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EneoHopa AAMOBCKA, npooecop Bo ACy,,Ko.ro PaunH" - CKonje

Co PeuteHhe Ha MLrHucrepor 3a o6pa3oBaHre u HayKa Ha Peny6nhKa NlaKeAoHxja

6p 10-1786 oA 19 jynrl 2002 roA Ha ce oAo6pyBa ynorpe6ara Ha oEoj y,re6HfiK.
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najKa npBr4or
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ja
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) Uluo e -r€oqcocpujo?
> UlLuo Upoy,{ybo Uoo?
) 3oLu o e 3HoeojHo oo nyieuro?

Feorpa$fijara e eAHa oA Hajcrapl4re

HayKfi. l,4N{ero h ro Aar rpqKt'1or HayqHhK
EparocreH Bo IIl BeK npeA H.e. 36opor
reorpaofija e cocraBeH oA ABa craporp.iKu 360-
pa reo - 3eMja r rpa$rex - on[uyBabe. OB]4e
36opoB npeBeAeH Ha Haui ja3vK 3Haqar onflc Ha 1
3er4jara - 3eMjonrc. Toa 3Haqe$e e Hay'lHo onpaB- 'g
AaHo, 6laAej(ra reorpaofiTe Bo MvHaroro ce 3aHuMaBafle 't
:'.
caMo co ori[L]JyBa]be Ha 3eMj Hara noBpltlrHa, noKpaj fp-
L|.1Te onhcrl:a riexor o6racrr Ha 3eMjara ocraBhne h crap re
Erun(aH11, Acupllv, BaBvroHqr,l K[He3t1 npeA 3 000 roA,1Htl.

AeHec, reorpaohjara HeMa 3a qen caMo Aa ja on uyBa 3eMjara,

ryKy npeAMer Ha npoy,ryBaFbe ce crre oop14la Ha 3eMjfiHara noBpulttBa: penjeo, KnhMa,
Boaa, noqBy, pyAh, pacr[TeneH I xvBorl,rHcKr4 cBer fi ap nopaAx roa raa npBo r
npoy'.]yBa ,.rert,lptare 3eMjxHr4 o6BfiBKl,1:
rrrocQepa (xavena o6anaxa), xr.rApoc$epa (so4ua o6susra), arMocoepa (Bo3AyuHa o6erexa) r 6xo€OePa
(o6BraBKa Ha x[Bxor cBer). OcBeH H B, reorpao jara rx npoyt]yBa HaceneH,4ero v Hacen6 Te Ha 3eMjara, KynrypHo
-reorpaocKl4Te, norl4Tu.]Ko-reorpa0cKrire r cronaHcKo-reorpa$cKfiTe oAnl4Ku Ha cBeror. Toa 3Haq AeKa raa e np poAHa
I onurecrBeHa Hayr<a,6t4ej(r rr npoy'.]yBa np!4poAara h onurecrBoro. Co pa3Bojor Ha HayKara fi Ha rexH Kara npeAr4er
Ha npoyqyBar-be Ha reorpa$rljara ce BcerreHara,1 BcereHcKvre rena: sBe3a!4, CoHqe CoH.reB c creM/ nnaHer[, careu]1T!4,
Kor{erx x apyro, KaKo 14 3eMjara KaKo Bce/reHcKo reno. HoBure co3HaHfija xofi ce ao6 eaar oA BeuJTaqKxre calenvrvl
BcereHcK Te 6poAoBut4craHtltltlr coHAATe fi Apyro, yLJTe noee(e (eja:6orarar reorpao[jara KaKo HayKa.
Teorpao[jara KaKo HayKa ce aenh Ha onura noce6Ha (per oHanHa).

onrurara reorpa$hja rH npoy,.ryBa nojaBxre fi OopN4 re Ha uenara 3er4jfiHa noBpuJfiHa. Taa ce Aen!4 Ha S 3[qKa
reorpaQxja, coq o-eKoHor'4cKa reorpaQ ja 6 oreorpa$vja.
OrBnqKara reorpaor.rja rla npoyqyBa Sr3rqKfire cBojcrBa Ha 3eN{jara h c re np poAH nojaBh uJro HacraHyBaar
ao aruocQepara r Ha 3eMjhHara noBpuJxHa. Or3r4qKara reorpaoxja e 36xp Ha noee(e Hayxr o4 rou ceKoja oA H B npoyqyBa
pa3n ,.rH nojaBr Ha 3eMjlaHara o6BuBKa (penjeQ, Kry'qat Bc,AA, xr4B cBer, noqBl h Apyro). TaKa, penjeoor ro npoyqyBa
reot4opSonor jara, M!4Mara - RnuYaronornja, BoAxre - x Aponoruja, xraror caer - 6roteolpa4[ja, noqB Te - neAorlo-
flaja.
Coqno-eKoHoHcKara reorpaorja ce3aH MaBa co npoyrryBarbe Ha pa3l4ecreHocra Ha HaceneHfiero Ha 3eMjara,
Hacen6 re, pyAHoro 6o.arcrBo, IHAycrp[jara, 3eMjoAetcrBoro, rypu3r4or t4 Apyro.
E[oreorpaoxjaraja npoyl{yBa pa3MecreHocra Ha pacrt4TenH or Ha xrBorr.lHcKxor cBer Ha 3eMjara.
noce6Hara (perroHanHara) reo.paoxja npoy'{yBa noMan }4nr4 noToreM reorpaocKx npocrop, KaKo KoHTl4-
HeHT / ApxaBn/ ocrpoBx, o6nacrr x Apyro.
 .. : nonyronqecr oT He6eceH cBo4 Koj ro
rfleAaMe HaA Hac ce B Ka He6o. He6oTo e
ct4Hc KoTa BpeN4eTo e coHL{eBo 14 Tonno, a c Bo Kora e

7 .. ':;"
-;/: o6naqHo 14 BpHe)ouBo. Ho(e roa e qpHo t4 t4cflonHero co t4Hory
:- ' sBe3Afi. OBue nporleH[ Ha Heooro r,1 3a6enexyBaMe KaKo nocneA Ua
. ' oA npo6[BaFbero Ha coHtieB[Te 3paLlh Hr43 Bo3Ayxor, Koj e nposhpeH Bo chre
npaBu!4. AKo HeMa Bo3Ayx (6 neMa Hx 60!4 Ha He6oro.

14Ma nx He6oro rpaH qri?

He6oro e 6ecKpaeH HeoeceH npocrop 14 roa HeMa rpaHhuu. EecxpajtHiaor. ne6ece.H npofiop rcnonHer co sBe3,qta
t
Apyrh He6ecH rena ce BfiKa BcereHa !4rh KofMoc. --
--l - .. 'l)\.'
.l
pa3HoBHtllHeoecf{
-. -:
BcereHara e ficnorHera co rena Ko!4 ce A8}4xar no crporo yJBpAe!.pj|. Herou oa oeue{ena
ceBXeLJTeH,facoBVTAACBernWApyfVCeTBpAl4;TeeF!4{CryAeHla,alaMehTaKBIKOXCeCrTHfiKaKOnpaB 1

KaxBt,t ce no roner,4fiHa He6ecHure rena? \ r, t

,' , .'
He6ecH[Te rena no roneMflHa ce pa3^[,-rHr-\ocrojar rena xor
Man KaKo,,Uyue", xonva uraxeu co rqfe{fiHa Ha
ce
,,r.ll,rr" rou ce nose(e M[rr4oHr{ narr nororeM oa noeiurxara Ha 3eMjara. Pa3Bojor Ha HayKara Ha rexHfixala *aqoeexor\-
*
r4y oBo3r'4oxyBaar cE noae(e4aja ncrpaxyBa npoyqyqa BcereHara.3araa qen roj Kopucrta paKeru, acereHcxr 6pogoar,
.t
couAr, najco{peueHu acrpoHolrcKr renetKonx I Ap TaKa, voaexor nocrenexo n J
BceneHcKl,l craHuur4, Beura'rKta careflfiTr,r,
cA noAna6oxo HaeneryBa BorajH TeHa Bcenelara r noc{ojaHo n1 3roneMyBa co3HaHxjara 3a Hea. Meirroa, coAeHeuHlaor
-
creneH Ha 3HaeFbe r orKpr.rBdFbe/ BcereHcxror npocrop:a Aac cl yure e 6ecxoneven r 6e: rpanlrqr.

HaBeqep Bo BcereHara ce 3a6enexyBaar r{Hory sBe3Ax, cosBeA ja, nnaHer / carerfiTe, KoMerr/ Mergoph,
MeTeopxr4 14 Apyro.
Ho6nyqybaj, uctapox<yboj u
ce sbe3qu?
LllLUo
3o116o rub w -r eqoMe coMo Hobe,rep
t KoKo wr^eqooul tiJue?

SBe3Axre ce MHory roneM / Tonqecrh t4 BXEUTEH'1 .Txe Ha-

Belrep np BeApo He6o oA 3eMjara ce ffeAaar KaKo TOa e npfiBr.rAHo nopaAl
HfiBHara roreN4a oAEareqeHocroA Hac, Koja ce Mep foAAHVt.

lllro e cBernocHa roAfiHa?

CBerrocHa roAhHa e pafiojaH ero Koe cBernocHr4o

oA 300 000 KrnoMerprl Bo ceKyHAa.
ffi K ro I4r4HyBa 3a

no cBojara floBpLuxHa HeKoh oAsBe3A TeceM IlIoHh flar nororJeM oA

SBe3Ahre ce Aenar Ha roreNifi ,,Ur4HoBr,4" xor na noapuunarar Maar reMneparypa v Ao70 O00oC I Manfi
sBe3Afi ,,UyUr.4 $a" qhja noBpLJ!1Ha rlMa reMneparypa Ao 8 000oC, Haj6nl4cKa sBBAa Ao 3eMjara e CoHuero roe cnaia
BO rpynara Ha Manx sBe3arl - uyut/$4.
Chre sBe3ALl Kox ce ineAaar na rie6ecrror ceog, r'lery
Korl Hauero CoHL-le uy nprnaiaar na rcr sBe3AeH ctafieia, Koj ce
BrKa faraKT[Ka l,'ln11 Mre.]eH Tlar. TanaKT Kara e sBe3AeH cficrerl
cocraBeH oA 200 Ao 300 MhrtnjapAn sBe3Ah, Chre r e ce ABhxar
oKony Hej3xH/or qerrap, a nery H B h Haujero coHqe. noBe(e
sBe3Arl coopaHx Bo rpynrl ce BhKaar cosBe3Aflja. AeHec, acipo-
HoM Te ro Ae,rar ne6oro Ha BB cosBe3A[ja. Ha MHory oA HIB
crap re TpqLiAane vM,fba cnopeA HeKo xr4BorHrl rirn nr q,4.
,rN.{

no3Harx cosBe3A ja ce: ToreMara lYanara i\4eqKa, 5[K, tlaB,

Ie6eA, Pla6a, Open, Japeq, LllKopnhja Ap

)9*log*r,
* :P?, L HaBEqEp, npH BEApo HEEo, npoHAJAH FH H HAE/bvAvBA-r
"i- .{ TH COSBE3AI,IJATA TONEMA H MAAA MEgKA H BO Y(]HAHUJ-
HATA TETPATKA HANHLUH KOAKY SBE3AH THE COAP>KAT.
OnhLIu fA PAfAHKHTE METy HHBI

2. Ao3HAJ oA nocTAPHTE I1 3A APYII/ cosBE3AHJA, A HHB-

HHTE HMHFbA HAN],1UJ], BO Yg}4NHLUHATA TETPATKA.
'U

ffi e'rre @K.dnut @tarcfte q,@ sru.aeu

) Haweruo Cottrqe sa da ouuue xpya so faJrarc.uuvarua uHy-

eq uaw od 250 ntunuoau ioduflu. Oaoj apeueacxu ftepuod
ce aapercyea Kocuuurcu ioduaa,

) Hajdnucrcarua seeada (oceeu Cou4eruo) e oddsneueuc od

SaviaEta 4,3 ceeirnocnu ioduau.
Y Hajcjajnattta seeada na aaueuto ne6o ce naoia eo cosae3-
duetuo fo"le"vo Kyue u ce eura Cupuyc

@
 CoHqero e Haj6nlcKa sBBAa Ao 3eMjara. Toa e roneN4a
BXeLJTeHa, facoBrTa r TonqecTa r4aca, Koja 3paq cBeTfl[Ha ]1
TOnn[Ha. Bo qeHTapor Ha coHqeTo reMnepaTypara aocrfirHyBa 20
14 n a Ha noBptlllHara oKony 6 000oC.
oHl4 creneHu Uen3[ycoBl4,
OA oBaa ronn xcnpa(a
Ha CoHqero Ao 3eMjara noManKy oA 2 Muni4-
japa[Tv AenoBt oA oBa Konr'.]ecrBo, Ho x roa e ao8onHo 3a aa ce oBo3-
MOXX X OApXr,4 XI4BOTOT Ha Hea. 3aToa Ben[Me AeKa coHqeTo e ]€Bop Ha
xxBoror. 6e3 Hero 3eMjara 6!4 6una reMHo Teno h neAeHa nycrrHa. Ha He6oro,
coHqero ro eaaMe MHory Mano Bo Bl4A cBerna ronKa. Ho, Toa e npxBllAHo nopaAh
roneMara oaaaneqeHocr oA 3eMjara Koja r3HecyH 150 Ml4nl4oHl4 km. Bo cnoper6a co
3eMjara, CoHqero xMa BonyMeH noroneN{ oA Hea 3a Mxnt4oH tA rpucra AnjaAl4 naru' A
nonynpeqHt4Kor My e 3a 109 narr nororeM oA nonynpe'{Hl4Kor xa 3eujara' OBue rpaHALlo3Hl4
auMeH3rlu ce np[qxHa 3a roaelrara np BneqHa cuna Koja
ja xMa CoHqero. Co raa c[na coHqero rx
np[BneKyBa x nphHyAyBa nnaHerure, caren r rer Mereopure ! Apyrxre He6ecxu rena 4a xpyxai
oKony Hero r 4a ro o6pasyaaar CoHqeBfior cficreM. Toj clcreM ro coq HyBaar CoHqero KaKo
eatlHcrBeHa sBe3Aa, AeBer nnaHerx, oKony 2 0OO MfiHxjarypHh nnaHeru (nflaHeroxAx), 61 carenur'
noge(e xoueru r xaA M n japAa Mereopx.
nnaHervre oa CoHqeBfior ctlcreM, co nojacor Ha acrepo[A Te xoj ce laoia uery Mapc r
Jyn rep ceAenar Ha BHarpeuHu - lvlepKyp, BeHepa,3eMja Mapc Ha HaABopeuH[ - Jyn reD CarypH,
ypaH, HenryH u nnyroH. BHarpeuHure nnaHer,4 ce oAnuKyBaar co roreMa rycrhHa' pa3peAeHa
arMocoepa r 6aBHo aBrxelbe oKony cBojara ocKa. T!1e [N4aar rorreMo KonxqecrBo a3or, Kt{cnopoa t4
TeuK Merarr r uan 6poj carenrrv. HaABopeuHfiTe nnaHerv Maar roreMa Maca u BonyMeH/ Mana
'': rycrfiHa r 6p3o ce ABlxar oKony cBojara 3aMucneHa ocKa. Bo HxBHvor cocraB y']ecrByBaaT necH
,(_{ ",i-.
: eneMeHT , rnaBHo, Boaopoa u xenxyM, a h!4a noroneM 6poi caren rrl.
t,, .,o' t\".,, coHqero nperexHo e cocraBeHo oa BoAopoA x xen[yM. ocBeH HxB, Bo HeroBara rpaAoa
{' : yqecreyaaar
\ r 60 Apyrx eneMeHrh. Meilnoa, crre ue ce Man Aen Bo cnopeA6a co BoaopoAor' Ha
coHqero r4oxar Aa ce rcaBojar 4 coepx: iaApo, OorocoePa, xpoMocoepa I kopoHa.
 Oq xou Lacobu e coc@obno

Jaaporo.ro onSa(a cpepuuuttor Aen Ha

CoHuero. Bo Hero BnaAee reMneparypa oa 20
r{rn}4oH}r creneH UemuycoBx I nplrl4coK oA
400 Ml4nrjapal4 arMocQept4.

oorocoepara e BxMxBara noBpuxHa

Ha CoHqero oA Koja 3paq[ cBern Ha. Ha Soro-
coepara ce 3a6enexyBaar reMH[ aar4Kx. T[e
Ha noBpuxHara Ha CoHqero ce 3aApxyBaar no
HeKOnKy AeHa, a HeKo[ 14

co Meceula. AaMKure ce pa-

cnaiaat sa aenoB 14 t4c-
qe3HyBaar. Bo Hr4B TeMne-
parypaTa rcHecyBa oKony
5 000oC. OcBeH H B Bo
Qoroc$epara rr6yary- noBpurrHa Ha CoHqero
Baar u nnar4eH14 ja3l4ql4 co
reMneparypa Ao 7 000"C.

XpoMocQepara l4nt4 Corveeara aruoc$epa ce rneAa caNlo npx noMpaqyBabe Ha CoHqero. OA Hea Bo BxA
Ha BoaocKoK 36rBaar orpoMHu Mna3oBx Ha sx#TexI racoex co reMneparypa Ao 10 000oc.

KopoHara e HaaBopeuJH'aor aefl l,| Hajpa3pe4eunor cnoj Ha CoH']eBara arMocQepa oa Koja 3pa'l HajMana
cBern[Ha
i*.

ffi,exo @Kou lobeKe W aHaeu

CoHqeiao ,tacutaHatto fiped 5 nuLtujapdu t#:unu fuonio epene, cb do XVI eeK ce 1tucJreno dexa Con-
qeuto Kpylrcu oaony Senjafia- Taa udnyda ja outcdtpavun uoncruoEt acitpono'tr' HuKor,a Koiiep'
nux eo 1543 ioduua.
CaeinlruHatua Koja ja
daea Koponatta deojno e fioc.nada od ceeGuauuatua Ha uo"'ma6aa Mece"uua-
Macatta na Conyefio e 330 000 aaAu iioii'cena od uacafra na Senjafi&' . :i ; ... . .'.
Coaueaufue apa4u upucttuiHysaaut Ha 3e-ntjstua 3a8 uHytu u 18 cexyidu". \
)Srrq*r,
I. KonKy nATH E noFoAEM BO^YMEHOT H NOAYNPEqHHKOT HA COHUETO BO

2. co urro cE oaAHKvBAAT BHATPELIIHHTE nAAHETH Bo coHqEBLIor cHcrEM

OA KoH coEPH E COCTABEHO COHUETO?
 Ho6nyqytuj, uofrWrytuJ u qosnaJ:
,- 'j
_'J
> Kojo u oHeruo jo so6enexyboMe upbo Uo
:oolorue Ho CoHuerlo? Ho Kojo cLlpoHo . ,i^ .-:
Ho cbeLuo[ jo r eqoMe Hobegep?

ce cor-uenutuu? Aosnoj so uveUo

Lt LlluJo no
HeKou oq HUb?

nnaHer[Te ce reMHr4 u rapglr xe6ecxu rena co SopMa Ha ronKa. OA 3eMjara ce rneAaar KaKo cBernx rena. Ho,
Toa e nptaBr4AHo I e nocnealrua oa oa6reHara CoH,]eBa cBerr Ha,
CoHqeB or o4creM ro co,.{r4HyBaar 9 nnanerr. Tprnyeaj(r o4 Haj6n cKara Ao CoHqero KoH HajoAAaneqeHara
rne ce no cneAH[or peAocflel: lvlepKyp BeHepa, 3eMja, Mapc, Jyn[rep, CarypH, ypaH, HenryH nnfroH.
nopeAeHLr I
CfiTe r e ce AB Xar oKony CoHqero no fiporo yrBpAeHanareKa onrluyBaar Kpyr. Co rono oKo oA 3eMjara r'roxar Aa
ce B[Aar lvlepKyp BeHepa, Mapc, Jyn rep 14 CarypH. CnopeA roreMrHara, nnaHerfire ce Aenar Ha Man : MepKyp,
BeHepa, 3er4ja, Mapc lhyroH h roner4r: lynhreo CarypH, ypaH r HenryH.

MepKyp e Haj6n cKa nnaHera Ao CoHuero. OA Hero e oAAaneqeHa 58 MlanxoHr km,

fbpaAu 6n!43[Hara Ha CoHqero roj np Ma 7flarr nororreMo KonfieecrBo ronrl Ha oA3eMjara,
MepKyp oKony CoHqero onxuyBa Kpyr 3a BB AeHa. Kaj oBaa flnaHera eAHara noroB[Ha e
nocrojaHo cBpreHa KoH CoHqero, a Apyrara ce naoia eo ceHKa. 3aroa Ha crpaHara u3roxeHa
KoH CoHqero uMa caN4o neH co reN4neparypa Ao +400oC, a Ha Apyrara nonoBxHa BnaAee caMo
no(, co reuneparypa Ao -200'C. OBHe rei4neparypHh pa3n Kfi He oBo3MoxyBaar xrlBor Ha
oBaa nnaHeTa.

BeHepa e oAAane,reHa oA CoH4ero 108 14 n oHr4 km onuuiyBa Kpyr oKony Hero 3a

255 AeHa. Bo )'rpr4HcK[Te qacoBn npeA !43rpeBor Ha CoHqero, Beuepa ce raoia na ficroK, a no
:aofarsero ra CoHllero Ha 3anaA. 3aroa Bo HapoAor oBaa nraHera e nciHara KaKo sBe3Aara
AeH[qa I
Be,]epHrqa, 6rAejfu ce rneAa oA 3eMjara KaKo HajcjajHa Bo rhe nep oAr4 oA AeHor.
TeMneparypara Ha BeHepa MepeHa npeKy coHAx r43HecyBa +445'C. nopaA!4 oBve BucoKt4
reMneparypx BeHepa npercraByBa BxeLJTeHa 14 6eBoAHa nycuHa. HajHoBfiTe crpaxyBa$a
roKaxaa AeKa Ha Elenepa rua roreu 6poj xIBr4 BynKaHu.

3eMjara e rpera nnaHera no oAAaneqeHocr oA CoHqero (150 Mun cHh km). Taa e
eAriHcrBeHa nnaHeTa Bo CoH,{eBfior o4crer{ Ha Koja nocror4 xr4Bor. Ha 3eMjara ,rMa xhBor
3aroa uro raa Hee nperanory 4o6nlrxena, Hl4ry npeMHory ogane,reHa oA CoHqero.

Mapc e oManeqeH oA CoHqero 228 MhnxoHx km x ro 06 KonyBa 3a 1 roAuHa u 11

Mecellx. []o cBor4Te HaABopeuHn oco5uHu Mapc e cn!4.]eH Ha 3eMjara. OKony cBojara
3aMrcreHa ocKa (porauxja) ce 3aBpryBa 3a 24 qaca u 37 tar',Hyrtl, a peHor x Horra uy rpaar
npx6nuxHo KaKo H Ha Hauara nnaHera. TeMneparypara oKony eKBaTopoT Ha lvlapc [3HecyBa
10 - 20"C, a eo rexor Ha Hoftra ce cnyura Ao -50oC. Ce npernocraByBa AeKa Ha oBaa nraHera
nocrojar HeKo[ Hl4cKr,r SopMri Ha xrBor, KaKo n[ual4, Ho, n]aBHo, HeroBara noBpurl4Ha e
nycTr4HcKa.
 Jynrarep e HajroneMa nraHera Bo CoHqeB or cr4creN4, no cBojor cocraB Toj e
BOracoBhTa cocToj6a co rycTHHa noMana oa 3eN4jaTa, Ho,3aToa, naK/ r4acaTa !4y e 3a
318 narh noro^eMa oA 3eMjara/ a BonyMeHor 3a 1 345 narx. lyn rep oA CoHllero e
oA.4aneL{eH 778 MVnvoHv km !a ro o6{KonyBa 3a 12 roAVHt4. Bo al4ocoepara Ha
Jyn rep A xenvyw a N{Hory noN4anKy MeraH, ar4oHxjaK, a3or
!4Ma Hajr,rHory Bo.4opoA
KICIOpOA. Ha OBaa nraHeTa BflaaeaT H!4cKr4 TeN4neparyp Kox h3HecyBaaT oKony
-1400c.

CarypH no roneMHHa e BTopa nnaHera Bo CoH'ieBl4or

cucTeM, Taa e Bo racoBfira cocrojoa x oA CoH qeTo e oAAaneqeHa
1426 Mnntaoi4 km. 3a Aa ce 3aBpr4 eAHau oKony CoHqero Ha
CarypH My e norpe6Ho BpeMe oA 29 roE.u{u. OA ,4pyr re
nnaHeT carypH ce pa3n KyBa co HajN4ana rycT[Ha, Hajfonella
nrrocKaTocT H KapaKTep!4cTvqH npcTeHl4, Ha CarypH BnaaeaT
MHOry HhCK TeMfleparyp!4 AO -150oc nopaA[ UJTO He nOCTOjar
ycnoB 3a x!4Bor.

ypaH, HenryH x nnyroH ce HajoManeqeHH nrraHer Bo CoH,reB or 04crer4. TaKa, nopaA oA-
AaneqeHocra, ypaH ro o6vKonyBa CoHUero 3a 84 roA/Hh, HenryH 3a 165 roAxHr4, a nnyroH 3a 248 roAhHl4. Ha
oBxe nnaHerx BnaAear MHory HrcK reMneparypfi ,1 Ao -273oC (KaKo Kaj nnyroH) nopaAfi rxTo He nocrojar
ycnoB 3a xfiBor.

Caren]1T]l ce rer4H He6ecHh rena Koh Kpyxar oKony nnaHerfiTe, 3eMjara

Ma eAeH np[poAeH carerr4r - MeceqhHara, Mapc - 2, Jyn rep - 17, CarypH - 22, ypaH
- 5 h HenryH - 2. OcBeH Hl4q oKony 3eMjara Kpyxar 6e36poj Be[JTaqKu carer rl4 qhja
uen e aocraByBal-be noaaTouh ao&MjaTa 3a HayqHh cTpaxyBarba.

\l/
rrJr
tnj ttf o[:c tz= IJe rtr-;fa.-pe-ClJpo

nryruo e oqeutenatr oe CoHl!,etuo 736 5 uunuouu km.

3tt gtt ?t' 1!t'"r.t HL' t)rtt Pttt utttitHlt"
tttttt(tH Kttj .trt!ttt rt)
1pstttttt o9 1200 kn nu uuc tlorupe6nu n!, ce 70 zogunu.

0t,,t t.t Mopt xPytt|aut lso t tu!t(ntlulo t c 6uhaqut

tbcSoc (ctupq6) u (lttruc). ^ou
leuoc
H,t.l ytr rt t utp tI Hot' )tttuti Httj 2t tn' i' tua!t u Pt tPt'9Hu
cau-erTuluu eo Conqeertcttl cucu-e . Too ce f]ilu eg
Lt Kotttculo.

