GOLDEN GATE COLLEGES

BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

REPORT IN ME LAB 1

DISTILLATION AND VAPOR PRESSURE TEST OF GASOLINE

AND

CALIBRATION AND USE OF PRESSURE AND TEMPERATURE MEASURING

INSTRUMENT

Presented to:

ENGR. NESTOR C. VISAYA

Presented by:

BELELA, KRISHNA JESLYN B.

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 DISTILLATION AND VAPOR PRESSURE TEST OF GASOLINE FUEL

I. INTRODUCTION

Gasoline is an English word that refers to fuel for automobiles. It is first recorded use to
1863 when it was spelled “gasoline”. The term “gasoline” was first used in North
America in 1864. It is derived from the word “gas” and the chemical suffixes”ol” and
“ine” or “ene”. The countries product is called “petrol” rather than “gasoline”. “Petrol”
was first used in about 1870 as the same of a refined petroleum product.

The early period of gasoline engine development aircraft were forced to use motor
vehicle gasoline since aviation gasoline did not yet exist. Early fuels were termed
“straight –run” gasolines and were by products from the distillation of a single crude oil
to produce kerosene. Gasoline production would not surpass kerosene production until
1916. The earliest straight-run gasolines were the result of distilling eastern crude oils
and there were no mixing of distillates form different crudes.

A Gasoline or petrol is a colourless petroleum derived flammable liquid that is used

primarily as a fuel in most spark-ignited internal combustion engines. It consists mostly
of organic compounds obtained by the fractional distillation of petroleum. Gasoline used
in internal combustion engines can have significant effects on the local environment and
is also a contributor to global human carbon dioxide emissions.

The earliest known evidence of distillation comes from terracotta distillation apparatus
dating to 3000 BC in the Indus Valley of Pakistan. Distillation was known to be used by
the Babylonians of Mesopotamia. Distillation of beverages occurred much later. In
distillation gas may be separated.

Distillation is the most widely used separation technique in the petroleum industry.
Petroleum remains the major source of energy resources and for more than 100 years,
it has been the main source of fuels used in alternative internal combustion engines in
auto-motion as well, both for spark ignition engines(SIE1) it is traditionally knows as
petrol engines, and for compression ignition engines(CIE2) or diesel engines.

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Vapor Pressure or equilibrium vapor pressure is defined as the pressure exerted by a
vapor in thermodynamic equilibrium with its condensed phases at a given temperature
in a closed system. The equilibrium vapor pressure is an indication of a liquids
evaporation rate. The vapor pressure of any substances increases non-linearly with
temperature according to the Clausius-Clapeyron Relation. A vapor pressure that a
single component in a mixture contributes to the total pressure in the system is called
partial pressure.

II. OBJECTIVES
 Defined Distillation and vapour Pressure
 Distillation type using fractional Distillation
 Vapour Pressure type using Reid Vapour Pressure
 Various Test for Distillation and Vapour Pressure of Gasoline (Video)
 For the students to fully understand of what is the role of the Distillation in crude
oil refining and explain in a very general way how further processing is used to
increase the yield of gasoline fuel.

III. SIGNIFICANCE
Gasoline is important to our lives. The cars couldn’t drive unless it was filled with
gasoline. The school bus couldn’t make it to school without gasoline. Our world almost
grind to a halt without oil. Factories would stop running. Cars and airplanes would be
grounded. Tractors on the farm would sputter to a standstill and rust. Gasoline is used
in many products.

Distillation is important because it seperates all the components or substances from a

liquid mixture by using selective boiling and condensation.

Callibration is important because it helps ensure accurate measurements and accurate

measurements are foundational to the quality, safety and innovation of most products
and services we use and rely on everyday.

