Chapter 7

Stator Winding Fault in Induction

Motor

Chapter Outline
Stator is one of the major fault areas in an induction motor. Stator fault
initiates as a turn to turn short fault of its winding which gradually progresses to
become severe. This chapter starts with a brief introduction along with thorough
discussions on the origin and causes of the stator winding faults and their effects. The
innovative and developed approaches which have been made for diagnosis of this
fault using motor current signatures (both transient and steady state) through
application of different signal processing and computational techniques have been
presented as below:
1. Analysis of motor steady state current at no-load through DWT
2. Analysis of motor steady state current at no-load and load through DWT using
reconstruction
3. Envelope analysis of motor steady state current at no-load
4. Envelope analysis of motor startup current at no- load and load
5. Analysis through extraction of harmonics using FFT
Finally, the usefulness, advantages and difficulties using these methods have been
discussed

7.1 Introduction

Stator windings breakdown is one of the major causes of motor failure [1].
Failure of induction motors may cause plant shut down, reduced production, accidents
etc. in the production line. Early monitoring and diagnosis improves the safety of the
operator, reduces production time loss and minimize the expansive maintenance and
repair cost [2]. Prevention of induction motor failure is thus a major issue in industries
[3]. Most of the stator winding failures start as undetected turn to turn faults in a
138 Fault Diagnosis of Three Phase Induction Motor

single phase due to destruction of insulation which finally grow and terminate in
major faults [4]. Different types of stator winding faults that may develop are short
circuit faults - (i) between turn to turn within a coil, (ii) between coil to coil of the
same phase, (iii) between phase to phase, (iv) phase to earth and (v) open circuit fault
[5]. Consequently, techniques able to detect these kinds of faults at an early stage of
development are particularly welcome in order to prevent the catastrophic failure of
the machine and also to allow for carefully planned repair actions [6].
Different types of stator winding faults are shown in Fig. 7.1 and Fig. 7.2.

Fig. 7.1 Different types of stator winding Fault

(a) Healthy Stator Winding (b) Open circuit in one of the

supply phases
 Chapter 7 Stator Winding Fault in Induction Motor 139

(c) Turn to turn short (d) coil to coil short

(e) Phase to ground short in the slot (f) Phase to phase short

Fig. 7.2 Different types of stator winding fault in actual motor

(Source: http://www.easa.com/resources/booklet/Failures In Three Phase Stator Windings)

7.2 Origin and Causes

It is observed from the literature survey that 35-40 % of induction motor
breakdowns are attributed to the stator winding insulation [7]. Normally, it is assumed
that a large portion of stator winding related failures are instigated by insulation
failures between turns of a stator coil within one phase. This type of fault is referred
as a “stator turn fault” [8]. Various stresses are responsible for stator winding failures
[9], [10]. These stresses may be classified into thermal, electrical, mechanical, and
environment, among them thermal stress plays a pivotal role for the deterioration of
the insulation in most of the cases. A stator turn fault in a symmetrical three-phase AC
machine causes a large circulating current to flow and subsequently generates
excessive heat in the shorted turns. If the heat which is proportional to the square of
the circulating current exceeds the limiting value, the complete motor failure may
occur [11].

(i) Thermal stress :

These stresses might be due to thermal aging and thermal overloading. As a
thumb rule, for every 100 C increase in temperature, the insulation life gets halved due
to thermal aging. Due to thermal ageing, insulation system loses its physical integrity
140 Fault Diagnosis of Three Phase Induction Motor

for which it fails to resist the other dielectric, mechanical, and environmental stresses.
The effect of temperature on thermal ageing can be minimized either by lowering the
operating temperature or by choice of high grade of insulation material.

Voltage fluctuation, unbalance of phase voltage, repeated start of motor within

very short interval of time may also cause thermal aging. Obstructed ventilation
restricts the airflow as a result winding temperature rises due to heat generated in the
stator and the rotor of the motor. Therefore, the motor should be kept clean inside and
outside to ensure free flow of air for heat dissipation. If this is not practically possible,
when the motor is working in hostile atmosphere, then these factors are to be taken
into consideration during design stages by lowering the winding temperature and
upgrading the insulation systems.
(ii) Electrical stress

Electrical stress leading to stator winding failures may be classified into

dielectric, tracking, corona, and transient voltage conditions. The tracking occurs in
the windings of the motors which operate over 600 volts and whose insulation system
is not completely protected from environment.

Corona discharge starts due to gaseous ionization in the insulation system

where the voltage stress exceeds a critical value on the winding operating above 5 kV
range. Finally, deterioration of winding insulation results due to heating, eroding, or a
chemical reaction. Transient voltage conditions reduce winding life or premature
failure.

(iii) Mechanical stress

This stress develops due to coil movement, vibration resulting from rotor
unbalance, rotor striking the stator for which insulation system may be severely
damaged. The force on the coils due to the stator winding current is maximum during
starting or during transient loading, causing the coils to vibrate at twice the
synchronous frequency with movement in both the radial and the tangential direction.
This coil movement can cause damage to the coil insulation, loosen the top sticks, and
may cause damage to the copper conductors.

The rotor can strike the stator due to no. of reasons like broken rotor bar, worn
bearings, and air-gap eccentricity. If the strike occurs during start up period, due to
high striking force, the rotor may cause the stator laminations to puncture the coil
insulation, resulting in premature grounding of the coil in the stator slot.
 Chapter 7 Stator Winding Fault in Induction Motor 141

(iv) Environmental stress

Contamination due to unknown materials can result in undesirable outcomes
on the stator winding’s insulation. The presence of foreign contaminants can cause a
reduction in heat dissipation [12] due to obstruction of ventilation duct. It is therefore
of utmost importance to keep the motors dirt free and dry, in particular when the
motors run in a hostile environment.

Other problem arises due to condensation development in the winding for

which winding is grounded. By using space heater or trickle heating during off period,
this can be avoided.

7.3 Effects
As revealed from the literature, it has been observed that most of the stator
winding failure is supposed to be the consequence of turn short within a coil in a
phase. Due to turn short in the coil, high current will flow in the shorted turn winding,
which will produce excessive heat. As a result, the temperature in the shorted area
will start rising. If the temperature exceeds the limiting value, complete damage of the
winding insulation may occur, even in the worst case, serious accident may happen,
involving loss of precious human life. Motor operators should keep in mind that even
the best insulation may fail quickly if motor is operated above its temperature limit.
As a thumb rule, for every 100 C increase in temperature, the insulation life gets
halved due to thermal aging [13]. Hence care must be taken so that electrical machine
will not operate beyond its thermal capacity

Due to high circulating current in the shorted turn, the coil will vibrate at twice
the line frequency with movement both in the radial and tangential directions. As a
consequence, the rotor may rub the stator. If the rotor strikes the stator when the
motor is running at full load, then the result is premature grounding of the coil in the
stator slot caused by excessive heat generated at the point of contact

7.4. Diagnosis of Stator Winding Fault

Due to stator inter- turn short in induction motor, various harmonics or
spectral components are induced in low voltage stator windings of induction motor.
These harmonics can be detected by using motor current signature analysis (MCSA)
through FFT as reported in the articles [14], [15]. These induced harmonics in the
stator current are expressed in (3.5) of chapter 3. Traditional difficulties of FFT
techniques are mainly due to spectral leakage along with others like picket fence
effect, smearing, aliasing and error introduced during averaging of spectrum etc.
142 Fault Diagnosis of Three Phase Induction Motor

which make the use of FFT restricted, specially for small or medium size motor when
operating at light load or no-load.