Ca ientirr4

I
 KoMe60

Bo CoHqeBr4or cl4creM nocrojar I rofleM 6poj Man nflaHer[ - nnaHerorlA[ I4n[

acrepoxax. Tte ce raoiaar Bo uHTepnnaHerapH[or npocrop nouery nnaxerrre Mapc I
lyn[Tep nnaHeroxAure ce oMuKyBaar co al4MeH3ur4 Bo npeqHrKor oa 1 ao 800 km. Aocera
ce orrpreHu noae(e oA 2000 nnaHero AuoAKo HajroneMx ce: Liepepa, nanaAa, Becra I
JyHoHa. nnaHeroxAr,lTe ce AB[xar MHory 6p3o oKoay cBojara 3aM oreHa ocKa h roa eAHaul
3a 4 gaca. Ce npernocraByBa AeKa nnaHero[A Te npercraByBaar pacnaAHar AenoBu oA
teror norolemr ge6ecH[ Tera.
KoMerlre ce noce6H[ He6ecHx rena. Ha HxB ce pa3n[KyBa rnaaa ao Qopva na
TOnKa U fi3AOnXeHa OnaUJKa.

fraBara Ha Kor4erara ro coq HyBa jaAporo 14 Toa e eA[HcrBeHlor uBpcr Aen Kaj
KoMera rorreMa noBe(e xunouerpr. fnaBara e rlsrpaAeHa oa npaB, TBpax nap'{l4$a pa3Ho-
sxaeH BcereHcK, Marep jan x oa 3aMp3Har[ racoBt4.

OnauKara Kaj KoN4er[Te aocrxrHyBa aonxxHa oA HeKonKy r4[nroHl4 km, Taa e

cocraBeHa oA pa3peAeH qecrfiqK Ha racoer lrery Kox HaFacraneH ce: jarnepoA Ax-
oKc A, a3or, Kxcnopoa, BoaopoA, N4eraH, aMoHxjaK u ap

KoMer re ro 3ao6[KonyBaar CoHqero no u3AorxeH,l nareKfi Bo B A en{flca. [4Ho-

ry oa Kor4er[Te Aoafaar eo pasnuvxu nephoar4 Ko[ Tpaar v no HeKonKy finjaAa aoAl4Hn, oA
5 780 no3Harx KoMer[ caMo 68 npaBar Kpyr oKofly CoHqero Bo nep oA noKparoK oA 10
roAuHl.4. TaKBa e KoMerara EHKa Koja ce nojaByBa Ha ceKoh 3 roAl HV u 3 t4eceu, EaBaoA
Hajno3Har re KoMerh e XaneeBara KoMera Koja ce nojaByBa Ha ceKor 76 roAl4H|4. nocneAeH
nar Bo 6n[3xHa Ha 3eMjara e 3a6enexaHa Bo 1985 roaxHa. cyaxpor Ha KoMerrre co
3eMjara He npercraBy8a onacHocr 3a xhBrlor cBer. Co BaeryBalbero Ha KoMerara Bo MeEeopu
3eMjxHara arMocoepa 3aN4p3Har[re racoar 6pso (e Ncnapar, a oajaaporo Ha Kouerata (e
ocTaHaT caMo Manr HecoropeH napqulsa cnxqHx Ha MeTeopu.

Mereop[ ce reraHx, cryAeru r qepcrr xe6ecHx rerla Kot,t HacraHale co pacnafarse

Ha He{oja KoMera flI gpyrn He6ecur rena. CnopeI ToneM[Hara Mereop[Te Moxar Aa
6[aar Mant,t co npeqH K oa HeKonKy caHTrMerpfi ]4 roner4!4 co npeqHrK oA nose(e grorltHa
Merpx. Mereop[Te ce ABxxar oKony CoHqero u uery nnauerapx or npocrop co roneMa
6p3!aHa oa 30 ao 70 km Bo ceKyHAa. Kora Mereopure HaBneryBaar Bo 3eMjuHara arMoc$epa
ce jaByBa orpoMHo rpt4erbe co Bo3Ayxor nopaA,| tllTo rre coropyaaar lt sa4 ce6e ocraBaar
6ena IcBerfla rpara. He ceKorau ce cnyqyBa r4ereophre qenocHo Aa coropar I Toraul
nat'aar 3eMjara Bo BxA Ha noMan l,ln noroner4[ l-lBpcrx napq ]ba. naAHarure Mereoprl
Ha il 'at"
.:-*-

r
.t
Ha 3er4jara ce B!4Kaar r4ereop rl4, nperexHo re nal'aar Bo l'4oprlbara oKeaHrre' Bo
nonapH[Te npeAen , Bo nycTxH[Te Ha I peTKo HacereHrTe MecTa roA lllHo Ha 3eMjaTa
nafaar oKony 2 oO0 Mereop[. Hajroner4[or Mereop uro aocera naaHan Ha 3eMjara 6xn
-,
TexoK 60 ToHr4, Bo cocraBor Ha Mereop re yqecrByBaar peq[cu c[Te erleMeHTfi L]JTo ru rMa
Ha 3eMiara (xene3o, utxel, xpot"t, xo6anr apyro), uro e aoKas 3a 3aeaHx'lKoro noreKno
sa se6ecnrte.-era oA CoHqeBfior ct4creM.

Xej^ 6o^obou.ro KoMeEo ce

uojobybo eqHou.r bo
3 000 -LDquHU

Bne3 Ho Medeopu bo 3eMjouJq

u Kpodep Koj r,o Ho[pobu^
bo Apu3oHo, CAA

CbeLu^o [por-a oq Me&eop

Joqpo
HO
Xoneebooq
KO[,teLLio

H rqro @Kaut dobke qo lHaq,u

nnaHeulougoru IJepeps rLMa upelHuK 09 770 km, Ilanaga 490 hn, Becma 390 km
u Jyaoua IQ0 km.
Mezieopuutorn og 60 -uoHu riagHau- Ha 3e$iaula e ,poHajgeu eo lyNua AQpurca ao
1920 zoguna.
Bu-op o|one uHa eilieopuru oq 33 I]7HU e Llpouaigeu ua lpeH'IaHg so 1815 zoguHa.
Bo gpltaeaLua ApLtsoHa ao CAn egeH emeoputu uaqHatll upeq MIloZy Mrtrruotlu aoquHu.
eo 3eujatua o6paay6o,'t Kpataep LuupoK 1200 ttelupu, a 9au6ox 175 nempu.
Ha iloJ'tyocLupoaom Jladpagop ao Kau.aga ce uaoia eaepotto qa6 c'uecLueHo 60 e4|eop-
cKu KpameP.
HadnyqytuJ, uaVp4ttuJ u rysnoJ:
) t<ot c aoLeKoA jph jotu ctuojuo Ho Mecet (tL?t-d7
) Koxo ce tvxo' kocMLHKuouJ 6g>q xoj tu oqu'xe
K&MoHqyDuute Ho Mece Hotnd \
2 Kou Oeo upbuuJe ho@bJ Ho KocMoHoyuJULud? \.

MeceqIHara e raAHo/ reMHo x ronqecro HeoecHo reno 6e3 BoAa h 6e3 alaocoepa.
3aroa HaA Hea Her4a Bo3Ayx, Marra/ Berep, BoAHa napea, o6nau , BpHexrl, KxcnopoA x
,qpyro. nopaAx Her{aFbero Ha arr4ocoepa noap[JhHara Ha lv]eceqrlHara 6p3o ce 3arpeBa x
6p3o ce naAh. Bo reKor Ha AeHor Koj Ha l\4eceqxHara rpae HenpeK[Haro pe.}!cx 14 3eMcKr4
AeHa, TeMneparypara ce cKaqyBa Ha +120"C,a npeKy Horha Koja, ucro raKa, rpae 143eN4-
cKh AeHa ce cnyura Ha -160"C. OBhe reMneparypH[ pa3nxK ce npyLt!4Ha l4ece.leBara no-
spLJ Ha Aa 6uAe 6esxhso'xa nycruHa cocraBeHa oA Kapnx x Ana6oK cnoj Ha npaB. Ha
Hej3uHara noBprxxHa ce 3aoenexyBaar y unory n4la6narunu - Kparep Ko ce nocneA qa
HaoAB BaFbe Ha ByIKaHCKa aKT BHOCT BO N4[HaTOTO 14 OA yAapOT Ha MeTeOpX.

Meceq Hara e carer r Koj Kpyxfi oKony 3eN4jara n e eAxHCrBeHo He6ecHo reno Ha
Koe cranHa,rq.qoBe'.rKa Hora, Aocera Ha l4eceqnHara npeciojyBane 12 KocraoHayr[ Kot4 Bp-
Lxene pa3H[ HayqH fipaxyBalt,a. Meceq!4Hara e oAAarreqeHa oA 3eMjara 384 000 km, a no
noBpLxfiHa e nor4afla pe'.{r4o4 3a 14 nary. I\4eceqxHara raa 31 nar noMara N{aca 14 6 nar
nocna6a np Bne,{Ha cyna - rpaBhraqxja oA 3eMjara. TaKa, aKo eAeH .loBeK Ha 3eMjara rexh
78 kg Ha lvlecelr Hara (erex 6 narfl noN.tanKy nu13kg.

lvlece,lxHara l4N{a 3 ocHoBH[ ABhxeFba: oKony cBojara ocKa, oKony 3eMjara l/l

3aeAHo co 3eMjara oKony CoHqero. 3a Aa ce 3aBprh eAHau oKony cBojara 3aM[cneHa ocKa
Ha lvleceql4Hara ce norpe6H[ 6n 3y 28 AeHa. 3a croro Bper,le raa ce cBpr-]/Ba I oKony
3eMjara. Toa e npuLr Ha uro Hhe oA 3eMjara ja rrreAaMe caMo eAHara crpaHa Ha lvlece-
,lxHara Koja ceKorauJ e cBpreHa KoH Hea.

't--.).-
hr)laliM f-\t-
n- -J
MeceqeBflTe MeH ce rl3rrreAor/ Sa3rre 14 Oopt4ara Ha lvlece,tx- '4v \.-/'v
t,
$-'
-1
Hara np Hej3[Horo AB XeFbe 3a Bperae o.q 29 AeHa, 72 9,aca k 44 Mt4H\.rv.
l4eH[Te HacraHyBaar KaKo nocneAhqa Ha roa LJTo l4eceqIHara np ABr4-
xeFbero oKony 3eMjara, a co Hea h oKony CoHrlero ja r4eHyBa cBojara no-
nox6a Bo oAHoc Ha HhB, OA 3eMjara rorau ja meAaMe f4ecee HaraBopa3
nfiq+y o6nw)v, Kofi ce BrKaaT Meceqea re MeHy. nofiojaT 4 rnaBHri I'4ece-
qBl4 MeHh: [4naAa Mece\]flHa, npBa qerBpr!4Ha, fionHa ece,ltiHa no-
cneAHa qeTBpTrHa.
 {
Kora Mecev Hara Bo reKor Ha cBoero AB xeFbe *e
oAHocHo Bo ACra nuHnja noMery 3eMjara I CoHqero raa e
norox6a ocBerneHara noroBIHa Ha Meceq14Hara e cBpreHa KoH CoHqero,
KoH 3eMjara h 3aroa He ja me,qaMe. no eAeH unu ABa Aena no gaofarse Ha
He6oro ce nojaByBa cjaeH cpn. tl3rneAor Ha MeceqrlHara Bo raKBara norox6a,
MnaAa r4eceqxHa. Cpnor oA MnaAara N4ecei] Ha nocreneHo pacre !4 no 7 AeHa, 9
l'.fl4Hyr oA HeroBara nojaBa Ha HeSoro (e ce shAr4 cjaeH nonyKpyr. TaKBara
lvleceq/Hara ce B Ka npBa qerBprfiHa. TaKa ce BhKa 3aroa uro ocBerfleHr4or Aen uro
rneAar4e npercraByBa eAHa LterBprhHa oA qenara noBpLxfiHa Ha MeceqrHara. CneAH[Te 7
AeHa, 9 qaca y lI
MuHyr/, Mece.ll,lHara npoAon)ryBa Aa ce 3roneMyBa h ABuxejfu4 ce no
nareKara oKony 3eMjara (e ce Haj4e eo ono3n-lyja, o,qHocHo Bo npaBa nuHxja co 3eMjara u
CoHuero. Bo raa HoBa norox6a 3eMjara ce naoia nouery N4ece.t Hara fi CoHqero. Toraul lor eq
KoH 3eMjara e cBpreHa ocBerJteHara nofloB Ha oA noBpullHara Ha lvleceq Hara H e ja HO
lVeceeuFroOq
rneAal4e KaKo Ller Kpyr, oAHocHo KaKo Oa3a Koja ce Bl4Ka flonHa Meceql4Ha. T]orHaTa
oq
N4ece'.rhHa 3neryBa HaBeqep, cBerrl npexy qerara Ho( lt.:aoia nayrpo. c poHoiio
kojo He ce
Mece.l HaTa no oa3aTa Ha llonHa MeceLlhHa floLlHyBa nocTeneHo Aa ce HaManyBa h ueqo oq
no 7 AeHa, 9 .raca 11 uuHyft (e ce jaB'l Bo Sopr"ra Ha nonyKpyr. Taa nonox6a Ha 3eMjoOo
lvlecelrLlHaTa ce BlaKa llocneAHa qerBprfiHa, no 7 AeHa, 9 qaca rl 11 Nrl4H]rrh l4ecev HaTa
nosropuo (e ce nojaBfi Bo nonox6a Ha lv]naAa Meceq Ha l,1 (e ro npogolxr naror Hh3
qeTxp Te N4eceqeB MeHrl.

?B,.npo-o-,
-t)<\.
C-*..3aqaqu:
I. TIPECMETAJ xonxy (g rE)KH qoBEK HA MEcEqH-
l. KAKBo TEAo E MECEqHHATA? HATA, AKo HA 3EMJATA E TE}KoK I20 Kg.
2. KonKy TPAE EAEH MECEqEB AEH? 2. NPECMETAJ 3A KoAKy BPEME EAHA PAKETA KE
KoTA MECEqHHATA E Bo oA3A HA NPHCTHTHE HA MECEqHHATA AKO CE ABH)KH CO
NPBA T]ETBPTHHA? EP3HHA oA 4 ooo km HA ,tAc.

ffi u om Ke fre uH@ewrp

Ha 21 jy,au 1969 ZoguHa, Koc$oHayfiiuiie Hu,,t AprLcmpoHA Lt EgsuLt OLtgpuu co rcocuuurcuorL
6pog ,,Ano,,to 11" npau cttuuHuo Ha MeceluHauta. HLt,x Ap.^tcirtpoHz zu zKrlyqu KaJ"Lepume u 3a-
aoqHa upauom gupeKrleH upeHoc og MecequHaraa. He|osutne frpsu 36opoeu 6ea: ,,Oaa e ua"n
ueKop Ja 4o6eKom, Ho zo,4e aa voeewmeoruo!"
-a
@
 ) Axo Arcaoiona !3Twmrt tu eqeH ucur
1qpag xoqe ke"ttuLqHeMe' aLuo a?b
re i)MLrc Koj qeH 6W wtuo qoota
\-
oq udpxo7o LuupJHo KoR APFnoHuLu-
AeuJo?: Kou qoKoeJ Adtbq4fuafr qeko
3eMiano e be/@HcKo Ae/o?,
\R\, I
K@K@

*:
IMF, @ wp/@
J- L
3eMjara e reMHo 14 -F---u ron-
qBpcro He6ecHo reno Koe oA CoHqero Ao6[Ba BernxHa .
nl4Ha. KaKo 14 Apyr re nnaHer v raa ne6Av Kpyxla oKony coHuero no crporo yrBpaeHa

naTeKa.

KoKbo cPopMo uf,4o 3eMjooo?

3eMjara fiMa OopMa Ha ronKa. hae re, pa3M cnyBaFbara I AoKa3!4Te 3a Hej3fiHara
SopNra noM HaneHv3Tptl Bper4eHcK 0a3:np Mxrl4BHa,0
no3oocKa r Hay'lHa

npBhre npvMtlTxBHv pa3r4ficnyBa]ba 3a OopMara Ha 3eMjara norexlyaaar oa laj-

crap'4 Bpe[.1xrba. HeKoh HapoAl4 cMerafle AeKa 3eMjara IMa SopMa Ha HenoABl4xHa nroqa tl
nexr| Bp3 rp6or Ha rpH Crap re l4HAyc!4 BepyBane AeKa 3er4jara KaKo nno'ia ja Apxar
Kl,1Ta.

Tpu roner4!4 croHa, a crap re fpqr ja 3aMNcnyaale ao $opua Ha urxr onKp)DKeHa oa cl4Te
cTpaHt4 co oKeaH.

Ot4no3o$cKnre c$a(arua sa OopMara Ha 3eMjara npercraByBaar 3HaqaeH Ha-

npeAoK Bo roj norneA, Bo crapa fpquja KaKo,,nyaKa Ha HayKxre" ce nojaBxne npBfiTe rone-
rrfl.r urcnrrenr - $rno3oot4. T e HaBene MHory peanHy npernocraBKfi 3a oopMara
Ha 3eMja-

ra,6nrcru Ao HayqHara Bl4crrHa. TaKa, nlraropa (VI eer npl.e.), ocHoBononoxHtlK Ha

Marer{ar[Kara, TBpAen AeKa 3eMjara KaKo BceneHcKo rero r'4opa Aa ja Ma Oopltara Ha

HajcoBpueHoro reor4erprcKo reno/ a roa e ronKara. Ap croren - ,,TarKoro" Ha nose(e
HayKl4 cMeran AeKa 3eMjara IMa ronqecra Qopma ap: oclosa na aaqHara
(nonyKpyxHara)
ja i'leceqeBoro 3areMHyBarbe EparocreH,
ceHKa Koja raa Spna Bp3 Mece'lIHara 3a BpeMe Ha

,JarKoro Ha reorpaotajara" He car4o ll.lro uBpcro 6un y6eAel ao ronl{ecrara OopMa Ha

3eMjara, ryKy npB npr6nnxxo rolxo ro npecMeran o6eMor Ha 3eMjara no N4ep[A[jaHor'
HayqHoro cQa(arbe 3a $opMara Ha 3etajara 6tano norBpaeHo Bo npBara noroB Ha
Ha )oy'I BeK. Hajy6eAn[B AoKa3 3a roa Aana MarenaHoBara eKcneA Llrja Koja oA 1519 Ao
7522 toA4{a ja o6vxonrna 3evjara no BoAeH nar nnoaej(r ao cr npaBeq oA croK KoH
3anaA. OBaa eKcn,lAl4quja rprHana oA ulnaHcKoro npxcraHhure cBerfi flyKap co 5 6poAa u
280 nyfe. Taa nofiojaHo nnoBena Ha 3anaA no BoA Te Ha ATnaHTcKl'1or, Txxvor v V|i/,VC-
Kl4oroKeaH, norpt4 roAt4Hu nnoB A6aBo1522roA Ha, eKcneauurjara ce Bpar/tla Bo rcro-
To np!4craHuuire caMo co eaeH 6poa !a co 18 nyie, rlo og l4cro'lHara crpaua Co roa 6rno
AoKaxaHo AeKa 3eMjara IMa 0op[4a Ha ronKa.

AeHec tMa noae(e aoxa:r 3a ronllecrara QopMa Ha 3eMjara. Bo 1929

roay'Ha,
ja o6,lKonun
e4eu sosgyuer 6po4 ja o6taKonlan 3eMjara 3a 21 AeH. Bo 1933 roAxHa, 3eMjara
aBr|oH 3a 7 AeHa, 18 qaca fi 7 rvrnyrr. Jypllj Tarap[H e npBfior - KocMoHafr, Koj oA
']oBeK

t
 roneMa Bficoq Ha ja thAen ronqecrara SopMa Ha 3eMjara. Toj Bo 1961 roA]1Ha co BceneH-
6poA ,,BacroK" ja o6xKonl4n 3eMjara 3a 108 M Hyr . AeHec oKony 3eMjara Kpyxar
, cKr4or
cToTr4q BeuTaqKn caTen[Trll aja o6neryBaaTI N4HoryaBxoHl,l Ha cBo Te peaoBHr4 /I4Ht4r4.

CenaK, 3eMjara HeMa oopMa Ha npaB nHa ronKa, ryKy e enxncoxA. Ha cpeA Hara
(EKBaropor) Taa e ManKy !13AonxeHa, a Ha noroBl4Te e cnrecKaHa. Toa 3Haqfi AeKa 3eMjara
Ma en ncoBr4aHa oopMa Koja orcranyBa oa oopr4ara Ha ronKa.

noBprxfiHara Ha 3eMjara fi3HecyBa 510 M rr4oH]1 km2. OA Taa noBpu]xHa 361

r4xr[4oH km2 3aoa(aar BoA[Te, a t49 MVnuoHn km2 KonHo. O6eMor Ha 3et4jara no .
eKBaropor (cpeAxHara) 3HecyBa 40 076 km, a no MepxAxjaHor 40 009 km. AonxhHara Ha
eKBaTOpCKr4Or npeeHrK (AXjaMeTap) fi3HecyP€ 12757 km, a AonxfiHaTa Ha Mephal4jaHcKl4oT
npeqHhK Koj fl4 noBp3yBa ABara nora (3eMjfiHa ocKa) r43HecyBa t2714 km. BonyMeHor Ha
3eMjara h3HecyBa 1083 MxnxjapA km3.

1s19 1522

KoWa Ho MoieAlHoLDao Aourytntue

dr.,*,,*
1. TIPECMETAJ 3A KonKy qAcA EAEH ABHoH KE JA
I . KOIA 3,A flPBNAT EHAO AOKA)KAHO AEKA 3EMJATA
no EKBAToPoT nxb ,Teu co
oEI,lKonH 3EMJATA
AMA OOPMA HA TONKA?
oa 8oo km HA qAc.
EP3HHA
2. KOJ NPB JA BHAE TON(IECTATA AOPMA HA 3EMJATA
2. npEcMETAJ 3A KonKv qAcA EAHA earen xe.rn
OA FON EMA BHCOqHHA?
oSHKonH 3EMJATA no MEPHAHJAHoT AKO AETA I

co EP3HHA oA 2 ooo km Hr.]Ac. i

E] 3,tH@ierfre [$tr q@K@

EKlarriopoti ,ttoJte ga ce o\uxottu sa 30 geua arco ce uqftyla co 6p3uua o9 5i km na uac.
EpemocmeH ao upecweruaJx o6ewo,Il Ha 3ejrjaLaq upeg 2 200 aogunu co uaipaeataa crcasuou rcoja uua
Qtopua ua u!.yLlnuao uo"1ymotlKa. Crlopeg Heaosutue MepeH'a 3e juruuota o6eu uaueeaa*.39 81,6 km wao
e cauo 193 km uowarrKy og peanHuu-le spegHoctuu.
Bo 1525 zoguua QpqHrlycKuom rleKap @epHe,x ao upec.veLua,x o'e or,t'Ha 3eujama u 9o6un epegudca
og 40 045 km ttpu uuuo uoaperuufl cano aa 36 km.
tuewreru u o$wbasgw
) UAo ke ce cAWu co 3eMjodo oKo He ce
qbtxu oKo^y cfujdno nMuc^eHa ocKd
) Koxo Ke ua-tqo oHod HeJeJHa lo/robuHo
Kojo docdioJoHo ke 6uqe uoAoxeHo Ho
Coffiebune JNw, a KaKo qWLaEio Ao/@
A)Ha Kojo Ke 6uqe 1ocfuojoHo fu ceHKd
) fanu xoncy bpue Ke IJJNe eqeH reMJuH
qeH, o KoAt<y HoKAd
Crre He6ecst re&J*o Bcerenara oa Hajr4aa[Te Ao HajroneM Te (carenhrfi, nnaHerx, sBe3at4 t1 apyro)
nocrojaHo ce ABxxar oKony cBojara 3aNrlac-neHa ocKa [rr1 oKory HeKoja noroneMa sBe3Aa. Hh3 BceneHara ,,naryBa" u
Ha[Jara nnaHera 3eMja 3aeAHo co CoHqero, nprlHyAeHa oA HeroBara rpaB]4TaquoHa c na. T]opaAla roa 3er4jara !4Ma
ABojHo AB[xe]be: oKofly Hej3hHara 3ar4ficneHa ocKa r oKory Cosqero. Aarxeruero Ha 3eMjara oKony Hej3[Hara 3aM c-
neHa ocKa ce B!4Ka porarl{ja, a ABl4xer'bero oKony coHL]ero - peBolyq[ja. nopaA[ poraqtljara h peBonyLlfijara Ha 3eMjara
nojaByBaarpa3H nojaBfi Kola laMaar cyiffi4HcKo 3Ha-]erbe 3a xfiBt4or cBer Ha 3eMjara.

Pofuouujo Fro 3eMjo o

3.an,xfu rret ipoffiauu li:et

3eMjara nocrojaHo ce Bpna (por pa) oKony cBojara 3aM[creHa ocKa. 3a 24,]aca raa ce 3aBpryBa eAHaiJ
oKony cBojara 3aM cneHa ocKa,3eMjara ce Bp14 oA 3anaA KoH r4croK la ceKoja HeFxHa ro.]Ka 3a 24 qaca on uyBa

Kpyr. Ho, c!4Te ro.{Kx Ha 3eMjara He porxpaar co l4cra 6p3uHa v 3aroa ont.4uyBaar pa3n!,qH!1 KpyroBh. Chre ro,lKl,1
o4ej(n o4 erearopor KoH norroBhre porxpaar co ci nouana 6p3hHa. nonoB re ce rtenoABr4xHr4 x He onruyBa-
ar Kpyr.

3ou.rLrJo He jo so6enexybove 3et'ajuno[o poLuouujo?

