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2013 11 04 Satellite Engineering THER LJ PDF
2013 11 04 Satellite Engineering THER LJ PDF
Total
Fragmentation
Non-operational
Mission related
Rocket bodies
Operational
3
Thermal control, a mission driver?
MSL (2011) ?
Planck & Herschel
(2009-2013†) (2009-…)
4
S/C thermal design workflow
Scientific/Mission objectives
Testing
(thermal balance, thermal cycling, solar simulator,…)
5
How is it done on Earth?
6
First,…
7
3 2 heat transfer mechanisms!
Conduction Convection Radiation
Convective heat
Thermal Thermo-optical
Material parameters transfer coefficient,
conductivity properties
fluid properties
Geometric Cross section, Surface area, view-
Surface area
parameter length factor
Distance low medium ∞
𝑆
2 nodes equation 𝑄 = 𝑘 𝑇2 − 𝑇1 𝑄 = ℎ𝐴 𝑇2 − 𝑇1 𝑄 = 𝐺𝑅𝜎 𝑇24 − 𝑇14
𝐿
Example: Copper strap, Wind speed: 1m/s view factor: 1
100 x 100 mm² 𝑘 = 390 W/mK ℎ~50 𝑊/𝑚2 𝐾 Emittance: 1
𝑄 = 10 W 𝑆 = 50 mm²
𝑇𝑒𝑛𝑣 = 20 °C 𝐿 = 100 mm
8
Conductive heat transfer
Mechanism:
- through electrons: mostly in electrical conductors:
• ex: Aluminium, (~150-200 W/mK @ 300K), Copper (~390 W/mK @ 300K)
• relationship between electrical and thermal conductivity: Wiedemann–Franz law:
𝑘
= 𝐿𝑇
𝜎
- through phonons (lattice vibrations): mostly electrical insulators
• ex: Aluminium Nitride (AlN 180 W/mK @ 300K), Silicon Carbide (SiC, ~120 W/mK
@ 300K)
9
Thermal conductivity varies with T!
Also depends on the exact alloy and
treatment:
Photon’s energy:
ℎ𝑐0
𝜀=
λ𝑛
11
Integrating Planck’s Law
2𝜋ℎ𝑐02
𝐸𝑏𝜆 = ℎ𝑐0
𝑛2 𝜆5 𝑒 𝑛𝜆𝑘𝑇 −1
∞ ∞
2𝜋ℎ𝑐02 2𝜋 5𝑘4
𝐸𝑏 = 𝐸𝑏𝜆 𝑑𝜆 = 𝑑𝜆 = 𝑛2 𝑇 4
0 0
ℎ𝑐0 15ℎ3 𝑐02
𝑛2 𝜆5 𝑒 𝑛𝜆𝑘𝑇 −1
𝐸𝑏 = 𝑛2 𝜎𝑇 4
12
Thermal spectrum
Sun
Classic light bulb: ~3500K
Very low efficiency
13
Thermo-optical properties
Black body = body that absorbs all incident radiation regardless of direction
or wavelength
14
Thermo-optical properties depend on direction
non-metal
metal
Emittance of metals usually high at grazing angles before dropping back to zero (not shown)
15
But also on wavelength, T°, surface finish
wavelength
16
What’s a BRDF?
17
Spectral, directional total, hemispherical
18
Conservation of energy & Kirchoff’s Law (1860)
Kirchoff’s law:
𝛼𝜆′ 𝑇, 𝜆, 𝜃, 𝜙 = 𝜖𝜆′ 𝑇, 𝜆, 𝜃, 𝜙
19
Diffuse and specular surfaces
20
Gray surface assumptions
21
Thermal spectrum
Sun
22
Thermal engineer convention
24
How to model radiative heat exchanges?
1 cos 𝜃𝑖 cos 𝜃𝑗
𝐹𝑖𝑗 = χ𝑖𝑗 𝑑𝐴𝑗 𝑑𝐴𝑖
𝐴𝑖 𝜋𝑟𝑖𝑗2
𝐴𝑖 𝐴𝑗
25
How to use 𝑭𝒊𝒋 or 𝑩𝒊𝒋 ?
