National Organization of Science Teachers and Educators (NOSTE)

2014 NOSTE Seminar-Workshop on Natural Disasters:

Mitigation and Preparedness for Science Teachers
September 26-28, 2014 in Diversion 21 Hotel, Iloilo City

“Crustal Earth’s Movements:

How to Get Ready for Natural Disasters”
Part 1- Earthquake and earthquake hazards
Ma. Mylene Martinez-Villegas
Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology
A weak to violent shaking
of the ground produced by
the sudden movement of
rock materials below the
earth’s surface.
 TYPES OF NATURAL
EARTHQUAKES

Tectonic Volcanic
- earthquakes produced by - earthquakes produced
sudden movement along faults by movement of magma
and plate boundaries beneath volcanoes

Magma
INTENSITY: perceived
strength of an earthquake
based on relative effect to
people and
structures; generally higher
near the epicenter

MAGNITUDE: based on
instrumentally derived information
and correlates strength with the
amount of total energy released at
the earthquake’s point of origin
Distribution of earthquake
epicenters worldwide

Tectonic Plates
TECTONIC AND GEOGRAPHIC
SETTINGS OF THE PHILIPPINES
TRANSFORM DIVERGENT CONVERGENT

Types of Plate Boundaries

 FAULTS
-breaks or zones of weakness in rocks along which
displacements had occurred or can occur again.
They may extend hundreds of kilometers across
the earth’s surface and tens of kilometers
downward TYPES OF FAULT MOVEMENTS
NORMAL FAULT

BEFORE
FAULTING

REVERSE
STRIKE-SLIP
Seismicity of the Philippines
factors that primarily determine
what you feel in an earthquake
• Distance from the
fault: earthquake waves
die off as they travel through
the earth so the shaking
• Local Soil Conditions:
becomes less intense farther A soft, loose soil will shake more
from the fault. intensely than hard rock at the
same distance from the same
earthquake.

• Magnitude: we feel more

intense shaking from a big
earthquake than from a small one.
Kobe, Japan, 1995
Kobe, Japan, 1995
INSTRUMENTATION
Earthquakes are being
monitored and detected
by an instrument called
SEISMOGRAPH.
The records obtained
from a seismograph are
called SEISMOGRAMS.
Broadband Short period
From several records of seismometer
the same earthquake in seismometer
different locations, one
can determine the
epicenter, time and focal
depth of an earthquake. Strong motion
seismometer
THE PHILIPPINE SEISMIC NETWORK
PHIVOLCS
Earthquake
Information/Bulletin
 Earthquake parameters:
 Origin date/time
 Location
 Depth
 Possible source
 Magnitude
 Reported Intensities
EARTHQUAKE HAZARDS

• Ground Rupture
• Ground Shaking
• Liquefaction
• Landslide
• Tsunami
Ground shaking
the disruptive up and down and sideways motion
experienced during an earthquake
PHIVOLCS Earthquake
Intensity Scale (PEIS)

I - Scarcely Perceptible
II - Slightly Felt
III - Weak
IV - Moderately Strong
V - Strong
VI - Very Strong
VII - Destructive
VIII - Very Destructive
IX - Devastating
X - Completely
Devastating
Ground Shaking effects
Ground
rupture

Ground rupture and fissuring

creation of new or the renewed movements of
old fractures, oftentimes with the two blocks on
both sides moving in opposite directions
Death and injuries from surface faulting are
very unlikely, but casualties can occur
indirectly through fault damage to structures
• houses
• commercial buildings
• railroads
• highways
• bridges
• water lines
• gas lines

http://www.phivolcs.dost.gov.ph
Ground Rupture

http://www.phivolcs.dost.gov.ph
Ground Rupture

Bohol Earthquake
October 2013

Vert: 3 meters (m)

Highly
weathered
volcanic rocks

Brgy Anonang,
Inabanga
Liquefaction
a process that transforms the
behavior of a body of sediment
from that of a solid to that of a
liquid
 Liquefaction occurs on saturated soils (soils in which
the space between individual particles is completely
filled with water. This water exerts a
pressure on the soil particles that influences how
tightly the particles are pressed together.

Before an
= Water pressure is low
earthquake

During an
earthquake = Water pressure increase
(shaking)
Soil particles move

Strength of the soil decreases

http://www.ce.washington.edu
Where does liquefaction
commonly occur?
Low-lying areas near bodies of water:
rivers
lakes
bays
oceans

Infanta & Real, Quezon, 2005

Liquefaction Effects

http://cgpr.ce.vt.edu
Landslides and rockfalls
slope failures in steep or hilly slopes
LANDSLIDES CAUSES

Three types of causes of landslides that

cause most of the damaging landslides
around the world:
• Landslide and Water
• Landslide and Seismic Activity
• Landslide and Volcanic Activity
Landslides and Water
Slope saturation by water caused by intense rainfall,
changes in ground-water levels, and water level changes
along coastlines, earthdams, etc.

REINA, Quezon, 2004

 Tsunami
• Japanese term  A series of waves
meaning “harbor generated by various
geological processes
waves”
• Go to Part 2
Earthquake & Tsunami (24/7):
Contact Us:
Tel. Numbers
http://www.phivolcs.dost.gov.ph
• +632 929-9254
• +632 426-1468 loc 124 / 125
/phivolcs_dost
Fax number
• +632 927-1087

Volcano (24/7):
Tel. Numbers Philippine Institute of
• +632 426-1468 loc 127 Volcanology and
Telefax number Seismology
(PHIVOLCS-DOST)
• +632 927-1095

IEC materials:
• +632 426-1468 loc 128
• +632 927-4524