MTH-327-01 FUNCTIONAL ANALYSIS

Dr. Muhammad Mushtaq

July 24, 2020

1 INTRODUCTION
In functional analysis we extract the core concepts of set theory, algebra, geom-
etry, and general topology. Functional Analysis is the branch of mathematical
analysis, the core of which is formed by studying vector spaces enrooted with
some sort of limit related structure (e.g inner product, norm, topology function-
als etc). The usage of the word functional as a noun goes back to the calculus
of variations, implying a function whose argument is function. The term was
…rst used in Hadamard’s 1910 book on that subject. However, the general con-
cept of functional was introduced in 1887 by the Italian mathematician and
physicist Vito Volterra.

2 VECTOR SPACES AND NORMED SPACES

Firstly we will discuss the vector spaces, for understanding them we must have
knowledge about …eld. In general vector spaces depends upon four main points.

we must have understanding of set of scalars. When we give structure to

scalars it form a vector space.
To study a vector space we should know how to add two vectors.

If we multiply vector with scalar, a new vector will form which also belong
to the same set.
Two vectors are equal when their corresponding enteries are equal.

3 FIELD

Field can be de…ned as ordered triplet (F; +; ) having two binary operations
(+) and ( ) satisfying the following twelve axioms. In functional analysis Field
is denoted by K;usually are set of real numbers or complex numbers.

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3.1 (F; +)
Closure Property

8 a; b 2 F;
) a+b2F

Associative property
8 a; b; c 2 F;

) a + (b + c) = (a + b) + c

Additive identity
8 a 2 F; 90 2 F such that

) a+0=0+a=a

Additive inverse
8 a 2 F; 9 a 2 F such that

) a + ( a) = ( a) + a = 0

Commutative law
8 a; b 2 F;

) a+b=b+a

Left distributive property

8 a; b; c 2 F;

) a (b + c) = a b + a c

Right distributive property

8 a; b; c 2 F;
) (a + b) c = a:c + b:c

3.2 (F f0g; )
Closure Property

8 a; b 2 F;
)a b2F

Associative property

8 a; b; c 2 F;
) a (b c) = (a b) c

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 Multiplicative identity
8 a 2 F; 91 2 F such that

)a 1=1 a=a

Multiplicative inverse
8 a 2 F; 9 a1 2 F such that

) a ( a1 ) = ( a1 ) a = 1

Commutative law
8 a; b 2 F;

)a b=b a

4 VECTOR SPACE
Let F be an …eld A vector space V over F is a non-empty set V together
with vector addition + : V V ! V and scalar multiplication : F V !
V satisfying following ten axioms.

4.1 (V; +)
Closure Property

8 x 2 V;
) x+x2V

Associative property
8 u; v; w 2 V;

) u + (v + w) = (u + v) + w

Additive identity
8 u 2 V; 90 2 F such that

) u+0=0+u=u

Additive inverse
8 u 2 V; 9 u 2 V such that

) u + ( u) = ( u) + u = 0

Commutative law
8 u; v 2 V;

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 ) u+v =v+u

Left distributive property

8 u; v 2 V and a 2 F

) a (u + v) = a u + a v

Right distributive property

8 a; b 2 F and u 2 V

) (a + b) u = a:u + b:u

4.2 (V; )
Closure Property

8 u 2 V; a 2 F
)a u2V

Associative property

8 a; b 2 F; u 2 V
) (a b) u = a (b u)

Multiplicative identity
8 u 2 V; 91 2 F such that

)u 1=1 u=u

NOTE: Multiplicative inverse and commutative law does not hold.

4.3 EXAMPLES:

1. R is a vector space over R with vector addition of real numbers and scalar
multiplication being usual multiplication of real numbers.
2. Rn is a vector space over R with addition and scalar multiplication de…ned
as follows:

if [x1 ; :::::; xn ] ; [y1 ; :::::::; yn ] 2 Rn then

[x1 ; :::::; xn ] + [y1 ; :::::::; yn ] = [x1 + y1 ; :::::; xn + yn ]

If 2 R;and [x1 ; :::::; xn ] 2 Rn then
[x1 ; :::::; xn ] = [ x1 ; :::::; xn ].

There are many more examples of vector spaces such as Function space
C [a; b].Let a; b 2 R and a < b. Consider the vector space comprising functions
f : [a; b] ! |

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 that are continous on [a; b] ;with addition and scalar multiplication de…ned
as follows.
If f; g 2 [a; b] ;then f + g 2 C [a; b] is the function given by (f + g)(x) =
f (x) + g(x); x 2 [a; b] :
If 2 | and f 2 C [a; b] ; then f 2 C [a; b] is the function given by
( f )(x) = f (x); x 2 [a; b] :
C [a; b] is referred to as ’function space’, since each vector space in C [a; b] is
a function (from [a; b] to |):

5 NORMED SPACES
Now we will discuss Normed spaces. A norm on a linear space N is a real valued
function k k : N ! R satisfying the following axioms:
(N1 ) : For any x 2 N; kxk 0 and kxk = 0 i¤ x = 0(positive de…niteness)
(N2 ) : k xk =j j kxk; 8 2 F; x 2 N (positive homogeneity)
(N3 ) : kx + yk kxk + kyk; 8x; y 2 N (triangle inequality)
The pair (N; k k) is called Normed linear space or Normed Vector space or
Normed space.
NOTE

We can de…ne more than one norm on linear space.

k xk = kxk by (N2 ) for = 1:
If x; y 2 X then the number kx yk provides a notion of closeness of points
in x and y in X; that is distance between them. Thus kxk = kx 0k is
the distance of x from zero vector in X.

5.1 EXAMPLES
1. The real linear space R is Normed linear space with Norm k k : R ! R
de…ned by kxk =j x j; 8x 2 R
proof: (N1 ) : For any x 2 R; kxk =j x j 0 and kxk = 0 ,j x j=
0 () x = 0
(N2 ) : k xk =j j kxk; 8 2 F; x 2 R
k xk =j x j=j jj x j=j j kxk
) k xk =j j kxk
– (N3 ) : kx + yk kxk + kyk; 8x; y 2 R

kx + yk =j x + y j
jxj+jyj
kxk + kyk
) kx + yk kxk + kyk
so real linear space R is Normed Linear space. Similarly Complex linear
space C is Normed linear space with Norm de…ned bykzk =j z j; 8z 2 C, we can
prove it on same lines as done above

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 2. The sequence space l1 : This example gives a …rst impression of how
surprisingly general concept of a Normed space is.

let l1 denote the vector space of all bounded sequences, with the addition
and scalar multiplication de…ned earlier.
De…ne
k(xn )n2N k1 = supn2N j xn j , (xn )n2N 2 l1 : Then it is easy
to check that k k 1 is a norm and ( l1 ; k k 1 ) is a normed space.

MADE BY
Muhammad Hashir khan (FA17-BSM-041)
FIZA NOOR (FA17-BSM-014)

Good Luck!