MODULE 2

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MODULE-2 G

TECHNOLOGY INTEGRATION
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PRAMOD CHANDAN O
SANJAN JAMES N
KIRTHI APOORVA
SHABEEB BADRI
VARSHA ABRAR
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BIG DATA C
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 MODULE 2
Introduction
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• The development of information technology leads to the constant growth of structured and U
unstructured data volumes. I
L
• The availability of big data allows you to take a fresh look at various areas of human activity. The D
construction industry is no exception. It is also significantly affected by the digital revolution. I
N
Information modeling G
• One of such areas is Building Information Modeling (BIM), designed to collect multidimensional information C
about a construction site. O
BIM data is usually compressed in various proprietary formats in 3D coding. N
S
• With the advent of embedded devices and sensors, objects begin to generate massive data at the stage T
R
of operation and maintenance, which ultimately leads to a sharp increase in data on the construction U
site. C
• Big data has certain parameters, first, their size. T
I
• secondly, a variety of heterogeneous data formats, such as text, audio, video, graphics, data from sensors O
and much more. N
• third, the transfer speed.
• In the field of big data analysis, there are many areas, but in a simplified form, they are usually divided into
two categories: Big Data engineering and Big Data Analytics (Scientist).
 MODULE 2
Big Data engineering
• Big Data engineering is engaged in designing a system for processing, collecting and storing data that allows B
U
processing petabytes of data and providing access to various user applications to the results of data I
processing. This requires specialists with good programming skills, knowledgeable network technologies, L
able to interact via the Internet and work professionally with computer equipment. D
I
Big Data Analytics N
• Big data analysis includes the development of various systems of classification and forecasting to study trends and G
patterns, followed by the interpretation of results.
C
• To work with data analysis requires specialists who own the methods of search, selection, grouping, analysis, O
integration and visualization of data. N
S
• One of the Big Data processing tools available is the open source Apache Hadoop and Apache Spark platforms.
T
Cloud computing Big Data R
• Cloud computing is an Internet computing paradigm where access to demand is provided to the shared pool of U
customizable resources. C
T
• The idea of the approach is to transfer data storage and perform calculations to third-party data centers. I
• Cloud services offer three service options. O
N
• The first is infrastructure as a service (IaaS).
• The second is a platform as a service (PaaS).
• The third service is the provision of software as a service (SaaS).
 MODULE 2
• In IaaS, the user is granted access to manage virtual computers and cloud network services.
• PaaS provides the user with services related, in particular, to development environments, such as operating B
systems, programming languages or databases. U
• SaaS provides access to applications, such as Revit 360, over the Internet. I
L
D
Big Data and the Internet of Things (IOT) I
• emergence of various devices connected to the Internet and ultimately, N
the emergence of the Internet of Things (IOT) technology. G
• The main idea is to integrate smart devices and vital control objects C
through the Internet. O
N
Smart buildings and Big Data S
T
• With the development of digital technology, a modern building is becoming a complex intellectual system R
that includes such subsystems as building automation, life safety, telecommunications, user systems, object U
C
management systems, control and interaction with building maintenance services. T
Smart City and Big Data I
Solving the problems of the Smart City to improve the functioning of urban services based on big data analysis O
N
opens up new perspectives for developers and data analysts. Scopes of the Big Data for the Smart city have a
wide range of application. The distribution of video surveillance cameras in cities is widely used for various
kinds of analysts and is successfully used to combat crime.
 MODULE 2
Cloud Collaboration
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• Access to cloud information also means employees can work from anywhere, from nearly any device. S
• In construction industry, where teams are always visiting new job sites far from an office, the cloud is a T
R
huge convenience.
• Contractors are generally working with other teams to complete a project or job, which means the U
accurate and real-time sharing of documentation and processes is necessary. C
T
• Cloud computing makes this a possibility, eliminating the need to email or upload various document
I
versions between groups. O
• In 2017, over 87 percent of the construction industry revealed they felt open to deploying cloud-hosted N
software for future projects.
 MODULE 2
Advantages :
• Reliability B
• Security U
I
• Adaptability L
• Accessible D
Disadvantages of cloud collaboration : I
N
• Downtime : Downtime is often cited as one of the biggest disadvantages of cloud computing. Since cloud G
computing systems are internet-based, service outages are always an unfortunate possibility and can occur for
C
any reason.
• Security and privacy : Although cloud service providers implement the best security standards and industry O
certifications, storing data and important files on external service providers always opens up risks. Any N
discussion involving data must address security and privacy, especially when it comes to managing sensitive S
T
data. We must not forget what happened at Code Space and the hacking of their AWS EC2 console, which led R
to data deletion and the eventual shutdown of the company. Their dependence on remote cloud-based U
infrastructure meant taking on the risks of outsourcing everything. C
T
• Vulnerability to attack : In cloud computing, every component is online, which exposes potential I
vulnerabilities. Even the best teams suffer severe attacks and security breaches from time to time. Since cloud O
computing is built as a public service, it’s easy to run before you learn to walk. After all, no one at a cloud N
vendor checks your administration skills before granting you an account: all it takes to get started is generally a
valid credit card.
 MODULE 2