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IV. DISCUSSION
GASOLINE DISTILLATION TEST
The first and the most fundamental step in the refining process (after the crude oil has
been cleaned and any remnants of brine removed) is distillation, which is often referred
to as the primary refining process. Distillation involves the separation of the different
hydrocarbon compounds that occur naturally in a crude oil into a number of different
fractions (a fraction is often referred to as a cut). In the atmospheric distillation process
(Fig.), heated crude oil is separated in a distillation column (distillation tower,
fractionating tower, atmospheric pipe still) into streams that are then purified,
transformed, adapted, and treated in a number of subsequent refining processes, into
products for the refinery's market. The lighter, more volatile, products separate out
higher up the column, whereas the heavier, less volatile, products settle out toward the
bottom of the distillation column. The fractions produced in this manner are known as
straight run fractions ranging from (atmospheric tower) gas, gasoline, and naphtha, to
kerosene, gas oils, and light diesel, and to (vacuum tower) lubricating oil and residuum.

The feed to a distillation tower is heated by flow through pipes arranged within a large
furnace. The heating unit is known as a pipe still heater or pipe still furnace, and the
heating unit and the fractional distillation tower make up the essential parts of a
distillation unit or pipe still. The pipe still furnace heats the feed to a predetermined
temperature— usually a temperature at which a predetermined portion of the feed will
change into vapor. The vapor is held under pressure in the pipe in the furnace until it
discharges as a foaming stream into the fractional distillation tower. Here the
unvaporized or liquid portion of the feed descends to the bottom of the tower to be
pumped away as a bottom nonvolatile product, whereas the vapors pass up the tower to
be fractionated into gas oils, kerosene, and naphtha.

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5
VAPOR PRESSURE TEST OF GASOLINE FUEL
What is Vapor Pressure Test?

Vapor pressure testing measures the pressure exerted by a vapor in thermodynamic

equilibrium with its condensed phases (solid or liquid) at a given temperature in a closed
system. It indicates the evaporation rates of liquids.

Reid vapor pressure (RVP) is a common measure of the volatility of gasoline. It is

defined as the absolute vapor pressure exerted by a liquid at 37.8°C (100°F) as
determined by the test method ASTM D323. The test method measures the vapor
pressure of the gasoline, volatile crude oil, and other volatile petroleum products, except
for liquefied petroleum gases. RVP is stated in kilopascals and represents a relative
pressure to the atmospheric pressure because ASTM D323 measures the gauge
pressure of the sample in a non evacuated chamber. All values are in SI units and are
regarded as standards. Imperial units are for information only.Due to the increased use
of ethanol in fuel, the measurement of the RVP is replaced by ASTM D5191 in the EPA
“Tier 3 Motor Vehicle Emission and Fuel Standards because RVP is not applicable to
ethanol blended gasoline. It is being replaced with an automated ASTM D5191 which is
appropriate for ethanol blended gasoline.

Vapor Pressure of Liquid Petroleum Gases (ASTM D1267)

 Determination of the vapor pressure of liquefied petroleum gas is important
for safety reasons to ensure that the maximum operating design pressures of
storage, handling, and fuel systems will not be exceeded under normal
operating temperature conditions.

 Vapor pressure can be considered a semi-quantitative measure of the

amount of the most volatile material present in the product, and this can give
an indication of low temperature operability.

 This test method covers the determination of the gauge vapor pressure of
liquefied petroleum gas products at temperatures of 37.8°C (100°F) up to and
including a test temperature of 70°C (158°F).

Vapor Pressure of Petroleum Products, Hydocarbons, and Hydrocarbon-

Oxygenate Mixtures (ASTM D6378)

 This method covers the use of automated vapor pressure instruments to

determine the vapor pressure exerted in vacuum by volatile, liquid petroleum

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 products, hydrocarbons and hydrocarbon-oxygenate mixtures including ethanol
blends up to 85%.

 It also covers the use of automated vapor pressure instruments to determine the
vapor pressure exerted in vacuum by aviation turbine fuels.