𝐺𝑅𝑖𝑗 = 𝜖𝑖 𝐴𝑖 𝐵𝑖𝑗
26
Analytical formulae rapidly not valid
𝑁𝑖𝑗 𝑁𝑖𝑗
𝐵𝑖𝑗 = lim ≅
𝑁𝑖 →∞ 𝑁𝑖 𝑁𝑖 𝑁𝑖 ≫1
28
That’s it for the theory
29
S/C thermal design workflow
Scientific/Mission objectives
Testing
(thermal balance, thermal cycling, solar simulator,…)
30
The launch phase
- As long as pressure inside the fairing > threshold: convective heat transfer
31
Ariane-5 profile
32
The space thermal environment…
33
The space thermal environment…
Internal Albedo
dissipated
power
Earth
Infrared
Emitted
radiation
34
Sun heat flux is higher in winter (northern hem.)
35
If you go for an interplanetary journey…
2
Solar flux increases as 1/𝑑𝑠𝑢𝑛 .
1367
𝑞𝑆𝑢𝑛 = 2
𝑑[𝐴𝑈]
𝛼=𝜖=1
36
Earth infrared radiation
4 𝑞𝑆𝑢𝑛 1 − 𝑎
𝑇=
4𝜖𝜎
Where 𝑎 is the albedo coefficient = average reflectivity = 0.3 for Earth, 𝜖 = planet
emittance ~ 1
𝑇𝐸𝑎𝑟𝑡ℎ ≅ 255 K
IR vary in function of
- cloud cover: IR ↘ as cloud cover ↗ since cloud tops are colder + block IR
4
𝑄𝐼𝑅 = 𝜎𝐹𝑖,𝐸𝑎𝑟𝑡ℎ 𝑇𝐸𝑎𝑟𝑡ℎ
With 𝐹𝑖,𝐸𝑎𝑟𝑡ℎ the view factor between the surface and the Earth. Earth IR can be
reflected to other surfaces that have not a direct view with the Earth…
If necessary, temperature distribution of the planet surface can be taken into account
38
Albedo
Wide range:
0.8-0.9 for snow, 0.4-0.8 for clouds, 0.05 for oceans
Averages:
Earth: ~0.33
Mars: ~0.25
39
Mission parameters: the orbit
HEO: strong Earth loads near perigee, more stable at apogee, eclipses
duration from 0 ~70min
40
Mission parameters: the attitude
Spinning satellite:
1 rpm
100 rpm
3 axis stabilized:
Scientific/Mission objectives
Testing
(thermal balance, thermal cycling, solar simulator,…)
42
Testing, launch then end-of-life…
“The PI shall ensure that the unit thermal design maintain all the internal parts within
their allowed limits at any time of the mission, during the unit level acceptance tests,
during the unit level qualification tests and during the ground satellite tests.”
43
Temperatures ranges
44
Temperature variations: in space and time
45
Payload interface heat loads
Scientific/Mission objectives
Testing
(thermal balance, thermal cycling, solar simulator,…)
47
How to meet the requirements?
Radiation Conduction
- Coating - Structural material
- MLI blanket - Doubler, filler
Passive
48
Conservation of energy is the key
𝑑𝑇
𝑄𝑖𝑛 − 𝑄𝑜𝑢𝑡 =𝐶
𝑑𝑡
49
Solar cells from thermal point of view
𝑄𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟,1
𝑞𝑆𝑈𝑁
𝑄𝑖𝑛𝑐 = 𝐴𝑞𝑠𝑢𝑛
𝑄𝑎𝑏𝑠 = 𝛼𝑄𝑖𝑛𝑐
Radiation Conduction
- Coating - Structural material
- MLI blanket - Doubler, filler
Passive
51
S/C external coatings drive their T°
4 𝛼𝑞𝑆𝑢𝑛
𝑇[𝐾] = + 2.74
4𝜖𝜎
𝛼 𝜖 = 0.5
234K
𝛼 𝜖 = 0.25
197K
53
What are they used for?
Internally:
- to insulate sensitive subsystems: low 𝜖
- …
Externally:
- …
54
First or second surface mirrors?