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INFORMATION MANAGEMENT N
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 MODULE 2
ABOUT:
o Projects in the construction industry are becoming increasingly large and complex, with new construction B
technologies, methods, and the like developing rapidly. U
I
o Without Planning and Management we can’t complete the work of construction within our time and cost. L
o the construction phase is the phase where the building begins to take shape based on the blueprints, a successful D
project requires comprehensive management of large quantities of information to allow the construction phase to I
N
succeed G
oDue to the importance of information management, the construction industry utilizes a diverse array of IT
C
techniques, and various studies and methods such as O
CIC (Computer Integrated Construction), N
CALS (Continuous Acquisition and Life-cycle Support), S
PMIS (Project Management Information System) T
R
oexist in order to comprehensively manage the information that is generated during the course of construction U
C
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 MODULE 2
OBJECTIVES:
Completing the work within specified time and budget B
Evolving a reputation for high quality workmanship U
I
Providing safe working conditions for staff and workers
L
Taking sound decisions at lowest practical management level through D
delegation of authority I
Motivating people to give their best N
G
Creating an organization that works as a team
FUNCTIONS: C
O
Deciding in advance what is to be done, how and in what order it is to be done. It involves : N
Crystallizing objectives S
Collecting and synthesizing information T
Developing alternatives within specified constraints R
U
Comparing alternatives in terms of objective feasibility and consequences C
Selecting optimum course of action T
Establishing policies, methods, systems, standards and budgets for objectives I
O
N
 MODULE 2
ORGANIZING:
Dividing the work into component activities B
Designing job structures U
I
Defining targets and responsibilities
L
Allocating resources D
Delegating specific tasks to individuals I
Establishing organizational chart for better coordination N
G

C
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CO-ORDINATING: N
S
Bringing together and coordinating the work of various departments T
Arranging regular meeting of departments R
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 MODULE 2
PROCURING:
Providing right quality resources at right time B
Preparing resource procurement schedules U
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Developing specifications for required resources
L
Deciding appropriate source of procurement D
Budgeting resources and arranging approvals and purchases I
Preventing wastage at site N
G