Bt4cr HcKoro ABuxebe Ha 3eMjara He ro sa6enexyaalae, :aroa uro cxre npeAMer oKony Hac porupaar I
ue ja uetyeaar ueryce6sara nonox6a. Hac ce,rl4Hh AeKa 3er4jara e HenoABtlxHa, a cxre Apyr!4 He6ecH Tena,
HH

uery xou Conqero, Mece.rhHara u sBe3AfiTe ce aBl4xar oKony Hea. fo rneaaMe CoHqero KaKo rcrpeBa Ha ncroK, a
oaoia Ha ganaa. Oaa HeroBo aHeBHo flBtaxe$e e npuBt4aHo (laxno), oaroa uro CoHuero e HenoABxxHo Bo oaHoc
Ha 3eMjara. Hauuor npr4BxA AeKa roa ce ABxx!4 oA !4croK KoH 3anaA HacraHyBa nopaAfi ooparHoro AB]4xe$e Ha
3eMjara oA 3anaA KoH ucroK. cnl4.{Ha cerunHa la3MaMa (np BuA) ce jaByBa Kora nph naryBa}be co Bo3 r.neAaNle H 3
npo3opeq. Torau Hx ce qxHx AeKa Bo3or crol4, a ApBjara, xy(rre r tacenbtre noKpaj xen$Hx'{Kara npyra ce
aBfixaT cnpoTr,rBHo oa npaaeqoT Ha ABxxe$eTo Ha Bo3or.
 tlMo nu qoKo3u 30 3eNrjuHou.ro pouJouujo? 6" nw*r*
nocrojar noBe(e AoKa3H 3a 3eMjt4Hara porall ja. EqeH oA AoKa3hre e oopr4ara Ha I.LUToE3EMJHHA
o6n[K (OopMa) POTAUHJA?
3eMjara, Taa Ha eKBaropor e h3aaAeHa, a Ha nonoB Te e cnnecKaHa. BaKoB
2. KOH CE AOKA3HTE 3A
fir4aar caMo reflara Kou ce aBfixar oKony cBojara ocKa. cKpLllHyBabero Ha renara npl4
3EMJHHATA PoTAUHJA?
c.no6oAHo nar'abe, l4cro raKa/ ro norBpAyBa ABrxe$ero Ha 3eMjara, AKo oA noroneMa
Bhcoq Ha nyurlMe H6Koj npeaMer roj HeMa aa naAHe Ha caKaHoro Mecro, rylv {e ce
noMecrrl (cKpuHe) Ha rcroK 3a HeKonKy caHTuMerp[. CKplxHyBarbero Ha nocrojaH!4Te
BerpoBl4 oa Hr4BHr4oT npaBeq e AoKa3 3a 3eMjxHaTa porallfija. nacaT[Te ce nocrojaHl4
BeTpoBl4 KOl4 AyBaaT nOA npaB

.
aron oA cynTponcKxTe npeAen14 KoH eKBaTopor.

Tve 6A Tpe6ano aa ayBaar KoH eKBaropor Ha ceBepHara nonyronKa Bo npaBell

drr*-
OA noBHcoKo MEcTo
ceBep-jyr , a Ha lyxHara nonyronKa oA jyr KoH ceBep Meiyroa, nacarcrure BerpoBl,l To He- NYUITH HEKOJ NPEAMET
H :nSa^e>xPi Al,\1, (e
r.4aar oBoj npaBell Ha AyBalbe. nopaAfi 3eMj[Hara poraurja rre cKpulHyBaar KoH 3anaA,
NAAHE HA CAKAHOTO
garoa uro aoaiaar oA Mecra co noManfi 3a6p:yaata xox N4ecra co nororeM]4 3a6pyBa]ba.
MECTOI
CnhqeH e cny,.rajor u co roneMr4Te peK!4, KaKo uro ce: Mvcy.cvnn, Bonra I apyr[ Kox reqar
Bo Mep A jaHcK[ npaBell. BoAara Bo HrlBHoro Kopr4To cKptxHyBa KoH 3anaA u ro norKonyBa
gecnlror 6per, :aroa uro aoafaar oA npeaenn co noManx KoH npeaenx co noroJtet4fi pora-
qronr 6p:ttHta.
:'* #*-'1*
r ..+. '?*i..;-

Aybobe Hq
tleuJpobuLlJe
lqcoEu u
oHdudocoEu

r-Tl "-
lE) ln d-@ K@ WE rJrdrJPF@JtW
Opaxqycxnor qap OyKo, ABhxeFbero Ha 3eMjara oKony cBojara 3aMxoreHa ocKa fo AoKaxan Bo 1851
Qrs
roa./ Ha MHory opxrulHaneH Haqt,tH. Toj h3Ben eKcnepnMeHT co Huurano 4onro 67 m. aa xoe o6ecun rer rexor 28
kg. Ha ponHllor Aen Ha Huuanoro craB n MeranHa l4rna Koja AonHpana Ao noAnora co BnaxeH necoK. Kora
Ht,trtlanoro ro craBnn Bo AB XeFbe hfnara He ce ABnxeaa rlpaBonhHhcKt4 Bo npaBeq ceBep - jyr, ryKy cKpLllHvBana
,4 on uyBana noee(e nnHtah. AKo 3er4jara He ce AB Xr4, Hr4uanoro (e noxaxyea car4o eAHa rr'4ltja, a noee(ero
nr4Hl4 ce AoKa3 AeKa raa He M[pyBa. AoKonKy oBoj eKcnephMeHT Ha OyKo ce u3BeAe Ha nonoB Te roraul urnara
;ie orrue nonH rpvr3a 24,raca. AKo 3eMjara he porhpa, oliaa crpaHa uro (e6r4e rsnoxena ua CoHqero (e nper-
craByBa BxeureHa nycrhHa co MHory BhcoKh reMneparypu, a Apyrara crpaHa Bo celKa (e 6u4e neAeHa nycruHa
co reMneparypa oA -200'C.

t
 F'et€{^q!a r{a u axqtZobrtBtt
', ) Koxfu> breMe u KA,tIto ke uMo Ho 3eMjouJo
' oxo doo He ce qb)xu oKo^y CoHueAd
& I Koxo ke ua,aeqo Hej1uHoLuo jobpLLund?
geifuo/Nrul(Ifi:ot I aao xe ce cAWu co okeoHuae
u co Mopuffrud?
ce M[creJro AeKa 3eMjara e HenoABr4xHa, a Apyn.4Te He6ecH[
ce Bprar oKony Hea. OBa Ml4cneFbe 6xno ocnopeHo Bo )0y'I BeK
oA crpaHa Ha norcKl4or acrpoHor4 H[Kona KonepHfiK. Toj Hay,{Ho AoKaxan AeKa 3eM-
jara !a Apyrvre He6ecHr rena ce ABuxar oKony CoHqero KaKo qeHTap Ha CoHqeBxor
cIcTeM.

AB xeFbero Ha 3eMjara oKony CoHqero ce BuKa peBonyqrja. 3eMjara ro o6ta-

KonyBa CoHqero oA 3anaA KoH r4croK, no nareKa Koja uMa SopMa Ha enlnca x e Hape-
qeHa el(nHnrl4Ka vn\ op6u1a. EKrvnr Kara MHory r4anKy orcrany8a oA SopMara Ha
Kpyr eAonra 940 Ml4nl4oHl4 km. OBaaAonx[Ha 3eN4jaraja 14 HyBa 3a eAHa roAvHa tinu
365 AeHa h 6 ,{aca. 3a oBa BpeMe raa npaB, Kpyr oKony coHuero t1rr4 peBonyu[ja, no-
paAhroa, oBaaB xebeceB Ka roAr4urHo ABlaxelbe. npoceqHara 6p3 HacoKoja3eM-
jara ro 06 KonyBa CoHuero no eKn[nrHKara h3HecyBa 30 km Bo ceKyHAa. lvleifroa,
oBaa 6p3r{Ha e pa3n[qHa. Kora 3eMjara e naj6nr:y Ao CoHqero ce AB
Haj6Fo X
(30,3 km Bo ceKyHAa), a Kora e HajMHory oaaaneqeHa og nero, naj6aano (29,2 km Bo
cexyxga).
Ha 22 AeKeMBpx 3eMjara e Haj6nv3y Ao Coruero r ce raoia na oMareLreHocr
oAl47 MtAnAoHAkm oA Hero. OBaa Hej3 Ha nonox6a Ha eKnfinrfiKara ce B Ka nep xer,
Ha 22jyH 3eMjara e HajoMane.{eHa oA CoHqero - 152 Munt4oH}4 km oBaa nonox6a ce
BHKa anxefl, llpoce,rHara oManeqeHocr Ha 3eMjara oA coHqero rcHecyBa 149,5
Ml4nxoH km, ,{elrxej(ra ce no eKnrlnrfiKara 3eMjara ja N4eHyBa cBojara nonoxoa KoH
CoHqero, Ho 3eMjHHara ocKa 3aApxyBa cr npaBeu r ceKorau e HaBeAHara 3a aron oA
66o 14 33'KoH eKn14nrhKara.

AoKa3x 3a 3eN{j Hara peBonyu[ja Ma noee(e a uery nue ce cregrlrre: npn-

Br4AHoro AB!4xebe Ha sBe3Ahre, a6epauuja (cKprxHyBalbe) Ha cBernr4Hara, nor4pa-
,ryBalbe Ha JynfirepoBfire carenxrv v Ap

np[B[AHoro (naxHo) ABxxeH,e Ha sae3A Te ce KoHcrar pa KoTa rxe ce

Ha6rbyayBaar Bo reKor Ha roA[Hara. AoKaxaHo e aeKa sge3arre ue ce uaoiaar
ceKorau Ha ficro Mecro, ryKy ja MeHyBaar cBojara nonox6a. AKo 3eN4jara e HenoABhx-
Ha 14 He ce aB Xt4 oKony CoHuero, sae:Arre (e ceKorau Ha hcro Mecro.
rt,t rneAaMe
noMecryBa$ero Ha sBe3A Te HacraHyBa KaKo nocneAxqa Ha npoMeHara Ha no,tox6ara
Ha 3eMjara npfl Hej3vHara 06 KonKa oKony CoHqero.

A6epaqr4ja (cKprxHyBalbe) Ha cBerrvHara HacraHyBa Kora rv Ha6rbyAyBaMe

sBe:A Te co renecKon. Torau 4oafa go cxpuHyeabe Ha cBern!4Hara Bo relecKonor.
OBaa nojaBa ce o6jacHyBa co roa LJTo cBerrr4Hara aoaiaj(ra oa Koja 6mo sBe3Aa Ao
TerecKonor co 6p3r1Ha oA 300 000 km Bo ceKyHAa, 3a roa apeMe rerecKonor ce
nol4ecryBa oA 3anaA KoH r4croK 3a 30 km Bo ceKyHAa, a roa e 6p3xHara co Koja ceABhxtl
3eMjara oKony CoHqero. nopaAri roa, cBernocHr4or 3paK oA sB$Aara cKpurHyBa oA
ocKara Ha rerecKonor 3a aron oA 20 ceKyH,q v yAripa Bo sr4Aor Ha rerecKonot, AKo
3ei4jara He ce AB Xr4 oKony CoHqero HeMa Aa AojAe Hl4 Ao cKprxHyBaFbe Ha cBernoc-
H r.4OT spaK.
 flontpotyfurre Ho JyJuuJepobJne coute+Jfuu
q.: t1!,iri.
'-
l\,1
- AaHcKl4or acrpoHoM PeMep aoKaxan AeKa oa6 eHara cBernrHa oA Haj6n cKt4or
)., t', \' carenxr Ha Jyn repAo 3eMjara np cr rHyBa HeKorau3a 16 Ml4Hyr x 30 ceKyHAu nopaHo, a
",.
i HeKorau Aor]Hx 3a ucroro BpeN4e. OBaa nojaBa nocrojaHo ce noBTopyBa Ha ceKofl 6 Meceqx.
I Toa 3Halix aeKa 3eMjara nocrojaHo ja MeHyBa cBojara nonox6a Bo oAHoc Ha Jynt4rep x Ha
CoHqero. AKo raa crou (re ce gauxr), caMo Ha eAHo Mecro, cBern[Hara oA caren[Tor Ha
Jynurep Ao 3eMjara (e aoaia ceKorau sa ucro BpeMe.

2l MopO

EKAUULrJUKO

3ei/juHo ocKq

t--
qejctrbo Ho CoHueEo

22 qeKeMbpu

3eMjuHo eK^u[Ou(o
u 0pobeu Ho qbuxebe
23 ceuoe^4bpu

I . KoAKy H3HECyBA AOA>KHHATA HA EKNHNTHKATA?

2. KAKo cE BHKAAT noAo)KEHTE HA 3EMJATA KOTA E HAJ6AH3Y H HAJAA EKY OA COHI.IETO?
3. KoH cE AoKA3HTE 3A 3EMJHHATA PEBOAYUHJA?

H Ma wxqu M{M@ W ew
) Ha yueu,etao Ha KouepHuK ce cttpomuecmaskna \pqeaiaa. Taa au upoaoHyqana cume Ha peg-
Hu
"xyie
uuto 20 iioggp{y\ane osa yqetue. Boae"te cne4uja"ceH cyg - uHrceu3u4uia. Osoi cyg 20
ocygttLt. cneg6euuKom Ha KotiepHurc, [Iopgauo Epyuo rcoj 6un trua 3auaJ'IeH u usaopeH eo Puln
eo 1600 zoguua.
,Qet<a 3eujaaa rcpywu orco"cy CoHqeluo goKa3 ce u Memeopurue KoLt uai.aaili Ha 3erdiauta. Tue ua-
iaaut g6a iiattu uoeerie Ha upegHana onKo"xKy Ho 3ogHaala ctapaHa. Cercoe necruo ua 3eujataa
da 24 qaca ce nao/a egHaru Ha upegHama u egHau4 H.a 3agHarua crupaHa. Arco 3eujatua nupyaa
utue fte iiaiaatt uogegHaKeo ua uea. Toa rxu{e ga ce o6iacuu Lt co gstmeH,e ua aet ouo6u"t rco-
aa 6pHe goncg u,xu cHez. Ardo aeruo"Mo6u"xofri Mupyoa goJtcgoru u cHe,otli ke uaiaaru uogegHarcso
Ha qenailta Heaoea rcapocepuja. AKo, uaK, moj ce gswtu tioaefte fte ual.aaut Ha He|ooataa pegHa
cwpaHa.
@
 M a@ppt :rybo,f , ffi qex*/!:, u qppr@l:
Koaxy voca
Hokno fu

'@e^@oplLren

nocneA[qa oA porau jara Ha 3elrjara ce cMeHara Ha AeHor 1,1 Hofra. 3a 24 qaca 3eMjara eAHaLx ce 3a-
BpryBa oKony cBojara 3ar4xcneHa ocKa,3a roa Bper4e eAHara nonoB Ha oA 3er4jara e ocBerneHa h eAeH, a
Apyrara
noroeltga e:ateugeta ll e to(.

nocnearqx oA peBonyqfijara ce: HeeaHaKBara Aonx Ha Ha aeHor 14 Hokra, cMeHara Ha roar/r11H14Te Bpe-
tYr,'tFba I TonrrlHcKhre nojacfi.

HeeaHakBa aonxl4Ha Ha AeHou Ha Ho(Ta. Ha 23 cenreMBpfi coHuero ce Haoia ao seHrlor Ha4 exaa-
ropor I eAHaKBo rt4 ocBerryBa aBere 3eMjrH[ nonyronKH. TorauJ Ha lenara 3eMja aeHor x l.ro(ra ce egxaralr r
Tpaar no 12 'laca. Ha oBoj aeH, Ha ceBepHara nonyronKa e eceHcKa pauHoaeHxqa H noqHyBa roAr4LlHoro
BpeMe
eceH, a Ha J)DKHaTa nonyronKa e nponeTHa paMHoAeH qa noqHyBa nponeT. HaAeHoTHa par4 HoAeHrU[Te CoHqero
r3rpeBa roqHo Bo 6 qacor Hayrpo, a :aoia Bo 18 qacor HaBe,{ep no 23 ceflTeMBpr,t, coHLieBhre 3paqr te
noae(e ja
ocBernyBaar JlxHara norlronKa, a Ha ceBepHara n4e ce noKparKfl. HanopeAHo co roa, Ha ceBepHara
noryronKa
BpeMerpaelbero Ha AeHoBhre nocrojaHo ce HaManyBa, a na Ho(nre ce:roneMyBa. Ha JlxHara norrlronKa,
naK, e
o6paruo: 4euoeltre ce HaronenyBaar, a no(rre ce xauaryaaar. HaNranyBarbero Ha
AeHoBrre, a 3;oreMyaabero Ha
ro(rre na ceaepuara nonyronKa rpae ca 4o 22 4ereuapr, Ha oBoj aeH, coH.reBare 3paqr naiaar no4 npae
aron
HaA HanopeaHhKor Koj ce Haoia Ha 23o h 27'jyxHo oA eKBaropor, Toj HanopeaHflK ce e,{Ka
JyxeH noBp arHvc. Ha22
AeKeMBpl,l Ha ceBepHara noflyronKa hr4a KparKo4HeBuua h no.rHyBa 3vMa, a Ha JyxHara nonylonKa hMa aorro-
aHeB{qa noeHyBa rero. Ha CeBepHara noryronKa roraur AeHor rpae g ,raca, a ro(ra 16 ,raca, a Ha JyxHara
nonyronKa e o6parHo (,qeHor 16 vaca, a no(ra B qaca). Ha HanopeAH Kor Koj ce Haoia Ha 660 33,jyxHo
oA
eKBaropor AeHor rpae 24 qaca. OBoj HanopeaHxK ce BhKa JyxeH nonapeH Kpyr. Jyxro o5 rero c6
40 lyxHr,10T non
(90'), CoHqero Boonuro xe:aoia u Aerorrpae 6 r4ecellfi.

no 22 AeKeMBptl CoHqero npfiBl,jAHo ce epa(a xot eKBaropor cb go 21 rvapr. Bo Toj nep oA

AeHoB Te
nocreneHo noqHyBaar Aa ce 3rorerlyBaar, a to(lre 4a ce laManyBaar. Ha 21 Mapr CoHuero ce Haofa ao 3eH[ror
Haa eKBaropor/ KaKo h Ha 21 cenreMBpr,l x eaHaKBo n4 ocBernyBa 3eMj H Te nonyronKfi, Ha oBoj
aeH Ha aBere
nonyronKtl AeHor tl Ho(Ta rpaar no 12 ,.laca. Torau Ha CeBepHara norfronKa 3anoqHyBa ro4rLltHoro BpeMe
nponer
fi l4Ma nponerHa paMHoAeHriUa , a Ha JyxHara nor!fionKa noqHyBa eceH h ,fl4a eceHcKa paMHoAeHyqa.

no 21 Mapr coHuero npusr.l4no cd ncae(e ce nomecryea KoH ceBep oa eKBaropor. Bo roa Bper4e rl
AeHor
nocrojaHo ce Haroneuyea, a no(lrre cranyBaarce noKparK Ha ceBepHara ncn)'.I0llKa. oBoj npoqec npogorxyea
ca
Ao 22 jyHV rora conqero 4oaia Bo 3eHuror Haa HanopeAHhKor Koj ce naoia ra 23o ,127' ce,ep*o oA eKBaropor.
OBoj HanopeAHrlK ce BhKa CeBepeH noBpar{uK, Ha 22jynta3eMiara 3a3eMa norox6a Bo Koja CeBepHara
nonyronKa
e cBpreHa KoH coHqero qerocHo ocBerreHa, Torau Fia ceBepHara nonyrotrKa hMa
I noL{Hyaarero,
AoJrroAHeBt4ua
a Ha JyxHaTa nonyronKa e KpaTKoAHeBfiqa fi noLtHyBl 3l4Ma. Torau Ha CeBepHara nonyronKa
AeHor Tpae 16 .laca, a
Ho(ra 8 vaca, go4exa Ha JyxHara non)4onKa aeHor rpae B vaca, a ro(ra 16 vaca. H6 HanopeaHxKor Koj
ce Haoia Ha
66o 14 33', ceBepHo oA eKBaropor AeHor rpae 24,{aca. OBcj H3nopeAH Kce BlaKa Cempei] nonapeH Kpyr.
 ceBepHo oA Hero, cd Ao CeBepHfior non (90o) AeHor rpae 6 Mecellfi. Cnpofl4BHo oA Hero oA JyxH or nonapeH
Kpyr (660 33'), ce Ao lyxHr4or non Hokra rpae 6 Meceufi.

no 22 jyw CoHqero npxBxAHo ce Bpa(a KoH eKBaropor. Torau BpeMerpaebero Ha AeHoBfiTe noqHyBa
nocTeneHo aa ce Har\4anyBa, a Ha Ho(rTe Aa ce 3roneN4yBa. Tca Tpae cd ao 23 cenTeMBpr4 Kora CoHqesfiTe 3pau
naiaar Bepr!4KanHo Ha eKBaropor, a AeHor r,r Hofra rpaar no 12 qaca. Ha 23 cenreMBpl,l Ha CesepHara nonyronKa
HacTanyBa eceHcKa paMHoaeHxua, a Ha jyxHaTa nonrronKa nponerHa pa14HoAeHIqa.

3a BpeMe Ha 3eMjfiHara peBonyq ja, CoHuero np[B!4AHo ce ABlaxr noMery ABara noBparH Ka - ceBepeH x
jyxeH. BpeMero oA eAHa Ao Apyra nponerHa paMHoAeHfiqa ce B Ka CoHqeBa roA!4Ha r raa onoa(a 4 roArruHx
Bpe[414Fba.

MoqeA
co Koj ce
[okoxybo
KqKO
3eMjouJo
ce bpLuu
OKOAV
CoHueL!o

3 outr*o*
I , KoTA HA CEBEPHATA nonyTonKA LIMAME
)s1**,
1. FIPECMETAJ KoE ToAHT.tIHo BPEME E HAJAoA!-o,
KPATKOAHEBHIIA H AOAFOAHEBHUA ? A KoE E HAJKPAIKo HA CEBEPHATA 3EMJHHA
2, 3oufio HA EKBAToPoT AEHoT H HoKTA NOAYTONKA.
CEKoFALU cE tlcrv H TpaAT no 1 2 qAcA? 2. NPECMETAJ 3A KonKy AEHA nPoAETTA E noAoAI-A
3- NoA KoJ AToA nAI.AAT CoHqEBHTE 3PAI-IH OA ECEHTA HA CEBEPHATA 3EMJHHA NOAYTONKA.
HA SEMJATA HA 21 MAPT? :-'
c .t

\r- \ ' I
fiN 9re@ Nt q@K@ '
\ \ \:,.r{,r
''i
Y Aoo ce trtpzHe og CeaeputLom IIon nua co.Mo egHa rmpofoo, a moa\e i1iz.
Og Jysrnuoai I\oLt, aax. ucuto luoKa. u-hto ct)Ho cutpoHo- i *uo ,"urp.
"
 tut@rryW a qps@:
3oLuno Ho fpeHAaHq, UcAaHq u Hd
Cu6up AoaTioJaHo ce o6^eteHu
'ry'tedo
b o6rcxo oq KoxLt, bo AQpuxo uocoD
AecHo 6AeKo u Hojqecdo ce 6@J,
o b HouJoUa eMjd jo tueHyfuon
o6texodo Aobeke EdAu bo t oqnaEid

xexoK Oou LrHcku oojoc

tojoc
yMepeH froUAUHcKu
cnyqeH Eo[huHcKu Oo]oc

r
3arpeBa eAHaKBo cxre AenoBr Ha 3eMjara, 3arpeBabero e
CoHqero He
HajroneMo rar4y KaAe LJTo CoHqeBxre 3paql4 peirrc naiaar noA npaB aron. Toa ce
cnyt]yBa Ha eKBaropor. Ha roj aen 3eMjara e ti HajrcaaaeHa. KonKy ce oAx noAa-
neKy oa eKBaropor Ha ceBep !4nn jyr,3arpeBabero Ha 3eMjara ce Hal4anyBa,
6r4ej(r Conveerre rpaqn naiaar cb noKoco. HajMano 3arpeBabe ,tr4a Ha
Hr,10T I Ha JyxHr4oT non 3aroa uro raMy 3paurre nafaar noA uHory ocrap

oBa ce AoKaxyBa x norBpAyBa ron'.{ecrara oopMa Ha 3eMjara. AKo raa He e ronKa

ryKy paMHa noBprxrHa, CoH,reBrre3paq Ha qenara Hej3!4Ha nosptttrHa
(e
eaHaKBo noA npaB aron. Bo 3aB[cHocr oA aronor noa Koj naiaar coH,]eB[Te
Ha 3erajara, KonKy Aonro rl4e ja 3arpeBaar npeKy AeHor Bo reKor Ha roArHara,
3er4jara MoxarAa ce ri3ABojar nerronnuHcK nojacx: eAeH xexoK, ABa yMepeH[ t4

aBa cryaeH .

XeuKfior nojac ce nporera oa eKBaropor 0" ao ceBepHuor noBparHxK

(27' 33') ceBepHa reorpa$cxa uxpoqxHa (CfU) oA eKBaropor 0" Ao jyxHt4or
[
noBparHrK (27" v 33') jWHa reorpaQcra uupoql,lHa (JfU). OBoj nojac ce Haoia
mery 4aara noBparHvKa nouery rou CoHqero np[Bt4AHo ce aB Xt4 Bo reKor Ha
qenara roAfiHa, CoHqeBhre 3pau[ Bo xeuKl4or nojac nafaar peqrcx noA npaB aron
Ha 3eN4jhHara noBpLrJllHak 3aroa rar4y 3arpesalbero e HajroneMo. &..ojoj nojac
npoceqHhre roAurxHfi Ter4neparypx Ha BGA\p(or ce noBxcoKk oA 25oc. 3aToa oBoj
nojac e HajTonon I ro ao6tan [N,rero - xexoK. Haa ceKoe r4ecro ao xdgxnor nojac
CoHqero e Bo 3eH Tor, aBa narh roAfiurHo. Pa3rl,1K[Te eo epetaerfueruero xa
a
aesor v xorka Bo roAl,rHara e MHory Mana. Bo oBoj nojac nocrou ca46 roafiutHoro
8pe14e neTo.

Ha 3eMjara nocrojar x ABa yMepeH[ nojaca. l4Mero ro Ao6une 3aroa uro

Bo oB e nojac Hxry e MHory ronno, Ht4ry e MHory cryAeHo. npBtlor nojac cdnpore-
ra Ha CeBepHara 3eMjr4Ha nonyronKa nouery ceeepruor noBparHhK h CeBepH or
nonapeH Kpyr oA 23o ,127' Ao 66" A33' CTU.I. Bropl4or nojac ce nporera Ha JyxHara
3eMjuHa nonyronKa nouery Jpxxuor noBparHIaK h JyxHl4or nonapeH Kpyr oA 23o Y

27' Ao 66" h 33' )fu. Bo oB e nojacfi CoHuero Hl.rKorau He ce xaoia Bo 3eH[Tor t4

3aroa 3arpeBabero e r4Hory noMano Bo cnopeA6a co xeuK or nojac. CoH,leB[Te

3paq Bo yMepeHhre nojacv nafaar Koco x MHory nocna60 ja 3arpeBaar 3er4jIHara
noBprxr/Ha, nopaAu ujro ce jaByBaar qer!4p[ roAulxHr4 BpeMl4tba. Aonx[Hara Ha
AeNor I softra Bo yMepeH[Te nojacv e MHory nororeMa Bo cnopeA6a co xeuK or
nojac.
 AKo ce rprHe oA yr4epeHure nojac KoH xeuKl4or nojac neroro e cA noronno
noaonTo, a 3HMaTa e cb noKparKa fi no6nafa, nopaafi Toa nponeTla u eceHTa N4anKy
ce h3pa3eHfi. KonKy, naK, ce oManeqyBar4e oA yMepeH[Te nojacx 3l4r4aTa e cb
noAonra rl nocryAeHa, a neToTo ca noKpaTKo I nocBexo.

