AVT 1100

PART 141 – PRIVATE PILOT GROUND SCHOOL

GROUND LESSON 1
GL 1 – INTRODUCTION
TO FLYING / PRIVATE
PILOT COURSE
OVERVIEW
COURSE DESCRIPTION

• Divided in to:
• Stage 1 – First 3 weeks of class
• Stage 2 – Last 3 weeks of class
• End of Course – Final Exam
COURSE DESCRIPTION
Stage 1 – First 3 weeks
• Week 1 through GL4
• Week 2 through GL8
• Week 3 through GL11
• GL 12 - Stage One Exam
• 80% minimum passing score
• Corrected to 100%
• Required prior to Stage 2
COURSE DESCRIPTION
Stage 2 – Last 3 weeks
• Week 4 through GL15
• Week 5 through GL18
• Week 6 through GL21
• GL 22 - Stage Two Exam
• 80% minimum passing score
• Corrected to 100%
• Required prior to End of Course
COURSE DESCRIPTION
End of Course
• GL23 End of Course Exam
• Required for Course Completion
• Receive Endorsement for FAA
Knowledge Exam
COURSE MATERIALS
COURSE MATERIALS
COURSE MATERIALS
COURSE MATERIALS
COURSE MATERIALS
COURSE MATERIALS
 COURSE POLICIES
Quiz Policy
 Pop quizzes will be given throughout the course term
 Usually at the beginning or end of a class meeting.
 Generally multiple-choice, true/false, fill-in-the-blank questions, and/or “short-
answer question”
 Questions will be graded on accuracy and completeness.
 No credit will be given for answers that are not readable.
 The goal of the quizzes is to test that you are paying attention in class,
completing at home assignments, and that you are assimilating the material.
 If you are absent on a day that a quiz is given, your score for that quiz will be
zero.
COURSE POLICIES

Homework Policy
• Assigned regularly.
• Due by the start of the class
• Designed to help you for Stage Exams
• Homework is due even if you were absent the day of the assignment, or the due day.
• Late homework cannot be accepted. If you feel there is a special circumstance, please contact me to
discuss.
• Do not work on homework during class; homework done during class will not be accepted.
• Do your own work; do not copy others’ work; do not share your work with others; however, it is
permissible to collaborate with others in doing your own homework.
• The goal of homework assignments is that you do some research outside of class; as long as your
homework is generally correct, and you turn in your homework on time, you will receive 100%
credit. Homework assignment will help with preparing for the stage exams.
COURSE POLICIES

Testing Policy
• A score of at least 80% is necessary to pass any of the exams.
• If you fail an exam, you will be given a retake exam.
• If you fail the retake exam, you will be required to receive 4 hours of tutoring from another
staff instructor before you can take the exam once again.
• If you fail the second retake exam (third take overall), you will have failed the course.
• All stage exams must be passed before the end-of-course exam can be taken.
• Very Important: The score of the first take of each exam is the one that will be used in the computation of
your letter grade. You are given a second and third chances to pass an exam in order to allow you to meet FAA
Part 141 requirements. For example, if you score 50% on your first take of an exam, you will have failed the
exam; then you take the exam again and you score 100%; you will have “passed” the corresponding stage (for
FAA purposes); however, your score for the computation of your letter grade will be 50%.
COURSE GRADING
BRIEF OVERVIEW AND HISTORY

• History of Aviation in the U.S.

• History of FAA
• History of NTSB
• Code of Federal Aviation Regulations
• NTSB 830 Accident & Incident Reporting
• Student Pilot
• Privileges & Limitations
• Private Pilot
• Privileges & Limitations
U.S. AVIATION HISTORY

• The Wright Brothers (Wilbur & Orville) - Dayton, OH

• First controlled, powered, heavier-than-air flight
• December 17, 1903
• First flight in Kitty Hawk, North Carolina
• Three-axis control
 U.S. AVIATION HISTORY

Commercial Aviation started post WWI

• Use of large military transport and bomber aircraft (B-29 and

later on the Boeing 247 and Douglas DC-3)

• Air Mail Act of 1925: US Government awarded contracts to

deliver mail

• Air Commerce Act 1926 – Established airways, aircraft

certification, pilot licensing, and air traffic regulations
U.S. AVIATION HISTORY

• 1938 – Civil Aeronautics Act – established an independent Civil

Aeronautics Authority (CAA) and Civil Aeronautics Board (CAB)

• CAA - Conduct accident investigations and make recommendations for

safety improvement

• CAA - Authority to enact and enforce regulations under Air Commerce

Act.