Different methods have been used for diagnosis of stator inter-turn short in
induction motor through analysis of motor current during steady state or starting
period at load and no-load using FFT, DWT and HT. HT has employed for finding
out the analyzing envelopes of the signals.

7.4.1 Experimentation

Laboratory experiment was performed using the same experimental

setup and block Diagram given in A and B of subsection 5.4.1 of chapter 5. The
same motor can be used as healthy and faulty with shorted turns (5% and 10%) in
stator winding. The induction motor used has provisions for shorting the turns from
outside tappings which are vividly shown in Fig.7.3. The electrical specification of
the motor is given in table 7.1. The motor under healthy and faulty conditions with
shorted turns were run at no-load and load from direct online supply at 330V, 50Hz.
Motor current signatures of R-phase have been captured using Hall Probe (LEM PR30
ACV 600V CATIII 30Ampac / 3Vac) at a sampling frequency of 2048 samples/sec.
 Chapter 7 Stator Winding Fault in Induction Motor 143

Table 7.1
Induction motor’s electrical specification

Make Local (Kolkata)

Voltage 440V

Power 1 HP

Frequency 50 Hz

Speed 1460 rpm

7.4.2 Diagnosis through Discrete Wavelet Transform of Motor Steady State

Current Signature (MCS) at No-Load1
7.4.2.1 Theoretical overview

A. Generation of harmonics
Due to turn short, a circulating current flows through the shorted turns. This
produces a negative MMF (magneto-motive-force). This backward MMF weakens

the net MMF of the motor phase and as a result, the waveform of air gap flux, which
is changed by the distortion of the net MMF, induces harmonic frequencies in a
stator-winding current as given in (3.5) of chapter 3 which have been used for
diagnosis of inter-turn short of induction motor

B. Discrete wavelet transform (DWT)

DWT decomposes a given signal into its constituent wavelet subbands or
levels (scales) with different time and frequency resolution. In this work, DWT has
been used for decomposition of the windowed steady state no-load currents of 5 secs.
duration (using Hamming window) and reconstruction of the signals. The sampling
frequency for capturing the signals was 2048 samples /sec. Different spectral bands
corresponding to this sampling frequency are given in Table 4.2, section 4.3 of
Chapter 4.
Details of DWT are elaborately described in section 4.3 of chapter 4 and section
5.4.5.1 C. of Chapter 5

7.4.2.2 Proposed technique

This study presents a novel technique for identification of induction motor
stator inter-turn short circuit fault at no-load. The algorithm steps are summarised
below:

1
S.K. Ahamed, M. Mitra, Arghya Sarkar and S. Sengupta, “Induction Machine Stator Inter-Turn Short Circuit Fault
Detection Using Wavelet Transform”, Proceedings of National Conference on Recent Developments in Electrical,
Electronics & Engineering Physics, RDE3P-2013, MCKV Institute of Engineering, Liluah, Howrah, pp.90-93, 26-27
October 2013, ISBN: 978-81-8424-877-7.
144 Fault Diagnosis of Three Phase Induction Motor

Step 1: Use suitable window function to obtain specific size data vector from
steady state portion of stator current of the induction motor. Window
function is utilized to reduce the effect of transients.

Step 2: Perform discrete wavelet transform in such a fashion that the detailed
coefficients at higher levels correspond to narrow band frequencies below
50 Hz.

Step 3: Compute statistical parameters – RMS values of detailed coefficients and

power detailed energy (PDE) at higher levels. PDE is defined (4.32) in
section 4.5 of chapter 4.

Step 4: Compare the statistical parameters with set values to obtain the information
about the health of the Induction Motor.

Step 5: Go to Step 1.

Present work selects Hamming window of length 10240 (5 secs. duration) samples
for transient suppression. Then DWT was performed using db4 as mother wavelet.

7.4.2.3 Result analysis

From the experiment performed as given in section 7.4.1, steady state motor
current signals of 5 sampling periods at no-load for the motor under healthy and faulty
conditions were separated using window technique from the motor currents captured
at a sampling frequency of 2048 samples/sec. and DWT was performed on these
signals using db4, to extract detail coefficients at wavelet levels corresponding to
spectral bands below 50 Hz.. The decomposed details were then reconstructed, shown
in Fig. 7.4, Fig. 7.5 and Fig. 7.6. Then the RMS values of the reconstructed details
were estimated and they were further processed to get PDE (Power Detail Energy).
RMS values and PDE given in Table 7.2 are analysed for diagnosis of inter-turn short
fault. The percentage variations of the RMS values and PDE for the faulty motor with
respect to the healthy one are given in Table 7.3. The analysis was performed using
Matlab software. The following observations are made from the Table 7.2 and Table
7.3,
(i) 6th, 7th and 8th levels indicate higher RMS and PDE values of detail
coefficients for the faulty motor with respect to the healthy motor.
(ii) The percentage increases of the values of RMS for the motor with 5%
turn short at 6th, 7th and 8th levels are 105.8, 49.67 and 82.22 whereas
the percentage increases for the motor with 10% short are 318.6,
279.22 and 473.33
(iii) In the energy level analysis, the percentage increases of the values of
PDE for the motor with 5% short at 6th, 7th and 8th levels are 313.44,
 Chapter 7 Stator Winding Fault in Induction Motor 145

2901.14 and 233.49 whereas the percentage increases for the motor
with 10% short are 1527.61, 1327.60 and 3230.36.
Therefore, it can be inferred from the above experimental data analysis as all
the three levels below 50 Hz indicate higher percentage increases in the values of
RMS and PDE for the faulty motor with shorted turns than those for the healthy one,
the method can be successfully used for diagnosis of inter-turn short of induction
motor.
Advantage – Measurement at higher wavelet levels, reduces spectral leakage as they
are away from 50 Hz and overlapping zone from neighboring lower side band also
disappears which improves the detectability and due to application of higher order
wavelet, the method works with higher resolution.
Disadvantage – The main drawback is for a selected sampling frequency, the spectral
bands become fixed which means some ranges of frequencies (presently, 32 Hz - 50
Hz) remain unexplored.