!4r4a ABa cryAeHfi nojaca. EAHt4or ce nporera Ha CeBepHara 3er4jxHa

nonyronKa noMery CeBepH or nonapeH Kpyr fi CeBepH[or nornn[o166o u33'Ao
90' CT[U, Broptlor nojac ce nporera Ha JyxHara 3er4jfiHa nonyronKa nol4ery
lyxHr4or nonapeH KpyrM JyxHr4or non n oA660x33'Ao90oJTlIl BooB e nojacfi
CoHqeBfiTe 3palu nar'aar MHory Koco Hajcnaoo ja 3arpeBaar 3eMj Hara noBp-
Lr.r Ha. nopaav Toa Bo oBhe nojacx N4a o6racTLl Kol'l ce noa BeveH cHeT h
cryAeH,ITe nojac[ nocrol4 HajroneMa Aorlx Ha Ha AeHoT 14 HoKTa.

roAfiHara f.4a 6 Nlecell Aonr,,nonapeH AeH" v 6 r4eceqfi Aonra

ffi'
4.
-,,: ft.
-f'
\
it,

(\e AMa^uuryqo Ho to^opHo Ho(

\-V llPotuot'"-rtt
MEiv KoH crEnEHH cE nPorErA )<ELIIKHOT {.CO NOMOL! HA AT ACOT OTKPH],-BO KOJ TONAOTEH
NOJAC? NOJAC CE HAOTA€ET{YEAHKA MAKEAOHHJA! ."
2. Bo KoJ noJAc cE nOJABYBAAT 4 TOAHIIIHH 2. co noMor! HA ATA'Acor onIEAEAH Bo KoH TonAHHcKH
BPEMHFI'A? noJAcH cE ruqornnt Ap>xnenrE HoPBEL!KA'"!Py€HJA,
6PA3HN h KOHTHHEHTOT AHTAPKT4K !

ffi /UrC, u2:l il| u-<,:-'n{t; ( jti ali(xrtt

} Y Bo treturcuom nojac, a oco6eHo oKo"xy eKsaruopom uopagu zo,|e.Moutu 30ZPeaahe u uctlapyaabe ao

ttou,,tagHelHuurc uacoett uoctuojaHo u o apHo!(u. 3nttrco rutu1 trun ua jtv, ua aezetuatp ja oo ue-
ApoooHu Lay.uu. Ta-uv opejatun uc tu zy6atu attcjouttt tt oajoou! ur'toooeu H(tto,'tKv uttutt! 60 |oottHo-
ma. ITpa ua Ceeepuuom IIoa (na 90") upucuuzHart PoSepm lIupu Na 6 unpu"t 1909 ,oguHa. EKcue-
944ujama ua llupu ce cocluoe"la og 17 Ecrcunu, 7 5en4u, 19 canrcu u 133 ecrcuucrcu KyquH'a Tue rua'
octTiauane 3l .rac ua lloaom. Tozau llupa aauuuan: ,,Orco,ny ueHe He,Ma tioee*e ceeep, ucruoK UJ\LI
aauag. Bo cutue upas1u ce naola ca o jyz. Cercr.ti eemep rcoj gyea e iytteu Egeu nonapeH 9eH u egHa
aronapHa noft oage aupaam \ena zoguHa!"
@
 flrot&qffia (@ {Ji orq'[Zabotpw

\t > LLltno e ApJ^oxoHo no u,afucouP

) kctt o ce bJkooLu EptLLuxo nautue u
9{t xoDuK)HtlJOAHUlne IU1UU nO Uet O?

'-,*)

fno6ycor e HajBepHa cnhKa Ha 3eMjara. Toj e HaManeH r4oAen Ha

3eMj!4Hara ronKa r Ha Hero e npercraBeHa qenara 3er4jrHa noBpurfiHa. Ha
rno6ycor e HajAo6po np[KaxaH r,ler'yce6Hfior oAHoc 14 Torer4[Hara Ha reo-
rpaocKi4Te eneMeHT : KoHTIHeHTh, oKeaHh? Mop14lba, e3epa, ocrpoBr4 apyfo.
Co nouou ra rno6ycor HajAoopo Moxe aa ce o6jacHrl poraurrjara Ha 3eMjara,
HaMoHor Ha 3eMjuHara ocKa, cMeHara Ha aeHor 14 nokra, npovenara Ha
aolx Hara Ha aeHor 14 uottra, cltenara Ha rogr4lrHrre epeulrrua r reorpa$-
cKaTa tljypor.]l/Ha aolxt4Ha.

cnopeA coApxuHara rno6yc re ce Aerar Ha: Or3nqK],l Ha Kola e

np[KaxaH penjeoor Ha KonHoro, penjeoor Ha MopcKoro AHo, BoA[Te, r'1op-
cK[re crpy]l x Ap; norr4TxqKx Ha Korf co pa3r[qHr,1 60 e np KaxaHa repfi-
Top jara Ha ApxaBrre Ha cBeror 14 ,HAyKr4r4oHeH Koj e o6oeH qpHo 14 6e3
reorpa$cKh ener4eHTh 3a Aa N{oxe co KpeAa HacraBH[Kor Aa BHecyBa reo-
rpaocKH eneMeHTh Ha Hero, llofiojar fi agrpoHo cK]a rrro6ycl4 Ha Korl e npla-
KaxaH pacnopeAor Ha sBe3AHTe u cosBe3A[jara Ha He6ecHfior cBon, fnooycor
!aMa cBoja reorpaocKa Mpexa Koja coApxl1 HanopeAHnll4 14 r4epl4a'ljaHU,

cure roqK[ Ha 3eMjara (ocBeH nonoB Te), npfi Hej3 Hara poraqrlja 3a
24 qaca onfiuyBaar nonH Kpyr oA 360". 3aMhcneHfiTe KpyroBI Ha rolrKfire Ko
por[paar ce napanenHr fi nexar HanopeAHo eAeH cnpofl4 Apyr. OBl,le
3aMficneHn KpyroB!4 xorja o6rxoryeaar 3er4j Hara roflKa oA 3anaA KoH tlcroK/
ce B'1Kaar HanopeAHhqu xnI napanen14. HanopeAHuqvre xMaar pa3nhqHa Aon-
xxHa. HajAonr HanopeAHXK e oHoj Koj MfiHyBa Hx3 cpeA{urHr4or Aen Ha 3eMjara
x ja Aent4 Ha ABe eAHaKB floryronK : ceBepHa h jlD(Ha. OBoj HanopeAH K ce
Bl4Ka eKBaTOp

EKBaropor e noqereH HanopeAH[K ce 6enexfi co 0o. OA eKBaropor

KoH CeBepHhor u JyxHr4or |lon 3a14ficneHfiTe HanopeaHtlqr,l ce cb nouaru raxa
uro PaqojaHxero oA eKBaropor ao nonoBrre ce r4eph co
norroBr4Te ce ro,rKl4,
creneHr4 oA 0o Ao 90o. 6u4ej(u nonoerre He onfiLllyBaar Kpyr ce 3eMa AeKa co
eKBaropor vMa 179 HanopeAHXur4.

MepvAxjaH ce 3aM creHfi nonyKp]Di(Hrr n\Hrlv Kovt rl4 noBp3yBaar

CeBepHrlor h JyxHr4or non. Txe ce eAHaKB!4 no Aorx[Ha I M HyBaar Hfi3 ceKoj
creneH Ha eKBaropor, Fr4ej(r,t eraaropor e xpyr Koj Ma 3600 3Ha,.rx AeKa t,tMa
360 MepHAhjaHfi.3a nonecHo Aa ce oApeAfi Ha Koj MeptaArjaH ce raofa uexoj
rpaA hnI MecTo,3a no'.]eTeH Moxe aa ce 3eMe 6!1flo Koj Mepl4Al4jaH. Ho, co Mery-
 HapoAeH AoroBop e 3eMeH r4epl4aHjaHoT KoJ Mr4HyBa Hh3 acTpoHort4cKaTa oncepBaTop4a KaJ MecToTo
fplaHla.{, Bo6nfi3l4Ha HaJloHAoH. OBoj MephA jaH ceBlaKa fpt4Hr.4']Kv Mep AhjaHIceoeaexhco0o,
/.''.'-'
, ir-. -t
t'-/ 4q "

LL
rtt E-s, Elitg-cte:9O Kel cJott),
'-!.r,- ',{'
TeorpaocKara Mpexa oA HanopeAHn]l4 v MepvAVjaHV He nocrox Bo np po4ard, tlea ja qpraue
na rno6ycor la Ha reorpaocKara Kapra 3a nonecHo Aa ja onpeAen[Me nonox6ara Ha HeKoe r4ecro Ha
3er.4jara, aroa HajnecHo (e ro onpeAerlrMe aKo ja HajAeMe HeroBara reorpaocKa ufipoq Ha reorpaocKa
AOIIX HA.

feorpaQcxa unpovrHa e pacrojaHhero oA eKBaropor no MepuAujaHor Ao HeKoe Mecro, Mectara

Koh ce oAAarreLreHu Ha ceBep oA eKBaropor r4N4aar ceBepHa reorpaocKa ufipl4Ha (CfUl), a oH[e Kox ce
oAAanelreHh Ha jyr oA eKBaropor hMaarjyxHa reorpaocKa urlp Ha (Jftll). feorpdQcKara ufipoq[Ha Ha
cure r4ecra Ha ceBep|4rrr Ha jyr oA eKBaropor ce Mepv co MepxAr4jaHcKx creneH oA 0oAo90', lvlepfiA -
jaHcKr.lor creneH ro npercraByBa pafiojaHl4ero noMeryAea coceAHfi HanopeAH Ka.

leorpa$cxa aonxl1tra e pacrojaHxero no HanopeAHlar(or oA noeerHxor fphHr,4qKh Mep AhjaH Ha

hcroK Hr Ha 3aflaA oA Hero. nopaAx roa raa Moxe Aa 6fiAe [croLiHa l,ln la 3anaAHa reorpaocKa Aonx Ha.
Toa 3Ha,rl4 aeKa crre r4ecra no HanopeAHruvre Koh ce oManeqeH[ Ha croK oA Tp[H14,{Kl4or Mep AxjaH
fil4aar ficro.]Ha reorpaocKa AonxfiHa (l4TA), a Mecrara xolt ce saoiaar Ha 3anaA oA oBoj MephAfijaH
Maar 3anaaHa reorpaocKa AonxfiHa (31-A). l-eorpaScrara Aorrxr'rHa ce Mep co HanopeAH[KoB creneH
oA 0o Ao 1B0o 3anaAHo 14 r,rcro,rHo oA fpIHr4.rKr4or N4ep,lArajaH. HanopeAHxKoBxor creneH rc npercraByBa
pacroja Hfiero Ha HanopeArrxor nol.rery ABa coceAHfi r4ep[A jaHa,

TeorpaocKara L!xpo,.{,4Ha x reotpaocKara AonxvHa oco6eHo ce 3Ha.rajH[ 3a noMopcKr,lor co-

o6pafuj, rora HeKoj 6poA nopaAr Ae$eKr I4Jrv roLro BpeMe 6apa nor4oLx, np uro ro,rHo ja oapeAyBa
cBojara nonox6a Ha xoj HanopeAnrroe unv MepfiarjaHcKv crener ce saoia.

L4pexo Ho
I
HOUopeqHUuu I
u vepuqulonu I

1. Co noMol! HA AT ACoT HAH I-AoEycoT nPoHAJAH MEry KoI.I CTEnEHH CEBEPHA T.EOTPAOCKA LIIHPO-
qHHA H HcToqHA H 3AnAAHA TEoTPA@CKA AoA>KHHA cE HAoTAAT KoHThHEHTHTE EBPOnA H CEBEP-
HA AMEFHKA,
Ca noMoUI HA ATAACOT onPEAEAI4 MEFy KoH CTEnEHH Jy>T(lIA |EOTPA<pCKA IllHPOqHHA H HCTOqHA
trEorpA@cKA AoA)<HHA ce IrnoA KoHTHHEHToT ABcTpAAHJA.
3. HA .EofPAocKATA KAP.IA HA P MAKEAoHHJA oEPEAE^H HA KoJ cTEflEH HCTOqH-A. TEOTPA@CKA AO-\-
X(I-1HA E KABAAAPUH, A HA KOH CTENEHH CEBSPHA |EOFPACFCKA LUHPOqHHA CE HEtrOTHI-IO, KHqEBO
H AE6AP.

@
 :: ./: , .,"'"

>-'"it ' \:
\ '' *-
\i- L 1 -'.
1\t""
\ i.. ':- d'r r
-,;\
6
tr' i' - 'i ,t ....-)
\
3eMJ Hara noBpuhHa HaJAo6po e npercraBeHa ,nJ6y.or. aa aa-ce iarrpra
"u
reorpa+cKa Kapra rpe6a Aa ce npeHecar Nlep,lAl4jaH Te 14 HanopeAH]4r..lxre oA rnooycor Ha
paMHa noBprx!4Ha. lvleiyroa, 3erujrarara noBprJxHa He r{oxe Aa ce npeHece Ha Kapra 6e3
AeOopMaLlHH. OBxe He 36exHx AeoopMaql4l4 ce nororeMfi AoKonKy npxKaxyBaMe noro-
reMl4 noBplJrlHl4 Ha 3eMjara. 3a raa uen ce 36upaar KaprorpaQcxu npoexqrr ror (e ru
cBeAar Ae$opMaqra[Te Ha HajMana Mepa. cnopeA KapaKrepor Ha AeoopMaut4 Te, npoeK-
r.lxrreceAenar Ha: KoHOopMHx, eKBxBareHTHr, eKBlrAl,rcraHTHr h npor,r3BorHr,r.

Kaj KoHoopirHxre npoeKqr4[ e 3a!]yBaHa cruqHocra Ha noBpurrH Te Ha o6jeK-

T Te, Ho nocrojar Ae$opMallhu Kaj noBpluHHhre I n,4Hr4Hre, Kaj oBrae npoeKqr4[ HanopeA-
Hr4uhre x r4ephA[jaH Te ceKorau ce ceqar noA npaB aron.

Kaj eKBxaareHTHrre npoeKlll4u e nocrhrHara BepoAocrojHocr Ha noBpurfiHara,

Kaj eKBxAhcraHTHnre npoeKqfi e 3aqyBaHa BepoAocrojHocra no Aorx[Ha Ha

eAeH ffraBeH npaBeq. Toa 3Haq AeKa Ha oB e Kaprll, r43pa6oreH Bo oBaa npoeKq ja,
r4oxar Aa ce r4epar Aorxr4Hrre, Ho, He Bo cxre flpaBq[, ryKy caMo Bo eaeH rnaBeH npaBeq.
Kaj oB[e Kapr nocrofi AeOopMau'lja Kaj arn[Te, noBplrIHara lan]rH14l4Te BoeAeH npaBel].

Kaj npor3BonHxre npoeKq fi nocrou AeoopMaqfija Ha noBpr.lr4H TeuHaa re,

a He e nocr'4rHara Hx BepoAocrojHocr Ha Aonx HaraHh3MepfiA jaH[Te x HafiopeAHvu[Te.
CnopeA HaqhHor Ha npeHecyBaFbero Ha Mpexara oA HanopeAHurlnu MepAAujaHA
og mo6yc na paMHa noBpuJ[Ha, Kaprorpa$cK[Te npoeKqrx ce Aenar Ha: a3nmyrHr, qx-
rxHApllqHX, KOHyCHh 14 yCnOBH14.
A3xMyrHx npoeKqfix ce oH e KaAe uro npeHecy8abero Ha KaprorpaocKara
Mpexa oa rno6ycor ce BpLJt4 HenocpeAHo Ha par4Ha noBprxuHa Koja Moxe Aa ja Aonhpa
3eMj!4Hara ronKa Bo HeKoja roqKa, Aa ja ceve lrnN 4a ce xaoia Ha noMaro urfl Ha noroneMo
pacrojaHue oA Hea. A3l4M}rrH[re npoeKql4x ce Kophcrar 3a mpa6orKa Ha Kapru Bo r4ajr
pasMep Ha Ko ce nphKaxyBaar roneMr4 AeroBr,l Ha 3eMjxHara noBprxliHa KaKor Ha npxMep,
eAHa 3eMjfi Ha noflfronKa.
qlrnrHApxqHr npoeKuxx ce oH e KaAe LJTo Mpexara oA HanopeaH[Llr4 14 Mep{-
AhjaHh e npeHeceHa Ha o6Br4BKara oA u n HAepor Koj Aonlapaj([ ja, ja onoa(a uenara
3eMj[Ha nonyronKa. Ha Kaprr4Te uapa6orexu Bo u n HApl,lqHa npoeKulja r4oxe Aa ce
npl4Kaxe qenara 3eMj[Ha noBpuraHa, Ho AeoopMaqhjara Ha curKara Ha 3eMjuHara
noBprx Ha ce 3ToneMyBa co oAAaneqyBabero oA eKBaropor. 3aroa oBfie npoeKqfifi ce
HajnorcAH[ 3a npercraByBa$e Ha npeAenfi Ha o6nacrfi oKony eKBaropor, KaKo 6aceHor
Ha KoHro BoAopuKa, hHAoHe3hja, 6aceHor Ha peKara AMa3oHk Apyfl4,

KoHycHh npoeKllxu ce oHue KaAe LJTo r4pexara oA HanopeA{ut)n v Mepn4kja{u

ce npoefixpa Ha noapu Hara Ha KoHycor Koj ceqej(r ja nn t AonhpajktA ja, ja on$a(a
3eMj Hara ronKa. OBl4e npoeKl.lr4u ce np[MeHyBaar 3a u3pa6orxa Ha Aeroe oA 3eMjr4Hara
noBplJ[Ha Kor rexar Bo cpeAHure reorpa$cKu Lxl4poL]r4Hx. Co KoHycHfiTe npoeKq fi He
 , ,y' 9;" - \ "o*u,
au .e ,3pa6orar Kaprr Ha qenara 3eMja, ryKy Ha HeFxHx ogenHx AenoBx. apxaet4
\.ff- r *. 1.$.. -., )l ,rn, *o"rr"u"l4 Kox hr4aar MepuaxjaHcKta npaBeq Ha nporerabe, KaKo uro ce ceBepHa h
)\ \d iy \/Nn.JyxHaAueprxa.
\2)r.\€t'v ') ycroBxn npoeKqxr ceoH[e Kaprorpa$crara upexa xe ce qpra
\/ \- Ha Ko!4 Ha Hexoja
lt \-#uuclexa reoMerpxcKa noBpgJuHa, ryKy no oAHanpeA nocraBeHu ycnoBu, co ulro ceKoja
-- *--,..., .. .,r*,- npoeKuhja (e ao6lre oApeAerr cBojcrBa. Bo BaKBx npoeKqr Hajqecro ce rcpa6oryBaar
Kaprfire Ha onpeAereHx KoHrxHeHrx: ASpt{Ka, ABcrpaaxja, A3[ja u Ap

A3uMyOHo upoeKuujo
t50

030 60 g0 t?0 t50 m

Uun uHqpuqHo upoekuujo

opoeKuujo
 fnoWsfua @ u pa)&rae/t!!r
) uJuo e wJMe
) 3otufro c^yxu aon
) lLLuto o6iocnyfuue co poJMepHuK)

3a ga ce rspa6orr reorpa$cKa Kapra rlopa aa nocro onpe4eneH pa3Mep Pa3Mep

e oAHocor Ha AorxfiHara Ha Kaprara cnpeMa AorxvH[Te Bo np poAara. Toj noxaxyea
KonKy nar AorrxfiHara Bo np poAara e HaManeHa Ha Kaprara,3a c re B AoBl4 Kaprx pa3-
Mepor ce 6enexx Ha ABa HaquHa: co 6pojK[ x rpa$[qK . Pa3l4epor Koj e o6enexaH co
6pojxra ce arxa 6poeH pa3Mep npBara 6pojKa Kaj 6pojH or pa3Mep - AeneH K ceKorau e
eAfiHr4qa 14 ro o3HaqyBa pacrojaHuero Ha Kaprara, Ha np/r.1ep, 1 cm. BTopara 6pojKa Ha
pa3Mepor - Aenuren noKaxyBa KonKy h3HecyBa pafiojaHHero Bo np poAara Bo oAHoc Ha
AorxfiHara Ha Kaprara. TaKa, Ha nphMeD Ha Kapra Bo pa3N4ep 1: 1 000 000, 1 cm AonxvHa
Ha Kaprara npercraByBa 1 000 000 cm Bo npxpoAara. PacrojaHxero Bo np[poAara ce
Mepebe Ho poc ojqHue
co LitecLUop
xcKaxyBa Bo KunoMerp . 3a Aa ru nperBopvMe 1 000 000 cm Bo N4erp'1 oAAenyBaMe ABe
r.!ecra, ABe Hynv (1 000 0C0 cm = 10 000 m). AKo caKaMe Merp re Aa r'1 nperBopt4r4e Bo
K noMerpr.r oAAenyBaMe rprl r\4ecra - rp!.l Hynr ( 10 000 m = 10 km). 3Ha,rh Ha reorpaocKfire
Kapr!1 Bo pa3Mep 1 000 000, 1 cm pacrojaHre Ha Kaprara npercraByBa 10 km Bo
1 :
npl4poAara. Ha reorpa$cKara Kapra Ha Penyon'lKa MaKeAoH ja Bo pa3r4ep 1 : 160 000, eAeH
caHT[r\4erap pacrojaH[e Ha Kaprara npercraByBa 1,6 km Bo np poAara.

fpa$fi,.{Kr1or pa3N{ep e xopl43oHTanHa nhHhja noAeneHa Ha Aecer eAHaKBU Aena.

bpojKfiTe HaA n[Hhjara ro noKa]ryBaar pafiojaH ero Bo np poAara rlcKaxaHo Bo K[no-
Merpr. Toa 3Ha.{4 AeKa ceKoj Aen oA nlaHlajara oAroBapa Ha oflpeAeneHa Aonx[Ha Bo npx-
poAara. Taa AoJrx[Ha ce
'][Ta oA reBara crpaHa oA Hyrara ce BMKa ocHoBHa r4epa,
fpaoLl.rK or pa3Mep e pa3AeneH Ha N4[n[r4erp[. AKo ocHoBHara Mepa e K[toMerap, Torau]
ceKoj caHTvMerap AecHo oA Hynara oAroBapa Ha 1 km Bo npfipoAara/ a ceKoj Mhn[Merap Ha
ocHoBHara Mepa oAroBapa Ha 100 m. Tpaoh,JKhor pa3Mep ce np MeHyBa Ha cneAHt4oB Ha-
,.{.4H: CO OTBOp Ha Uecrap Ce MepX Aonxvrara Very 4ae UeCra Ha Kaprara, a roa pacrojaHve
ce npeHecyBa Ha rpaor4,rKxor pa3Mep AecHo oA 0 (Hyna). bpojKara Koja ce noMonyBa co
npeHeceHaTa aorxr4Ha oA Kaprara noKaxyBa KonKaBa e Taa aonxt4Ha Bo npl4poAara.

Buq Kopaio
Ha cb9titoLLl

1. LLITo o3HAqyBA AEAEHHKOT, A TIITO ASAHTE. I. Bo FEoTPA@CKHoT ATAAC HA cTP. I2 - EBPOnA,

KAJ PA3MEPOT?
NOT H3PAEoTEHA Bo PA3MEP I: I7 5OO. NPECMETAJ
2. KAKo cE nPHKA)KyBA |PA@HL]KHoT PA3MEP? I CAHTHMETA.P HA Ki,prATA co KonKv METpH E
nPETCTABEH Bo nPHPoAATA !

2. Co noMoLU HA TpAcpHqKH pA3MEp npEcMETAJ re

pAcroJAFrHETo veiv aeA trpAAA Bo PEnvEiHKA
MAKEAoHHJA, .l() coflcrBEH t43EoPI
 r-.{ r
fl,q1enda . ,!- i--4.

,crqgeq
eaflplKuHo.MJ<l
u
@bcm
CnopeA pa3Mepor, KaprfiTe ce Aenar Ha: nraHoBr,r/ Tono-
rpaocKx x reorpa$cKra Kaprh.

JhaHoBnre ce Kapru co KoyfleH pa3r4ep T e ce h3pa6oryBa-

ar Bo pa3r4ep oA 1 : 100 Ao 1 : 10 000, a Haj,recro Bo pa3Mep oa 1 : 1 000

Ao 1 : 5 000, Ha oB e KaprH ce np KaxaH[ noNranu noBpur4Hl4 finh

o6jeKrfi, KaKo ceno, rpaA, Jro3oBr4 HacaAu, o3orlTapHxqla la Ap. nnaHo-
Bl4Te ce Hajnpeu!43Hx Kaprx. TaKa, Ha np r4ep, Bo nraHoB!4Te Ha rpaAo-
Btare ce BHeceHh chre ynv\n h o6jeKru KaKo: 6onH[q ,
no3Ha,.]ajHl,l
My3ex, rearp!4, yqlanrLrra, xorenH, aAMrlHxcrpar BH o6jeKruIAp Ha
oBve Kaprfi HeMa r4pexa oa HanopeAHrrul4 vi Mepu4ujaHv' Hvry, naK, e
npIKaxaH penje$or.

TonorpaocKhre xaprr ce uspa6oryBaar Bo Man pa3Mep x

n^oH Hq rpoq CKoUje
roa Haj,recro oA 1 : 25 000 Ao I : 50 000. Ha ronorpa$cK[re Kaprn, 3a
pa3nrlKa oA nnaHoBkTe, ce nphKaxaH MpexaTa oa HanopeAHfiqx 14

r4epuAfijaH[, noroa penje$or t4 cvre BVcnHcKrl roqKh (Korl4) Ha 3eM-

jIurero, OBfie Kaprv HajMHory ce npxMeHyBaar Bo apMIjara.

feorpaQcKrare Kaprr ce u:pa6oryeaar Bo HajMan pa3Mep v

roa oA 1 : 200 000 Ao 1 : 40 000 000. lla oBue Kaprv ce npxKaxaHu
oMeflH ApxaB / KoHT HeHTrl, ocrpoa[ l4n uenara 3eMj Ha noBpLux-
Ha. nopaALr Man[or pa3r4eD Ha reorpaocKrre Kapfll, ce BHecyBaar
rpynnrre o6jerrr Bo npvpoAara, KaKo €epa, r4opl,1Fba, oKeaH , Hr43,1-
H , peK[, nnaHuHx, TnaBHr nororeMfi fpaaoBr4 Bo apxaBxTe I ap
TeorpaocK Te Kapr[ HajMHory ce nprMeHyBaar Bo yqfirr4urara, Hc-
TfiTyr 'r e, apMhjara 11 Ha Apyrh Mecra, TeorpaocKxre Kaprx Moxar Aa
6v1ar v penjeqHu, A3pa6oreH oA rfinc, nnacruKa, rn Ha { Ap
b cnopeA coApxhHara reorpaocK[Te Kapr ce Aenar Ha:
Sn3ra.{kx, nonxrrqkr t4 cronaHcKn.
Oxgu.{Kx Kapr[ ce oHl4e Ha Kor e npercraBeHa 3eMjuHara
noBpLxHHa, KaKo LJTO Ce, pacnopeAor Ha KOnHaTa, MOphFbaTa h oKea-
H Te, penjeoor, e3epara, nacen6rre, gpxaBH[re rpaHulll4 14 Ap. OBAe
cnaiaar crre srarr yvunnult4 Kapr!4, Bo oBaa rpyna rapru cnafaar r
MhMaTCK Te KapTfi Ha KO e np KaXaH pacnopeaoT Ha M[MaTCKrTe
eneMeHT , xr4AponouKr4Te Ha Ko e nphKaxaH pacnopeaoT Ha BoA[Te,
neAonouKxre Ha Kou ce npuKaxaHI Tl4floB Te no']8r4, 3ooreorpaocKfi- Touorpq$cKq KopLuo
Ho bynKoHour Be3yb
re r $uroreorpa$cK[re, Ha Koh e nphKaxaHa pacnpocrpaHerocra Ha
pacT[TenHl4oT I Ha xfiaoTuHcKl4or cBeT.