 The vapor pressure determined by this test method at a vapor-liquid ratio of 4:1
(x=4) of gasoline and gasoline-oxygenate blends at 37.8°C can be correlated to
the dry vapor pressure equivalent value determined by Test Method D5191)

Vapor Pressure of Crude Oil (ASTM D6377)

 It describes the use of automated vapor pressure instruments to determine

the vapor pressure exerted in the vacuum of crude oils.

 This test method is suitable for testing samples that exert a vapor pressure
between 25 kPa and 180 kPa at 37.8°C at vapor-liquid ratios from 4:1 to
0.02:1.

Vapor Pressure of Gasoline and Gasoline Oxygenate Blends (ASTM D4953)

 This method covers and is applicable to gasolines and gasoline-oxygenate

blends with a vapor pressure range from 35kPa to 100kPa.

 It provides to procedures to determine the vapor pressure of gasoline and

gasoline-oxygenate blends.

Vapor pressure of petroleum products, mini method (ASTM D5191)

 This test method is suitable for calculation of the dry vapor pressure
equivalent of gasoline and gasoline-oxygenate blends by means of a
correlation equation.

 This method covers the use of automated vapor pressure instruments to

determine the total vapor pressure exerted in vacuum by air-containing,
volatile, liquid petroleum products, including automotive spark-ignition fuels
with or without oxygenates and with ethanol blends up to 85%.

Vapor Liquid Ratio Temperature Determination of Fuels (ASTM D5188)

 Thus test method covers the determination of the temperature at which the
vapor formed from a selected volume of volatile petroleum product saturated
with air 0°C to 1°C produces a pressure of 101.3kPa against vacuum.

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  This method may also be applicable at pressures other than one
atmosphere, but the stated precision may not apply.

 This test method is applicable to both gasoline and gasoline-oxygenate

blends.

Reid Vapor Pressure Testing (ASTM D323)

 It is an ASTM test method which measures the vapor pressure of crude oil
and petroleum refined products.

 It analyzes petroleum products and crude oils.

 It is used in various quality control and R&D applications.

 It tests measure the potential impact of gasolines on engine performance.

 It helps refiners understand the nature of feedstocks coming into the

refinery.

It is not used for liquefied petroleum gases.

APPARATUS

Reid Vapor Pressure experiment

The apparatus of the Reid Vapor Pressure experiment is consisted of water bath to heat
the fluid chamber to 37.8°C, and a thermometer socket to insert the thermometer to
measure the water temperature. The fluid chamber is put in the water bath, the tested
fluid is filled in the chamber, and the pressure is red.

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MANOMETER

The gasoline is filled in the gas chamber, the vapor will accumulate in the fluid chamber,
and its pressure will be measured using the manometer.

THERMOMETER

Used to measure the water temperature.

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CALCULATION

For gasoline

𝐴 = 𝐴1 −𝐴2 ln(𝑅𝑉𝑃) = 9.4947+ 0.9658𝑛(36)=12.955

𝐵 = 𝐵1 −𝐵2 ln(𝑅𝑉𝑃) = 2917.76−9.9001𝑛(36)=2882.283

TVP = exp(A − B T+𝐶

) = exp(12.955− 2882.283 37.8+273.15

=39.9 kpa

CALIBRATION AND USE OF PRESSURE AND

TEMPERATURE MEASURING INSTRUMENT
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What is Pressure Measurement?

 It is the analysis of an applied force by a fluid (liquid or gas) on a surface.

Pressure is typically measured in units of force per unit of surface area.
Instruments used to measure and display pressure in an integral unit are
called pressure gauges or vacuum gauges.

What are Pressure Gauges?

 are instruments used to measure the pressure of liquid or gaseous materials

by calculating the force they would exert at a state of rest. It displays the
difference between the pressure in the area being measured and that of the
surroundings.

How to Calibrate a Pressure Gauge?

 STEP 1

Before applying any pressure to the gauge, set the pointer to read zero on the
scale.