• CAB - Highly regulated: Controlled number of airlines, routes, fares, &

flight frequency

• CAB - Became a bloated political bureaucracy by the 1970’s

U.S. AVIATION HISTORY
• Post WWII – Aviation industry and National Airspace were
rapidly expanding.
• 1952 – British launched the first commercial jet service –
Comet
• 36 seats; cruise 480mph
• By the mid 1950’s U.S. companies began building
commercial jets
• June 30, 1956 – TWA & United mid-air collision over Grand
Canyon (VFR Day uncongested)
• By this time air traffic had doubled since end of WWII
• Air Safety became a growing concern
• Rich & Famous were flying – high profile
U.S. AVIATION HISTORY
• 1958 – Federal Aviation Act
• Transferred functions from the CAA (under the U.S. Dept.
of Commerce) to Independent Federal Aviation Agency
which in 1967 became the Federal Aviation
Administration (FAA)
• 1967 – National Transportation & Safety Board (NTSB)
became independent accident investigation agency
• NTSB does not make the regulations
• NTSB does not enforce regulations
• Only investigates and makes safety recommendations
U.S. AVIATION HISTORY
1978 – Airline Deregulation Act
• Dismantled the CAB
• Open to free market forces - Left airlines to compete
• Opened industry to new airlines
• Emergence of the Low Cost Carriers
• Greater operational efficiency
• Usually one or two aircraft types
• Non-Union labor force
• Many Legacy Airlines could not compete
• Large, expensive aircraft
• Labor Union contracts – Employee Strikes
• Used large Hub and Spoke as a defense
U.S. AVIATION HISTORY
1980-1990’s – Continued Rapid Expansion (led to many accidents)
• Rise and fall of many airlines
• Many new aircraft types
• 2001 – September 11 Terrorist Attacks
• Heightened security; fear of flying
• Transportation Security Administration (TSA)
• Alien Student Flight Program
• 2008-2009 Global Economic Recession
• Continued political and economic uncertainty
• Sharp decline in business travel
• Approximately 15,000 airline pilots were no longer actively employed
• Fuel became one-third of total operating expense
• 1st time labor costs are surpassed
FAA – ROLE & RESPONSIBILITIES

• Regulate civil aviation to promote safety

• Develop and operate a system of air traffic control and navigation for both
civil and military aircraft
• Research and develop the National Airspace System and civil aeronautics
• Regulate U.S. commercial air transportation
• Develop and carry out programs to control aircraft noise and other
environmental concerns
• Encourage and develop civil aeronautics, including advancement of new
aviation technology
 CODE OF FEDERAL REGULATIONS (CFR)

