformed when worn;
the fabric should be inelastic, as the electrical property of elastic fabrics might
change when stretching or bending.
 In contrast to a probe feed, microstrip feed line decrease the height of patch
antenna.
 Diffracted wave at the edges of ground plane increase the SAR (specific
absorption rate) and front to back ratio decreases. Metamaterials can be used to
decrease the SAR.
2.3 Motivation and challenges
There is a rapid growth in the field of wireless communication. The operators are trying
very hard for the optimization of their network for larger capacity and improved quality
coverage as the number of users are increasing day by day but the available bandwidth is
limited. Due to this surge, antenna engineering is constantly evolving and trying to
accommodate the need for wideband, low cost, miniature and easily integrated antennas.
In future, a person is likely to carry a range of devices and sensors, including medical
sensors which constantly communicate with each other and the outside world. Microstrip
patch antenna can be made conformal for integration into clothing, so it is a
representative antenna for any wearable application. Microstrip patch antennas having
several advantages of being low profile, versatile, conformal and low cost devices, due to
which microstrip patch antennas can be used as textile antennas. Major challenges are
reviewed by researchers which includes the following.
 Change in dielectric constant (Relative Permittivity) of the fabrics. The low

dielectric constant reduces the surface wave losses which are tied to guided wave
propagation within the substrates. Therefore, lowering the dielectric constant
increases spatial waves and hence increases the impedance bandwidth of the
antenna, allowing the development of antennas with acceptable efficiency and
high gain. Again, one should note that the relative permittivity value changes with
the moisture content of the substrate affecting the bandwidth of the antenna.
 Electrical surface resistivity of the conductive fabrics. If the conductive

threads in the weave pattern are along the intended direction for current flow,
woven patterns are much more efficient in terms of electrical conduction than knit
patterns, because the conductive paths in woven are better aligned with the
current direction, which minimizes the conductive losses.
 Moisture content of the fabrics. The characteristics of antennas based on textile

materials with small moisture absorption values (regain less than 3%) are more
stable. Therefore, materials with low regain are preferable for use as substrates
and the same conclusion applies to the textile conductive components of the
antenna.
 Mechanical deformation of the dielectric and conductive fabrics. Antenna

might be suitably stabilized if assembled with a more rigid textile material, such
as a fabric with high tensile strength.
 Thickness of dielectric fabrics. The thickness of the dielectric material is crucial

in the design of antennas. For a fixed relative permittivity, the substrate thickness
may be chosen to maximize the bandwidth of the planar antenna. However, this
value may not optimize the antenna efficiency. Therefore, the choice of the
thickness of the dielectric material is a compromise between efficiency and
bandwidth of the antenna.
 Specific absorption rate. SAR is a standard measure used to evaluate the

absorption of electromagnetic power in human tissues. Still it is a big challenge to
reduce the SAR so that input power can be increased.
 Narrow bandwidth, Low efficiency, Low gain. Narrow Bandwidth, Low

efficiency and Low gain can be improved by proper selection of dielectric
constant and thickness of substrate.
 Extraneous radiation from feeds and junctions. These radiations can be

minimized by proper matching.
2.4 Scope for further Investigations
From above literature survey, inferences and challenges it may be conclude that problems
which may come for designing an textile antenna can be minimized by little
compromising with antenna efficiency, gain or bandwidth, but one of the major problem
that arise due to back radiation of antenna is SAR when antenna is placed closed to
human body. SAR is a standard measure used to evaluate the absorption of
electromagnetic power in human tissues. As input power is increased, absorption rate also
increases. So it is necessary to minimize the SAR so that maximum power can be fed to
antenna without affecting the human tissue.
References
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edition, 2005.
[2] G. A. Deschamps, “Microstrip microwave antennas,” presented at the 3rd USAF
Symp. on Antennas, at University of Illinois Monticello, Illinois October 1953, pp
18-22.
[3] H. Gutton and G. Baissinot, “Flat aerial for ultra high frequencies,” French Patent
no. 703 113, 1955.
[4] R. E. Munson, "Conformal microstrip antennas and microstrip phased
arrays", in IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, vol. AP-22, pp. 74-
78, Jan. 1974.
[5] J. Q. Howell, Microstrip antennas, Dig. International symposium antennas
propagation Society, Williamsburg, VA, 177-180, 1972.
[6] J. R. James, Hall, P.S. and Wood, C., Microstrip antenna theory and design: Peter
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Body Wearable Antenna - A Review: Chapter-Ii

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CHAPTER-II Body Wearable Antenna-A Review

BODY WEARABLE ANTENNA - A REVIEW

An antenna is defined by Webster‟s dictionary as “a usually metallic device (as a rod or

2.1.1 Microstrip Patch antennas

2.1.2 Metamatrial antennas

Fig 2.1 Metamaterial Properties

In metamaterial when we change the sign of permittivity and permeability

In 1968 Victor Veselago, a Russian physicist proposed the metamaterial theoretically

In July 2003, another metamaterial at University of Arizona was reported by Richard W.

Fig 2.3 Thin wire and split ring resonator

Metamaterial can be used to increase the scanning drawback of Conventional leaky-wave

2.1.3 Body wearable textile patch antennas

Fig 2.4 Body wearable textile patch antenna

First wearable antenna was presented by Salonen et al in 2001[40]. It was a planar

In this letter, a textile Yagi–Uda antenna is optimized, fabricated, and characterized in

A wearable antenna based on half-mode substrate-integrated cavity is designed. For

complexity of this antenna is very less as compared to other manufacturing

In this communication, an all-textile AMC-integrated dual band antenna is proposed for

Using innovating radiator topology “full-ground-plane” an all-textile UWB, microstrip

Here a quarter-mode substrate integrated waveguide topology is used to design body

In this paper a metamaterial structure is used to design a pattern-reconfigurable body

In this letter, an indoor/outdoor antenna system is designed to be integrated in military

In this communication, author designed a circularly polarized textile antenna operating at

Using dedicated short-range communications a slotted short-circuited microstrip, fully

An array of body wearable textile dipoles was presented operating in frequency 60 to

A compact single-layer wearable MIMO antenna is designed. Capacitively loaded by two

Based on the use of Fabry–P´erot concept a medium-directivity simple wearable antenna

A bandstop frequency selective surface (FSS) textile integrated fully textile-integrated

2.2 Inferences Drawn from literature

2.3 Motivation and challenges

 Change in dielectric constant (Relative Permittivity) of the fabrics. The low

 Electrical surface resistivity of the conductive fabrics. If the conductive

 Moisture content of the fabrics. The characteristics of antennas based on textile

 Mechanical deformation of the dielectric and conductive fabrics. Antenna

 Thickness of dielectric fabrics. The thickness of the dielectric material is crucial

 Specific absorption rate. SAR is a standard measure used to evaluate the

 Narrow bandwidth, Low efficiency, Low gain. Narrow Bandwidth, Low

 Extraneous radiation from feeds and junctions. These radiations can be

2.4 Scope for further Investigations

IL, USA, 1986, pp. 199-217.

[33] S. A. Tretyakov, S. I. Maslovski and P. A. Belov, “An analytical model of

vol.1. IEEE, 2004.

[62] H. J. Lee, K. L. Ford and R. J. Langley, "Switchable on/off-body communication

[72] S. Agneessens and H. Rogier, "Compact Half Diamond Dual-Band Textile

and D. Schreurs, "Specific Absorption Rate (SAR) Evaluation of Textile

Communications," in IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters, vol. 16,

and Propagation, vol. 66, no. 6, pp. 3136-3141, June 2018.

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