 STEP 2

Apply the full range pressure to the gauge. Adjust the linkage so that the
pointer is at the maximum reading on the scale.

 STEP 3

Reduce the pressure to zero and check that the pointer reads zero on the
scale. Adjust the pointer if necessary.

 STEP 4

Repeat STEPS 2 and 3 until both readings are correct.

 STEP 5

If the pressure gauge has a linearizing adjustment, set the applied pressure to
50% of the maximum scale reading. Adjust the linearizing adjustments so that
the pointer reads at 50% of the max scale reading.

 STEP 6

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 Check the pressure gauge reads correctly at zero, 50% and maximum scale
reading. You may need to adjust the gauge many times before the gauge is
correct. You must be patient and careful.

 STEP 7

When STEP 6 is completed, write down the reading on the gauge for the
applied pressure readings on a calibration sheet.

 STEP 8 (optional)

Draw a graph of the gauge readings and the applied pressures (increasing and
decreasing). This is important if you are doing a bench calibration and intend to
generate a calibration certificate after the calibration exercise. In a plant
environment, a simple calibration is just enough.

What is a Temperature Measurement?

 It is also known as thermometry. It describes the process of measuring a

current local temperature for immediate or later evaluation.

Liquid in Glass Thermometer

 one of the most common instruments used today to measure temperature.

The instrument consists of a glass bulb containing a special liquid. The liquids
chosen for thermometers expand and contract significantly in response to
temperature changes, so they indicate temperature as a position on the
stem’s scale.

Resistance Thermometer

 typically use platinum wire since it doesn’t corrode or otherwise react with air
over a wide range of temperatures.

Constant Volume Gas Thermometer

 typically use air as the gas for measurements taken close to room
temperature

Radiation Thermometry

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  consist of a series of optics that focus infrared light onto a special electronic
detector. It calculates the temperature electronically. It measures an object’s
temperature at a distance. It can also measure temperatures faster than by
other methods.

How to Calibrate Temperature Measurement Devices?

 The simplest way to calibrate a temperature sensor is to check how it reads

the temperature of two physical constants: the temperature at which ice melts
and the boiling point of water.

Dry Block Probe Calibrator

 used to heat e thermocouple to a chosen temperature and the reading on the

indicator compared with that on the calibrator.

Infrared Blackbody Calibrators

 used for calibrating non contact temperature measurement equipment such

as thermal cameras and pyrometers.

MEASUREMENT OF LENGTH, AREAS, SPEED AND

TIME
LENGTH

It is the most extended dimension of an object. In the International System of

Quantities, length is any quantity with dimension distance. It may be
distinguished from height, which is vertical extent, and width, which are the
distance from side to side, measuring across the object at right angles to the
length. It is the measure of one dimension.

How to measure Length?

Measuring length is a basic skill necessary for a variety of tasks, from simple
arts-and-crafts projects to household renovations. Choose the most appropriate
measuring tool and know which unit of measurement you intend to find before
measuring the length of any object.

Basic Measuring Procedure

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  Choose the most appropriate tool. There are several tools you can use to
measure length, but the right tool will depend on the unit system you plan to
use and the size of the length you wish to measure.

a. Rulers – good to use for relatively short lengths

b. Tape Measure – flexible straight edges with graduated markings

c. Meter Sticks – measure all lengths up to 1 meter

d. Yard Sticks – measure all lengths up to 1 yard

e. Odometers – tools that measure long lengths travelled by vehicles, like

cars and bicycles

 Line up the “0” mark with one end. Zero mark is not always located at the
exact starting edge of the measuring tool.

 Extend the measuring tool over the length.

 Identify the largest whole number.

 Count the lines after that number.

 Add the measurements together.

Measuring with U.S. Standard Units

 Know the inch.

 Understand feet.

 Progress to yards.

 Learn about miles

Measuring with Metric Units

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  Learn about the meter.

 Identify the smaller measurements.