• Commonly known as FARs; however, U.S. Government refers to

FARs as 14 CFR in order not to be confused with the Federal
Acquisition Regulations.
• Will see as “14 CFR Part xx”, where Title 14 is the section of
Federal Regulations of the U.S. Government that pertains to
Aviation and “xx” will be a numerical Part of 14 CFR.
• Parts are generally odd-numbered to allow for future
regulations. (Example: 14 CFR Part 141 and 14 CFR Part 142)
CODE OF FEDERAL REGULATIONS (CFR)
CODE OF FEDERAL
REGULATIONS (14 CFR) -
SUGGESTED STUDY LIST
CODE OF FEDERAL
REGULATIONS (14 CFR) -
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CODE OF FEDERAL REGULATIONS (14 CFR)
14 CFR PART 61
Private Pilot – 61.23 – Medical Certification
http://www.ecfr.gov/cgi-bin/retrieveECFR?gp&r=PART&n=14y2.0.1.1.2#se14.2.61_123
• First Class Medical: Required for ATP privileges
• Under age of 40: 1st 2nd & 3rd class privileges for 12 months; after 12th month it is valid for 3rd class
privileges only for an additional 48 months
• Over the of 40: 1st 2nd & 3rd class privileges for 6 months; 2nd & 3rd class privileges for an additional 6
months; after 12th month it is valid for 3rd class privileges only for an additional 12 months
• Second Class Medical: Minimum required for Commercial Pilot privileges – No 1st class privileges
• Under age of 40: 2nd class privileges for 12 months; after 12th month it is valid for third class privileges
for an additional 48 months
• Over age of 40: 2nd class privileges for 12 months; after 12th month it is valid for third class privileges
for an additional 12 months
• Third Class Medical: No 1st or 2nd class privileges
• Minimum required for Student, Private, and Instructor Pilots.
• Under the age of 40: Good for 60 months
• Over the age of 40: Good for 24 months
14 CFR PART 61
Private Pilot – 61.56 – Flight Review
http://www.ecfr.gov/cgi-bin/retrieveECFR?gp&r=PART&n=14y2.0.1.1.2#se14.2.61_156
• The flight review consists of a minimum of 1 hour of flight training and 1 hour of ground
training.
• No person may act as pilot in command of an aircraft unless, since the beginning of the
24th calendar month before the month in which that pilot acts as pilot in command, that
person has —
• (1) Accomplished a flight review given in an aircraft for which that pilot is rated by an
authorized instructor and
• (2) A logbook endorsed from an authorized instructor who gave the review certifying that
the person has satisfactorily completed the review.
• There are some exceptions such as completing training and certification for additional
pilot ratings.
14 CFR PART 61
Private Pilot – 61.57 – Recent Flight Experience – Pilot in Command (PIC)
http://www.ecfr.gov/cgi-bin/retrieveECFR?gp&r=PART&n=14y2.0.1.1.2#se14.2.61_157
• No person may act as PIC of an aircraft carrying passengers or of an aircraft certificated for more than one
pilot flight crewmember unless that person has made at least three takeoffs and three landings within the
preceding 90 days, and—
• (i) The person acted as the sole manipulator of the flight controls; and
• (ii) The required takeoffs and landings were performed in an aircraft of the same category, class, and
type (if a type rating is required)
• Night takeoff and landing experience. No person may act as PIC of an aircraft carrying passengers during
the period beginning 1 hour after sunset and ending 1 hour before sunrise, unless within the preceding
90 days that person has made at least three takeoffs and three landings to a full stop during the period
beginning 1 hour after sunset and ending 1 hour before sunrise, and—
• (i) That person acted as sole manipulator of the flight controls; and
• (ii) The required takeoffs and landings were performed in an aircraft of the same category, class, and type (if
a type rating is required).
14 CFR PART 61 – SUBPART C
Student Pilot – 61.81, 61.83, 61.85, 61.87, 61.89
http://www.ecfr.gov/cgi-
bin/retrieveECFR?gp&r=PART&n=14y2.0.1.1.2#sp14.2.61.c
• §61.81 Applicability.
• §61.83 Eligibility requirements for student pilots.
• §61.85 Application.
• §61.87 Solo requirements for student pilots.
• §61.89 General limitations.
14 CFR PART 61 – SUBPART E
Private Pilot – 61.103, 61.105, 61.107, 61.109, 61.113
http://www.ecfr.gov/cgi-
bin/retrieveECFR?gp&r=PART&n=14y2.0.1.1.2#sp14.2.61.e