Fig. 7.4 Detail coefficients at 6th, 7th, 8th levels (healthy condition)

Fig. 7.5 Detail coefficients at 6th, 7th, 8th levels (5% turn short)
146 Fault Diagnosis of Three Phase Induction Motor

Fig. 7.6 Detail coefficients at 6th, 7th, 8th levels (10% turn short)

Table 7.2 Table 7.3

The RMS values and PDE of the reconstructed Percentage variation of the RMS values and
details for the motor with healthy and faulty PDE of the reconstructed details for the motor
conditions with faulty conditions with respect to the motor
Parameters with healthy condition
Wavelet Motor
Level Condition RMS PDE Percentage variations
Wavelet Motor of Parameters
6 Healthy 0.0059 0.3621 Level Condition RMS PDE
Faulty 5%
0.0121 1.4971
shorted turn 5% shorted
105.08 313.44
Faulty 10% 6 turn
0.0247 6.2236
shorted turn 10% shorted
318.6 1527.61
7 Healthy 0.0077 0.6130 turn
Faulty 5% Faulty 5%
0.0153 2.3914 49.67 2901.14
shorted turn 7 shorted turn
Faulty 10% Faulty 10%
0.0292 8.7512 279.22 1327.60
shorted turn shorted turn
8 Healthy Faulty5%
0.0045 0.2045 82.22 233.49
8 shorted turn
Faulty5% Faulty 10%
0.0082 0.6822 473.33 3230.36
shorted turn shorted turn
Faulty 10%
0.0258 6.8106
shorted turn

7.4.2.4 Conclusion
In this investigation, a novel monitoring system has been developed to detect
the stator inter-turn short circuit fault of the induction motor. The investigation
reveals that the proposed method can successfully be employed for monitoring of
stator winding inter-turn short fault at no-load. The developed scheme is fast, highly
reliable and low cost, ideally suited for industries.
 Chapter 7 Stator Winding Fault in Induction Motor 147

7.4.3 Diagnosis through Analysis of Reconstructed Details using Discrete

Wavelet Transform of Motor Steady State Current2
7.4.3.1 Theoretical background
A. Theoretical concept for generation of harmonics
Due to turn short, the harmonics or spectral components induced in the
stator current are utilized for diagnosis of this fault which have already been
discussed in section 7.4.2.1 A of this chapter.

B. Discrete wavelet transform (DWT)

In the present study, DWT has been used for decomposition of the windowed
steady state motor current signatures at no-load and load using mother wavelet - db4
into details and approximate coefficients and reconstruction of decomposed details
corresponding to spectral bands below 50 Hz.

The spectral frequency bands at different decomposition levels are presented

in Table 4.2 in section 4.3 of chapter 4 for the sampling frequency used for the work
2048 samples/sec.
Details of DWT are discussed in subsection 7.4.2.1.B of section 7.4.2 of this
Chapter.

7.4.3.2 Proposed scheme

This work presents a novel technique for identification of induction motor
stator inter-turn short circuit fault at no-load and at load conditions. The algorithm
steps are summarized below:

Step 1: Use suitable window function to obtain specific size data vector from the
steady state portion of stator current of the induction motor. Window
function is utilized to reduce the effect of transients.

Step 2: Perform discrete wavelet transform in such a fashion that the detailed
coefficients at higher levels correspond to narrow band frequencies below
50 Hz.

Step 3: Compute statistical parameters – RMS values and power detailed energy
(PDE) at higher level wavelet coefficients. PDE is defined in (4.32) in
section 4.5 of Chapter 4.

2
Syed Kamruddin Ahamed, Arghya Sarkar, Madhuchhanda Mitra and Samarjit Sengupta, “Induction
Machine Stator Inter-Turn Short Circuit Fault Detection using Discrete Wavelet Transform”, Journal Innovative
Systems Design and Engineering, ISSN 2222-1727(Paper) ISSN 2222-2871(Online), vol. 5, no. 1, pp 75-82 2014.
148 Fault Diagnosis of Three Phase Induction Motor

Step 4: Compare the statistical parameters with set value to obtain the information
about the health of the induction motor.

Step 5: Go to Step 1.

This study selects Hamming window of length 10240 (5 secs. duration) samples. Then
discrete wavelet transform was performed using db4 mother wavelet.

7.4.3.3 Result analysis

Experiment has been carried out as in described in 7.4.1 of this Chapter. Then
the windowed (Hamming window) steady state portions of the captured signals of 5
secs. duration were separated for the motor under healthy and faulty conditions.
Wavelet transform using db4 have been performed on the windowed (Hamming
window) steady state signals (sample size of duration of 5secs.) at no-load and load
for decomposition and reconstruction. Reconstructed details for the motor with the
healthy and faulty conditions corresponding to 6th, 7th and 8th levels i.e. spectral
bands below 50 Hz are shown in Fig. 7.7, Fig. 7.8, Fig. 7.9 at no-load and Fig. 7.10,
Fig. 7.11, Fig. 7.12 at load. Then the RMS values of reconstructed details and PDE
were estimated and the details were processed to obtain PDE (power detailed energy)
given in Table 7.4, Table 7.5. The variations of the values of RMS and PDE of the
motor under faulty condition with respect to the motor under healthy condition are
given in Table 7.6 and 7.7. The following observations are made from Table 7.4,
Table 7.5, Table 7.6, Table 7.7 at (a) no-load and (b) at load
(a) At no-load
(i) 6th, 7th and 8th levels indicate higher RMS and PDE values of detail
coefficients of the faulty motor with respect to the healthy motor at no-
load
(ii) The percentage increases of the values of RMS for the motor with 5%
short at 6th, 7th and 8th levels are 110.34, 100.00 and 81.98 whereas the
percentage increases for the motor with 10% short are 265.52, 243.9
and 484.21 respectively.
(iii) In the energy level analysis, these percentage variations are 337.10,
3872.0 and 238.46 for 5% stator turn short and for 10% stator turn
short, the percentage variations are 1212.78, 11819.19 and 3253.84
respectively at 6th, 7th and 8th levels.
(b) At load
(i) 6th, 7th and 8th levels indicate higher RMS and PDE values of detail
coefficients of the faulty motor with respect to the healthy motor
 Chapter 7 Stator Winding Fault in Induction Motor 149

(ii) The percentage increases of the values of RMS for the motor with 5%
short at 6th, 7th and 8th levels are 40.79, 39.28 and 302.49 whereas the
percentage increases for the motor with 10% short are 43.42, 84.82,
and 417.24.
(iii) In the energy level analysis, the percentage increases of the values of
PDE for the motor with 5% short at 6th, 7th and 8th levels are 95.24,
39.06 and 1575.00 whereas the percentage increases for the motor with
10% short are 258.86, 147.11 and 2542.85 respectively.

From the above discussion, it can be inferred that these variations in the values of
RMS and PDE of the reconstructed detailed coefficients can be efficiently used for
detection of stator turn short both at no-load and load condition as they indicate higher
values at all the three levels.