I
 Jlorrrr,rqKh Kaprfi ce oH!4e Ha Kofi ce npercra8eHx ApxaBxre, o6oeHl
co pa3n!4qHx 6014, HIBHhTe rpaHvqx u rnaBHI fpaAoBl4.

CronaHcKl1 Kaprfi ce oHle Ha Kor co noceoH 6ene3,4 (3Haqta) e

npercTaBeHo cronaHcTBoTo Ha eaHa 3eMja. T e Moxar Aa 6[Aar: HAycrpl4cKl4,
pyAapcKr4, 3eMjoAencKx, coo6pa(ajH[, rypficr qKfi Ap

CnopeA TepraroptjanHhor onoar [Ma: reorpaocK[ KaprH Ha qenlor

cBeT/ Ha 3er4jnH Te nonyronK,4/ KapT Ha KOHTlHeHTtiTe, Ha ApXaB[Te KapT
Ha oAAenHu o6racrfi.
36 pKara Ha reorpaocKu Kapr!4 cpeaeH Bo eAHa KH ra ce Bl4Ka

reorpascKh arnac.

{Fr
r! Touo!,pq6cKo Kopuio
b
.C
ait t aAr

qt A rn
Cnukobum opuKq3 Ho pe^jecpHo Kopoo

(12
-
\_? lltprutawe
feolpqcpcro xopuJo
1. BO KOJ PA3MEP CE H3PAEOTYBAAT NAAHOBHTE H TONOTPAOCKHTE KAPTH?
2. KOH KAPTH CE BHKAAT OH3HqKH KAPTH?
LIJTO E NPETCTABEHO HA CTONAHCKHTE KAPTH?

n-r --
lH) M @b@ Re @e aHffid€,tp@r?a
Ilocmojam u aHmpouoaeoapaQcKu Kapmu Ha Kou e upLLKa)taHn 2ycruuHoma Ha
HaceneHuefrio; \eoJ opbo"xoutKu Kapmu Ha Kou e ttpuKaJtuH pe"xie$oacaopeg
HAqUHO|I HA HA(fuAHOK, CUtApOCUTA U HOgeopeWHUOru UJ.JleQ: 2eol0LUKU KOpIUU
Ha Kou ce upuKaJ{aHu Zeo,xoutKuoln coctuaq, crtipyKutyparua u pacupocupoHe-
mocuta Ha .MuHeptuxurue; oKeaHozpa{)ctu Kaputu Ha Kou ce upurcaJrcaHu rlopcKa-
uta 6oga, co,xeHumemom, 6ojama, gna6ouuHalna, ,nopcrcufrie c tpyu, penieQom
Ha MopcKolao gHo u 9p.
M@@ptry6 a Cpl€Hg&

) Kou ueor.oocPcKu en eMeH[u Hctqauat frilq

uJ OpuKoxyboouJ 6ouLiJe Ho
-LeorpocbcKouro ropttto?

.:., i hll_q
. ...''rhr'
+' ..
,
t\
tr 'J @n
\, 1' ' \'e.
I i'' ,
.t':, Fi@l

TeorpaocK[Te enei4eHT ce Kaprorpa$cxu :xaqta (6ene:r) uro rx o6jac- Pe^jedc co upouuu

(^uHuu)
HyBaar oAAenHxre o6jeKTfi oA np[poAara. HrB rl4 uMa Ha ceKoja Kapra x roa ce
BhKa nereHAa. EAeH oA HaFHa,rajHt4Te reorpa$cKy eneMeHT[ Koj ce npxKaxy8a Ha
KaprfiTe e penje$or. 3a Aa ce npL{Kaxe penjeSor Ha Kaprara co chre HeroBl4
nporera*e) nocrojar noBe(e MeroAu. Hai
oAnvKr4 (Bl4co.rxHa, aron/ npaBeq na
BaxH ce: Meroa Ha 6on, MeroA Ha t43oxrnc}l, ]{eroA Ha ceHqe}be t4 MeroA
Ha qprraqra (nr1H r).
Meroa Ha 6ox e cocraBeH oa pa3n[qHt4 tujalclt na 6or co xov Ha Kapra-
ra ce npercraBeH o6jeKr[Te Bo nphpoAara. Co3eneHa 6oja e npercraBeHo Hl.'lcKo-
ro 3eMj ure - Hi43!4Hxre oA 0 Ao 200 m HaAMopcKa B'lcoqfiHa. AKo 3eMjfiurero e no-
Hr4cKo oA r4opcKoro paMHILJTe ce npercraByBa co reMHo3ereHa 6oja. 3eMj urero
oA 200 Ao 500 m HaAMopcKa B co,.{tiHa ce npercraByBa co xonra 6oja. AoKo,'lKy
nororeua Hrjaacara na 6ojara e noreMHa. oa 1 000 Ao 3 000 m HaA-
Bl4coLrllHara e
MopcKa B coq Ha 6ojara na 3eN4jtlurero e KaOeaBa. TlnaHvHcKl.4Te BpBoBl4 Kotl
nofiojaHo ce noKptleHh co cHer fi Mpa3 ce npercraseHu co 6ena 6oja. Co c Ha 6oja
ce npeTcTaBeH peK Te, eepara, Mopl,lflaTa oKeaHrTe. nocBernara chHa 6oja rr
npercraByBa noManl4Te Ana60,]t4H[, AoAeKa noreMHara nofoleuure Ala6oqlgn na
Pe^jecb co u3o{u[cu
BOA TE.
-.:.
MeroA Ha ]l3oxttncr e cocraBeH oA Toa uro chre roLlKr Ha KaprfiTe co
CTa HaAMOpCKa Bl4col-ll,lHa Ce COeArHyBaaT BO 3aTBOpeH RpnBl4 nVHt4Vt' ROl4 Ce
B[Kaar H3oxl4ncl4. HaABopelxHhre fi3oxxncfi floKaxlBaar noHucKo 3eMj ulre, a

BHarpeLJH Te noBLlcoKo. PacrojaHxero noMery Aee coceAH14 !a3ox ncH ja noKaxyBa

Bl4cl4HcKara pa3nuKa Ha 3et'4jrLrrero. l,l3oxfincrre ce pa3rxKyBaar no Ae6enxHara.
lloAe6enure rrnn[ ce r,']aBH!4 ir noKaxyBaar B cl,4HcKa pa3r Ka oA 100 m, a noreH-
K!4Te oA 20 m, nofiojar Lt noMoLllH!-l l43oxt4flcl4 co hcnpeKuHarfi nhHn4 Ko noKa-
xyBaar B[O4HcKa pa3n Ka or 10 m. AKo ]43ox[nc re ce mxory:6reHN Toa noKa-
xyBa AeKa penjeoor e crpt4eH, a aKo ce oAAanelleHla eAHa oA Apyra roj e nopar4eH
Ha ronofpaocK Te raprr lt:pa6orenu co l43oxhncl4 Ma fi B[ct4HcKl4 ToqK Ko ce
B Kaar Korrr. noKpaj ceKoja Kora l4Ma 6pojKa Koja ja noKaxyBa Haar4opcKara
BxcoqfiHa. OcBeH h3ox ncx nocrojar fi 3o6ar . Toa ce KpLIB!1 nvHul4 Ko!4 noBp3y-
BaarroLtKl4 co r4cra Ana6oqfiHa Boe3epara, Mop14$ara Y oKeaH Te.

KoM6uHouulo Ho cuLlJe urpu uruio,

cn uKobuLuo opLrKcDKybobe Ho opuM( ,"@
 MeroA Ha nr4Hrrlr ce fi3BeAyed co noBreKyBabe Ha Llpl4r-ll4 co pa3r[t]Ha
Aonxl4Ha l4 Ae6envHa, co Kol.4 ce 03HaLryBa penjeooT. AKo nhHWfece Ae6er|v, rycru
I KparKfi penje$or e crpN4eH aKo, naK/ The ce Aonr, reHKu fi perK[, roj e co 6nari4
I nrraH HaK[Te BpBotsr4 ocraHyBaar
crpaHtl h 3Ha'.ll.4TerHo nopaMeH. Hfi3xH Te i

6enl4, a HaKnoHor Ha penjeoor noroneM oA 45o ce np KaxyBa coceMa UpH. Co

MeroAor Ha r Hr.4h ceo3Ha'iyBa HaMoHorHa 3eNi[Lurero.

MeroA Ha ceHr{e}be ce np rleHyBa no np,4Hufinor Ha pacnpeAen6a Ha

cBe HaTa. CTpMHr4or HaKnoH Koj floManKy e ocBeTIeH npeTcTaBeH e co floTeMHa
cerra, a 6naruot co nocBerla. PaMH Te noBptxt4Hl4 tl flJraH HcKr,ire BpBoB ce
np KaxaHh 6en , Co N{eroA Ha ceHqeFbe, penjeoor e npercraBeH co pa3xfiqH
H jaHc[ Ha fia 6oja.

,...
Puqecur apeqe^ apukqxoFr
co u3oxulcu

KoMajy!!epcKo
-pu(oxybohbe
Ho penjecP
co ao[4011] Frq
u:oxu0cu,6ou

Q1 or*^ruo*
I , Bo uITo cE cocToH METoAoT HA EoH?
2. LIITo cE H.3oX[/.qC]H?
3. KAKo cE npHMEHyBA METoAor HA cEHqEr$E?
 ,AuToottgy,@mot
:/\ *.1 n pa
I
i
\,

!4 HeKoja ro'{Ka Ha
BeprvKanHoro pacrojaHue nouery nnaoro Ha N4opero
KonHoro ce BvKa anconyrHa finx HaAMopcKa Bxcoq Ha. B c[HcKara pa3n Ka
noMery Aee roqK Ha KonHoro ce BfiKa penaruBHa Bflcoq Ha. TaKa, Ha npl4Fle0
HaAr\4opcKara B,4co'rhHa Ha BoAno (nraxrHa Ao CKonje) e 1 066 m, a HaAttopcKara
Bl4co,.r'lHa Ha CKonje nHecyBa 244 m, aperarhaHara Bficoq Ha Ha BoaHo Bo o,qHoc
Ha cKonje e 822 m.

14 npeAen[ noH[cKl4 oA t4opcKoro Ht4Bo. T!4e ce B Kaar

Ha 3eMjara xMa
Aenpeclll. Hajno:uara 4enpeo4ja e MprBoro Mope, lne lnao ce raoia 403 m noA
Hr4Boro Ha CpeAo3eMHoro l4ope. foneMa Aenpecxja e 3er4jhujTero Bo XonaHAfija,
KaKo I np!4KacnxcKara Hr13l,4Ha.

.?
-6\.
c-*-Jqqdtq;
NPECMETAJ.]A PEAATHBHATA BHCoI'IHHA MEfy NEAHCTEP H EHTOAA, MEiY AENqEBO H trOAAK
H MEiv TEToBo H THToB BPB!
LPcplSrr,,qleaa u o;q@!Ar:,gtu
"
) Utao ce &ocu^t?
I llluto qosuoboue co Hubtlodo Aporybarre?
| 3outfio HeKou xubuJHu u WcuJeHuja -w
cpkofuMe coMo fu oqqeAHu o6tocnu,
o ne cexoq€

Lt-@ottolttlK:ct feoror.llKara eBofiyLl ja Ha 3eMjara noqHyBa co co3AaBa$ero Ha

npBara 3eMj Ha Kopa npel2
MVnvjapAA roAuH14. Taa Kopa He 6rjna Ae6ena Ka-
,ebcl,4ylttu$et Ko AeHec, ryKy N4Hory noreHKa 14 xeuKa. nopaAx ronnfiHara LJTo 3paLlera oA
3eMjrlHara Kopa HaA Hea ce co3AaBa/'ia BoAHa napea. Co KoHAeH3aU[ja Ha
napeara cejaBune npB Te BpHex . The 6ril.te MHory c IHr 4 Tpaene co roA Ht4.
OA H B HacraHane BoAH Te 6aceH : r4opr4rbara fi oKeaHhre. Bo H B ce noja-
Bhr'te r npBl4Te xnBtl opraHx3N4h Koy Bo HaraMoLrHara eBonyqyja nocrojaHo ce
ycoBpLxyBane.

H,13 Aonrfior neptloA eBonyq/ja Ha 3eMjara HacraHyBane pa3H

HapyuyBaFba Bo Hea, HeKofl Hej3rlHv AenoBv ce h3AurHyBane h oA Hl4B ce co3-
AaBa,re nnaH,iHv, a Apyrh AenoB, naK, ce cnyurane fi 3apaN4HyBane. llo MHory
roAr4Hl4 oA Hr4B HacraHane Aorl4Hrl t4 HtBnHh, nopaAu npor4eH[Te Ha oopMara
Ha 3eMj Hara Kopa ce MeHyBan h pacnopeAor Ha r4opl4bara r4 oKeaH[Te.
napanenHo co HxB, co reKor Ha BpeMero ce jaB lte !4KIl4MarcK npoMeHh.Tl,le
npeAx3Br4Kane opraHcKl4or cBer aa ce MeHyBa r nphcnoco6yaa ra nosn yc-
noBl,l, llopaAri roa N{Hory opraHcK[ B aoBH ri3yr4pe.qe, a Apyru ce nojaByBare !l
ce pa3BrBare, OBve npouec He 6vne 6p3r!, i/Ky 6aBH!4 14 Tpae,re co Mr4rr4oHr4
foar1Hu,

Bp3 ocHoBa Ha flpoHajAeH Te ocraroui,l Ha MHory oocrlnra eBonyqlaja-

Ta Ha 3eMjfiHara Kopa oA Hej3rlHoro co3AaBaFbe Ao AeHec flor'4r.!Hara H13 4 Teo-
nouKx apxajcKa, naneo3ojcKa, Me3osojcxa
ep14: ur KeHosojcKa. Epxre ce
noAeneHh Ha nep[oA / a rre Ha enoxr,

ApxajcKara epa e Hajcrapa x rpaena oA 1,5 Ao 2 Munujap!.ta roak{V.

Taa ce Aen apxajcKx n arroHr.lK]lcKH nepfioA. Bo apxajcKfior neprloA ce
Ha
3aqHane npBxre o6n qt4 Ha xxBor Ha 3eMjara, a roa 6hne HajnpHr4r4Tr4BH[Te
6aKrepl4h 14 aflr . Kapn co crapocr oA oBoj nepnoA ce cpe(aaaar sa noge(e
Mecra, OA anroH|4KxcKr4or nepfloA ce npoHajAeH Soc!4nHv ocraroLl, Ha arr[,
ra6r N 6arrepru.
naneogojcKara epa rpaena oKony 350 M nxoHla roAl4Hr,4, Bo oBaa
epa opraHcKr.4or cBer Ha 3eM,jara 3Haq[TenHo ce pa3Bur HanpeAHafl, Bo BoA-
H 6aceH ce nojaBune npB Tep 614, ajKynx, Kopan[, BoAo3er4q[, BrreKaq
Te

ApyrH. Ha KonHoro ce pa3s ne npB Te pacrfiTenHv Br4AoB nanpal4 Kor,1 Ao-

crurHyBane B[coel,iHa r Ao 40 Merpfi. Co HhBHoro l4c!.]e3HyBa$e HacraHan
KaN{eHraorjarneH.

KoKo ce buxone obue qpbjo?

Bp3 ocHoBa Ha pa3B ToKor Ha opraHcKvor cBer nareo3ojcKara epa e
noAeneHa Ha 6 nep oAr4: KaM6pxj, opAoBHK, cr.rryp, AeaoH, Kap6oH
 nepM. Bo naneo3ojcKara epa pacnopeAor Ha KonHoro I Ha MopeTo 6l4n coceMa
pa3nl4qeH oa aeHeujHxoT. Torau Ha 3eMjaTa [Mano caMo aBe KonHa. Ha

Ib
CeBepHara 3eMjrHa nonyronKa ce nojaBl4no CeBepHoarnaHTcKoro KonHo/ a Ha
J)/)lGara nolyronKa KonHoro - ToHABaHa. Mery oere xonxa ce llaoiano laopero
Ter c. Bo naneo3ojcKara epa ce [3A!4THane x HacraHane Hajcrap re nrlaHuHl4
Ha 3eMjara. Toa ce: KafleAoHcKr4Te, Xeplll4HcKt4Te !4 PoAoncK,4Te nnaH!4HH.

Me3oSojcKara epa rpaena oKony 160 M nl4oH roAfiHl4. Taa ce Aenv

. 4 npeq 600 MU . -r,oq.
Ha rpx aepuoAx: Tpljac, jypa fi kpeAa. Bo oBaa epa ce nojaB neMHoryopra-

Hr43Ml4 Kor4 x Beere Bo BoAa I Ha KonHo. Bo BoAara x Beene ph6u, ajKynu,

uxorxr,r, cyuieplr, nonxaBfi, Kopanfi u Ap. Ha KonHoro ce nojaBfine npBfiTe
uuqaqfi, nrulll4 14 qer[HapcKfi LxyMt4. M$o3ojcKara epa e Hajno3Hara no noja-
Bara Ha UXHoBcKrre BneKaqx Koh 6hne Aonrfi u no 25 Merpfi. Toa 6fine pa3H
AuHocaypycr4, r
paHocaypych, 6poHrocayPycu rl AP TAe wyMpene npx Kpajor
Ha oBaa epa. Bo M€o3ojcKara epa e co3AaAeH ATnaHTcKxor OKeaH, a jyxHoro
e npeq 450 Mrv\, i,oq,
KonHo ToHABaHa ce pacnaAHaro t1 oA Hero HacraHare AeHeuIHl4Te KonHa AOpta-
'-e Ka, ABCrpanuja, JIDKHa AMeprKa ,{ AHTapKTl4K.

w' KeHo3ojcKara epa e HajMnaAa Bo reoroLJKara eeolytluja xa 3eu-

Koja rpaena 60
KBaprep.
MxnvoH roAxH[. Taa ce Aenu Ha ABa nepfioAa: Tepq]1ep
repuuep KonHoro 14 Mopero nocreneHo ro 406!4Bane AeHeuHxor
Bo

ffi dtrq* v3rnep,, a croBpeMeHo ce ooopMyBan AeHeuHtlor pacrt4TerleH r xfiBo-

Tr4HcKr4 cBer. Bo cpeAuHara Ha oBoj nepttoA ce h3A rHane rjraAl4Te BepvxHl4
nnaH H : Annt4, xAManaA, AHAA, KopAflnjepfi x Ap Bo KBaprep 3a npB nar ce
nojaB n ,roBeKor. Bo oBoj nepr4oA HacraHare roneMx npol4eHfi Ha KJl Mara I
3aroa roj ce aenx Ha aBe enox : AtltyBhyM I anyBnyM, Bo AunyB[yMor
KnhMara 6xna MHory cryaeHa co Hl4cKn rer4neparypx. nopaau roa ceBepHl4Te
npeq 390 Mu , t q. AenoBu Ha EBpona, A3{ja v CeBepHa AMephKa 6l4ne noKp eH]1 co Mpa3,
quja

Ae6en[Ha ]€HecyBana x Ao 2 000 uerpa. Meilnoa, nocroerle nep[oA Ha

.3aTonryBa$e Kora Mpa3oTceTonen I ce noBneKyBan,

AnyExyMor e nocneAHa enoxa Bo reonouKara eBonyuxja Ha 3eM-

jara. Toj 3ano,rHan no neAeH[or nep[oA npeA 20 000 roA Hla x rpae AeHec.

-V: npeq 300 Mu^, toq.

npeq 150 N4u^. r.q.

}{

..i
npeq 65 Mu . iDq. -2 -r-oq.
flpeq 19 MU i

npeq 350 Mu . -r,oq,

 -_. :
I eo/\OLtllrc:l :
I sbo Wiet i
,nct !]eM:eFuu.a i

fepJuep
 PeKoHcdpyKuujo
ro w-r eqod
HO CpnOpOlJO, HO
KodHoUJo U Io
; :"::t boqoLuo upeq Mhouy
MUn UOFTU LOqUHU

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1 . Hv3 Kov EpH noMHHAAA fEonoLuKATA
EBo vUHJA HA 3EMJATA?
2, HASPOJ fq 1EP|"..OA[/,TE HA NAn EO3OJ-
CKATA EPA !
3. KoH nAAHHHH cE H3AHFHAAE Bo nA.
AF.O3OJCKATA EPA?
4. KoH n AHHHH cE H3AHFHA^E Bo ME3o-
]OJCKATA EPA?

ffi ,Arco cfzt(!j,t1-,1 ttol:;es(e'. q@ ?,[r(tt€2ut]

Bo tlepLrogoiii KapSoH, K,,IuMaLua 8o HeKor! ge"loetr Ho Eepotla 5u"to ,vuo2) r1lt 'u-lLr u 6,ttoJ -
na. [Iopagtt ruoo, ocu-oer'ra Syjua et'zetau4tja u fttmL.4e . Hozy 7LtcoKLr gpaia u 9o,10 m,
a ruLrpoKu o9l 1 go 2 nt. Tue ce atK0ie tu2uJTopu t! .1erit! gcH gpoHLr.
09 oeue qpeja ce cosgagcHu Sozdmume H.k.tLt?tt Htt KLt.LltH j{tz,'reH eo Be",Lurca Epuutanuja,
fey.uauuja, flo.tcxn. Pvcttjn tt ao opyttt sr.ujtr.
').
Bo "vesosojcratua epa, uoKo guHomypycr ue uMa"le o2po,nHu gLt eH3uLr tuue 5u,1e l{peso-
uacHlt ){uaomHLL u ce xpaHa.tle co pttcu-uLne",LHtr xpoua. Oeue srctt7omHu cc po|"Mtlo)t()'Banc
co jtjtp. Cuopt'.1 egua ttteopttjo tr!ue Mttt'JHnJle,J(Iltra Ml!o Krlutot!ta a t!lro.NeHuJt0 u
(moHa",Ia,MHoay uo(tnyocHo. n ()aIk')t{Mou-Hu Ht ,,tiu)t{c,,l( ott r'c ItcuIt,lom.
3a epeue ua Llepuogoul Knapmep Haa!lo!!a.no Ja"logyaorhe Ha 3e jaaua co,uHozy HLtcKu
me tleparuyplt. KaKo tloc,xegurlu 09 tuou 3aJtagy6ohe &6epHuu-e ge,,Loau Ha Espoua,
Asuja u ua Ceaepna. Auepurca 6u,xe uog uorcpuaKa oe MpaJ. Tozau atog MpaJ ce Hautne tio-
slLcoKLrute gelrolu ua IIIap fl"tautma, Kopa6, Ea6a u JaKyttulp. MeLymoa, twa"xo u fiepu-
o9u Ha 3aLuo "1y6aHre rco7a.Mpa3om c( rloareKyao,4 go,,reKy Ha ceeep. Ilopagu oaue Knu-
MafrictLr ocquJ,raquu Jnpaao l 4 ttamu ja uoKpusa",t uosptuLtHaula rcoja ja aaQaka Eepoaa
u 4 Llamu ce uoaneKysarr.
€s
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 frtoi@a w
) oq *on*y eneven[u e coc0obeH
lvleHqe^eebuoo cucLLleM?
) Kou eneuenu.ru oq oboj cuc[eN4
ce HooLooL! bo JeMlolrlo /

l-
 ,lxrocoepara l4nt4 3er4j Hara Kopa e noBptxxHcKara o6BtaBKa Ha 3eMja-
Ta/ co npoceqHa Ana6o.ruHa oA 70 km. Uurocoepara e cocraBeHa oA pa3ntlqHx
Br4AoB Kapn[. OA noBpur Hara Ha 3eMjara Ao Ana6oquHa oA 15 km, Taa nperexHo
e 3rpaAeHa OA CeAt'lMeHTHI Kapn14, KOl,l CnOpeA XeMfiCKt4Or COcTaB ce cocTaBeHI OA
c.tnvquytt anynvlvlyr.4, MarHe yM, Harp[yM t4 ap floa tre ce naoiaar KptacranHh
urKprnq , rpaH T,6a3anr fi Ap Bo noBpurxHcKxor cnoj Ha Kapnxre Bo oBaa coepa
npeoBnaAyBaar necH efleMeHTH, c!4n[u yM x anyMhHl4yM.3aroa oeaa o6euexa ce
B Ka cnan 3oHa (Si+Al).
06811BKara Ha 3eMjnnorojagpo ce raofa no4 nrrocQepara na Ara6o-
ao 2 900 km. Bo cocraBor Ha oBaa c$epa y,lecrayaaar nperexHo cfinl4qt4yNl t4
rll,rHa

MarH€fiyM.3aroa raa e no3Hara u noA rMero cl4Ma 3oHa (Si r lvlg). Bo ropHl4or
Aen Ha oBaa coepa ce aaoia varua. Taa e Bo BXeuJTeHa I TeqHa cocroj6a I
nocrojaHo ce ABvx!4 KaKo nocreAxua oATexhHara Ha 3el4j!4Hara Kopa.

3eMjraHorojaApo ce Haofa Ha Ana6oqxna oA 2 900 ao 6 300 km. Bo 3eM-

jhHoro jaApo BaaAear BlIcoKX TeMneparypI v npuTl4cot-114. oA Apyttare c$epla, jaA-
poro He ce pa3nllKyBa no cocraBor, ryKy no aTperarHara cocroj6a Ha Marep[jara Bo
Hero. Taa BojaAporo ce saoia go teqna cocroj6a h Ma roneva rycrrria. lt4eiyroa,
nopaAfl Br,lcoKr4or npfil4coK Bo 3eMj Horo jaApo oA 3,5 MfifltaoHla arN4oc$epn Ha
1cm2, Taa ce oAHecyBa KaKo LlBpcroreno crlt4qHo Ha qerfiK.