• 61.103 – General Eligibility

• 61.105 – Aeronautical Knowledge
• 61.107 – Flight Proficiency
• 61.109 – Aeronautical Experience
• 61.113 – Privileges and Limitations: PIC
14 CFR PART 91
General Operating and Flight Regulations
http://www.ecfr.gov/cgi-bin/text-
idx?SID=88c6a88b52677cba09440befc1af971c&mc=true&node=pt14.2.91&rgn=div5
Subpart A—General
• §91.3 Responsibility and authority of the pilot in command.
• §91.7 Civil aircraft airworthiness.
• §91.9 Civil aircraft flight manual, marking, and placard requirements.
• §91.13 Careless or reckless operation.
• §91.15 Dropping objects.
• §91.17 Alcohol or drugs.
• §91.19 Carriage of narcotic drugs, marihuana, and depressant or stimulant drugs or substances.
14 CFR PART 91
General Operating and Flight Regulations
http://www.ecfr.gov/cgi-bin/text-
idx?SID=88c6a88b52677cba09440befc1af971c&mc=true&node=pt14.2.91&rgn=div5
Subpart B – Flight Operations – VFR
• §91.103 Pre-Flight Action
• §91.117 – Aircraft Speed
• §91.125 – ATC Light Gun Signals
• §91.151 Fuel requirements for flight in VFR conditions.
• §91.153 VFR flight plan: Information required.
• §91.155 Basic VFR weather minimums.
• §91.157 Special VFR weather minimums.
• §91.159 VFR cruising altitude or flight level.
• §91.161 Special awareness training required for pilots flying under visual flight rules within a 60-
nautical mile radius of the Washington, DC VOR/DME.
14 CFR PART 91
General Operating and Flight Regulations
http://www.ecfr.gov/cgi-bin/text-
idx?SID=88c6a88b52677cba09440befc1af971c&mc=true&node=pt14.2.91&rgn=div5
Subpart C – Equipment, Instrument, and Certificate Requirements
• §91.203 Civil aircraft: Certifications required. - ARROW
• §91.205 Powered civil aircraft with standard category U.S. airworthiness certificates:
Instrument and equipment requirements. ATOMATOEFLAMES (day) and FLAPS (night)
• §91.207 Emergency locator transmitters.
• §91.209 Aircraft lights.
• §91.211 Supplemental oxygen. 12,500, 14,000, 15,000 MSL or Cabin P.A.
• §91.213 Inoperative instruments and equipment. MEL/KOEL/AD’s/91.205/Remove or
deactivate and Placard Inoperative
• §91.215 ATC transponder and altitude reporting equipment and use.
14 CFR PART 91
General Operating and Flight Regulations
http://www.ecfr.gov/cgi-bin/text-
idx?SID=88c6a88b52677cba09440befc1af971c&mc=true&node=pt14.2.91&rgn=div5
Subpart E – Maintenance, Preventative Maintenance, and Alterations
• §91.409 – Inspections – AVIATES
• Airworthiness Directives
• VOR Checks – 30 days
• Inspections – Annual and 100 hour (10 hour overfly rule)
• Altimeter - every 24 months
• Transponder – every 24 months
• ELT – 12 months ( 1 hour of use and/or half shelf life of battery)
• Static Source – 24 months
NATIONAL TRANSPORTATION
AND SAFETY BOARD

