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Psikologi Bencana

Learning Resources
• Mental Health in Emergencies – WHO
Guidelines 2003
• Psychological First Aids - Pusat Krisis F.
Psikologi Universitas Indonesia 2009
• IASC Guidelines on Mental Health and
Psychosocial Support in Emergency Settings-
2008
Pokok Bahasan
• Survival Instict
• Emotional Reaction throughout disaster
• Psychological First Aid
• Critical Incident Debriefing
Ketika Bencana datang
• Apa yang dilakukan oleh • 10-15% bertindak cepat
korban bencana? dan tepat
• Bagaimana mekanisme 15% ketakutan
kerja otak pada saat itu? 70 % bertindak lambat,
• Apa yang diperlukan agar terpana dan bingung
tindakan yang dilakukan • Kerja otak melambat
merupakan hal yang Normal : 6-10 detik
tepat?
Darurat : lebih lambat
• Bagaimana dengan karena dibombardir
penyintas (survivors)? banyak informasi
• Berlatih pada situasi
darurat !!
Fase bencana
Emotional Reaction
throughout disaster
Emotional reactions will vary and Emotional reactions can vary
may be influenced by: depending upon the phase of the
• " Prior experience with the same or event:
similar event Before the event, as concern escalates
• " The intensity and length of the and information is made available
event through the media and the
• " Pre-incident stressors authorities
• " The length of time since the event During the event’s impact - responding
• " Loss of loved ones, housing etc. . . to the immediate effects of the
disaster
Immediately after the event’s impact
when rescue may be needed
Immediately after the event when an
Disaster psychology “preparation inventory is made of losses - personal
in emergency situation” and material
Well after the event during recovery
Emotional Reaction
throughout disaster (2)
• Penting Emotional
“Reaksi normal dalam situasi yang • - Anxiety and/or fear
abnormal” • - Guilt
1. Stress karena bencana • - Grief and/or depression
2. Trauma Psikis • - Anger

Physical Cognitive
• - Nausea and/or upset stomach • - Nightmares
• - Dizziness • - Confusion and/or disorientation
• - Headache • - Difficulty concentrating
• - Restlessness
• - Difficulty sleeping Behavioral
• - Avoidance and/or withdrawing
• - Emotional outbursts
• - Erratic behavior
Psychological First Aid
• PFA merupakan serangkaian keterampilan
perawatan dasar yang bersifat praktis dan
nonintrusive*

TUJUAN:
Mengurangi dampak negatif dari peristiwa
traumatis traumatis
Menguatkan fungsi adaptif jangka pendek dan
jangka panjang penyintas
Memperkuat proses pemulihan penyintas
ASUMSI DALAM PFA

 Orang di sekitar penyintas memiliki


kemampuan melakukan hal sederhana untuk
membuat keadaan penyintas menjadi lebih baik
 Tidak semua penyintas membutuhkan
layanan profesional.
 Tidak semua penyintas bisa mendapatkan
layanan profesional baik secara individual
maupun kelompok.
Prinsip Dasar PFA
• Berikan bantuan sesegera mungkin
langsung pada penyintas.
• Sediakan informasi akurat tentang
situasi yang ada, psikoedukasi,
penjelasan ilmiah tentang kejadian
yang ada.
• Bersikap jujur, jangan pernah
menjanjikan sesuatu yang tak bisa
kita penuhi.
• Sediakan dukungan emosional bagi
penyintas.
• Fokus pada kemampuan yang
dimiliki penyintas untuk pulih.
• Berikan perhatian yang adil untuk
semua.
Langkah-langkah PFA
Langkah-langkah PFA

PUSKRIS-F.PSI UI 2009
Langkah-langkah PFA

PUSKRIS-F.PSI UI 2009
Bertindak ketika berada
dalam stressor tinggi
• Ambil Napas Panjang
• Lihat gambaran besarnya
• Bangun Rencana – Berpikir sebelum bertindak

• Remember: IT’S NOT MY EMERGENCY!


Team Well-Being
Team leaders should:
• Provide pre-disaster stress management training.
• Brief personnel before response.
• Emphasize teamwork.
• Encourage breaks.
• Provide for proper nutrition.
• Rotate personnel.
• Phase out workers gradually.
• Conduct a debrief discussion.
• Arrange for a post-event debriefing later.
Critical Incident Stress Debriefing
Six phases:
• Introduction and a description
• Review of the factual material
• Sharing of initial thoughts/feelings
• Sharing of emotional reactions to the incident
• Instruction about normal stress reactions
• Review of the symptoms
• Closing and further needs assessment
Risk Communications - EPA
• Accept & involve the public as a legitimate
partner
• Listen to the audience
• Be honest, frank and open
• Coordinate and collaborate with other credible
sources
• Meet the needs of the media
• Speak clearly and with compassion
• Plan carefully and evaluate performance
Avoid Saying . . .
• “I understand”
• “Don’t feel bad”
• “You’re strong/You’ll get through this”
• “Don’t cry”
• “It’s God’s will”
• “It could be worse” or “At least you still
have…”
• “I’m sorry for what’s happened to you”
Rebuilding Hope

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