C
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DIRECTING OR LEADING: N
S
Providing effective leadership T
Motivating participants behavior R
U
Communicating instructions and orders C
Providing suitable climate for subordinate’s development T
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 MODULE 2
CONTROLLING:
Specifying the factors to be controlled B
Monitoring the performance in terms of progress, quality and cost U
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Comparing actual and planned performance
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Analysis of shortfalls and implementation of suitable remedial measures D
Quick and accurate flow of information I
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RESOURCES: N
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 MODULE 2
WORKFORCE PLANNING:
Work force is Skilled and unskilled labor. B
Timely employment of just required numbers of workmen of right U
I
trade and skill.
L
Over-manning and under-manning both are bad. D
Sudden fluctuations in labor strength should be avoided. I
Describe work elements. N
G
Assess no. of workdays to be put every week/month.
Draw a chart of manpower needed using CPM network. C
Adjust schedule and requirement avoiding sudden fluctuations. O
N
Ascertain availability of right trade and skill for recruitment.
S
Maintain a reasonable ratio between supervisor and workmen. T
R
U
TECHNICAL AND MANAGERIAL PERSONNEL: ORGANISATION C
T
I
A social arrangement which pursues collective goals, O
which controls its own performance. N
 MODULE 2
FUNCTIONS OF ORGANISATIONS:
Give responsibilities to the group of employee. B
Provides adequate communication. U
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Demarcates authority, responsibilities, and duties of each group and employee.
L
Coordinates and controls activities of group and individual to achieve common D
objective. I
N
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C
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MATERIALS: T
Brick, stone, timber, cement, water, aggregate, paint, electrical fittings, lime, sand etc. R
U
Material schedule showing quantity, quality and time of delivery should be prepared with reference to C
work schedule T
Plan the adequate supply of material. I
O
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 MODULE 2
MACHINERIES:
Requirements depends on type of project. B
Batching plant, mixer, trucks, vibrator, tractors, excavators and cranes etc. U
I
Equipment schedule or calendar should be prepared.
L
Equipment's can be transferred from one site to another or can be purchased D
new depending on economic analysis. I
Non-availability of right equipment or tool may lead to financial loss or can hold N
G
up the work
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FINANCE: T
Most important resource R
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All other resources depends on availability of funds. C
So financial resources should be planned very carefully. T
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 MODULE 2

B
CONTRACTS: U
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Construction contractors form the backbone of the construction business as D
they execute most of the construction work. In the competitive construction I
N
business, the contractor generally tends to specialize in particular area of
G
construction.
General contractors C
Building contractors O
N
Specialist contractors for various types of heavy infrastructure construction S
work like highways, bridges, dams etc. T
Specialist contractors for various categories of industrial works like power R
U
plants, process industries, etc.
C
Specialist utility services contractors. These include electrical contractors, water T
supply and sewage disposal contractors, HVAC( heating, ventilation and air- I
conditioning) contractors O
N
 MODULE 2

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ARCHITECTURALMODELLING O
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VARSHA K(USN-4SN16AT I
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GROUP 1
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 MODULE 2

WHAT ISAMODEL? B
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• In order to represent architectural ideas that D
originate in the mind of architects, the physical I
architectural models have served as great N
communication tools in today’s architectural G
design activity.
C
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• In simple terms, the architectural model is a N
physical 3D artifact that results from working out S
architectural ideas. T
R
U
• It is also an object which is created to show C
scale physical images of existing or T
historical buildings. I
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• In addition, the architectural model itself is an
object of beauty which can be appreciated by
the observers.

GROUP 1
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 MODULE 2

Functions of Architectural Models B

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• Communication and Overview I
L
The architectural model helps clients and D
investors to imagine how the design looks like in I
reality by visualizing the 2D drawings or 3D N
digital models. G

• Sales and Marketing C

O
Once the project is completed, the N
architectural model can be used as a sales S
tool for selling and marketing real estate. T
R
It can show the potential housing purchaser U
the location of their units and its C
surroundings. T
I
• Abstract and Future Architectural Idea O
N
Future concept models for the designs which
can not actually build by using today’s
technologies may help people to imagine the
possibilities in the future.
GROUP 2
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 MODULE 2
• Public Display and Guidance
The architectural model can be served as a
sitemap for large complex, for example, a city B
or a sitemap for a park to give visitors an U
idea of where they are and how to get to the I
desired locations. L
D
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• Fundraising N
Having a good architectural model can inspire G
the investors’ understanding, enthusiasm,
and confidence, and thus help to attract C
donors and sponsors in a fundraising effort. O
N
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• Construction Projects U
Approval and Permits C
Specifically, some governments or housing T
owners’ associations require architectural I
models to ensure whether the certain O
construction project will be cohesive with the N
local related development plan and the
surroundings of the site during the approval
process.