Fig. 7.7 Detail coefficients at 6th, 7th, 8th levels at no-load (healthy Condition)

Fig. 7.8 Detail coefficients at 6th, 7th, 8th levels at no-load (5% turn short)
150 Fault Diagnosis of Three Phase Induction Motor

Fig. 7.9 Detail coefficients at 6th, 7th, 8th levels at no-load (10% turn short)

Fig. 7.10 Detail coefficients at 6th, 7th, 8th levels at load (healthy condition)

Fig. 7.11 Detail coefficients at 6th, 7th, 8th levels at load (5% turn short)
Chapter 7 Stator Winding Fault in Induction Motor 151

Fig. 7.12 Detail coefficients at 6th, 7th, 8th levels at load (10% turn short)

Table 7.4 Table 7.5

RMS value and PDE of detailed coefficients for the RMS value and PDE of detailed coefficients for
motor with faulty conditions and the motor with the motor with faulty conditions and the motor
healthy condition at no-load with healthy condition at load

Parameters Motor Condition Parameters

Wavelet Motor
Wavelet
Level Condition RMS PDE RMS PDE
Level
Healthy 0.0029 0.0876 Healthy 0.0076 0.5990
Faulty 5% Faulty 5% shorted 0.0107 1.1695
6 0.0061 0.3829 6 turn
shorted turn
Faulty 10% Faulty 10% 0.0145 2.1496
0.0106 1.1500 shorted turn
shorted turn
Healthy 0.0041 0.0172 Healthy 0.0112 1.7823
Faulty 5% 0.6832 Faulty 5% shorted 0.0156 2.4785
7 0.0082 7
shorted turn turn
Faulty 10% Faulty 10% 0.0207 4.4042
0.0141 2.0501
shorted turn shorted turn
Healthy 3.5946×10-4 0.0013 Healthy 0.000522 0.0028
Faulty5% -4 Faulty5% shorted 0.0021 0.0469
8 6.5415×10 0.0044
shorted turn 8 turn
Faulty 10% Faulty 10% 0.0027 0.0740
0.0021 0.0436
shorted turn shorted turn

Table 7.6 Table 7.7

Variation of parameters for the motor with faulty Variation of parameters for the motor with faulty
conditions with respect to the motor with healthy conditions with respect to the motor with healthy
condition at no-load condition at load
Percentage variations Percentage variations
Wavelet Motor Wavelet Motor
of Parameters of Parameters
Level Condition Level Condition
RMS PDE RMS PDE
5% shorted 5% shorted
110,34 337.10 40.79 95.24
turn turn
6 10%shorted 6 10%
265.52 1212.78 43.42 258.86
turn shorted turn
5% shorted 5% shorted
100.00 3872.0 39.28 39.06
turn turn
7 10%shorted 7 10%
243.9 11819.19 84.82 147.11
turn shorted turn
5% shorted 5% shorted
81.98 238.46 302.49 1575.00
turn turn
8 10%shorted 8 10%
484.21 3253.84 417.24 2542.85
turn shorted turn
 152 Fault Diagnosis of Three Phase Induction Motor

7.4.3.4 Conclusion
In this work, a novel monitoring system has been described to detect the stator
inter-turn short circuit fault of the induction motor. The spectral leakage is minimized
and the effects of transients are suppressed due to application of window function.
The investigation reveals that the proposed method can successfully be employed for
on-line monitoring of stator winding turn short both at no-load and load. The
developed scheme is fast, highly reliable and low cost, ideally suited for industries.

7.4.4 Diagnosis through Envelope Analysis of Motor Steady State Current at No-
Load3
7.4.4.1 Theoretical overview

A. Stator Current envelope of an induction motor at the presence of inter-

turn short of stator winding
In the investigation of inter-turn short, the stator current has long been used.
The faults affect the current according to motor slip as given in (3.5) of chapter 3. The
effects cause fluctuations on the current which is modulated. The modulation of the
current is the so-called envelope which is cyclically repeated.

B. Hilbert transform and envelope detection

Hilbert Transform is used for finding out the envelopes of the signals which
work on instantaneous frequency. Envelope is the modulus of complex analytic
signal. It is a new dimension in the area of fault detection from the spectrum analysis
of envelope which is almost free from 50 Hz frequency.
Details of Hilbert transform, instantaneous frequency are discussed in section 4.4

C. Discrete wavelet transform

The decomposition and reconstruction properties have been utilised for
analysis motor steady state current. Spectral bands corresponds to different wavelets
for the present sampling frequency 2048 samples/sec. are given in Table 4.2 in section
4.3.
Details of DWT are elaborately discussed in section 4.3.

3
Syed Kamruddin Ahamed, Arghya Sarkar, Madhuchhanda Mitra and Samarjit Sengupta, “Novel Approach for
Detection of Inter-Turn Short Circuit of Induction Motor’s Stator Winding through Envelope Analysis”, 8th
International Conference on Electrical and Computer Engineering, ICECE 2014, Dhaka, Bangladesh, pp. 457-460,
20-22 December 2014, 978-1-4799-4167-4©2014 IEEE, Available in IEEE Xplore.
 Chapter 7 Stator Winding Fault in Induction Motor 153

7.4.4.2 Proposed technique

This work presents a novel approach for detection of induction motor stator
inter-turn short circuit fault at no-load condition. The algorithm steps are summarised
below:

Step 1: Use suitable window function to obtain specific size data vector from the
steady state portions of stator current of the induction motor. Window
function is utilized to reduce the effect of transients.
Step 2: Perform discrete wavelet transform in such a fashion that the reconstructed
detailed coefficients at higher levels correspond to narrow band frequencies
below 50 Hz.
Step 3: Compute fault parameters – RMS values, mean values of the detailed
coefficients and power detailed energy (PDE) at higher levels. PDE is
defined in (4.32) in section 4.5 of Chapter 4.
Step 4: Compare the statistical parameters of the faulty motor with respect to the
healthy one to obtain the information about the health of the induction
motor.
Step 5: Go to Step 1.

This work selects Hamming window of length 2048 (one second duration) samples.
Then discrete wavelet transform was performed using db4 mother wavelet which has
the most compact support for a given number of vanishing moments, thus allowing
the lowest computational loads.

7.4.4.3 Result analysis

Discrete Wavelet Transform using db4 were performed to decompose the
envelopes of windowed steady state signals (sample size of duration of one sec. i.e.
2048) at no-load. The signals and the envelopes of the steady state signals at no load
for the motor under healthy, 5% and 10% inter-turn short conditions are shown in Fig.
7.13. Then the decomposed details below 50 Hz were reconstructed, shown in
Fig.7.14, Fig.7.15 and Fig. 7.16. The reconstructed details for the motor under healthy
and faulty conditions corresponding to 6th, 7th and 8th level below 50 Hz are the
analyzing signal. Mean, RMS values of the reconstructed details and PDE at all the
three levels were then estimated shown in Table 7.8 and graphically represented in
Fig.7.17. The following observations are made from Table 7.8 and Fig. 7.17
(i) All the three levels indicate considerable higher values of RMS, mean
and PDE for the motor under faulty conditions than those for the motor
under healthy condition.
154 Fault Diagnosis of Three Phase Induction Motor

(ii) The most significant increases of these values are noticed at 8th level
At 8th level, the RMS values are 1.74 times and 6.61 times for 5% and
10% shorted turns with respect to the values for healthy condition
whereas the rises in the mean values are 1.57 and 6.22 times for 5%
and 10% shorted turns.
(iii) In the energy level analysis at 8th level, the values of PDE are 3.10 and
42.84 times for 5% and 10% shorted turns with respect to the values
for healthy condition.
Hence 8th level is considered the most suitable for detection of stator inter-turn short.
The main advantages in this method are - the envelope analysis which makes
diagnosis easier and cleaner as the power frequency is eliminated and the spectral
leakage is minimized and the application of DWT on the steady state current which
overcomes the difficulty of FFT analysis.
The main drawback is that once sampling frequency is selected, some ranges of
frequencies remain unexplored. In the present analysis, it is (32 Hz - 50 Hz).

