Chapter 12 : Aperture Antenna

• Huygen’s Principle
• Application of Huygen’s principle
• Rectangular apertures
• Circular apertures

1
Aperture Antenna Example
 Huygen’s principle

Actual problem Equivalent problem

Equivalent surface currents Js, Ms radiate fields E1,H1 in V2

(same as actual problem)
However, Js, Ms do NOT radiate fields E1,H1 in V1.
Thus, actual problem and equivalent problem are equivalent
only in V2 (outside V1)
3
 Huygen’s principle (2
(2)
Since the fields E,H radiated by Js, Ms in V1 are arbitrary, we
can assume they are zero.

Love’s Electric Conductor Magnetic Conductor

equivalent equivalent equivalent

Equivalence principle models

4
 Equivalent model example

via image
theory

Equivalent models for magnetic source radiation near

a perfect electric conductor
 Waveguide aperture example

via Huygen’s principle via image theory

Aperture fields (Ea,Ha) are known.

6
 Far--zone fields
Far
Far-zone fields due to electric and magnetic surface currents
are given by:

r jk e − jkr r r jkrˆ⋅rr '

E( r ) ≈ −
4π r ∫∫ [M s (r ' ) × rˆ − rˆ × rˆ ×ηJ s (r ' )]e ds'
S
− jkr
r jk e r 1 r jkrˆ⋅rr '
H (r ) ≈
4π r ∫∫[J s (r ' ) × rˆ + rˆ × rˆ × M s (r ' )]e ds'
η
S
rˆ × E
Recall that: H= ; E = ηH × rˆ
and r η
rˆ ⋅ r ' = r ' cos ς = ( x' cos φ + y ' sin φ ) sin θ + z ' cos θ
= ρ ' cos(φ − φ ' ) sin θ + z ' cos θ
= r '[cos(φ − φ ' ) sin θ sin θ '+ cos θ cos θ ' ]
7
 Rectangular Apertures

Rectangular aperture positions

for
antenna system analysis

In general, the non-zero components of Js and Ms are:

Jy, Jz,M y,M z Jx, Jz,M x,M z Jx, Jy,M x,M y
Figure (a) Figure (b) Figure (c)
8
 Rectangular Apertures (2
(2)
Rectangular aperture with uniform distribution on an infinite
ground plane: find far-zone fields for z > 0.

Aperture field: E a = yˆ E0 − a / 2 ≤ x ' ≤ a / 2;−b / 2 ≤ y ' ≤ b / 2

Equivalent problem for z > 0

M s = −2nˆ × E a
= −2 zˆ × yˆ E0
= xˆ 2 E0 on aperture
M s = J s = 0 outside aperture

9
 Rectangular Apertures (3
(3)
The far-zone electric field can then be given by
r jk e − jkr a / 2 b / 2 r r

∫ ∫
jkrˆ⋅r '
E( r ) ≈ − M s (r ' ) × rˆe dy ' dx'
4π r − a / 2 −b / 2
Since M s × rˆ = xˆ 2 E0 × rˆ

= 2 E0 (−φˆ cos θ cos φ − θˆ sin φ )

and r
rˆ ⋅ r ' = ( x' cos φ + y ' sin φ ) sin θ (for z ' = 0)

r jk e − jkr a/2 b/2 r

E( r ) ≈ 2 E0 (φˆ cos θ cos φ + θˆ sin φ ) ∫ ∫ e ' dy ' dx'jkrˆ ⋅ r

4π r − a / 2 −b / 2

10
 Rectangular Apertures (4
(4)
Since
a/2 b/2 r a/2 b/2
∫ ∫ dy ' dx' = ∫ dx'∫
jkx 'sin θ cos φ
e jkrˆ⋅r '
e e jky 'sin θ sin φ dy '
− a / 2 −b / 2 −a / 2 −b / 2

 ka   kb 
= absinc sin θ cos φ sinc sin θ sin φ 
 2   2 
The far-zone fields are given by
r jk e − jkr  ka   kb 
E( r ) = 2 E0 absinc sin θ cos φ sinc sin θ sin φ 
4π r  2   2 
× (φˆ cos θ cos φ + θˆ sin φ )
r jk e − jkr  ka   kb 
H (r ) = 2 E0 absinc sin θ cos φ sinc sin θ sin φ 
4π ηr  2   2 
× (−θˆ cos θ cos φ + φˆ sin φ )
11
 Radiation Pattern