GROUP 2
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 MODULE 2

Architectural
• Conceptual Model
Models Classified by Use B
U
The conceptual model is made at the initial I
architectural design stage to discover the
desired shape, sketches. L
D
It is one of the first approaches to design. I
• Working Models N
G
Working models are objects which can assist to
find new solutions and show the course of a C
design project’s development at the same O
time. N
Different from conceptual models, working S
models are made of complicated materials like T
metal, concrete, etc. R
U
• Presentation Models C
Usually, presentation model is being made to T
the scale which required by the clients. I
O
It is ranging from town planning to explanation
of a Mock-up room N

These models are usually made in detail to give

the clients or decision making bodies a true
reflection of the architectural design
GROUP 2
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 MODULE 2

Architectural Models Classified by Functions B

• Urban Planning U
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Model L
• Landscape Model D
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• Office Building
Model C
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• Residential Building
Model N
S
• Theme Park T
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Model U
• Shopping Mall C
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Model I
• Villa Model O
N

• Stadium
Model GROUP 2
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 MODULE 2

B
• Hotel U
Model I
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• Museum D
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Model N
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• factory
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model O
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• bridge S
model T
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U
• shipyard C
model T
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• airport O
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model
• interior
model
GROUP 24
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 MODULE 2

Materials of Architectural Models B

• Plastic U
I
Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene (ABS) L
D
ABS is in widespread use when making architectural I
models. N
G
Acrylic
C
Acrylic sheets are lightweight, flexible plastic and with a O
better finish.
N
Polyamide S
T
Polyamide can provide a realistic implementation of
R
the complex detail design for its character of high U
precision, firmness and surface smoothness. C
T
Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) Sheet.
I
PVC Mirror Sheet is a rigid sheet but it is not as rigid as O
N
glass.

GROUP 25
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 MODULE 2

• Wood
B
Basswood U
I
Basswood is one kind of Strip woods with fine grain. L
D
Basswood has an outstanding workability and finishing I
qualities N
G
Balsa Wood
Balsa wood is one kind of hardwood with a nice finish C
O
and texture. It can be cut, painted and sanded easily.
Medium-density Fiberboard (MDF). N
S
MDF is similar to thick cardboard. T
R
It has smooth edges, natural color and easy to work with. U
C
Cork Flooring T
Cork flooring provides a feeling of nature. I
O
It is good for making landscape models such as model N
hilly sites

GROUP 26
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 MODULE 2

• paper
B
cardboard U
Lots of architectural models used cardboard to show I
roads, pathways and certain terrains by building them up L
in layers. D
I
Cardboard is cheap, portable, recyclable and uniquely N
flexible. G

Kraft Board C
O
When making the large-scale architectural models, Kraft N
board can be chosen as an ideal model building material S
as it is always used to form the overall structure rather T
than details. R
• Foam U
C
insulation board T
I
It is more used to make concept models.Insulation board O
usually has a few of colors, gray, pink and brown. N
Gator Board
Different from foam core board, gator board is easier to
build and has a smooth finish.
GROUP 27
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 MODULE 2

• Glass
B
Nowadays, glass is no more only be used only in U
window modeling. I
It can also be used to show the water or to highlight cut L
edges as a design element in architectural models. D
I
• Metal N
G
When making architectural models, metals are mostly
be chosen to make building façade, frames, model bases, C
formwork and other metal structures. O
Copper sheet, aluminum and steel plates are often found N
being used when making architectural models S
T
Clay and Plasticine R
In the past, clay and plasticine were used to express U
initial design concept since these architectural C
model making materials are very easy to shape and T
knead. I
Clay used for modeling has a fine texture and easy to O
N
smooth