Progress to larger measurements

Converting Length Measurements

 Know the relationship between both measurements.

 Convert most units with multiplication.

 Convert some units with division.

AREA

It is the quantity that expresses the extent of a two-dimensional figure or shape,

or planar lamina, in the plane. It can be understood as the amount of material
with a given thickness that would be necessary to fashion a model of the shape,
or the amount of paint necessary to cover the surface with a single coat.

How to Find Area?

Area is measurement of the amount of space inside a two-dimensional figure.

Sometimes, finding area can be as simple as simply multiplying two numbers, but
oftentimes it can be more complicated.

For Rectangles:

 Find the length of two consecutive sides of the rectangle.

 Multiply base times height to get the area.

For Squares:

 Find the length of a side of the square.

 Square the length of the side.

For Parallelograms:

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  Choose one side to be the base of the parallelogram.

 Draw a perpendicular line to this base, and determine the length of this line
between where it crosses the base and the side opposite to the base.

 Plug the base and height into the equation. k=bh

For Trapezoids:

 Find the lengths of the two parallel sides.

 Find the height.

 Plug these values into the formula A=0.5(a+b)h

For Triangles:

 Find the base and height of the triangle.

 To find the area, plug the base and height values into the equation A=0.5h

For Regular Polygons

 Find the length of a side and the length of the apothem (the line segment
perpendicular to a side connecting the middle of a side to the center)

 Multiply the length of the side by the number of sides to get the perimeter of
the polygon.

 Plug these values into the equation A=0.5ap

For a Surface Area of a Pyramid:

 Find the area of the base rectangle by using the formula k=b*h for finding the
area of a rectangle

 Find the area of each side triangle by using the formula for finding the area of
a triangle A=0.5b*h

 Add up all the areas.

For Surface Area of a Cylinder:

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  Find the radius of one of the base circles.

 Find the height of the cylinder.

 Find the area of the bases using the formula of the area of the circle A=πr^2

 Find the area of the side by multiplying the height of the cylinder by the
perimeter of the base.

 Add up all the areas.

For the Area Under a Function:

 Define f(x) in terms of x.

 Take the integral of f(x) within [a,b].

 Plug in the a and b values into the integral expression.

SPEED

The magnitude of its velocity (the rate of change of position). It is a scalar

quantity. Speed can be thought of as the rate at which an object covers distance.
It has dimensions of distance divided by time.

How to Find Speed?

Most problems about speed ask you to find either the average speed or velocity.
While those terms are frequently tossed around interchangeably, they are
different. Velocity is a vector quantity that takes direction into account while
speed is scalar and defined only by the magnitude.

Understanding Speed:

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 Define speed.

a. Magnitude is the size or amount of the term.

b. The formula to calculate speed is speed=total distance/total time.

 Understand instantaneous speed.

a. Common units for speed include miles per hour and kilometres per hour.

 Understand average speed.

Using the Formula:

 Write down the formula.

 Calculate the total distance travelled.

 Calculate the total amount of tine travelled.

 Divide the total distance by the total time travelled

 Convert to miles per hour if necessary.

TIME

It is a component quantity of various measurements used to sequence events, to

compare the duration of events or the intervals between them, and to quantify
rates of change of quantities in material reality or in the conscious experience. It
is often referred to as a fourth dimension, along with three spatial dimensions

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TIME MEASUREMENT DEVICES

sundial- uses a gnomon to cast a shadow on asset of markings calibrated to the

hour. The position of the shadow marks the hour in local time.

Hourglass- uses the flow of the sand to measure the flow of time

Chronometer-portable time keeper that meets certain precision standards.

Atomic clocks- the most precise time keeping devices, which are accurate to
seconds in many million years . It used the frequency of electronic transitions in
certain atoms to measure the second

UNITS OF TIME

The second (s) is the SI base unit. A minute (min) is 60 seconds in length, and
an hour is 60 minutes in length.A day is 24n hours or 86400 seconds in length.

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