(a) (b)

(c)
Fig. 7.13 Signals and their envelopes (red) under (a) healthy, condition, (b) faulty condition
with 5% turn short and (c) faulty condition with 10% turn short at no-load
Chapter 7 Stator Winding Fault in Induction Motor 155

Fig. 7.14 The detailed coefficients at 6th, 7th and 8th levels of envelopes for motor under healthy
condition at no load

Fig. 7.15 The detailed coefficients at 8th, 9th and 10th levels of envelopes for motor with 10%
inter-turn short at no load

Fig. 7.16 The detailed coefficients at 6th, 7th and 8th levels of envelopes for motor with 5%
inter-turn short at no load
156 Fault Diagnosis of Three Phase Induction Motor

Table 7.8
Fault parameters of the detailed coefficients of the envelopes

Motor Wavelet RMS Mean Power Detail

Condition Level value value Energy in joules
Healthy 0.000496 0.0000141 0.000501
5% short 0.000680 0.0000211 0.000947
6
10% short 0.001900 0.0000812 0.007000
Healthy 0.000687 0.0000265 0.000965

5% short 7 0.000828 0.0000378 0.001400

10% short 0.002400 0.0001480 0.011500

Healthy 0.000575 0.0000409 0.000677

5% short 0.001000 0.0000643 0.002100

8
10% short 0.003800 0.0002545 0.029000

(a) (b)

(c)
Fig. 7.17 (a) Mean Curve, (b) RMS Curve, (c) PDE Curve
 Chapter 7 Stator Winding Fault in Induction Motor 157

7.4.4.4 Conclusion
The present approach reveals that this method can successfully be employed
for detection of stator winding inter-turn short. The method works with higher
detectability and higher resolution due to DWT and Hilbert transform. The method is
faster with less power consumption and hence less costly which makes it ideally
suitable for industry.

7.4.5 Diagnosis through Tracking of Low Frequency Oscillation using Envelope

Analysis of Motor Startup Current4
7.4.5.1 Theoretical background
A. Stator current envelope of an induction motor at the presence of
stator inter-turn short
Inter-turn short-circuits in stator winding causes a profile modulation on the
three phase stator current leading to envelope cyclically repeated at a rate equal to the
power frequency (f).

An inter-turn short-circuit principally affects only the stator current of the

faulty phase in both profile and peak value. The other stator phase currents suffer
smaller interferences. Thus, the stator current profile of each phase is not equally
affected by the fault. The frequency of repetition of this envelope is the power
frequency, f and not a function of the slip frequency, sf. The stator current envelope of
the healthy phases is slightly affected by the faulty phase, while the envelope of the
faulty phase is highly modulated. The characteristic(spatial) harmonics in the stator
current due to change in the air gap flux caused by stator inter-turn short in stator
winding as revealed from the literature review expressed in (3.5) of Chapter 3.

B. Discrete wavelet transform (DWT)

Wavelet transform provides flexibility in describing signals that include
regions of different frequency contents. Wavelets are localized in both time and
frequency domain for which wavelet signal processing technique is suitable for those
signals whose frequency content changes with time, especially transient signal [16],
[17]. In discrete wavelet transform, the mother wavelet is not scaled continuously, but
scaled in the power of 2. Hence, it is easy to implement in digital computers and takes
less execution time [18]. DWT decomposes a sampled signal s(t) by passing it

4
Syed Kamruddin Ahamed, Samarjit Sengupta, Madhuchhanda Mitra and Arghya Sarkar, “Tracking of Low
Frequency Oscillations for detection of Inter-Turn Short of Stator Winding of Induction Motor Through Envelope
Analysis using Startup Current”, International Journal of Computer and Electrical Engineering (IJCEE)
158 Fault Diagnosis of Three Phase Induction Motor

through HPF (high pass filter) and LPF (low pass filter) into its approximate signal an
and several detail signals dn [19] as given in (7.1)

n n t n j j
s(t ) i t
i i i j 1i i (7.1)
an dn d
1

n j n
where i , i are scaling and wavelet function, (t ) is the scaling function at level n
j
and t is the wavelet function at level j; a n & d j is approximate signal at
decomposition level n and detail signal at level j [20].

In the present work, DWT has been used for decomposition of the starting
current signatures at no load and load. The decomposed details corresponding to
wavelet levels below 50 Hz. were determined and analyzed.

After decomposition of the signal, each detail at different levels was analyzed.
The spectral frequency bands corresponding to sampling frequency - 2048
samples/sec for present analysis are shown in Table 4.2 in section 4.3 of chapter 4.
Details of DWT are given in section 4.3 of Chapter 4.

C. Hilbert transform and envelope analysis

Hilbert Transform is used for finding out the envelopes of the signals which
work on instantaneous frequency. Envelope is the modulus of complex analytic
signal.

7.4.5.2 Proposed methodology

This investigation presents a new technique for detection of inter-turn short of
stator of induction motor at no-load and load condition. The algorithm follows the
following sequence of steps:
Step 1: Capture motor current signatures at sampling frequency 2048 samples/sec.
under healthy and faulty conditions with 5% and 10% inter-turn short and
separate the starting portions of the signatures for analysis.
Step 2: Perform Discrete Wavelet Transform using db8 in such a fashion that the
detailed coefficients at higher levels correspond to narrow band frequencies
below 50 Hz.
Step 3: Determine the envelopes of the decomposed details at 6th, 7th and 8th
levels corresponding to spectral bands below 50 Hz.
Step 4: Compute statistical parameters of these envelopes – RMS values, standard
deviation, variance of higher level details corresponding to spectral bands
 Chapter 7 Stator Winding Fault in Induction Motor 159

below 50 Hz
Step 5: Compare the statistical parameters with set values to obtain the information
about the health of the Induction Motor
Step 6: Go to Step 1.

Step 7: Algorithm will continue till the estimation and comparison of all the
statistical parameters are completed for the levels under considerations.
Here the set values are the estimated parameters for the healthy motor under no-load
and load condition.