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 MODULE 2

• Model Plant Materials

B
Dark Green Coarse Turf Bag U
The primary use of Dark Green Coarse Turf Bag is to I
create low grasses, leaves, and weeds L
D
Forest Green Bushes Bag I
N
Generally, Forest Green Bushes Bag is used to making G
medium to high ground covers like bushes, shrubs, and
trees C
Flocking O
N
Flocking is a great base model making material commonly S
been used to represent architectural model grass and T
low foliage landscapes. R
U
• Scenery Elements C
Scenery elements are the ready-made architectural T
model components which include miniature doors, I
windows, skylights, other building parts and components O
N
furniture, figures, vehicles, trees, etc.

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 MODULE 2

Common Scales of Architectural Models B

• Life sized model. U
I
The 1:1 scale model is also called life sized model. L
These detail models are used as presentation models to D
show the pretty much the same detail as the actual I
products. N
• Product Model G

Product model derives from the design of an object C

like furniture.The scales of product models are 1:1 to 1:10 O
• Interior Model N

1:5 to 1:10 scale interior model is great for representing a S

lot of realistic details inside a building. T
• Facade Model R
U
Facade model is a very authentic representation of C
several T
exterior design elements especially the building material, I
the windows and doors. O
• Section Part of Model N

Section Part of Model provides an internal view of

the
architectural model by exposing construction details
GROUP of 30
the building. 3
 MODULE 2

• Layout Model
The 1:50 to 1:100 scale layout model allowing views of B
room layouts if each individual floors U
• Building Model I
L
The most widely used scales for building models are1:100, D
1:150, 1:200 and 1:300. I
• Site Model N
G
Site architectural models are widely used for real estate
fairs. The most commonly used scale is 1:500 and C
O
1:1000. N
• Site plans S
T
The primary purpose of a site plan model is to represent R
the essential idea of the design U
• City planning model. C
T
City planning model is usually made in really small I
scale to represent the development plan or history of a O
city. N
• Island scale model
The emphasis of island model is on the relationships of
the existing natural environment and the addition new
structures GROUP 31
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SIMULATION IN ARCHITECTURE
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• Definition of Simulation Modeling U

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• A simulation of a system is the operation of a model of the system. The model can be N
reconfigured and experimented with; usually, this is impossible, too expensive or G
impractical to do in the system it represents. The operation of the model can be studied
C
• properties concerning the behavior of the actual system or its subsystem can be inferred.
O
• In its broadest sense, simulation is a tool to evaluate the performance of a system, existing N
or S
• proposed, under different configurations of interest and over long periods of real time. T
R
• Simulation is used before an existing system is altered or a new system built, to reduce the U
chances of failure to meet specifications, to eliminate unforeseen bottlenecks, to prevent C
under or over-utilization of resources, and to optimize system performance T
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 MODULE 2

ROLE OF SIMULATION
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In architecture, virtual or graphical simulation models can L
help in arriving at conceptual designs, taking into account D
I
wide ranges of criteria, such as layout, positioning, N
landscaping and lighting G
Also, realistic rendering can be used to help make C
depictions lifelike, adding to their value for clients O
N
As one can see, simulation helps in all three phases of any S
project—conceptual and architectural design T
Although individual tools are available to simulate these R
U
three phases separately, the use of such tools may result C
in potential loss of information when passed between T
I
different phases of the project O
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 MODULE 2

Functions of Simulation Modeling B

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After mentioning reasons of using computer modeling programs, the D
I
essential functions for N
3D simulation modeling applications (Winsberg, 2003): G

C
o Assessing extreme environmental conditions such as; strong winds, O
N
hurricanes, high S
temperature, immense sunlight, or even full darkness. T
Light contours in a museum
o Testing light flux into spaces. R
U
o Examining efficiency of circulation flow inside and outside building.
o Examining technical installations such as; sanitary, electrical, and C
T
mechanical installations. I
o Choosing the appropriate materials that match with function, budget, O
N
and aesthetic value.
o Optimizing design form for loads, weights, and safe structure.
 MODULE 2

