IJECT Vol.

4, Issue Spl - 4, April - June 2013 ISSN : 2230-7109 (Online) | ISSN : 2230-9543 (Print)

A Design of Triangular Sierpinski Gasket Fractal Antenna

1
Sachin Chauhan, 2Jitendra Kr. Deegwal, 3Rachna Gera
1,3
Dept. of EC, Poornima Institute of Engg. & Tech. Jaipur, Rajasthan, India
2
Suresh Gyan Vihar University, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India

Abstract
The demand of compact size antennas is increasing day by day
because of the rapid growth of portable devices & wireless
communication technology. In this paper, a design of Triangular
Sierpinski Gasket shape Fractal Antenna has been proposed &
presented. The antenna has been designed at 10.9 GHz frequency.
It is a compact design of 24.49 mm x 24.49 mm area on FR4
substrate with dielectric constant of 4.4, thickness of 11.60 mm and
fed by probe feed technique. It provides antenna gain of 0.96dBi
for base and 5dBi for first iteration and return loss of -31dB for
base & -37dB for first iteration. It can be used in radar, satellite,
aeronautical mobile, fixed mobile radiolocation and defense
applications using X-band frequency. The proposed antenna is .
designed and simulated using HFSS Software.

Keywords
Probe Feed, Triangular Sierpinski Gasket, Fractal , X-band, HFSS
Software

I. Introduction
The increasing demand of portable and miniature size devices
has drawn the attention of the researchers towards the low profile
systems. The two most important requirements for the antenna
design at present & in the future are the physical size & multiband
capability [1]. This can be achieved by Fractal geometry. The
word “Fractal” has come from Latin word “fractus” which
means “broken” or “fractured” [2]. Benoit Mandelbrot, a French Fig. 1: Base Shape of Sierpinski Gasket
mathematician, coined the term in his book “The fractal geometry
of Nature” to describe the geometries that possess self-similarity in
their structures [3-4]. The fractals have the space-filling property
due to which the area occupied by the antenna gets filled as the
number of iterations is increased [4-7]. In the present work a
Sierpinski gasket shaped fractal antenna has been designed and
simulated. The Sierpinski Gasket was named after the Polish
mathematician Sierpinski who has described some of the main
properties of this fractal shape in 1916 [8]. The properties and
behavior of antenna are observed and investigated.

II. Proposed Antenna Design

In this paper an equilateral triangular patch antenna has been
designed and this geometry is simulated at various resonant
frequencies. The original gasket is constructed by removing a
central inverted triangle from a main triangle. For base shape
a triangular patch is taken as shown in fig. 1. For first iteration
inverted triangular patch is removed from the Centre of the base
shape as shown in fig. 2. Same procedure is repeated for second,
third iterations. FR4 epoxy is used as the dielectric material with
substrate dielectric constant εr = 4.4. The length and width of the
patch is taken to be 24.49 mm & 24.49 mm respectively. The
substrate height is selected to be 1.60 mm. The other specifications
include the dielectric loss tangent of 0.02. The design specifications
& physical dimensions are listed in Table 1.

Fig. 2: First Iteration of Sierpinski Gasket

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ISSN : 2230-7109 (Online) | ISSN : 2230-9543 (Print) IJECT Vol. 4, Issue Spl - 4, April - June 2013

Table 1: Physical Dimensions of Triangular Sierpinski Gasket This fig. shows a resonant frequency at 10.2 GHz with return
Fractal Antenna loss -31 dB of base shape of triangular sierpinski gasket fractal
antenna.
S.No. Antenna Parameter Design Value
1. Width of the patch 24.49 mm
2. Length of the patch 24.49 mm

3. Dielectric material FR4_epoxy

4. Dielectric constant 4.4

5. Substrate height 1.60 mm

6. Loss tangent 0.02

7. Position of probe feed ∆x ∆x= 2 mm

8. Position of probe feed ∆ y ∆y = -11.9 mm Fig. 4: Variations of VSWR With Frequency for Triangular Base
Shape
9. Dielectric loss tangent 0.02
This fig. shows that VSWR of 1.5 at 10.2 GHz is obtained.
10. Frequency 10.9 GHz