7.4.5.3. Results and discussion

The experiment has been carried out accordingly as described in section 7.41.
The signatures were captured at a sampling frequency of 2048 samples/sec for the
motor under healthy and faulty conditions with 5% and 10% shorted turns at no-load
and load. The starting portions of the captured motor current signatures were
separated and decomposed using db8 of Daubechies family shown in Fig. 7.18,
Fig.7.19. Then the envelopes of the decomposed details at 6th, 7th and 8th levels
corresponding to spectral bands below 50 Hz were obtained.

The decomposed details – d6 , d7 , d8 at 6th, 7th and 8th levels of the starting
current transients and their envelopes for the motor under healthy and faulty
conditions with shorted inter-turns (5% and 10%) at no- load and at load are shown in
Fig. 7.20, Fig. 7.21, Fig. 7.22, Fig. 7.23, Fig. 7.24 and Fig. 7.25 respectively. Then the
statistical coefficients – RMS values, standard Deviations (STD) and variances of the
envelopes of the details – d6, d7, d8 at 6th, 7th and 8th levels of the starting current
transients for the motor under healthy and faulty conditions with shorted inter-turns
(5% and 10%) at no- load and at load were estimated and are shown graphically in
Fig. 7.26, Fig. 7.27, Fig. 7.28, Fig. 7.29, Fig. 7.30. and Fig. 7.31. These statistical
coefficients are considered as fault parameters or features. The variations of the
statistical parameters were calculated and are given in Table 7.9. The following
observations are made
(i) The parameter variations for 5% and 10% inter-turn short under
faulty condition at no-load indicates very higher percentage
increases at 6th, 7th and 8th levels except at 8th level for 5% inter-turn
short, the variations in the values of RMS, standard deviation (STD)
are 23.09% and 22.08%, not too small. But the variations in the
values of variance at 8th level are quite high, 49.49% for 5% and
130.62% for 10% inter-turn shorts.
160 Fault Diagnosis of Three Phase Induction Motor

(ii) At load, values of RMS, standard deviation (STD) and variance

decreases at 6th level for 5% and 10% inter-turn short from which no
inference can be drawn. At 7th level for 5% inter turn short, the
percentage variations in the values of RMS, standard deviation and
variances are 13.82, 16.75 and 35.02 which are not too high but
trend is upward which signifies the presence of inter-turn short. The
8th level indicates very small rise in the values for 5% inter-turn
short which can never be considered for detection of this type of
fault. In the case of 10% inter-turn short of the motor under load,
the increases in the values of the parameters - RMS, standard
deviation (STD) and variances are 103.65, 123.15 and 394.29 in
percentage at 7 th level, very higher rise of the values whereas at 8 th
level, the rise in the variations in these parameters in percentage are
38.50, 53.88 and 136.81, more or less sufficient to detect inter turn
short
Therefore, for 10% inter-turn short at load, 7th level is most sensitive to detect
fault and 8th level may also be used for diagnosis whereas at no-load, all the three
levels 6th , 7th and 8th are sufficient to detect inter-turn short fault .
The main advantage of this method is that the envelope is free from supply
frequency and hence the spectral leakage is minimized which improves
detectibility. The resolution is higher due to choice of higher order wavelet and its
use at higher wavelet level to extract left side harmonics below 50 Hz is possible
due to enhancement of amplitudes by HT. The main disadvantage is that for
selected sampling frequency, the bands become fixed which means some ranges of
frequencies are not covered. Here in the present case, the range – (32 Hz - 50 Hz)
is unexplored

4
4

2
AMPLITUDE

2
AMPLITUDE

0
0

-2 -2

-4 -4
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000
NO. OF SAMPLES NO. OF SAMPLES

(a) (a)
 Chapter 7 Stator Winding Fault in Induction Motor 161

4 4

2 2

AMPLITUDE
AMPLITUDE

0 0

-2 -2

-4 -4
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000
NO.OF SAMPLES NO. OF SAMPLES

(b) (b)
4 4

2 2
AMPLITUDE

AMPLITUDE
0 0

-2 -2

-4 -4
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000
NO. OF SAMPLES NO. OF SAMPLES

(c) (c)
Fig. 7.18 Starting current signatures with (a) Fig.7.19 Starting current signatures with (a)
healthy, (b) 5% inter-turn short and (c) 10% inter- healthy, (b) 5% inter-turn short and (c) 10%
turn short conditions at no-load inter-turn short conditions at load

1.5 3

1
2
AMPLITUDE

0.5
AMPLITUDE

1
0
0
-0.5

-1 -1

-1.5 -2
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 0 10 20 30 40 50 60
NO. OF SAMPLES NO. OF SAMPLES
(a) (a)
1.5 3

1 2
AMPLITUDE
AMPLITUDE

0.5 1

0 0

-0.5 -1

-1 -2
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
NO. OF SAMPLES NO. OF SAMPLES
(b) (b)
162 Fault Diagnosis of Three Phase Induction Motor

1.5 2

AMPLITUDE 1 1

AMPLITUDE
0.5 0

0 -1

-0.5 -2
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 0 5 10 15 20 25 30
NO. OF SAMPLES NO. OF SAMPLES
(c) (c)
Fig. 7.20 Details and their envelopes (red) at (a) Fig. 7.21 Details and their envelopes (red) at (a)
6th, (b) 7th and (c) 8th levels at no-load with 6th, (b) 7th and (c) 8th levels at no-load with 5%
healthy condition inter-turn short condition
2 3

2.5

2
1
AMPLITUDE

1.5

AMPLITUDE
1
0
0.5

0
-1 -0.5

-1

-2 -1.5
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180
NO. OF SAMPLES NO. OF SAMPLES

(a) (a)
2 4

1.5
3
1
2
AMPLITUDE
AMPLITUDE

0.5

0 1

-0.5
0
-1
-1
-1.5

-2 -2
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 0 20 40 60 80 100
NO. OF SAMPLES NO. OF SAMPLES

(b) (b)
2

2 1.5

1.5 1
AMPLITUDE

1 0.5
AMPLITUDE

0
0.5
-0.5
0
-1
-0.5
-1.5
-1
-2
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
-1.5 NO. OF SAMPLES
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
NO. OF SAMPLES

(c) (c)
Fig. 7.22 Details and their envelopes ( red) at Fig. 7.23 Details and their envelopes ( red) at
6th, (b) 7th and (c) 8th levels at no-load with 6th, (b) 7th and (c) 8th levels at load with
10% inter-turn short healthy condition
 Chapter 7 Stator Winding Fault in Induction Motor 163

3 3
2.5

2 2

AMPLITUDE
1.5
AMPLITUDE

1
1

0.5
0
0

-0.5 -1
-1

-1.5 -2
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
NO. OF SAMPLES NO. OF SAMPLES
(a) (a)
5 8

4 6

3 4

AMPLITUDE
AMPLITUDE

2 2

1 0

0 -2

-1 -4

-2 -6
0 20 40 60 80 100 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
NO. OF SAMPLES NO. OF SAMPLES
(b) (b)
2.5 4
2
3
1.5
2
AMPLITUDE