KoHIuHeHdoAHo (opo

u
tiJ
o
c
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e
p
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$ncau,rareat
, KAKo cE AoEHEHI, AEHEI,IJHHTE CO3HAHHJA 3A BHATPETIIHATA |PAAEA HA 3EMJATA?
1
2. OA KoH KAPnH E COCTABEHA AHTOCOEPATA?
3. 3olllTo MATMATA NOCTOJAHO CE ABH)KH?

.?
Ngogot6'
IIPECMET4J KoAKy ATMoC@EPH H3HECYBA NPHTHCOKOT BO 3EMJHHOTO JAAPO HA I M2,
AKo 3HAELII AEKA HA 1 CM2 TOJ I-I3HECYBA 3,5 MHAHOHH ATMOC@EPH,
Hlatdhyqyb.qil, uotfrpaxykwj u qlosna,f:
Ho6royqyboj r,u Kopuu[e bo cpequHo[o
Koqe ur[o xubeeuJ!
Ao3Hoj KoKbu Kopuu uMo 0o ui:'pcLUUHo,
Uo -ronevuno u Uo 6ojol Aonu nyleu.ro u.t fr
xopucr.uotu KopuuLle 30 HeKojo UoLlpe6c? -.a-
'J'

I )oAOrrtKt
//,YC)lUllif<(rl
I

cocxfidb ilq | /
.<carcjut-toi71c.t
I I
t()p<] I

,lxrocqepara hn 3er;r"Ju *opu aoaruBeHa oA pa3HoB!4aHr4 Kapnh Kol4

ce pa3nrKyBaaT eaH oA Apyrfl cnopea Toa,
"
Ka Ko HacraHane, no xeMficKt4oT cocTaB,
6ojara, uBpcr Hara, npoBr4AHocra, roner4hHara I Ap CnopeA Haq Hor Ha HacraHy-
Balbe/ Kapn re ce Aenar Ha: ceAHMeHTHn, MarMarcKn fi Merai{opOH}r.

CeAn eHTH[Te Kapnr HacraHyBaar co HanracryBa$e/ oAHocHo raro-

xerbe Ha c[TeH pa3Apo6eH Marep[jan oA necoK, TI HT4I BapoBHt4K, qaKan Apyfo,
Bo BoaH{Te 6aceHu nnh Ha KonHoro. CnopeA HaqxHor Ha rar'loxeFbe h BtiAor
Marephjan Koj ce ranoxx, nocrojar rp BHAa ceA[N{eHTH!4 Kapnh: MexaH],rr{kr,r,
xet{],|cK],t 1,1 opraHoreH14.

[4exaH[qK[Te ceA MeHTHt4 Kapnx HacraHyBaar co ranoxehbe Ha ficur-

HeTIOT r,{arep jaa80Boa Te rh KonHoro. TaKa, Ha nprlMep, Bp3 cxrHr4oT necoK ce
Tanoxfl cnoj oA ff Ha, Bp3 Toj cnoj ce ranoxri noKpyneH necoK, a Bp3 Hero 'laKan-
BaKa raroxeHror Marep jan co reKor Ha BpeMero ce cnenyBa, qeN4eHT pa h ce
npeo6pa3yBa Bo LlBpcra Kapna. TaKa HacraHane qaKaIHl4, r/t'|HeH r{ necoqHfl
nperexHo ce HannacreHfi Bo xopt43oHTanHa nonox-
Kapn14. CeA!4r4eHTH]are Kapn14
6a. Bo H B ce Haoiaar @ocrnr - cxauelerx ocrarollt4 oA no nxaen, pu6u, nru4r4 u
pa3H Apyfr4 xr4BoTHt4.

Xer4l4cKl4Te ceAl4r4eHTHx Kapn14 HacraHyBaar co ranoxeFbe Ha Marepfijan

uJro ce co3Aaaa no nar Ha xeMl4cKl4 pacrBopt4. Ha oBoj HaqfiH HacraHane: 6urog
rhnc/ con h ap
OpraHoreHlre ceA MeHTHI Kapnh HacraHane co raroxe*,e Ha ocrarollt4
oA x3ytlpeHh xt BorHVt t4rt pacreH ja. Bo oKeaHHTe 14 l4opMft,ara xrBear MHory
opraH 3r{la, a no yMupabero r e ce pacnaiaar, naiaar Ha gHoro r ce ranoxar, OA
Hr4BHlre Kocrypu H nyun noAoqHa ce co3AaBaar Kapnn oA opraHcKo noreKflo. Ha
oBoj Ha,r H HacraHare BapoBHxqKfiTe Kapnr, Aolot4l4Trre, Kopanrre h Ap Bo
noce6Ha rpyna opraHoreHr ceA MeHTHt4 rapnr cnaiaar Kayclo6uonnr re. The
fir4aar cBojcrBa Aa ropar 14 Aa pa3B Baar BXcoKa rerineparypa. Toa ce:jarneHo] koj
HacraHar oA HeKorauH[Te U!4HoBcKt4 ApBja Kol4 rx yMaro Ha 3eMjara npeA MHory
MVnvoHt4 roAnHV x HaoTara Koja HacraHana co pacnaiarse Ha opraHB3Myre Bo
HeKOrauHhTe 14Ophtba.
 MarMarcKlre Kapnra ce Hajcrapu I HajpacnpocrpaHen4 Ha 3eMjara. T e
HacraHyBaar no BynKaHcKara epynurja Kora 14aTMara fi3neryBa Ha noBpuruHara Ha
3eMjara, ce naA
h npeN4[HyBa Bo uBpcra Kapna. MarMarcK!4Te Kapnfi HacraHyBaar
u Bo 3eMj[Hara BHarpeuHocr Kora aynKaHor HeMa AoBorHo c]ana Aa ja fic$pnx
MarN4ara Ha noBpul4xara, Mefyroa, n 4eHecoBtae Kapnh HacraHyBaar Bo npeAenhre
KaAe LJTo Hajno3Harh MarMarcK[ Kapnfi ce: 6agarr, anAenlrr,
Ma x!,rBr4 BynKaHx.
rpaHVT, A4ja6a3v Ap nopaA, LlBpcr Hara oere xapnn raofaar urpoKa npxMeHa Bo
rpaAexHxrxrBoro 3a npaBebe KoqK[, pa6oBx 3a rporoapla x Ap

Merauop0Hnre Kapnn HacraHyBaar oa cearMeHTH!4Te

14 oa r\4afl\4ar-

reMneparypn roneM or np[T!4coK Bo BHa-

cK!4Te Kapnfi noA BnfijaHue Ha BhcoK[Te
TpeuHocra Ha 3er4j[Hara Kopa. nopaA Toa, T e n4 MeHyBaar nopaHeuHL.ror
S!4314,]Kr4 x3rneA xer4hcKr4or cocraB. TaKoB e MepMepor Koj HacraHan co Mera-
Mopoo3a Ha BapoBHl4,.rK Te Kapn . Bo r4erar4opoHHTe xapnr cnafaar x rHajcor,
Kphcrarecrr4Te uKp nll / r4eKauhcrr, KBapUr4Tr4 h Ap HajunpoKa npr4MeHa rr4a
Mep[4epoT/ KaKo yKpaceH KaMeH Bo rpaAexHEU.rrBoro.

'4 npprutMtffi ","h

*
1 . KoAKy BHAoBH CEAHMEHTHH KAP|IH NOCTOJAT?
2. LUTo cE KAyCToEHoAHTH?
3- KoH cE HAJno3HATH METAMopoHH KApnH?

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){: n -
'-3^.3bqatw
I. CO BAUIHoT HAC-TABHHK nocETETE PyAHHK HA MEPMEP HAH PyAHHK HA APyl- yKPACEH KAMEH
H 3ANO3HAJTE CE NOLUHPOKO CO HHBHATA YNOTPEEA.
2. AKo Bo EAH3HHA HA TBoETo MEcro HMA KAMEHo oM, nocETH Fo r.-r ao3HAJ KoH KApnh cE
EKCNNOATHPAAT OA HEFO H 3A KOJA HAMEHA.
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,,,",""ii3ifil il#'JJilxJi"":JfriiilTil,J'"*fl#::ff F,
r4r4or nprrricoK Bo 3eMjrHara BHarpeLUHocr, BhcoKara reMneparypa BxeLxreHara F { i *r*gi
'Jf T , *
MarMa. OBr4e cn
HrlKorau He Mr4pyBaar i4 npeAfi3Bt4KyBaar nocrojaH,4 ABrlxeiba
Bo 3er4jhHara Kopa. Co HxBHoro AejcrBo ce co3AaAeHfi HajKpynHr4re penjeoH,l J *LF'- JF.?
Ooplrta, KaKo Luro ce: KoHTHHeHTTITe/ oKeaHcKl,4Te !1 uopcrrre 6acerr, nraHL]Hl'1Te/
"
Hrl3VHUre, KoTril4Hrre Ap HaABOpeUHr,r Cl4nl4 Ce: COHqeBara ronn Ha, Berepor, I'jF', t.r)
'.f,
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peKLlTe,
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BpHexvre, ltpa:or, uopcxure 6paHoBv u Ap. Tfie r pa3opyBaar r r MeHy { "
{tF n
Baar penjeoH Te OopMr4 co3AaAeH oA BHarpeuH re cfirfi. OBfie ci4n u AeFrec
Bnfijaar Bp3 penjeoor, ro rveHyaaar co3AaBaar HcBr{ o6n11ul4 Bo Hero, noA Aej-
crBo Ha BHarpe$HVTe c^nv ce jaByBaar; TeKToHcK{ ABhxetba/ BynKaH}l l4
3eMjorpeclr.
enlporeH -*.*t..''
TeKroHcK TeAB Xelta ce Aenar Ha: oporeHir ABl4xeFba.
EnhpoFeHHT€ ABuxeFba ce 6aBH[, Ho nocrojaHfi ABrlxei-ba Ha roner'I4
I
AenoBh oA 3eMjr4Hara Kopa, Co HrlB HeKoh AenoBrl oA 3er4j Hara Kopa nocrolaHo ce
3Ar{rHyBaar, a Apyrfi ce cnyLJTaar" np r.43A rHyBa$ero ce co3AaBaar KoHT HeFi-
Txl a npn cnyura$ero oKeaHcKt4 linfi r4opcKv 6aceHh. cnopea roa, en poreHr,ire
ABUXeFba rr1 co3Aa8aar HajKpynHiare penjeoi a ooplara Ha 3eMjara. luleryroa, oaue

ABvxeFba ce nojaByBaar i4 Eo noN4ant4 pa3N{epI Ha KoHTLtHeHT[Te !4nfl Bo rlopcKr.ire

6aceH[. TaKa, Ha npfiN4ep/ AeHec Bo EBpona ce 3ArlrHyBa KonHoro Ha CKaHt:1i.4HaB-
cK or nonyocrpoB, a ce cnyura 6peror Ha XonaHArja. Kora KonHoro ce h3arrHyBa
* ,r
MopcKara BoAa ce noBneKyBa, Toa noBreKyBa$e Ha BoAara ce B Ka perpeOlja. Kora
KonHoro ce cnyura Mopero ro noKpr4Ba 14 Bprxv rpaHcrpeolja. Co perpec jara ce
3roner4yBa noBp[J[Hara Ha KonHorof a co ]paHcrpec jara Ha Mopero. Kaxo nocre-
Alilla Ha en poreH Te ABfixerbar N{Hory Hacen6 Ha ja,ApaHcKl4or 6per Ko 6 neHa
..!. ,

KonHo Bo r4fiHaroro, AeHec ce noA BoAa, l43Ar{rHyBabe Ha KonHoro e np[cyrHo Ha

noee(e Mecra Ha 3eMjara u roa, Ha fpeHnaHA, Bo ceBepHl4Te AeroBh Ha Pycuja,
Beni4Ka Ep,1TaHfija rl HaApyr Mecra.
OporeHrre ABuxerha ce perarhBHo 6p3l4 14 r4HTeH3[BHr1 ABHXe$a Ko
npeA 3Br4KyBaar Hapy[JyBaFbe Ha cnoeBrre Bo 3eMj,iHara Kopa. CooB e ABvxeFba .";+
ce co:aigaar nflaHvHri. oporeH Te aBhxeba Moxar aa 6tlaar xopr43oHTanHv eq?- '
",'
',
BeprnKalHll. '&r ;," ",tr .
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 Co xopx3oHTanHxre opoteHI ABhxe]ba ce BpLJx Ha6l4parbe Ha cfloeBxre
noA AejcrBo Ha crpaH[qH Te nphrl4colll4 14 ce co3AaBaar Ha6op . Kaj ceKoj Ha6op

pa3n KyBaMe aHTuMl,4HaneH (rr4r,rrlar) 14 claHK-rlfiHareH (cnyuren) Aen. Bo 3a-

Bl4cHocr oa cl4rara Ha fipaHvLtHt4or nphrl4coK, Ha6opor l4oxe Aa 6uae Bepr KaneH,

KOC tlII
HaIerHaT. BepT[KaneH Ha60p ce co3AaBa aKo flpl4T!4coKoT e eAHaKoB oa
ABere crpaHfi Ha xop!43oHrarHfior cnoj, a aKo oA eAHara crpaHa e nocr/leH, a oA
4pyrara nocna6 ce co3AaBa Koc l4rl[ HanerHar Ha6oP np r4Horycl4reH np rl4coKoA
eaHara crpaHa, Aer oa Ha/'rerHar or Ha6op Moxe Aa 6taae orKYHar oa HeroBara
,ij ocHoBa r Aa ce HaBneqe HaA Apyrara no,']oBt4Ha. Toj Aen oA orKl'lHaryor Ha6op ce
B Ka HaanaKa ru uaplajax. Co xoph3oHTarlHl4Te oporeH[ ABfixeba ce co3AaAeH[
MnaAure BephxHh nnaHrHx: Annl4, AHAU, AneHVHrt, nfip Hel4, XfiN4ana x Ap, a Bo
HaLuara 3eMja nnaH Hure oA U.lapcKt4or npeAen

Kw Aaauuuu ce bo Ao@KuaL O@qe/A

Bepr[KanH Te oporeHh ABtlxe$a npeA[3Bl,1KyBaar BeprxKanHo cnyLJ-
Tabe /rr.4 l43A rHyBaFbe Ha croeBhre noKpaj roneMhre nyKHarYHl4 Bo 3eN4jfiHara
:." KOpa, Hape{leHrl paceaHu rtvHr1t4. co oB e AB xeFba ce co3aaBaar: pacea}lr cKa-
necro 3eMj ure, rt4Mop nt1xopcr14 KornhH[.
.\; PaceAor HacraHyBa Kota c,loeBvre oA eAHara crpaHa Ha paceAHara l11
':& Hi4ja ce cnyuiraar, a oA Apyrara crpaHa ocraHyBaar HenpoMeHerfi. AKo paceA-
:,, HyBalbero Ha cnoeB/Te ce h3a rHe firh ce cnyLxrl no aonxt,lHara Ha noee(e pa-
a]t
ceaH ce co3AaBa cKategro 3eMjr'ture. TllMop t1,l14 xopcr HacraHyBa Kora
'ltlHfi
3eMjrlixrero ce fi3afirHyBa uery 4aa pace4a. TvMop t fit xopcr Bo Hauara 3eMja e
nnaH Hara SenacLiqa 3Al,lrHara uery Aojpalcrara Ll CTpyl4tl'lKara KorntlHa t1
Tafi .r ua l4eryOxprAcKara t1npecnaHcKara Korr,lHa.
KornrHHTe HacraHyBaar Kota cfloeB Te l'4ely ABe paceAHfi rvtHr\4 ce
cnyLxraar, a oKonHoro 3eMjlure ocraHyBa Ha cro Hl4Bo Bo HauJara 3eMja Ha roj
Haq'1H HacraHane nonor, Tt{KBeu, npecna, nenaroH[ja h cvre Apyrrl KorntlH . Co
.a
ar' BepT KanHfiTeoporeH AB xerba ce co3AaBaaT paceaHartl l4tl'4 rpat'4aAHl1nnaHuHtl.
Tfie nraHvHh ce 6e3 oapeAeH npaBeq Ha nporeralbe, a very ce6e ce oAAeleslt co
Kor,.rt4Hfi, Bo Hauara 3eMja BaKBtl ce nnaH H[Te oA PoAoncKLlor npeAen

',, An0u

.,1
nf)otJJot'"f;
I. LLITO CE CO3,AABA CO ENHPOTEHHTE ABH}KEFbA?
2 LIIIo cE CO3AABA CO BEPTHKANHHTE OPOTEHH ABH}KEFbA?

J
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BO vqHAHtllHATA TETPAIKA 3Am4U)14 fl1 nAAHI'IHHTE CO

E O|PAHL,IL{EHA KOTNHHATA KAAE IIITO X(HBEELII.

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lll[o e bynKoH? ii
Koqe uMo yr,ocHoLuu byn KoHu
:

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bo
KoKob
HoLloLuo 3eN4jo?
wr^eq uMo byn KoHoLU? ft"
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t
BynKaH e oHa Mecro Ha 3eMjHHara noBpur Ha Ha Koe oA
3eMjara rcneryBaar BXeureH racoBl4, BoAHa napea, nenen, necoK, qaA,
TeH nap'. 4lba Kapn[ 14 BxeureHa MarMa. HhBHoTo r,tc$pnarbe oA
Ha 3eMjara Ha Hej3uHara noBprxrHa ce B Ka epynqlja. BynKaHor HacraHyBa KaKo
nocneA qa Ha Bl4coKrTe Ter4neparyp n roreM[oT np[Tr4coK Bp3 Man\4aTa Bo
orHnurero Ha BynKaHor rJTo ro rexa, nopaAx roa Marr4ara ce
Bpult4 3eMjxHara
Haofa so exeuJreHa Kaulecra cocroj6a x nocrojaHo ce aarxx. flp!4 TaKB ycnoBu
Taa rr4 Kopxcrx cl4Te nyKHaruH'l Bo 3eMjxHara Kopa (rruroc0epa), ce AB x no HUB
n uz6uea ua noBpuruHara. no l436xBalbero MaTMara ce crBpAHyBa u raa ce
HapeKyBa naBa, BynKaHure r4aar 3Ha,.{ajHa ynora Bo SopMfipa$ero Ha penje$oT
Ha3er4jara, KaKo Bo MuHaroro/ TaKa u AeHec. Co HuBHara aKn4BHocr ce
ooprayre Ha BynKaHcKr4 penjeo: Kyna (KoHyc), nnaro, naBtqeH noroK, Kparep
Apyro. BynKaHcKr4Te Kynu Kaj HeKo[ BynKaHx npercraByBaar nrraHuHu noB[coKr4
5 000 m.

BynKaHrre ce Aenar Ha xrBr4 t4n aKTrBHr,r yracHarh. XhB]4Te BynKaH]4

ce oH e Ko nofiojaHo lrfl Bpuar epynql4ja. yracHarr BynKaH]4 ce oHte
noBpeMeHo
Kor4 6rre aKT[BHr4 Bo M Haroro, a gexec re lc$pnaar BynKaHcKr4 Marepxjan. Kaj
xrrErTe BynKaH pa3nrKyBaMe nex[uTe Ha BxeuTeHaTa Manya, ByrKaHcK[ KaHafl
no Koj ce hc$pna BynKaHcKxor Marepljan, xparep (oraop Ha BynKaHor) !4

BynKaHcKa Kyna. Kynara HacraHyBa oA rycrara aaBa Koja ce ranoxx oKony Kpare-
por. Te,{Hara naBa npeKy Kynara ce pa3neBa Bo Bl4A BxeureHa peKa. Torau, Taa
npercraByBa onacHocr 3a oKorrHrre Hacen6 , 6r{Aejfua Hej3[Hara reMneparypa e
noroneMa oA 1 200oC.

Bo 3aB,|cHocr oA Marep[janor Koj ro ucopnaar r cnopeA HaquHor Ha Koj ce

Bpux epynqxjara nocrojar 4 T na aynrarr: crpor,r6onhcKn, BynKaHonouK,,
xaBajcKx Be3yBcKx.

CrpoM6onrckxor rrn ByflKaHr ro Ao6l4n Mero no BynKaHor CTpor4-

6onx Koj ce Haofa Ha fll,|napcKxre OcrpoBx Bo T peHcKoro Mope. Kaj oBoj BynKaH
MarMara purMlr'.rKr4 ce x3AurHyBa Ao noBplJfiHara Ha Kparepor Ha ceKoj noroBxHa
qac noBTopHo ce Bpa(a ua:a4 eo aynxaHcKrlor KaHan. Taa NtHory perKo ce [3neBa
HaaBopoa Kparepor.

BynxaHonouKxor rrn ro Ao6rn xMero no BynKaHor BynKaHo Koj, ,tcro

raxa, ce naofa Na I napcK[Te OcrpoBr4. OBoj BynKaH ce oAnvKyBa co rycra r4arMa
xoja 6aaxo ce rsreaa, no raa 6pso ce nagx !4 ro 3arBopa Kparepor. nopaA[ Toa Bo

Kparepor ce co6 paar roneMu Kon!4qecrBa racoBl4 BoAHa napea- Txe npeAx3-
Bt4KyBaaTcl4nHI eKcnflO3r414 CO
'l
KOr Ce pa3opyBa CTBpAHaTaTa naBa BO Kparepor x OA
BynKaHorrcneryBa upH o6naK noMeuaH co nenen, KaMe$a fi Apyro.

44
ry
 XaBajckxor 14n ro Ao6!4n [r4ero cnopeA BynKaH Te MayHa /loa
MayHa
Kea, Koh ce Haor'aar Ha XaBajcK Te OcrpoBl4 Bo T x or OKeaH. Kaj oBue BynKaH!4
MafMara M pHo ce [3neBa, 6e3 qecu I cl4IH[ epynqx ,l eKcnno3ufi.

Be3yBcKxor r n e Hape'reH cnopeA BynKaHor Be3yB Bo tlranlaja. Toj ce

KapaKTepm pa co '{ecT epynq!4[ 14 c,lnHl/l eKcnflo3r4{, [lo']eToKoT Ha epynqxjaTa e
npocneAeH co rycT h upH o6naK, oa Koj noaouHa ce ucopna BynKaHcK'l MaTephjan.

Ha 3eMjlHara noBprxl4Ha N4a noBe(e oA 500 aKr BHx BynKaH[ 14 MHory

npeceK
by^KoH yracHaT[ BynKaH , HajMHory aKruBHh BynKaH l4Ma noKpaj 6peroB Te r Ha ocTpo-
B,rre Bo Txxxor OKeaH, Bo xcror.rHhoT Aer Ha oBoj oKeaH BynKaHl4Te ce noq]1paHl4 oA
nonyocrpoBor Kar4,.{arKa Ha ceBep ao HoB 3enaHA Ha jyr, a Bo HeroBhoT 3anaAeH
Aen o4Anjac5r Ha ceBep Ao apx!4nenaror OrHeHa 3eMja Ha jyr. OBhe BynKaH[ ro
o6pa3fiaar,,oggenror nau Ox.rKu nojac" ao xoj rua noee(e oa 300 xxBx BynKaHx.
Apyr}l-BynKeHCKH lgjacu ce: [cro']HoarraHTcK!4or nojac, ucroqHoa$pxKaHcKl,ior
nejacfu@aAosgbMopcK!4or nojac. Hajno3Har BynKaHx Bo cpeao3eMHor.4op-
ETHa, CTpoM6onu, BynKaHo !4 CaHTopr4H. Bo Hauara 3eMja, Bo
'lruraro
uuaro roreM 6poj xuBl4 BynKaH|4 14 Toa Bo KparoBcKo-3neroB-
, KyMaHoBcKo, PaaoBxurKo, OxpraAcKo, Koxyo nnaHrHa rl Bo lvlapxoBo.

ByAKoHoO Be3yb

$neaunxa
I. PE KOH JE(DHH OOPMH CE CO3AABAAT CO BYAKAHCKATA AKTHBHOCT?
2, LIITO PA3AHKYBAME KAJ CEKOJ BYAKAH?
3. KoH By KAHCKH noJAcH nocToJAT HA 3EMJATA?

H ma @(qw Wrb@K@ @@ s:!H@w

> Ha 3ehjqrua uMa uo^efte 6y,,rqaHu uuja ey,trcaucrca rcyia e iio\ucoKa og 6 000 m. Tarceu ce: Caxe-
,ta 6 780 m, Kapaayua 6 613 m, 9tr.tt6ypaao 6 272 m. Tue ce Haoiaara ua Augufte. IToaucorcu o9
5 000 m ce: Apapatt eo Typ4uja co 5 156 m, Ku,tuuauqtapo eo Tauaauuja co 5 895 m, OptaaSa ao
Merccurco co 5 700 m u 9p. Bo Espofra Hajaucorc trua eynrcau e E;uua co 3 263 m, Bo Harualua JeJ -
ja HajsucoKutne yzacHumu synKaHcKu Kyuu ce Haolaqru ua KotrcyQ lTnauuna: IIop;ua 2 104 m,
Yapgarc 1 866 m, Mottuua'Iyrca 1 851 nt u 9p.
Otnrcarco eynrcauuide ic npecmaHaru co ceojouta orcutuauocut eo nuana 6,nusuua ce jaeyaaaw uo-
cmeynKaHcKu iojaau: co baurapu, uog]errHu Zacosu u gpy,o, Kaj uac Aosuama co"n@a-
'ejaepu,
fiiapa e nyaaJxo eo ceJxoilio Kocerl Kaj Oxpug, og xola us,4eay6o tJ'Loposogopco.
fffie
Y
 t' WcffiW>ryrheil a qryil@j:
) tlopoqu xojo upu,ruFio uc,re3Hone curo-
puure rpoqob,u Cruo6u, XepoKneo,
CxyUu u qpyw?
) Kou nor-uu Lpoqobu bo MuHorlluo[ beK
HocuJpoqone oq 3eMjo[pecu?
3er4jorpecxre ce HeHaAejH x KparKorpajH[ norpec Bo 3eN4j[Hara Kopa.
Txe HacraHyBaar nopaA noMecryBarbero Ha c/roeBfiTe Bo rtlTocoepara noA Bnx-
janre Ha noae(e OaKTop[. CnopeA npl4Lll,lHl4Te uiro rx npeA]13Br4KyBaar, 3eMjo-
Tpecvre ce Aenar Ha rpfi rpynn: TeKToHcKrl, ByrKaHcKt4 14 ypBllHcKx.