• Simulation Modeling Applications B

• The speed and sophistication of computer modeling applications have increased rapidly over the last U
few decades, but debate persists over its ability to match the intuitive nature of physical modeling. I
L
Moreover, because of the extrusional logic used by most programs, XYZ coordinates points must be D
used to create diagonals and warped planes and can be cumbersome as compared with directness of I
N
angling cardboard planes. This limitation is compensated for by the ease with which forms can be G
manipulated. In addition, inherently common operations for a computer, such as duplication,
C
distortion, and overlay, can become powerful tools for discovery. (Mills, 2000) Simulation modeling O
applications are divided into two types: software applications and hardware applications. N
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Table 1. Candy groups of the 3D modeling and simulation programs

 MODULE 2

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Fig. 2 Interface of fifteen modeling programs. N
MODULE 2

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 MODULE 2
1.Concept Models 2.Customized Detailed Design
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Every architectural project needs a concept model that helps architects and S
clients to visualize the idea, but a lot of time and hard work is invested in Imagine an architect proposes a special kind of wall tile that cannot be T
the creation of a handmade concept model, and it becomes even more found anywhere else. With 3D printing, he is easily able to 3D model and R
difficult when there are complex geometries involved. produce that piece in order to get a mold and reproduce it with another U
material. He could even give that piece to a factory or a workshop to C
Fortunately, 3D printing is here to simplify the process. A highly-detailed produce a bigger quantity of it using other techniques, like concrete casting
physical model can be produced in a CAD program, not to mention the fact T
or injection molds.
that designers can choose from a wide range of different materials and I
colors. In this way, architects are able to offer their clients customized designs and O
unique pieces. MATT Architecture is a London-based studio that has used N
This makes the work more efficient, allowing architects to make models 3D printing to generate ceramic tiles for building facades.
faster while they’re doing other tasks. An example of this can be seen with
Make Architects – an architectural studio based in London, Hong Kong, and
Sydney – whose concept models are primarily created by Ultimaker 3D
printers.
 MODULE 2
3.Interior Design 4. 3D Printed Houses

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Building an entire house is a very difficult job that involves a lot of people,
T
money, and time, but in recent years, a lot of 3D printed house prototypes have R
emerged, proving that it’s possible to 3D print an entire home with sustainable U
3D printing can be used in interior design projects, too. This technology allows
materials in a few weeks and with a very affordable price. One of these C
prototypes has been built in Austin, Texas, by the construction technology T
architects to design objects like lamps, panels, sculptures, and decorative objects
company ICON. According to them, the house was built with ICON’s first I
that can be 3D modeled and printed to be directly used as finished products and
commercially available 3D printer, the Vulcan II.
enhance interior designs. O
This printer uses a special concrete mix as a building material and it’s designed to N
An example of this can be found through Emerging Objects, which is a creative
work under limited conditions. The main goal of the company is to reduce the
office focused on developing and realizing architecture and objects with 3D
housing problem for those who needs an affordable shelter. Perhaps 3D printing
printing. They experiment with a lot of different materials, including PLA, cement,
will be the solution for many architects to construct in a more efficient way. To
nylon, wood, metal, and chocolate.
see more examples abut this you can read the following article here at All3DP: 33
Greatest 3D Printed Houses, Buildings & Structures in 2019.
 MODULE 2
6.Future Applications 6 . Final Thoughts