Second surface mirror (SSM) or OSR (optical solar reflector): low 𝛼, high 𝜖
Typical substrate:
- PET (polyethylene terephthalate, polyester, Mylar)
- Polyimide (Kapton)
- FEP (Teflon)
55
Aluminized Kapton
56
Space environment affects materials
Long Duration Exposure Facility:
6yrs in LEO
Degradation sources:
- UV radiation (not filtered by atmosphere)
- Charged particles
- Atomic oxygen
- High vacuum
- Contamination
Kapton before and after LDEF
- Micrometeoroids & debris
57
By how much? Mostly 𝜶
White paint is mostly affected by UV & charged particules
Mostly contamination
58
Coating overcoat…
Static charge control: Indium Tin Oxide (ITO) transparent (VIS) coating
59
How to meet the requirements?
Radiation Conduction
- Coating - Structural material
- MLI blanket - Doubler, filler
Passive
60
Spacecraft blanket: Multi-Layer Insulation
1 2 𝑁
𝐺𝑅𝑖 𝐺𝑅𝑖 𝐺𝑅𝑖
𝜖1 𝜖2 𝜖1 𝜖2 𝜖1 𝜖2 𝜖1 𝜖2 𝑇𝑖𝑛𝑡
𝑇𝑒𝑥𝑡
𝑇𝑒𝑥𝑡 𝑇𝑖𝑛𝑡
𝐺𝑅 ∗
𝐺𝑅 ∗ = 𝐴𝜖 ∗
1 𝐴 1 1
𝐺𝑅𝑖 = = 𝜖∗ =
1 − 𝜖1 1 1 − 𝜖2 1 1 1 1 𝑁+1
+ + + − 1
𝜖1 𝜖2 − 1
+ 𝜖1 𝜖2
𝐴1 𝜖1 𝐴1 𝐹12 𝐴2 𝜖 2
61
MLI: theory vs. practice
- Netting
Joints
Venting
62
How to meet the requirements?
Radiation Conduction
- Coating - Structural material
- MLI blanket - Doubler, filler
Passive
63
No…
High emittance
65
Other parts in the field of view
66
Example: SWAP (PROBA-2)
67
Example: ISS
68
How to meet the requirements?
Radiation Conduction
- Coating - Structural material
- MLI blanket - Doubler, filler
Passive
69
Thermal protection system = shield
TPS is the barrier that protects a spacecraft during
atmospheric reentry.
First concept :
counter-intuitive discovery: the heat load is inversely proportional
Apollo command
to the drag coefficient: bow shock wave moved forward along
module TPS
with hot gases.
70
Space Shuttle TPS
Columbia accident
71
How to meet the requirements?
Radiation Conduction
- Coating - Structural material
- MLI blanket - Doubler, filler
Passive
72
Not far from…
73
Damping based on latent heat…
74
Another example: Herschel cryostat
75
How to meet the requirements?
Radiation Conduction
- Coating - Structural material
- MLI blanket - Doubler, filler
Passive
76
The structure plays an “active” role
- …
77
Coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE)
Materials - Engineering, Science, Processing and Design - M. Ashby, et al., (Elsevier, 2007) 78
How to meet the requirements?
Radiation Conduction
- Coating - Structural material
- MLI blanket - Doubler, filler
Passive
79
Mind the gap !
80
How to meet the requirements?
Radiation Conduction
- Coating - Structural material
- MLI blanket - Doubler, filler
Passive
81
Thermal straps
82
How to meet the requirements?
Radiation Conduction
- Coating - Structural material
- MLI blanket - Doubler, filler
Passive
83
Foam: insulation under atmospheric cond.
84
How to meet the requirements?
Radiation Conduction
- Coating - Structural material
- MLI blanket - Doubler, filler
Passive
85
Heater: the most commonly used
Goals:
- replace heat dissipated by the unit when
it is switched off
EIT on SOHO
86
How to meet the requirements?
Radiation Conduction
- Coating - Structural material
- MLI blanket - Doubler, filler
Passive
87
Peltier: the mirror of thermocouple
88
How to meet the requirements?
Radiation Conduction
- Coating - Structural material
- MLI blanket - Doubler, filler
Passive
89
Heat pipe: evaporation + capillarity
90
Very low gradient
10mm Ø, 1m long heat pipe (50gr): 100W with less than 0.5K gradient
Same size copper: 3300K gradient!