Normalized field pattern: a = 3λ, b = 2λ

12
 Radiation Pattern

Normalized field pattern: a = 3λ, b = 3λ

13
 Radiation Pattern (3
(3)
In many applications, only principle plane patterns are usually
sufficient.
jk e − jkr  kb 
E-Plane Eθ = 2 E0 absinc sin θ  sin φ
4π r  2 
(φ=π/2,3π/2)
(y-z plane) Eθ
Hφ = ; Eφ = H θ = 0
η
jk e − jkr  ka 
Eφ = 2 E0 absinc sin θ  cos θ cos φ
H-Plane 4π r  2 
(φ=0,π)
(x-z plane) Eφ
H θ = − ; Eθ = H φ = 0
η
14
 Radiation Pattern (4
(4)

E-plane and H-plane

amplitude pattern for
uniform distribution
aperture mounted on an
infinite ground plane
(a=3λ, b=2λ)
15
 Beamwidth
For the E-plane, maximum at θ=0.
kb
Nulls occur when sin θ n = nπ n = 1,2, L
−1 nλ 2
thus θ n = sin
b −1 nλ
Beamwidth between nulls Θ N = 2 sin , n = 1,2, K
b
−1 λ
FNBW: Θ FNBW = 2 sin
b
Half-power angles:
−10.443λ
sinc ( x) = 1 / 2 ⇒ x = 1.391
2
θ h = sin
b
0.443λ
−1
HPBW: Θ HPBW = 2 sin
b

16
 Directivity
The radiated power can be obtained from the power into the
aperture. For uniform distribution, the Poynting vector is given
by
2
1 | E0 |
Wav = Re(E × H ) = zˆ
*
− a / 2 ≤ x' ≤ a / 2;−b / 2 ≤ y ' ≤ b / 2
2 2η
2 2
a/2 b/2 | E | | E0 |
thus Prad = ∫ Wav ⋅ ds = ∫ ∫ 0
dy ' dx' = ab
− a / 2 −b / 2 2η 2η
S

4πU (θ , φ )
Recall that D(θ , φ ) = and
Prad
r2 2 2
U (θ , φ ) = ( Eθ + Eφ )
2η

17
 Directivity (2
(2)
The maximum radiation intensity is given by
2 2 2 2
 ab  E0
2
(ab) k E0
U max = U (θ , φ ) θ =0 = = 
2η 4π 2
 λ  2η
2
thus 4πU max  ab  1 4π 4π
Dmax = = 4π   = 2 ab = 2 Ap
Prad  λ  ab λ λ
where Ap is the physical aperture (=ab).
Recall that the maximum effective aperture is given by
4π
Aem = Dmax = Ap
λ 2
Aem
The aperture efficiency ε ap = =1
Ap
18
 Quiz
A uniform plane wave traveling in the
direction as shown. The field is given
by
TE case : Ei = yˆ E0 e − jk ⋅r z ≤ 0
TM case : H i = yˆ H 0 e − jk ⋅r z ≤ 0
(a) Find the propagation direction.
(b) Find the aperture field.
(c) Find the equivalent current.
Assume that the aperture dimension in the
y direction is b.
 Circular Apertures
Circular aperture with uniform distribution on an infinite
ground plane: find far-zone fields for z > 0.

Aperture field: E a = yˆ E0 ρ ' ≤ a

Equivalent problem for z > 0

M s = −2nˆ × E a
= −2 zˆ × yˆ E0
= xˆ 2 E0 ρ' ≤ a
M s = J s = 0 outside aperture

22
 Circular Apertures (2
(2)
The far-zone electric field can then be given by
r jk e − jkr a 2π r r

∫ ∫
jkrˆ⋅r '
E( r ) ≈ − M s (r ' ) × rˆe ρ ' dφ ' dρ '
4π r 0 0
Since M s × rˆ = xˆ 2 E0 × rˆ

= 2 E0 (−φˆ cos θ cos φ − θˆ sin φ )

r
and rˆ ⋅ r ' = ( x' cos φ + y ' sin φ ) sin θ ( z ' = 0)
= ρ ' sin θ cos(φ − φ ' )
r jk e − jkr a 2π r
E( r ) ≈ 2 E0 (φˆ cos θ cos φ + θˆ sin φ ) ∫ ∫ e ' ρ ' dφ ' dρ '
jk ˆ
r ⋅ r

4π r 0 0

23
 Circular Apertures (3
(3)
Using 2π
∫0
e jkρ 'sinθ cos(φ −φ ') dφ ' = 2πJ 0 (kρ ' sin θ )
and
β β
∫
0
zJ 0 ( z )dz = zJ1 ( z ) 0 = βJ1 ( β )

the far-zone fields can be found to be

r jka 2 E0 e − jkr J1 (ka sin θ ) ˆ

E( r ) = (φ cos θ cos φ + θˆ sin φ )
r ka sin θ

r jka 2 E0 e − jkr J1 (ka sin θ ) ˆ

H (r ) = (−θ cos θ cos φ + φˆ sin φ )
ηr ka sin θ
24
 Radiation Pattern

Normalized field pattern: a = 1.5λ

25