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Of course, all these technological advances have opened the door to further U
expectations of what can be achieved with 3D printing.
C
One ambitious project is the Large Additive Subtractive Integrated Modular New technologies always bring innovation, and that’s exactly what 3D printing T
Machine (LASIMM), which aims to be the world’s largest metal 3D printer. If offers to architecture: A way to make the work not only easier, but more I
successful, it should be capable of producing large custom structures for efficient. O
engineering and artchitectural purposes. N
In only a few years, architects have embraced this technology for many
NASA’s competition “The Mars Habitat“, is a project that considers the purposes, allowing them to go beyond the limits of traditional design and
possibility of sending robots that construct 3D printed shelters for astronauts, building techniques – but this is just the start. Perhaps in the future, people will
prior to their arrival, using materials that can be found on Mars’s surface, such be able to live in entirely 3D printed houses, communities, or even cities.
as rock and soil.
 MODULE 2
CONSTRUCTION EQUIPMENTS
B
EARTH MOVING EQUIPMENT: U
Dozer I
L
Wheel Loader D
Hydraulic Excavator I
Vibratory Compactor N
G

C
O
DOZER WHEEL LOADER N
S
T
R
U
C
T
I
O
N

HYDRAULIC EXCAVATOR VIBRATORY COMPACTOR

 MODULE 2

CONSTRUCTION EQUIPMENTS
B
U
ROAD MAKING EQUIPMENT: I
L
Roller D
Road Paver I
Asphalt Concrete Plant N
G

C
ROLLERS O
N
S
T
R
U
C
T
I
O
N

ROAD PAVER ASPHALT CONCRETE PLANT

 MODULE 2

CONSTRUCTION EQUIPMENTS B
U
I
HAULING EQUIPMENT: L
Tractors Trailors D
Trucks I
N
Tipper G

C
O
N
S
T
R
U
C
T
I
O
N
 MODULE 2
CONSTRUCTION EQUIPMENTS
B
CONCRETING EQUIPMENT: U
Batching Plants I
Mixers L
Concrete Pumps D
I
Transit Mixers N
Concrete Placers Mixers G

C
O
Batching plants N
S
T
R
U
C
Transit mixers
T
I
O
N

Concrete pumps
Concrete placers
CONSTRUCTION EQUIPMENTS
B
QUARRY EQUIPMENT: U
Crushers I
Screening Plants L
D
Pneumatic I
N
G

C
O
N
S
T
R
U
C
T
I
O
N

PNEUMATIC / DRILLLERS
CRUSHERS
 MODULE 2
CONSTRUCTION EQUIPMENTS
B
LIFTING & HANDLING EQUIPMENT:
U
Cranes 01-10 Ton I
Cranes 301-600 Ton L
Tower Cranes D
I
N
G

C
CRANES
O
N
S
T
R
U
C
T
I
O
N

TOWER CRANES
CRANES
 MODULE 2

CONSTRUCTION EQUIPMENTS B
U
I
WELDING EQUIPMENTS : L
Generators D
Transformers I
Rectifiers N
G
Submerged Arc Welding Unit
Automatic Welding Set C
O
Submerged Arc Welding Unit N
S
T
R
U
C
T
I
O
N

Transformers
Rectifiers
Automatic Welding Unit
 MODULE 2
CONSTRUCTION EQUIPMENTS
B
U
I
L
D
I
N
G

C
O
N
S
T
R
U
C
T
I
O
N

Milling Machines Drilling Machines Boring Machine

 MODULE 2

CONSTRUCTION EQUIPMENTS
B
U
I
L
D
I
N
G

C
O
N
S
T
R
U
C
T
I
O
N
Lathe Machines Threading/Rivetting Machines
 MODULE 2
CONSTRUCTION EQUIPMENTS
B
U
I
L
D
I
N

Grinding Machines Forging & Smithy C

O
TESTING MACHINES : N
S
T
R
U
C
T
I
O
N

Hydraulic Press for Bend Test

Hydraulic Pressure Testing Machine
 MODULE 2
CONSTRUCTION EQUIPMENTS
B
EQUIPMENTS FOR LAYING OF CROSS COUNTRY PIPELINE : U
I
L
D
I
N
G