49 CFR PART 830

AIRCRAFT ACCIDENT AND
INCIDENT REPORTING
NTSB 830 – ACCIDENT & INCIDENT REPORTING
§830.1 Applicability.
• This part contains rules pertaining to:
• (a) Initial notification and later reporting of aircraft incidents and accidents and
certain other occurrences in the operation of aircraft, wherever they occur, when
they involve civil aircraft of the United States; when they involve certain public
aircraft, as specified in this part, wherever they occur; and when they involve
foreign civil aircraft where the events occur in the United States, its territories, or
its possessions.
• (b) Preservation of aircraft wreckage, mail, cargo, and records involving all civil and
certain public aircraft accidents, as specified in this part, in the United States and
its territories or possessions.
 NTSB 830 – ACCIDENT & INCIDENT REPORTING
§830.2 Definitions.
• As used in this part the following words or phrases are defined as follows:
• Aircraft accident means an occurrence associated with the operation of an aircraft
which takes place between the time any person boards the aircraft with the intention
of flight and all such persons have disembarked, and in which any person suffers death
or serious injury, or in which the aircraft receives substantial damage. For purposes of
this part, the definition of “aircraft accident” includes “unmanned aircraft accident,” as
defined herein.
• Incident means an occurrence other than an accident, associated with the operation
of an aircraft, which affects or could affect the safety of operations. Many incidents do
not require notification and reporting to the NTSB unless requested by authorized
representative
NTSB 830 – ACCIDENT & INCIDENT REPORTING
• Serious injury means any injury which:
• (1) Requires hospitalization for more than 48 hours, commencing within 7 days
from the date of the injury was received;
• (2) results in a fracture of any bone (except simple fractures of fingers, toes, or
nose);
• (3) causes severe hemorrhages, nerve, muscle, or tendon damage;
• (4) involves any internal organ; or
• (5) involves second- or third-degree burns, or any burns affecting more than 5
percent of the body surface.
• Fatal injury means any injury which results in death within 30 days of the
accident.
NTSB 830 – ACCIDENT & INCIDENT REPORTING

• Substantial damage means

• Damage or failure which adversely affects the structural strength, performance,
or flight characteristics of the aircraft, which would normally require major
repair or replacement of the affected component.
• Engine failure or damage limited to an engine if only one engine fails or is
damaged, bent fairings or cowling, dented skin, small punctured holes in the
skin or fabric, ground damage to rotor or propeller blades, and damage to
landing gear, wheels, tires, flaps, engine accessories, brakes, or wingtips are not
considered “substantial damage” for the purpose of this part.
NTSB 830 – ACCIDENT & INCIDENT REPORTING
§830.5 Immediate notification.
• Any aircraft accident or any of the following listed serious incidents occur:
• Flight control system malfunction or failure;
• Inability of any required flight crewmember to perform normal flight duties as a result of injury or illness;
• In-flight fire;
• Aircraft collision in flight;
• Damage to property, other than the aircraft, estimated to exceed $25,000 for repair (including materials and labor) or fair market value in
the event of total loss, whichever is less.
• In-flight failure of electrical systems which requires the sustained use of an emergency bus powered by a back-up source such as a
battery, auxiliary power unit, or air-driven generator to retain flight control or essential instruments;
• Release of all or a portion of a propeller blade from an aircraft, excluding release caused solely by ground contact;
• A complete loss of information, excluding flickering, from more than 50 percent of an aircraft's cockpit displays known as: (i) Electronic
Flight Instrument System (EFIS) displays; or Other displays of this type, which generally include a primary flight display (PFD) and other
integrated displays;
• Lands or departs on a taxiway, incorrect runway, or other area not designed as a runway; or
• Experiences a runway incursion that requires the operator or the crew of another aircraft or vehicle to take immediate corrective action
to avoid a collision.
• An aircraft is overdue and is believed to have been involved in an accident.
 AIM - AERONAUTICAL INFORMATION MANUAL
https://www.faa.gov/air_traffic/publications/media/aim.pdf

• FAA's official guide to basic flight information and Air Traffic Control (ATC)
procedures.
• Contains the basic aeronautical knowledge information required to fly in the
United States National Airspace System
• Also contains items of interest to pilots concerning health and medical facts,
factors affecting flight safety, a pilot/controller glossary of terms used in the
ATC System, and information on safety, accident, and hazard reporting.
FAA ADVISORY CIRCULARS
https://www.faa.gov/regulations_policies/advisory_circulars/

• Official FAA publications that provide guidance for regulatory compliance.

• Generally informative in nature and aides in interpretation.
• Advisory Circulars are neither binding nor regulatory; yet some have the
effect of de facto standards or regulations.
• Classification is consistent with the Part of the CFR in which they refer to.
GL-1 COMPLETION
STANDARDS &
STUDY
ASSIGNMENT
PHAK – Chapter 3 