TeKroH€Kl4Te 3e iorpec[
HacraHy8aar KaKo nocneAlqa Ha AejcrBoro
Ha reKToHcKfiTe ABfiNerua so na6l4rH te croeBfi Ha 3eMj Hara Kopa. HxB fl4 co3-
aaBaaT en[poreH Te 14 opofeHxTe ABuxe]$a, npeafi3Bl4KaH oa BHaTpeuH/Te c -
ala. TeKroHcKr,lTe 3eMjorpec Haj.refio ce nojaByBaar Bo o6nacrure Ha r{naA[Te Be-
pnx<HV nnaHuHV,6t4gej(r ao xue re ce:aBpuJeHh cvre npouec Bo 3er'4j[Hara Kopa
r rre ruaar najra6r4rHa floarora. OB[e 3eMjorpecfi ce xaracrpo$anHn r ce'rya-
crByBaaT Ha roneMr npocTpaHcTBa, Bo H B cnafaar 95Vo oA cr,1Te 3eMjoTpec Ha
3eMjara, lv'lecroro Ha Koe Bo 3eMjfiHara Kopa HacraHyBa I novHyBa reKToHcKvor
3eMjorpec ce Bl4Ka x]4noqeHTap/ a llecroro Ha floapu Hara KaAe LllTo norpecor
HajcxnHo ce LryBcrByBa - enlrqeHTap. XhnoueHTapor ce uaofa na pa:nrvna
Ma6o.{,1Ha Bo 3eMj Hara Kopa oA 10 Ao 50 km, a norpecor Koj HacraHyBa Bo Hero
npeAu3Br4KyBa 3er4jorpecHr,r 6paHoBr4, Kor4 co pa3n[qHa 6p3 Ha ce utlpar Ha chre
crpaHr. npu oBfie 3eMjorpec 3er'4jfiurero ce AB[x]4 ( 3AvrHyBa cnyura) seprx-
KanHo H 6paHoBr4AHo.

BynKaHcKlre geMjorpec, ce nojaByBaar Bo ByrKaHcK[Te o6nacrv v ce

noBp3aHx co BynKaHcK[Te epynql4l4. Tlae ce MHory nocfla6 perKfi.
ypB[HcKhre 3eMjorpecx HacraHyBaar Kora ce yp Baar raBaHvre l4nl4

npa3HvH Te Bo 3eMjraHara Kopa, a Haj,recro roa ce ToreN4laTe neureptl. oB]4e 3eMjo-

rpecn:aQa(aar uaro npocrpaHcrBo n no ja,.{taHa ce Hajcna6ta.

flaKo noperKo, 3erajorpecfl r4oxe Aa npeAfi3Br4Ka r naiarsero Ha Mereo-

pHr. TaKoB cny.{aj rir4ano ao Cr6[p ao 1908 roAfiHa Bo oKor Hara Ha BnaA -
BocroK Bo 1947 roA Ha.

perficrp paar
t;
ToAurxHo Ha 3er4jara ce oKony B0 000 3eMjorpecfi hnfi no
9 Ha ceKoj ,rac- Tl4e npeav3BrlKyBaar HapyuyBaba Bo 3er4jflHara Kopa h co3aaBaar
HoBta OopMfi Bo pe,rje$or. OcBeH npor4eH Bo penjeoor, Tl4e ce npxq[Ha h 3a ronel4
6poj qoBe,iKr,l xprBfi. l4HreH3 Teror Ca,r Hara) Ha 3er4jorpecrre ce Mept4 Bo cre-
neHx oA 1Ao 12 no MepKanxjeBara ,4 oA 1Ao 9 no PfirrepoBara cKana.3eMjo-
rpec re Ko ce coja,rrHa oA 12 (MepKaa j), oAHocHo 9 creneH (P xrep) ce Kara-
crpooanHr. OBr4e 3eMjorpecu npeA[3Br4KyBaar ronel4n pa3ypHyBaba t4 Marep -
janH!4
ujrerx.
3eMjorpeclare cejaByBaar Bo o6nacr[Te xaAe Luro ce naofaar ByrKaHl4Te.
HajMHory 3erqjorpecr xMa Bo orHeH or flaqho qKu nojac, Bo t4croqHoarnaHTcKt4or,
r,rfi o,rHoaOpIKaHcK14or x Bo cpeao3eMHol'4opcK14or nojac,

Bo Hauara 3eMja 3eMjorpecHla noApa,{ja ce: CKoncKara, feBrenxcKo-

BaraHAoBcKara r KornIHfiTe Bo 3anaAHror Aen Ha Peny6nIKara.

tlG)
+,4:4t
*"-
\ry
ir.-IF
I opecerce Ho 3eMjodo

| 9ou*"*. Ho 6PoHoo

Hq 3eMJOLUpeCOLU

llpoboAUHucKo
qbuxebe Ho
3eNajoopec

.?
N61qry*o
PACNPALTIAJ CE KAJ NOCTAPHTE 34 3EMJOTPECHTE TIITO CE CAYI]HAE BO HATIIATA 3EMJA
BO MHHATHOT BEK H 34 TOA HANHUIH COCTAB.

Ha ew K@ww@wqep
Y Hojeon".uom' Ka[tacmpobaneH 3e'Mjoilipec ce crxy\uJx eo Kuua ao 1556 zoguna, ea rcoj
aazuuaae 830 000 nyie. Bo 1908 zoguHa Kafiiacutpoaba"'IeH seriionipec 20 uoaagu"x zpagou)
Mecuua na Cuqunuja Kage 3aauHaJxe aoaefte og 150 000 nyle. Bo aenjorupecout eo Torcuo
u eo Jorcoxaua eo 1923 zoguua aazunane 280 000 'tyle Bo 1960 zoguHa Kamacfripo(ba'xeH
se"ujoapec og 12 cmeueHu una'xo ao qune. Tozaut 6u'te paaypnamu 35 zpagoau, a u32ne-
gom Ha 3e"lwjuwtAefrio 6u'1 t^onKy upo"+LeHeut, tudKa tuuto ao Vune ce upo eHuna u aeo'
2pohcKaLdo Kaplua Ho tuue o6J1acmu.
 U L?.fnatif:
rU cunu?
bnujonue r-uue bpuudtr bps pe^jecbor!?'
b,.r

HaABopeuH[Te cnnv co c
MeHyBaar penjeoHx'" 4opr,
"u
noffi
"":r";:ffi
:r::H#ilffi lj;
Ht4Te cvn 1. l4croBpeMeHo, co cBojara
je6or. HaaaopeuH[re c nx Bpuar
pa6ora rtae co3AaBaurnu_o", d#""
jarnepoa ArioK*1aor r,4 pa3noxyuuu.
r4exaHrlrKo pa3opyBab" h.uffiu
Ha
nupnrr". co."o"EL""rri,
r'rou
e ro npeHecyBaar pa3Apo6eHhor Mareprjan oA Kapnxre oA
chna
KOH
noH cK Te MecTa l,l fo Tanoxar.

Pa3opyBa$ero Ha penjeoHlare o6n Lll,i ce Bxxa epo3t ja,

a
Ha pa3opeHfior r4arephjan axyryaaqnja. npu npoqecor
rt4or u pacrpecyruor Mareptjan ce Ll3HecyBa oA Mecroro
Ha epo3fija
.*- q
Ha HeroBoro
co aKyMynaqxjara oBoj Marepfijan ce rpaHcnoprrpa h ce raroxh
*'
Ha Apyro
CoHqero e eAeH oA nplr\4apHlre HaABopeuHh
cfinHo AejcrBo Bp3 Mexauuvxoro pacnaiaH,e Hd Kapnhre.
OaKropl1 txro BpLUh Haj-
&
Br4T€
Co ronnxHara oA
3paqx Bo TeKOT Ha AeHOT KapnxTe ce 3afpeBaaT n ce
ulrlpaT, a BO .eKcT Ha
no(ra ce nagar t,l ce co6rapaar. nopaA Har3MeHnr]Horo rlJ peFbe
r co6hparse xa
CoHqe_
.

*
'T
Kapni4Te HacraHyea HhBHo HanyKHyBaFbe I pacnaiarse Ha
noKpynHLj !i noc rHt4
aeIIoafi.

BoAara e BToprior Hagsopeuet $arrop Koj yqecrByBa Bo pa3opyBarbero

Ha Kapnxre no MexaHhqKtl l4n xer\4t4cKt4 nar. BoAara Bpuy
epo:ttja eocltreo6nrqu:
nptl cno6caHoro rlcreKyaaHre Ha BpHex re, Bo
Ana6e*ero Ha peqHrre Kop[Ta !. ".r
npeHocor Ha pa3Apo6eH[or Marepljan. ATraocQepcKara ,
BoAa oA Bo3A]D(or ru un_
cop614pa ja r nepoA At4oKct4Aol t4 ApyrH re xeMr.lckx ereMeHTh t4 co3naBa ia.nenon]r>
KhcenfiHa (H2CO3) Koja AononHrlrenHo ni Harp[3yBa r pacrBopa_
raon;+A .d.i.:.i. ,.-.
6&il", nr6,iu , \j.
xeMucKtl na]. Bo4ara Bpul4 epo3flja Ha MopcKfire r nu u..pcnr.e
y4aprara crra ra 6paHoB re. Taa, hcro raKa, Bpux
epo3 ja 6o uu#ii ro"rrrdl, , ' . ' . ,.
cofiojoa. Bo 3hMcKt4Or
nepuoa Bo.qar.i fl4 ,lcnonHyBa
HHCKT1 TeMneparyph raa 3aMp3HyBa, npx uro Mpa3oT cg:ll
n>rnri'--
pacnaiage Ha Kaprrure. lypalol Bo Bl4coKHTe
nperLr3Bl,lKyBa iliexaHrvxo pacnaiarse na

Berepor co cBojara jaq[Ha u

Marephjan fi ro npeHecyBa v
ranox<t4 Ha Apyn4 N.{ecTa Ki
penje$Hta o6n qr,t. Toa oco6eHo e rapa*eprcrrGo
-l sa ne
uro ce nycrfiHl4re. -,t ;:]

'ffi
'{i
^.1

Te, a co pacTeFbeTo "TJi:'"'""JTJ:::f^ffi :-'J"Tff :

Tte Ce uxpaT h npeA 3BXKyEaaT HuBHO nyKarbe I p
XuBorHl4Te, a oco6eHo oH e Ko xl4Bear noA 3eMja npaBar
KaHanx 14
xoAHr4ut4/ co txTo ja curHar 3eMjara u co34aBaar pacrpeoat
watepuian.:
xcro raKa, co cBojara pa6ora y,lecrByBa KaKo HaABopeueH
Safiop Bo
$eTo HoBl4 peflje$or. Toa oco6eHo ce 3a6erexyBa npi4 cet{erbero
rBo u.ty[4x,
rpaae$eTo
 " 5t' f
5Y \- \. ,l

-_\.

'-ft, {*
!:.V-'-'--r-,-

PocooioFbe Ho Kopuu[e aoq b^ujoHue

Ho pociludenHuoo u Hq xubo uHcKuoE cbe

-tN aoeos@
NocETH y HUA CO APBOPEAH. HAE,bYAYBAJ JA H AO3HAJ 3OL]ITO ACEAATOT
NOA APBJATA E NOAH|HAT, HCNYKAH H PA3APOSEHI

$ nwru*,,r*
I. LLITO E EPO3HJA,
A TJTO AKYMYAAqHJA?
2. KAKo BoAATA TH
PA3OPYBA KAPNHTE?
 -.-.- "._;

,Me19

TeHercKfiTe r noBl4 penjeo HacraHyBaar npeKy cnoxeHu

AejcrByBa$e Ha HaABopeLJH Te cl4nl4 Bp3 npBo6 THr4or penjeo, CeKoja
peLlH!4re cl4nl4 cosAaBa cBoj cooABereH Tnn penjeo, Koj Moxe Aa 6 Ae
3XBHO t4 OA aKyMyrarrBHO nOTeMO.
CoHqero jaH[e Bo pacnaiabero Ha Kapn]tre.
r4a A[peKTHo Bn
rexa oB[e pacnaAHall Kapnri oA noBLlcoK,rre I cfnt
AejcrBo Ha 3eMjhHara
Mecra ce ABhxar KoH noH cK Te. Ha Mecrara oA KaAe uro
Marepxjan ce co3AaBaar epo3l.iBHh SopM!.4: Toq no u ypHvcn, Ha
KaAe uTo ce ranox[ oBo] MaTeprlan ce co3aaBaaT aKyMynaTuBH14
peKa oA Kar{eba Apyro.
BoAara KaKo HaABopeueH oaKrop co3AaBa gerflpl4 r!1na
je$: peqeH (OryBhjaneH), a6pa3rBeH, KapcreH I rraq[jareH
xn).
Peq ]aor (OryBrjaneH) penjeo ro co3AaBa KfiHerhqKara eHepr[ja Ha
pe'rHara BoAa, TlraH[HcKfire peKl4 co mpMeH naA Bprxar noroneMa epo3 ja Bo rLti:*d1.1:j;:';::.
penjeoor, a paMH qapcK Te noee(e axyMynaLl ja. Epo3xBHoro aejcrBo ro Bpuar
peK[Te co l4exaHu'lKara cura Ha BoAHara Maca 3aeAHo co Hanocor (necox, vaxar),
npx Tptleh,e Ha noanofaTa. Ha Toj Haq H ce co3AaBaaT epo3t4BH Te
Lr.rro HacTaHyBa

Qryarjarnu $opmu: pevro Kophro, peqHa AonhHa, peqHa repaca, BoAonaA

MCAHAPH.

AKyr4ynar[BHoro AejcrBo Ha peKflre ce cofiox Bo ranoxer5e Ha HaHoc-

Hr4or Marep jan Ha Mecrara KaAe uro epo3r4BHoro AejcrBo e Har4aneHo. Toa ce:
anyBL{janHx par4HhH[, peqH!.i ocrpoB (a An) v, Aenrv.
A6pa3xBHhor perjeS ro co:4aaaar laopcKvre !4 eepcK Te 6paHoBr4 co
H[BHara yaapHa c na, FpaHoB re ro pa3opyBaar 6peror, ro npeHecyBaar oapo-
Herfior Marep[jan r ro ranoxar. A6pa3 BHITe penjeoH[ SopMr 3aBficar oA crpM-
rl}lara Ha 6peror, oA uBpcrfiHara Ha Kapnvre H oAja.] Hara Ha Berpoaxre Kofi Tr,1

r{trAB[xyBaar 6paHoBxre. cnopeA Ha,]hHor Ha co3AaBaFbe, a6pa3uBHlaTe penje$-

Hlt@puur woxarga 6 Aar: epo3l4BHl4 aKyr4ynarfiaHfi. Epo3l4em ce: 6panoaa nor-
KdnrHa, Knl40, xpaj6pexna repaca la KoHThHeHTareH orceK, AKyr4ynarhBHtl ce:
HffioK neco,leH 6per (xaro) r npoeraxa rnr (roM6ono).
KapcrHraor perjeo ce co3AaBa co xeMrcKoro pacrBopaBe Ha BapoBHr,l'r-
Kxre Kapnx. Pacrsopalbero Ha oB e Kapn ro npeAx3Bl4KyBaar BpHexr4Te co nor4oLll
Ha jamepoA Ar,loKchAor, Kr4cjlopoAor, a3oror 14 ApyB4Te eneMeHT[ Kox nir coApxar.

t
OBa xeMficKo AejcrBo, KaKo nocneAt{ua Ha BpHext4Ter ce BhKa epo3hja/ a penje$-
Hl4re OopMr4 Kor ce co3AaBaar Bo Hea KapcrHl4 OopM . KapcrHara epo3 ja e Haj-
H3pa3eHa BO O6nacrure cocraBeH oa Lll4cr BapoBHl4K. co KapcrHa epo3 ja ce
co3aaBaar noBpur1.lHcKl{ nOA3eMHX peItjeoHt4 oOpMX.

noBpurxHcK[ epo3nBHx +opMx Ha KapcrHl4or penjeo ce: uKpan]r,

BpTa'r , yBan r KapcTH[ norrlka. noA3eMHxTe KapcrHn oopMn ce: noHoplTe/
jaMrlTe v neurepxre. OA aKyr4ynarxBHl4Te KapcrHx SopMla KapaKrepficrx']eH e
neurepcKlloT HaKrT oa cTaraKTtlT!4, cTarlarN{!4Tr1, neulTepcKl4 3aBecx (apanepux) t4

AP

rnaqxjanHxor (rteaHr.rqKx) penje$ HacraHyBa Bo ceBepHhre nonapHI

olnacrv t Ha BficoKrre nnaH Hl4. Taray BpHex[re naiaar ao BUA cHer Koj nopaa[
Hr4cKxre rer\4neparypu Ht4Korau He ce ron . Ha roj Ha'luH HaA crap re cHexHh
cnoeB ce HaTpynyBaaT HoBl4 1,1 ce co3AaBa nocrojaHa cHexHa noKPl4BKa.3a BpeMe
Ha KparKoro nero ropH[Te cnoeBl4 oa cHefor ce ronar { Boaara HaBneryBa noAra-
6oKo Bo cHexH Te croeBH. nopaAfi Har4aryBa$ero Ha reMneparypara HaBne3eHa-
Ta Boaa 3aMp3HyBa, Co npt4nojyBaibero Ha noaeke:aupsxaru cnoeBfi HacraHyBaar
neAH q . tleAH ql4Te ce ABxxar, ja pa3opyBaar noAnorara, LlBpcrt4or r4arept4jan ro
Hocar co ce6e, a orxaxo (e ce cronar ro ranoxar Bo noHl4cKt4Te AenoB,4 Ha oBoj
HavxH HacraHyBaar epo3l4BHvre u aKyN4ynar BHITe neAH!4i]Kl4 penjeoHl4 oopMh.
HajBaxH epo3,4BHx OopMt4 ce u pKoBure Y rleAHuLlKure BaaoBu. AKyMynartlBHt'l
neAHla.]K!4 oopMh ce r4opeHfiTe fi TepMIHanH Te 6aceH .

EoncKxor penjeo HacraHyBa noA AejcrBo Ha Berepor Koj ro pa3opyBa,

l43AyByBa I npeHecyBa ct4THrlor r4arepfijan, a co ocna6yBabe Ha c nara ro raroxl4.
OBoj penjeo huero ro 4o6ul no Mero Ha rpllKl4or t"ll4TorloLllKl4 60r Ha BerpoBhre
Eon. EoncKure penjeoH,l dopMfi ce Haj 3pa3eH[ Bo nycrl4HcKfiTe o6nacrx. TaMy
pacnaialbero Ha Kapnl4Te e HajxHTeH3[BHO nopaA El'lCOKhre AHeBHx re14neparyp[
Ao +5OoC n no(nnre HvcKu reMneparyp[ Ao ooc Bo 3aB cHocr oA Ha'][Hor Ha
HacraHyBaFse nocrojar epGxBHl4 aKyMynar BHl,l eoncKx penjeoH'l +opM!4. Epo-
3l,1BH ce KapnecT{Te nycTl4Hl4 14 Oa3 Te/ a aKyMynaTHBHt4 Ce neco'lHrTe p AoBl4
(AxH ) Hacnar oA nec-

fI'T]
tji| 14 e,ho r(c W rxffrc{pr4jlw
't PeqHa utepaca upeutcruaqysa gHo Ha HercoaaluHa ctuapa go"xuHa; - aogouagu ce aepluuKar'IHu out'
qucottLHQ-
CeU,u SO peqHouto Kopumo ipeKy K}LI peqHaruA SO7A ua/a O9 nOUa"ta u"XU 09 uoaolleMq
,> Hajeucorc aogo1ag ua ceeutom e EHaeJxo7 \ogouag na percama lypyu ao Beue4ye,ta'eucorc I 054 n'
a HajuoaHaLuu ce 1ogouagurtk Ha HujaZapa eo CA,4; - KnuQ e cu-p"MeH owceK Ha 6peZom. co3gagetl
ug - op(Kuine u,4u uo eJep(KurAe 6paHoeu: - euHu . e ue(o.rHu eo;seuutenuia ao uyeuuHu!Ue, Hacluo-
Haruu og seruep; ,xegHu4ume Ha A'n{iufr^e ce geuJtaul .MHo'y 6aeuo og 35 9o 170 m zoguruno, uo una
u utaKlu Kou ce glnlcam go I 300 m zogLtulHo. Mamepuianom wuto "legHultume Zo Hocalu co ce6e
ce 6uKa "MopeHu; -mephuHa'1eH 6aceu e,negnuuxa gonuHa pezpageHa og MopeHu. Bo ruephuHaneH
6aceu aetttaut B,negcKoLuo u Eoxuttcrcoilio Esepo eo Cnoeenuja
IlajiioaHadm fieuimepu eo cseutoiL ce Mo,MytAcKatua IIeu[ epa 60 CA.4 u llocmouucKama Ia-Ma so
Cnoeenuja. OaatttlTe ce eg"ta6nautunu ao uycmuHuute Kou Hacfr)aHyaaam co u3gyeyeaH'e Ha Ll?toK-
oili- Toa ce eguHcmeeHutue Mecfiia Kage tumo ui'a 6oga u ce uocnojaHo Hace'lleHu.
Bpruaqu ce agna6uautuuu eo Qopua Ha uHKa Kou Ha go,xHuotu gen ce aaruaopeHu. Hus zu u a so
kapcmHuEie upegenu.
 tllicffiBrasrylb-@ ui @.,a+s)tffij:
Ho xojo noqvopcKo buco,ruHo ce Hoolo
Obojo[o nocen6o?
Konxy e bucoKo rr\oHUHoUo bo 6nuguno
f(OUllh'lc)luU, (). Ho Mecnotuo Kcqe ulllo xubeeuJ?
KoKo ce buKo Hej3uHuour bpb?
Cuopeq buco.rur'roLuo. bo xojo -uoy0o Uno-
HUHU LrlOO CUOLO'/

OA BKynHara noBprx Ha Ha 3eMjara Koja h3HecyBa 510 MxnroHl4 km2,

KOnHeHrffe noBpujt4Hh ce 3Haq TeIIHo noMan AeIl Bo oaHoc Ha BoaHyTe noBpul14Ht4.
KonHoro 3a0a(a noBpuv{a oE 149 MnnvoHu km2 , a BoAxre 361 MynyoH km2.

Konnoro :aSa(a cavo eAHa rperHHd oA BKynHara noBpLJ Ha Ha 3eMjara

He npercraByBa qen[Ha, Toa e noAeneHo Ha KoHTfiHeHT!4 14 ocrpoB . KoHThHeHTLire
npercraByBaar Hajroner4 AeroB Ha KonHoro. BKynHara noBpLll,tHa Ha clire KoHTl4-
HeHT r43Hecyaa I3g MVnuoHV km2, a Ha ocrpoBrre 10 N4 n oHt4 km2. KonHoro, a
cnopeaToa u KoHTr4HeHThTe ce onKoJreHu cooKeaHfi 14 Mop]lll)a.
...
Co xou oxeonu tuue ce wroaentP
Ha 3eMjara xMa 7 KoHThHeHTl,l. HajroneM oA H B e A3r1ja, co noBpu HaoA
44 MVnkoHt4 km2. no Hea e Aop Ka co 30 MxnyoHl4 km2, CeBepHa AMep!4Ka - 24
t4,1rl4oHu km2, JyxHa Ar4ep Ka - 18 MhnhoHy km2, AHTapKTt4K - 14 MVnnoHV kfl]|2,
EBpona - 10 Ml4nl,|oH km2 ABCrpanl4ja co OKeaH ja - 9 Mxn oHfi km2. KonHoro e
Haj3acraneHo Ha CeBepHara 3eMjxHa nonfronKa, xage uro on$a(a noBplx,lHa oA
125 mrnronu km2, Ha JyxHara 3eNrjlHa nonlronKa r'4a 24l4r4rr,ronu km2 ronso.

HajroneM Aen oA ronnoro ce xaoia Bo l4cror{Hara 3et4j[Ha noryronKa co

104 MunvoHV km2, a Bo 3anaAHara Ma 45 MunrioHl,t km2. KonHoro Ha 3eMjara e
pacnopeAeHo Ha ro^eu 6poj ocrpoau u nonyocrpoBfi. Tue npeTe)tHo ce 3acraneHft
Bo CeBepHara 3erajxHa nonyronKa, HajroneMx ocTpoBfi ce: TpeHnaHA (2 M n oH
km,), HoBa fBraHeja, 6opHeo, lvlaAaracKap h Ap, a HajroneMx .noryocrpoB ce:
l,lHAoKrHa, Apa6xcK[or, tla6paAop, CKaHgtNaacxuor u !pi
HajroneMfi penjesH!4 qenhHta Ha KonHoro ce naaHnnulb n ur:ll.rtre.
nnaH H Te ce npocrpaHu Bo3BtiueHuja eo penje$or Ha KonHoro. T[e
HacraHare co rl3AurHyBabe Ha oAAenHr AenoBx Ha 3eMjfiHara Kopa noA Bfl jaHfie
Ha BHarpeLrH[Te cl4nl4, Cnopea Haql4Hor Ha HacraHyBabe nflaH H Te ce Aetar Ha
BepxxH,{/ rpa14aAHI t4 ByrKaHcKt4.

Bep xHrre naaH Hh HacraHare co oporeHrire, xopx3oHTanHh ABfixeRa,

co Ha6upaFbe Ha croeBfiTe Ha ceAuMeHTH[Te Kapnr Bo aeocrHKll4Har re, Tfie ce
HajB coKr4 v HajvrtaA[ flflaHfiH Ha KonHoro. OB e nIaH,iHu ce nporeraar Bo
Bep ra Koja uoxe ga 6u4e 6olra AecerrrHa l4nja4r4 K{noMerp , Bo EBpona oB{e
nnaHhHh r4r{aar npaBeq Ha nporera}be oA 3anaA KoH l4croK a Bo CeBepHa r JyxHa
AMepr4Ka oA ceBep KoH jyr, Hajno3Harr,r Bepi4xH,4 nraH Htl ce: KopAfinjep re,
AHAxre, Xlr4ana re, Ann re Ap

3--r,

t
 Kou ce tEpD<Hu jAoHuHu b HoLuofu 3eMjd)
. TpaN4aAH!4Te nrdHr4Hl4 HacraHane co paceAHyBabe, oAHocHo r43AxrHyBa-
tbe fi cnyuTabe no aonx HaTa Ha paceaHuTe rrxHl4r. oBre nnaHl4Hfi HeMaaT oape-
AeH npaBeu Ha npoTefabe, ryKy ce Bo Br4a rpaMaaa pa3aeneHu co KoTnfiHr. Bo oBaa
rpyna cnaiaaT PoAoncK Te nraHnH .

ByflKaHcKxre nnaHrHl,l HacraHare oA naBara fi oA Apyruor BynKaHcK!4

Marephjan. The hMaar SopMa Ha KoHyc. BynKaHcKxre nnaHxHr HajMHory rh xMa Bo
CeBepHa x JID(Ha AMepuKa, Bo A+pxKa A Ha Apyn4 r4ecra. lvlHory oA HxB ce
noBficoKr4 oA 5 000 Merpx. Ha ceKoja nnaH[Ha pa3nHKyBar!4e noaHo)ge, crpaHu ]1
BPB,

Cnopea B coqHHara nraH HfiTeceAenarHaH cKr,4 oA 500 Ao 1 000 Mer-

p , cpeAHx oA 1 000 Ao 2 000 m ra BficoKr4 co noae;ie o4 2 000 Merpa. HajBkcoKa
nnaH Ha Ha 3er'4jara co BpBor MoHr EBepeFB B4B m.