1
AMPLITUDE

0.5 1
0 0
-0.5
-1
-1

-1.5 -2

-2
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
-3
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
NO. OF SAMPLES NO. OF SAMPLES
(c) (c)
Fig. 7.24 Details and their envelopes (red) at 6th, (b) Fig.7.25 Details and their envelopes (red) at 6th,
7th and (c) 8th levels at load with 5% inter-turn short (b) 7th and (c) 8th levels at load with 10% inter-
turn short
 164 Fault Diagnosis of Three Phase Induction Motor

Fig. 7.26 RMS curve of the envelopes of the details of Fig. 7.27 RMS curve of the envelopes of details
no-load startup current at 6 th, 7 th and 8 th levels of load startup current at 6th, 7th and 8th levels

Fig. 7.28 Standard deviation curve of the envelopes of Fig. 7.29 Standard deviation curve of the envelopes
the details of no-load startup current at 6 th,7 th and 8 th of details of load startup current at 6th, 7th and 8th
levels
levels

Fig. 7.30 Variance curve of the envelopes of the Fig. 7.31 Variance curve of the envelopes of the
details of no-load startup current at 6 th, 7 th and 8 th details of load startup current at 6 th,7 th and 8th
levels levels
 Chapter 7 Stator Winding Fault in Induction Motor 165

Table 7.9
Variations of the parameters of the envelopes of the details for the motor with faulty
conditions with respect to the motor with healthy condition at no-load and load
Wavelet Motor Percentage (%) variation of Percentage (%) variation of
level Condition Parameters at no-load Parameters at load
RMS STD Variance RMS STD Variance
Faulty 5%
6 shorted turn 139.79 133.50 450.15 -15.49 -15.16 -28.00

Faulty 10%
shorted turn 72.61 50.61 128.79 -12.76 -13.63 -25.36

Faulty 5%
7 shorted turn 72.08 88.64 255.77 13.82 16.75 35.02

Faulty 10%
shorted turn 57.35 42.12 101.86 103.65 123.15 394.29

Faulty5%
23.09 22.08 49.49 0.1087 1.76 3.54
8 shorted turn
Faulty 10%
shorted turn 70.14 51.90 130.62 38.50 53.88 136.81

7.4.5.4. Conclusion
The main contribution in this study is the introduction of envelope which
works on instantaneous frequency. It can handle short data effectively for which this
method is suitable for online industrial application.

7.4.6 Diagnosis through Extraction of Harmonics using MCSA Technique5

7.4.6.1 Theoretical background

A. Generation of spectral harmonics or spectral components in stator current
signature

Due to change and distortion in the air gap flux caused by stator winding inter-
turn short, several harmonics or spectral components are induced in the motor current
signatures given in (3.5) of Chapter 3. These harmonics were utilized for diagnosis of
the present fault.

B. Signal Decomposition and reconstruction using discrete wavelet transform

B1. Decomposition of the signal using discrete wavelet transform (DWT)
The discrete captured signature were decomposed at first level and then
reconstructed to obtain the original signal for analysis using FFT technique. A first
level decomposition and reconstruction are shown in Fig. 7.32 and Fig. 7.33.

5
Syed Kamruddin Ahamed, Arghya Sarkar, Madhuchhanda Mitra and Samarjit Sengupta, “Harmonic Extraction for
Detection of Induction Motor Stator Inter-turn Short through MCSA”, ESM-15, International Journal of
Engineering Technology, Management and Applied Sciences, volume 3, Special Issue, ISSN 2349-4476, pp. 217 – 227,
September 2015.
166 Fault Diagnosis of Three Phase Induction Motor

B2. Reconstruction of the signal

The captured signal in the form of discrete dataset is required to be
reconstructed perfectly so that no important spectral information to diagnose the fault
is lost before applying FFT. This is successfully done by first level decomposition and
reconstruction.First level decomposition produces approximate and detailed
coefficient a1 and d1, which have been reconstructed to get the original signal
expressed as in (7.2).

x(t ) a1 d1 x/ t (7.2)

For perfect reconstruction, x(t)=x/(t) where x(t) and x/(t) are original and
reconstructed signal

Fig. 7.32 A single level decomposition Fig. 7.33 A single level reconstruction

C. Fast Fourier transform

Before discussion on FFT, Fourier Transform and discrete Fourier Transform
are required to be to be understood first.

C1. Fourier transform

It is a signal processing technique which converts a time domain signal into
frequency domain signal. This is mathematically defined in (4.1) in section 4.2 of
chapter 4 [21]

C2. Discrete Fourier transform

It is the discrete version of Fourier transform. In the field of digital signal
processing, the discrete Fourier transform (DFT) is used. It is employed to analyze the
frequencies contained in sampled signals and is defined in (4.2) in section 4.2 of
chapter 4 [22]. As the number of point increases in DFT, the number of arithmetic
operation will be much larger, the analysis will be very difficult.

The Fast Fourier Transform does not refer to a new or different type of Fourier
transform. It refers to a very efficient algorithm for computing the DFT. FFT is a
 Chapter 7 Stator Winding Fault in Induction Motor 167

faster version of discrete Fourier transform (DFT) [23]. FFT breaks the set of data to
be transformed into smaller data sets. At each stage of processing, the results of the
previous stage are combined in special way. Finally, the DFT of each small data set
may be obtained. The Fast Fourier Transform is the most conventional approach for
implementing the DFT in real time.

Power spectrum obtained through FFT using MCSA is widely used technique for
detecting induction motor faults, it is also cheaper and simpler. The amplitude of the
power spectrum from FFT [24] can be determined using (4.3), given in section 4.2 of
Chapter 4

7.4.6.2 Proposed technique

This work presents a new technique for detection of inter-turn short fault of
induction motor stator winding. The algorithm follows the following sequence of
steps:

Step 1: Capture motor current signatures at sampling frequency 2048 samples/sec

under healthy and faulty conditions with 5% and 10% inter-turn short and
separate steady state portions of the sampled dataset of window size of 8192
samples.
Step 2: Multiply the selected portions of the datasets by Hanning window.