Main usage:
- Heat spreader (radiator,…)
- Heat transport over large distances
The fluid is such that its boiling point matches the controlled unit
temperature range: at ambient T°, NH3 and H2O are most common
Porous wick
92
Variable conductance heat pipe
93
How to meet the requirements?
Radiation Conduction
- Coating - Structural material
- MLI blanket - Doubler, filler
Passive
94
Pumped fluid loops: for large power
MSL:
- 2000W wasted heat from RTG
95
How to meet the requirements?
Radiation Conduction
- Coating - Structural material
- MLI blanket - Doubler, filler
Passive
96
Louvers: like opening your window
97
How to meet the requirements?
Radiation Conduction
- Coating - Structural material
- MLI blanket - Doubler, filler
Passive
98
Different cooler types & operation ranges
100W
1W
Cooling power
0.01W
He, H2 Joule-Thomson
10-4W
Sorption
Puls tube
10-6W
Stirling
Peltier
10-8W
3He 4He
10-10W
Adiabatic Demagnetization
Temperature [K]
99
Planck cryogenic system
15mW 0.5mW 1.6K (JT expansion stage)
1W 0.2µW 0.1K (4He 3He dilution)
Collaudin B, Passvogel T. The FIRST and Planck 'Carrier' missions. Description of the cryogenic systems.
Cryogenics. 39. 1999. pp 157-165.
100
S/C thermal design workflow
Scientific/Mission objectives
Testing
(thermal balance, thermal cycling, solar simulator,…)
101
Finite elements vs. Lumped parameter
Need to compute the radiative exchange factors (REFs) between all faces
computationally expensive: 𝑁𝑅𝐸𝐹𝑠 ∝ 𝑁 2 (non-sparse matrix)
Temperature field smoother than stresses field: no need for mesh as fine as
finite element mesh
102
The lumped parameter method
Isothermal nodes
𝑑𝑇𝑖
𝑄𝑖𝑛 + 𝐺𝑅𝑖𝑗 𝜎 𝑇𝑗4 − 𝑇𝑖4 + 𝐺𝐿𝑖𝑗 𝑇𝑗 − 𝑇𝑖 = 𝐶𝑖
𝑑𝑡
𝑗 𝑗
103
2 mathematical models
The GMM outputs are inputs to the thermal mathematical model (TMM):
- Defines the nodal properties (capacitance, dissipation)
104
How to deal with wide range of parameters?
Worst case approach: 1 cold case + 1 hot case that encompass all cases
Hot (cold) cases is defined by taking all parameters giving the hottest
(coldest) temperature.
105
Example: Solar Orbiter
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LLMfGeIkA7E
106
Extreme UV Imager (EUI)
107
EUI thermal model
150nm thick
Aluminum entrance filter
GMM:
108
Knowing the heat path is important
Stru (goggles) & MLI 0.4 0.3 0.7 0.7 W FSI FPA 1.29
QM E,F SI = 1.4 W
S/C, Stru 0.12
Total 21.9 W + 3.4 W = 25.3 W
109
Example: SECCHI COR-1 (STEREO)
110
SECCHI COR-1 FPA
0.25 W
0.17 W 17 °C
0.47 W
-73 °C -79 °C 0.09 W
-73 °C 1.18 W
0.56 W
0.39 W
-83 °C
-81 °C
0.27 W
0.91 W
-21 °C -38 °C
1.86 W -37 °C -6 °C
0.54 W
0.05 W
1.91 W
-85 °C
-90 °C
111
S/C thermal design workflow
Scientific/Mission objectives
Testing
(thermal balance, thermal cycling, solar simulator,…)
112
Test to reduce uncertainties…
Report of the Presidential Commission on the Space Shuttle Challenger Accident, Appendix F -
Personal observations on the reliability of the Shuttle by Richard. P. Feynman
113
A chamber to remove convection
114
A thermal shroud
115
How to simulate the Sun?
116
Thermal balance + thermal cycling
often combined
117
Different types of thermal sensors
118
Effects of gravity on thermal design
119
Thermal control, a mission driver !
MSL (2011) ?
Planck & Herschel
(2009-2013) (2009-…)
120
References
ECSS
121