III. Results & Discussions

The proposed design has been simulated using HFSS software.
The variations of resonant frequency with increase in number of
fractals in successive iterations are given in Table 2. Fig. 3, shows
the variations of frequency and return loss for base shape. Similar
results for first iteration are shown in fig. 7. It is observed that as
the number of iterations is increased considerable bandwidth is
observed at a number of resonant frequencies. These results clearly
show that as the number of iterations is increased, multibands are
achieved. Fig. 3 shows the Return loss with frequency for base
shape. Fig. 4 shows the variation of VSWR with frequency for Fig. 5: Radiation Pattern of Triangular Base Shape
base shape. Fig. 5, shows the radiation pattern for base shape. Fig.
6, shows the smith chart for base shape and similar results for We see that in radiation pattern diagram gain of base shape is
successive iterations are shown in fig. 6 to fig. 9. It is observed 1.10 dBi.
that as the number of iteration are increased; number of frequency
band over which antenna resonates also increases. For the base
shape one band occurs at 10.2 GHz and has bandwidth of 11.47%,
gain at resonant frequency at 10.2 GHz is 0.96 dBi, VSWR is 1.5
which has return loss is -31 dB. For first iteration the band occurs
at 9.00 GHz bandwidth of 6.55% and gain has 5.00 dBi, VSWR
of 1.00 and return loss of -37 dB. Smith charts are shown in fig.
6 and fig. 10 for base shape and first iteration respectively.

Fig. 6: Smith Plot of Triangular Base Shape

Fig. 3: Variations of Return Loss With Frequency for Triangular Fig. 7: Variation of Return Loss With Frequency for First Iteration
Base Shape of Triangular Antenna

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IJECT Vol. 4, Issue Spl - 4, April - June 2013 ISSN : 2230-7109 (Online) | ISSN : 2230-9543 (Print)

This figure shows a resonant frequency at 9 GHz with return
loss -37 dB of base shape of triangular sierpinski gasket fractal
antenna.
IV. Conclusion
The present work has been carried out for the base shape and 1st
iteration. From the above discussions it can be concluded that
on increasing the number of iterations the return loss and gain
of antenna are also increased. The simulation results show that
a compact design of antenna is achieved without degrading the
antenna performance. The designed antenna resonates in (9.00-
10.2 GHz) frequency band and can be used in radars, aeronautical
radio navigation, fixed mobile radiolocation, satellites & defense
applications.

Fig. 8: Variations of VSWR with Frequency for Triangular First
Iteration
This fig. shows that VSWR of 1 at 9.93 GHz is obtained.
Fig. 9: Radiation Pattern of Triangular First Iteration
We see that in radiation pattern diagram gain of triangular sierpinski
gasket fractal antenna. shape is 5.00 dBi.
References
[1] C. T. P. Song, P. S. Hall, H. Ghafouri-Shirad, I. Henning,“Fractal
Antenna Research at University of Birmingham", 77th
International Conference on Antennas and Propagation,
17-20 April 2001, Conference Publication No. 4800 IEEE-
2001.
[2] Kulbir Singh, Vinit Grewal, Rajiv Saxena,“Fractal
Antennas: A Novel Miniaturization Technique for Wireless
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in Engineering, Vol. 2, No. 5, November 2009
[3] Mandelbrot, B.B.,"The Fractal Geometry of Nature", W.H.
Freeman and Company, New York, 1983.
[4] S. Sheik Mohammed, K. Ramasamy, T. Shanmuganantham,
“A Sierpinski Fractal Based Microstrip Patch Antenna for
Wireless Power Transmissmission System”, International
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[5] Abolfazl Azari,“A New Fractal Antenna for Super Wideband
Applications”, Progress In Electromagnetics Research
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[6] M. R. Haji-Hashemi, H. Mir-Mohammad Sadeghi, V. M.
Moghtadai,“Space-filling Patch Antennas with CPW Feed”,
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Cambridge, USA, March 26-29, pp. 69-70.
[7] S. H. Zainud-Deen, H. A. Malhat, K. H. Awadalla,“Fractal
Antenna for Passive UHF RFID Applications”, Progress In
Electromagnetics Research B, Vol. 16, 2009
[8] Rabindra K. Mishra,“Designing Rectangular Patch Antenna
Using the Neurospectral Method”, IEEE Transaction on
Antennas and Propagation, Vol. 51, No. 8, August 2003
[9] HFSS, Ansoft Designer, version 11, Ansoft Corporation,
UK

Fig. 10: Smith Plot of Triangular First Iteration

Table 2: Comparative Table of Triangular Sierpinski Fractal Patch Antenna

Resonant Frequency
S. No. Shape Return Loss Bandwidth Gain VSWR
(GHz)

1. Base Shape Fr1 =10.2 GHz -31.00 dB 11.47% 0.96 dBi 1.5

2. 1st Iteration Fr1 =9.00 GHz -37.00dB 6.55% 5 dBi 1.00

64 International Journal of Electronics & Communication Technology w w w. i j e c t. o r g