Step 3: Perform Discrete Wavelet Transform using db8 for first level
decomposition to obtain the approximate coefficient a1 and detailed
coefficient d1.
Step 4: Reconstruct these first level decomposed coefficients to obtain the original
signal
Step 5: Eliminate 50Hz- the supply frequency from the resultant signatures by
using notch Band filter (band used 49Hz-51Hz)
Step 6: Perform FFT on these filtered signals to get power spectrum and to
determine the spectral components.
Step 7: Algorithm will continue till the estimation and comparison of spectral
components for the motor under healthy and faulty conditions with 5% and
10% shorted turns are completed
This work selects Hanning window to minimize leakage and to suppress transients.
Then discrete wavelet transform was performed using db4 mother wavelet for perfect
reconstruction of the signal. The spectral frequency bands at first level decomposition
for the sampling frequency used in this work are presented in Table 7.10.
168 Fault Diagnosis of Three Phase Induction Motor

Table 7.10
Spectral bands at first level decomposition

Decomposition Details Frequency Bands(Hz)

Approximate Level 1 0 - 512

Detail Level 1 512 - 1024

7.4.6.3 Results and discussion

The experiment was carried out accordingly as given in 7.41. Then the
captured signatures at no-load and load for the motor under healthy and faulty
conditions with 5% and 10% turn short have been windowed (Hanning window,
sample size 8192). The windowed signatures were then decomposed and
reconstructed using db4. From these reconstructed signatures, 50 Hz was eliminated
using band notch filter (49Hz-51 Hz). Finally, FFT have been performed on these
signatures for spectrum analysis. The spectra at no load are shown at Fig. 7.34, Fig.
7.35 and Fig. 7.36, whereas the spectra at load are given in Fig. 7.37, Fig. 7.38 and
Fig. 7.39. Then the percentage increases in the amplitudes of the harmonics at no-load
and load for the motor healthy and faulty conditions were determined and presented in
Table 7.11 and Table 7.12. The following observations are made
(i) At no-load, percentage increases in the amplitudes of 5th and 9th
harmonics are higher for both 5% and 10% turn short whereas the
amplitudes of 3rd and 7th harmonics indicate lower values for 10% turn
short. Again the side band harmonics close to fundamental show
considerable higher increase in the amplitudes. These side band
harmonics though readable, are not sharply distinguished. Hence they
are not suggested for detection where 5th and 9th harmonics may be
used for diagnosis of turn short.
(ii) At load, with respect to the motor under healthy condition, the
amplitudes of 7th and 9th harmonics of the motor under faulty
conditions with 5% and 10% turn short show very sharper increase
whereas for 10% turn short, the amplitudes of 3rd and 5th harmonics
decrease considerably. Moreover the side band harmonics close to
fundamental indicate higher increase in the values of their amplitudes
and can be used for diagnosis of turn short. Therefore, under load
condition, 7th and 9th harmonics including sidebands component can be
used for detection of turn short.
Hence finally, it can be inferred that 9th harmonic is most sensitive to detect inter-turn
short fault both at load and no load.
Chapter 7 Stator Winding Fault in Induction Motor 169

Fig. 7.34 FFT Spectrum of motor steady state current under healthy condition at no- load

Side bands

Fig. 7.35 FFT Spectrum of motor steady state current under faulty condition with 5% turn
short at no- load

Fig. 7.36 FFT Spectrum of motor steady state current under faulty condition with 10% turn
short at no-load
170 Fault Diagnosis of Three Phase Induction Motor

Side bands

Fig. 7.37 FFT Spectrum of motor steady state current under healthy condition at load

Fig. 7.38 FFT Spectrum of motor steady state current under faulty condition with 5%
turn short at load

Side bands

Fig. 7.39 FFT Spectrum of motor steady state current under faulty condition with 10%
turn short at load
Chapter 7 Stator Winding Fault in Induction Motor 171

Table 7.11
Percentage increase in amplitudes of different harmonics and sidebands of the steady state current
for the motor with faulty conditions with respect to the motor with healthy condition at no load

Harmonics and Side-bands % Increase in amplitude under load condition of motor

with stator winding fault with
Harmonics 5% Turn short 10% Turn short

3rd 7.02 - 30.39

5th 42.76 115.52

7th 32.4 -41.19

9th 22.58 555.85

Left Side-band of 50Hz 252.57 362.07

Right Side-band of 50Hz 76.42 182.72

Table 7.12
Percentage increase in amplitudes of different harmonics and sidebands of the steady state current
for the motor with faulty conditions with respect to the motor with healthy condition at load

Harmonics and Side- % Increase in amplitude under load condition of motor

bands with stator winding fault with

Harmonics 5% Turn short 10% Turn short

3rd 35.01 - 31.85

5th - 0.047 - 17.00

7th 178.82 133.6

9th 299.40 361.36

Left Side-band of 50Hz 43.07 105.15

Right Side-band of 39.64 75.31

50Hz
 172 Fault Diagnosis of Three Phase Induction Motor

7.4.6.4 Conclusion
The effect spectral leakage and other constraints in applying FFT have been
successfully overcome by the use of window and notch filter.
The main advantage is that instead of three phase currents, only single phase
current is required for this method.

………………………………………………………………………………………….

CONTRIBUTIONS IN THIS CHAPTER LEAD TO THE FOLLOWING PUBLICATIONS:

1 S.K. Ahamed, M. Mitra, Arghya Sarkar and S. Sengupta, “Induction Machine Stator Inter-
Turn Short Circuit Fault Detection Using Wavelet Transform”, Proceedings of National
Conference on Recent Developments in Electrical, Electronics & Engineering Physics,
RDE3P-2013, MCKV Institute of Engineering, Liluah, Howrah, pp. 90-93, 26-27 October
2013, ISBN:978-81-8424-877-7.

2 Syed Kamruddin Ahamed, Arghya Sarkar, Madhuchhanda Mitra and Samarjit Sengupta,
“Induction Machine Stator Inter-Turn Short Circuit Fault Detection using Discrete Wavelet
Transform”, Journal Innovative Systems Design and Engineering, ISSN 2222-1727
(Paper), ISSN 2222-2871 (Online), vol. 5, no.1, pp 75-82, 2014.

3 Syed Kamruddin Ahamed, Arghya Sarkar, Madhuchhanda Mitra and Samarjit Sengupta,
“Novel Approach for Detection of Inter-Turn Short Circuit of Induction Motor’s Stator
Winding through Envelope Analysis”, 8th International Conference on Electrical and
Computer Engineering, ICECE 2014, Dhaka, Bangladesh, pp. 457 – 460, 20-22 December
2014, 978-1-4799-4167-4©2014 IEEE, Available IEEE Xplore.
4 Syed Kamruddin Ahamed, Samarjit Sengupta, Madhuchhanda Mitra and Arghya Sarkar,
“Tracking of Low Frequency Oscillations for detection of Inter-Turn Short of Stator Winding
of Induction Motor Through Envelope Analysis using Startup Current”, International
Journal of Computer and Electrical Engineering (Communicated).
5 Syed Kamruddin Ahamed, Arghya Sarkar, Madhuchhanda Mitra and Samarjit Sengupta,
“Harmonic Extraction for Detection of Induction Motor Stator Inter-turn Short through
MCSA”, ESM-15, International Journal of Engineering Technology, Management and
Applied Sciences, volume 3, Special Issue, ISSN 2349-4476, pp. 217 – 227, September
2015.

…………………………………………………………………………………………
Reference

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Diego, CA, pp. 687–693, 1996.
 Chapter 7 Stator Winding Fault in Induction Motor 173

[5] A. H. Bonnet and G. C. Soukup, “Cause and Analysis of Stator and Rotor Failures in
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