C
O
N
S
T
R
U
C
T
I
O
N

Side Boom Road Boring Machine

 MODULE 2

CONSTRUCTION EQUIPMENTS
B
U
I
L
D
I
N

G
Internal Line up Clamp
C
External Line up Clamp
O

S
T
R

Track-wheel Mounted Cranes Diesel Welding Sets T

I
O
 MODULE 2

B
U
I
L
D
I
N
G

SMALL CONSTRUCTION EQUIPMENTS O

N
S
T
R
U
C
T
I
O
N
 MODULE 2
Bolster
Bolster is like chisel but it is used to cut bricks. Its cutting edge is wider than the width of
brick. It is useful for accurate cutting of bricks. B
U
I
Boning Rods L
Boning rods are made of wood and they are T shape. They are used D
to level the excavated trench throughout its length. Minimum three I
N
boning rods are used to level the trench surface. G

Brick Hammer C
Brick hammer is used to cut the bricks and also used to push the bricks if O
N
they come out of the course line. S
T
Bump Cutter R
Bump cutter is used to level the concrete surfaces like concrete U
floors, foundations etc. It is also called screed. C
T
I
Chain Lewis and Pin Lewis O
Chain lewis and pin lewis are two different tools which are used to lift N
heavy stones especially in the construction of stone masonry.
 MODULE 2
Chisel
Chisel is generally used in wood work and this must be useful to remove the concrete bumps or excess concrete in
B
hardened surface. U
I
Circular Saw L
Circular saw used to cut the wood boards, frames etc. It is used when accurate cutting is D
required in less time. It is safer than hand saw. I
N
G
Concrete Mixer
Concrete mixer is machine which mixes the ingredients water, fine aggregate, coarse C
O
aggregate and cement to deliver the perfectly mixed concrete. N
Crowbar S
T
Crowbar is used for digging the ground and to remove the roots of trees in the ground, nails R
etc. U
C
Digging Bar T
I
Digging bar is solid metal rod with pin shape at the bottom. It is also O
used to dig the hard surfaces of ground. N
Drill Machine
Drill machine is used to make holes in the walls, slabs, doors,
window frames etc.
 MODULE 2
End Frames
Their use is similar to the line and pins. But instead of pins, L shaped frames
are used at the end of thread which hold the brick work effectively and B
U
level the alignment accurately. I
L
Float
D
Float is made of wood which is used to smoothen the plastered concrete I
surface. It contains handle on its top and smooth wooden surface on its N
bottom. G

Gloves C
Gloves are required to prevent the hands from direct contact with cement, paints O
N
etc. and to avoid injury while using machines, tools etc. S
Hand Saw T
R
Hand saw is used to cut the wood materials like doors, windows, slab panels U
etc. C
Head Pan
T
Head pan is made of iron which is used to lift the excavated soil or I
cement or concrete to the working site etc. it is more commonly used in O
construction sites. N
Hoe
Hoe is also used to excavate the soil but in this case the metal plate is
provided with acute angle to the wooden handle.
 MODULE 2
Measuring Tape
Measuring tape is used to check the thickness, length, widths of masonry
B
walls, foundation beds, excavated trenches etc. U
Measuring Wheel I
L
Measuring wheel is used to measure the distances or lengths. It contains a D
wheel of known diameter, which record the no.of complete revolutions I
from which the distance can be measured. It makes the work easier. N
G
Pick Axe
Pick axe is used to excavate the soil. It is more suitable for hard soil which is C
quite difficult to dig with spade or hoe. O
N
Plumb Bob S
Plumb bob is used to check the verticality of structures. It contains a solid T
metal bob connected to the end of a thread. It is also used inn surveying to R
U
level the instrument position. C
T
Plumb Rule I
Plumb rule is used to check the vertical line of wall whether it is perfect O
vertical or not. It contains a straight wood board with uniform edges. On its N
center a groove is provided in which plumb bob is situated. When the rule is
placed vertically with the wall the plumb bob should be in the groove line
otherwise the wall will not be vertical.
 MODULE 2

B
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D
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THANK YOU C
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