Kou ce Etanunu b nauLabo Peuy6rurd

Hfi314Hl4Te 3apaMHeTH AenoB Ha KOnHOTO CO HaAMOpCKa
B co,ihHa Ao 200 m: 37 Mt4nv,oHA km2 finh 25olo oA BKynHara
noBpur Ha Ha KonHqlp, Ha HacraHoK nr:unure uoNar Aa 6rAar
cTpylcrypHh 14
s'
Ko ce fi3rpaAeH oA xopr43oHTanHfi u 6naro
HaBeAHar[ cnoeB[ oA MopcKh ceAuMeHTr, Toa ce craph I cra6hnHr repeH]4. Bo oBoj

4orecen 9d nnaHnH[re. Ha roj HaqxH HLt3uHa Bo

l4ranvja, Xn{AycraHcKara Bo tlHghia, tlpaK r Ap OayBro-
rnaqvjariuure pararunr xaqr4lare.px'l , KOJ fO HOCena
BOAara co ronelbe Ha 6enopy.Kara
HrcHHa. E3epcK Te paMHfiHr4 Bepa, a
KOTnflHC([Te paMHr4HX Ce cea !4eHTt1.
npocrpaH re HtlBO Ce

t* .::,*t .t* ? ii
.?
)A\o -
{*, ruLuer*,rxo} cxfioqo'{I
t . KoAKv noBpuJHHA :Aon(l xonHoro HA cEBEp- 1. Co noMot! HA ATAAcor npoHAJAH rH BpBoBHTE no-
HATA 3EMJHHA NOAYTONKA? BHcoKH oA 6 OOO m u H.tABHtl-rE r,rMHi-bA 3ArrHLrrH TH
2. Ko|,1' cE HAJFo^EMH ocTPoBH H no yoCTPoBH HA Bo yL]HAHIIJHATA TETPATKA I

3EMJATA? 2. NPECMETAJ 3A KonKy nATH MoHT EBEPECT (8 848 m)

3. KAKO HACTAHAAE MAAAHTE BEPH>KHH nAAHI,IHH? E noBHcoK oA HAti]HoT HAJBHCoK BPB ToAEM KoPAS!
4. OA TIITO CE H3FPAAEHH CTPYKTYPHHTE HH3HHH?
 \-
{I@w,u@poMW Epw@:
) Koxo ConueUo u sovpsno6o0o boqo bnujooU
i\ '- no pocOouoruerlo Ho Kopuume?
\t'r. ,lcurpoxyboj u-r Uo,rbuGe bo [bojouro cpequHo
u qo3Hoj KoKbu ce Uo 6ojo, cocLlob u U^oqHoctu?
Llldo HoJMHoLy ce oqueqybo no nub?

nor]Bl4Te HacraHane oA Kapnxre. noa Bn[jaHxe Ha pasHx HaaBopeLJHl,l

OaKroph Kapnrare ce apo6ar, cxrHar !4 pacnaiaar. floaoqxd oA HajcnrHfire aenoBx
Ha pacnaAHarure Kapnu ce co3AaBa norlBara, HajroneMo BnriaHfie Bo co3AaBabero
Ha noqBuTe 14r4aaT coHqeTo, Mpa3oT, BeTepoT, BpHexr4Te, peqHaTa Boaa, pacTtlTen-
HroT ra xrBoTl4HcKttoT cBeT 14
qoBeKoT.

Ha 3eMjara xMa noBe(e rrnoeu noseu, oa KoI Haj3acraneHu ce: aenyB]l-

jarHxre, anYB[janH,rfe, cMonHrqrrer qpBeHnqhre, kaoeaBxre, cote-
HXTe U Apyru.

AeryBnjanHnre floqB ce HacraHaru co rpaHcnopr parbe Ha pa3apo-

6eHr4or Marepxjan oa pacnaAHarlre Kapnu oa eaHo Ha Apyro r4ecro noa AejcrBo Ha
BpHexhrer BerpoB Te l4nl4 neAHxqr4Te, Ha roj Ha!][H, Kaj Hac HacraHane
nraBrHrre, necHure Hacflaru Bo TlaHoHcKara H!43rHa, crenrre Bo Pycxja x yKparHa
!4 npepuure Bo AMepnKa. OBxe noqBr ce Kop!4crar 3a oArneAyBabe Ha xrrH!4
Kynrypr4, KaKo nqeHxua u n'{eHKar 3a B'lHoBa flo3a, TyryH u apyro,

AnyBxjarHxre noqBx (anyBtayM) ce HajMraArre no'tBu l4 Hl4BHara neAo-

reH€a Ha cGAaBaFbe rpae fi AeHec. Txe HacraHyBaar Bo tltxpoKxre peqHI Aont4H14
Ha nororeMure peK[: M,lcrlcLrn , Hvn, V#A, faHr, XoaHrxo, JaHqeKjaHr, Txrap ,t
Eyopar, AyHaB, no I ap npt4 arlcox soaocroj oBue peKr ce [3rleBaar oa cBoxre
Kop ra x ro ranoxar necoKor !4 ffhHhre rou rt tocar co ce6e Bo peqHara aonxHa.
Ha roj Haqr4H ce co3AaBaar HoBu noqBeHh cnoeB'1 - anyBxyr't Koh ce noroAHr 3a
oArneAyBalbe Ha cllTe nonjoAencKra KynrypA.

CMonHrqhre ce noqBr Kol4 HacraHare co ranoxelbe Ha e3epcKlre ceA -

MeHTI Bo nephoAor Kora Korrr4H Te 6t4re ficnonHer,l co BoAa u npercrasyaale 6a-
ceHr4 Ha HeKoTauH Te$epa. Bo cBojor cocraB cMoflHt4tlrlTe llMaar necoul4 x rn[Hl4.
Bo ryuHh nep[oAx rreja ry6ar srarara, HanyKHyBaar craHyBaar MHory uBpcrt4r a
Bo BraxHr yoroB[ ce r4Hory nennxBu. Ha oBre no,]Bt4 ce oArneAyBaar x ra,
Bl4HOBa ro3a, OBOurHfi HaCaA[, TrryH 14 Apyro.

qpBeH[qrre KaKo noL]Bfi ce recHo noBp3aH[ co cyBara KnlaMa x co 6ora-

Tara reonouKa BapoBt4Ta noAnora. Tl4e HacraHane Bp3 Kpt4cranH[Te LJKp nu]1 ,tnr1
Bp3 BapoBHl,4qxre, noA AejcrBo Ha BpHexnre Ha epo3fijara, BapoBHr,lKor KaKo
ceA MeHrHa Kapna ro pa3jaAyBa, pacKonyBa pacrsopa jarnepoA Ar4oKO,1Aor Kojrl
'4
ro coApxar BpHexfiTe oA Hefo ce co3aaBaaT f'l'v{ecfk u cpeaHo necoKnt4Bx
no.lBr,1. UpBeH[qvre ce HajnoroAHr4 3a oArneAyBa]be Ha B HoBa ro3a/ cr4oKB!4,
MamrHKfi hapyr oBoLxH HacaAh.

t
 r:1 :' "t;?; rr :#,;ni?;s?i:. r,.-:.

Kaoeaaxre noqBr ce HacraHar[ Bp3 noMorara Ha cN{orlHxuure Ha

upBeH[qxTe. oB!4e no!]Bl4 l4l4aar rHecr cocraB ,l TellKo necoKtll4Bo - Tn[HecT coc-
TaB.Trle coApxar roneM npoqeHT BapoBHl4K, KPj co Ma6o'lhHara Bo noqBaTa ce
w .' 3ronerlyBa. KaoeaB re no.lB14 ce cna6o xyl'4ycH14, coApxaT ioneM npoqeHT KanuyM,
r
r Ha oa e no.lBH r'.roxar aa ce oArneryBaar BI4HoBa no3a, TylyH, r4acioAajHa penKa
f'{ APYro. +

ConeHnre noqafi HacraHyBaar Kora noA3er4H[Te BoA KanrnapHo ce

l43Al4fHyBaar ao noBpu.[.{i{bTa Ha 3eMjara I xcnapyBaar. PacrBopeHiTe conr
(Hfirpar , cytoarx, Kap6oHarr u 4p), npr ficnapyBarbero Kpt4cratltt3ypaar h ce
t:
aKyMyn paar Ha nqbpuhHara, Aaaaj(u eger aen noqBeH cto,j,oA -T,l4rior co[oHeq
(conoH.raK). OBxe noqBh Kaj rx ur4a EoTlKBeuKara u
lR:
noKpaj TUnOBl4 nOqBU, I UITO

x,rapoMopoH re/ ftor,r 6e norrq6r}

K MepK,l (Men opaqfija,
aaAar Ao6pfi pe3ynrarfi Bo
' S.*.!ifa"-r,ll #.
a
).t

I . Ao3HAJ HASoH aPYrH

HALUH PEKLT HMA AAYBH-
s
JA HH noqBKI

CMOAHHUHTE? .. i '.,
'* ":t',: '

\,

b*
r3, .*
.' Y.

l*",''',
P@€$wwM u qqFobatry:
\
Koqe oqu oLuMocqoepcKo[o boqo Kojo bo buq \.1,
bpHexu uouo Ho 3eMlolrjo'/
3oLuuJo -toneMuuje peKu KoKo AMa3oH u KoH-ta
He MoxoLu qo r,u UpeUoAHol[ oxeoncxutr.re u
i.\
MopcKUuJe 6ocenu?

XfiApoc$epara e BoAHara 068 BKa Ha 3eMjara. Taa rr1 on$a(a ctlre rio6ia so oxearrre, Moplllbara,
eepara, peKhre, Mo\rypr{rlTara, neAHhurre, noA3eMHhre BoAt4 14 BoAara Bo arMocoepara. XuApocQepaTa e
noAeneHa Ha: oKeaHcK[ xnfi r4opcKx BoAr4, KonHeH[ BoA!4 H BoAt4 Bo arMocoepara. Bo ronueult ao4lt cnaiaat:
e3epara, peKhre, Mo,.rypr4urara, neAHhq,lre
l,| noA3eMH Te BoA . C Te oKeaH x l,ropurra noap:att uery ce6e

ro $opuupaar CeercKoro Mope, BoAara Bo BxA napea, reAeH 'lecruut4 h 4pyro e arr'aocQepcKa BoAa. BoAara
e eAHa oA HajpacnpocrpaHerrre Marep[la Ha 3eMjara h eAIHcrBeHa Koja cejaByBa Bo rpx arperarHI cocroj6x.
Taa e ocHoBeH ycnoB 3a xhBor Ha opraHcKt4or cBer.

frraBHa npx,.] Ha 3a Kpyxebero Ha BoAara Bo npxpoAara ce CoH,.leBara

TonruHa r 3eMj[Hara rexa. noA BnxjaHhe Ha CoH,]eBara ronrrlHa BoAara ce
3arpeBa Bo Mopr4|barar oKeaH Te, eepara/ peK Te,6ap re h Moqyphurara. KaKo
3aTpeaHa Taa l,4cnapyBa Bo ToIeMx Kon[qecTBa Bo Bl4a BoaHa napea x oAl4 Bo
arMocoepara. TaMy BoAHara napea ce naAh KoHAeB pa, OA KoHAeH3aLl jara ce
co3AaBaar o6naqfi, a o.q HxB BpHex[ Kol4 noA AejcrBo Ha 3ei4jxrara rexa naiaar xa
3eMjara. BpHexxre Bo hcreqHr Hr[4 noA3eMH BoAr4 xcreKyBaar Bo r4op!4bara
Br4A
I Bo oKeaH[Te. TaKa, so4ara npaaej(r xpyxeH nar noBTOpHo ce apa(a la uecroro
na noafarue, a roa e CBercKoro Mope.

fnaBeH r|3Bop Ha BoAHa napea ce Mopl4bara u oKeaH[Te. OA HIB roAluJ-

Ho ucnapyBaaT44S 000 km3 r4nr4 860/0 BoAa, a oA KonHoTo 71 000 km3 hnv 14olo, OA
BKynH Te KolxqecrBa BoAa Koja ficnapyBa oA Mopl4]bara ,,l oKeaHhre, 90o/o
noBTopHo ce apa(a so ulra Taa y,recrByBa BoJ,H. Mano Kpyxebe: Mope-arMo-
c$epa-raope. ocraxaTxTe 10o/o oA BoAHaTa napea oa Mopl4rbaTa I oKeaH Te, KaKo rl
BKynHaTa BOAHa napea oA KonHoTo, yqeqPym Bo r-onelJoTo KpyxeBe Ha BoaaTa:
14ope-arMocoepa-KonHo-Mope.

,;, -, . r.,;*c
ffia@xqfiu w
AAio ce oKeoHO
Kou *apura ce noJ6nuaJ qo HoLuoAo @MJe
cu 6ua uo HeKoe oq uub, Ncxoxu xoxfu
0o 6oJo, bxyc, AWsupHocO,
u qp! no &rwjo@o -
Cxre Mop!4rba h oKeaHh Ha 3eMjara ce noBp3aHh Mery ce6e h oopMlapaar
eAHa qenuHa. Taa qenvHa 3a0a(a 361 Mrlr 4oH km2 vnv 7L0/0 oA noBprunHara Ha
3eMjara. OBaa orpoMHa BoAHa noBplx14Ha co 3aeAHh,rKo Me ce BuKa CBercKo 14ope.
BoAhre Bo C8ercKoro l4ope He ce npaBhnHo pacnopeAeH Ha 3eMjhHara noBpurIHa.
oA BKynHara noBpurl4Ha Ha CeBepHara non]TonKa rue :aQa(aar 66 o/o. Tauy

cBercKoro Mope Ana6oKo HaBneryBa ao KonHoro fi o6pa3yBa MHory Mop!4ba u

3anrBr. Ha JyxHara nonyronKa BoAH[Te no8pLxl.4Hx :a$a(aar 84y0, Meryroa Ha
Hea Ir4a MHory noManKy Mopxtba v 3anrBl4.

CBercKoro l4ope ro o6pa3yBaar 4 oKeaHfi: Txxl4, ATnaHTcKr4, l4HAucKr4 A

fleAeH OKeaH. T[xhor OKeaH no3Har v no N{ero l]auuouqKu OKeaH e

BoAeH 6aceH Ha 3eN4jara, Toj 3aoa(a noBpur[Ha oA 180 MxrvoH,l km2. Ha
T 3annllcKyBa ,cror'rHr.4Te 6peroB Ha 43 ja H Ha ABcrpanrlja, a Ha 3anaA -
6peroBr Ha CeBepHa I Ha JyxHa AMepvKa. Toj e HajroneM Mery oKeaH'l-
ATflaHTcKHor OKeaH e Brop no rorreM Ha :a$a(a noepulrHa oA 93 r4xnroHl4
, Ha xcroK Toj e orpaH!4qeH co KoHTrlHeHr(Te EBpona r A$prxa, a Ha 3anaA co
u JID|(Ha A
ephKa. 14HArlcKr,1or OKeaH 3a$a(a noapLurra oA75 My'nvoHA
. Toj ce Haofa uefo rpN xouvHeHr . Ha ceBep oa Hero e A3 ja, Ha ficroK
a na sanaA Adprxa. CeBepHo tleAeH[or OKeaH hMa noopuuua o4 13
r.1l4rl40xr km2, oBoj oKeaH ce ceBepHo oA KoHT'4HeHT Te EBpona? A3xja I

ce noManl4 BoAH'r npocrpaHcrea Bo cnope,q6a co oKeaHxre, OA

TXe Ce OAAe,JTeHU CO OCTpOBT4 14 CO nOnyOCTpOBX, a CnOeH Ce CO npOTOqr4.

fBo saeucHocr oa roa KaKo ce oaaefleHx oa oKeaHure, r4opxrbara ce aenar Ha:

pa6xr, cpegoser'rxr lr uefyocrpoecrr .
Pa6xrre laopursa ce raofaar norpaj KoHT[HeHTHTe. Hajqecro oA oKea-
Hrre rr4e ce ogAereHl4 co rpyna ocrposx. OBxe MopxBa rx Ma noKpaj ].lcroqHnor
6perHa A3xja. Toa ce: 6epxHroBo, OxorcKo, JanoHcKo r JyxHo KlHecKo Mope.

cp€Ao3eMH]1re Mopnrm ce raofaar eo KonHoro, a co oKeaHorce cnoeH

co recHx nporol.lx. OBxe Mopxba Moxar Aa 6rAar uHTepKoHr4HeHTanHu u l4HTpa-
KoHT HeHTanHu, l,lHTepKoHTr4HeHTanH, ce oH e r4opr4lba xolr ce Haofaar uery4aa
rnr nose(e KoHT HeHTT. TaKBr ce: CpeAo3eMHo Mope xoe ce xaoia lrery Eepona,
AOpxKa x turja, UpBeHo Mope Mery ASpxKa x 43 ja x UpHo Mope Mery EBpona x
A3!4ja. l4HTpaKoHTxHeHTarHl4 ce oHxe Mopr.lba xor ce Haofaar BHarpe Bo KoHTt4-
HeHTor, TaKBI ce: 6anrh.rKo, XaAcoHcBo lvlope fi Ap
Mef,yoglpoacxrre Mopfirsa ce uaoiaar uery ocrpoB[Te r co Hr4B ce
oAaeneHh oAoKeaHor. TaKB Mopxba ce: 5aHAa, Cyny, JaBaHcKo Mope xAp

,;flporoun ce uopcK TecH Ht4 co Kor Mopulbara ce noBp3aHfi co oKeaHure

dt- ,
rrh noMery ceoe. r r4e noBp3yBaaT tsoar4 oa pa3nH'.rHu Mopr4rba, a pa3AenyBaaT ABe
KonHa. TaKB nporollfi ce: 6epr4HroB, Fr6panrapcK , 6oc0op AapAaHen[ x Ap

rffi
q6' ::
 M@wlWwqW@
AoKoAKy urlto usbpu b MecdioAio Koqe
' uJiioxureeuJ, Aoce@u -ttt
u y@bqu xaxfu
e HubHoAo bqa: xuceta, Aou^a, cEiyqe]o!
Aouaj xaxo ce btxoofr frue u3bpJ u ntfio u K@aH@HA
ce KopJcUu tlubHodo Wol AKo, AoK, uMo
pexo, ucnpxytuj q KocP t0oa wbJpa u HUJ
xan nocerfiu u KoAnJru Aete!

Aen oA BoAara Koja naia xa ronroro npeKy BpHex re noHripa Bo 3eMjara

nyKHar[H[Te u nponycrnxB TecnoeBu. oBaa Boaa noHxpa cdaoAexa rte xauae
Ht,t3
Ha cnoeBh Kot4 He ja nponyuraar, a roa ce pa3Hx rnxHll x uBpcr Kapnfi. Taa ce
co6xpa Haa HIB I ce co3aaBa noA3eN4Ha Boaa ,in,t ta3aaH. Kai ceKoj l43AaH ]iMa AonHa
x ropHa fpaHIqa. AonHara rpaHxqa e nofiojaHa u HenpoMeHnlBa. Taa e cocraBeHa
oA cnoj Ha Henponycrn[e, Kapnx Bp3 Koh ce Haoia rc4alor. fopHara rpaH[qa Ha
h3AaHor ce MeHyBa x ce Kone6a 3a BpeMe Ha roneMt4Te Ao)KAoBr, nph ronebero Ha
cHeroT uru 3a BpeMe Ha Aonr[Te cyull4.

t43Bop ce o6pa3yBa Ha Mecrara KaAe uro x3AaHcKara BoAa r3neryBa Ha

noBpurfiHara Ha 3eMjara. CnopeA oorarcrBoro t4oxar Aa 6hAar
Ha BoAl4, l43Bopure

cna6lr u jaxu. Cna6u rcBop ce oHre oA Korl [3neryBa noManKy oA 1 n,tTap BoAa Bo
ceKyHAa, a jaKlr ce oHxe co noBe(e oA I nxrap Bo ceKyHAa. JaK[Te mBopx ce Hape-
,{eHl4 Bpyroqt4. TaKB ce Bpyrollxre Ha MHory roneMh peK,t Bo cBeror, a Bo Hauara
3eMja roa ce Bpfroqxre Ha BapAap Ha TpecKa.

CnopeA TeMneparypara Ha BoAara mBop re Moxar Aa 6rAar cryAeHx ta

Tonnh, CryaeHx ce oHl4e !43Bopt4 Kol4 Maar noHt4cKa reMneparypa oA Ter4nepa-
rypara Ha Bo3ap(or Ha croro r4ecro. Tonnr [3Bopv ce oH!4e Ha Kofi TeMneparypara
Ha BoAara M e noBrlcoKa oA 20oC.

l43Bopl4 Kor4 Bo BxA Ha BoAocKoK oABper4e-naspeue llc$pnaar ronna BoAa

oA 3eMjuHara BHarpeuHocr ce Bxxaal rejaepn. HhB rla ,{Ma HajMHory Ha l'lcnaHA,
BoJenoBcro HcKr4or HallxoHaneH napK Bo CM, Ha HoB 3enaHA x Ha nonyocrpoBor
KaMqarKa. cnopeA noreKnoro Ha BoAara rcBopxre ce Aenar Ha: BaAo3Hx - q ja
Boaa norekHyBa oa BpHex[Te, iyEeHrrHx - q[ja BoAa e oA KoHAeffi paHara Boa-
Ha napea Bo noA3er4H[Te nyKHarhHl4 14 l{eulaH]r - Kox BoAa AooxBaar oA BpHe-

x Te n oa KoHAeBupaHaTa BoAHa napea Bo nyKHaT HxTe.

PeKrre npercraBynaar t4cretlHl4 BoAr Ha KonHoro. CeKoja peKa fiMa !43Bop

petreH T€K, Kopr4ro, AonxHa !a yroKa. OA [3Bopor 3anoqHyBa reKor Ha ceKoja peKa.
HeKox peKh ,rr4aar jaK'4 u3Bopx - Bpyroql4, a Apyr HacraHyBaar oA nose(e i4an!4
noroufi ,rrr4 oa cnojyBaFbe Ha aBe peK / KaKo illTo e peKara AptlHa HacraHara oa
nraBa r oA Tapa. PeK Aa 6n4ar u e3epcxtr oroK!4' TaKoB e l-lpH ApuM oA
re Moxar
Oxpr.rAcKoro E3epo, EojaHa oA CKaAapcKoro bepo, AHrapa oA EajKancKoro fuepo x
.qp l,1Ma u peKu Kor4 noqHyBaar oA neAHxq[Te. TaKBa e peKara PoHa Bo OpaHu
ja.

PeqH[or reK ro npercraByBa naror Ha peKara oA ,l3Bopor Ao yroKara.

HajAonr peqeH reK Ha 3eMjara xMaar paMH[']apcK]4re peKu: Mxcxclanta (6 600 km),
H n (6 500 km), AMa3oH (5 s00 km), 06 (5 300 km) ,a ap
 tt

fi3AOnXeHaTa BAna6HaThHa KOja Ce Haoia OA ABeTe CTpaHh Ha pe'IHOTO KOpl4rO OA

T43BOpOTAO yrOKaTa.

yToKa e Mecroro KaAe uro peKara ce BneBa Bo Apyra peKa, $epo, t4ope
!4I14 oKeaH.

PeK Te ce xpaHar co BoAa oA Ao)(AoBxre oA croneHror cHer fi Mpa3.

PeK Te Maar 3Haqelbe 3a coo6pa(ajor, 3a xuApoeHepreTcK!1Te norpe6l4, 3a HaBoA-
HyBarseTo Apyro. 3a Tl4e qeny Haj3HaqajHr ce foner4]tTe peKh KaKo Bonl.a/ AyHaB ]4
14

PajHa Bo EBpona, JaHueKjaHr, XoaHrxo, l4HA !4 TaHr Bo A3uja, Mlto4cfinx x KoflopaAo

Bo CeBepHa AMep Ka, H n x 3aM6e3u Bo ASprKa. Mapl4 Bo ABcrpanrda x Ap

3 ru***r*
I . TIITO PA3AHKYBAME KAJ CEKOJ H3AAH?
2. KAAE cE oEPA3yBA H3BoP?
3. KoH cE HAJAo^THTE PEKH Bo cBEToT?

i Awa mNaw @IoeRe W s@/?4u

Auaaou e HajruupoKama peKa so cseutom. IIpu yutoKoma eo Au-naHutcKuoin OKe-

aH e ruupoKa o9 8Ll 9o 100 km unu Ko-nKy po(u-ojoHuemo og CKottje go HezoutLtHo.
Melrymoq sa epeue Ha zpHarllLtsuom aepuog (6 uece4u) ittaa e ruuporca u go 500 km,
Luruo e aa 2,5 aamtt uozone-t4o og pacmojaHueruo og CKortje go feezenuja. Taa e
eguHcruseHa peKa na rcoja He e LBzpageH ntocru. Bo Hea Jffuseam H7jgorl,omo 3"t!uja
- a uo xouea tt naiKp6oJ,r oltHoruo ptt6o -u upaua.
ToA"lume sogLt o9 ,ejaepume ua trIclxaHg ce Kopucmam ao aazpesahe Ha cruaHoaurue
u 3a opaHJLepuu ao Kou ce ogzJ,Legysaaru 2pagLLHopcKLr Kyrxtaypu. Ilopagu iaofi"xama
eoga, eo I'Ic,zaug Kyrauae He aat7 oqntqtt 6u9ejr(u ce aozpeaaau og Z(hcpuu1e.

Ha uo"xyocutpo\o .l Ka .,ramKa ce uaola zejaepota Cam xoj Ha ceKou 4 JauHymu

ttcQp,ta,v"tas mouna 60ga, cSo 120 m eucowma.
 naMu re, @W:ry@ uq@@
) afro ce ep4
) Kw erep ce Aptpquu, o KqJ fuuuJa#u ?
) Axo b 6auano Ho M@AoAio Koqe uJiio xufuul
utiro 6op u^u Mo+ypuuJfue, AoAWqu ce qo
qoaHoeu Kou WcneHujo, xubiiHu u dnutt
xuEodi b nuffi

E3epara ce BAna6HaruHl4 Bo 3eMj Hara noBpurfiHa/ cnonHerh co Bo-

Aa, E:epara Ao6fiaaar BoAa oA rcAaHx, r43Bopx lanla oA peKl4. BoAa oA i4opcKo
noreKno l4N4aar oHr4e e3epa Ko Bo MhHaroro 6lane Aen oA HeKoe Mope, fuepa
hr,ra Bo cl4Te o6nacr Ha 3eMjara r Ha pa3r qHa HaAMopcKa BXco,][Ha. TaKa,
$eporo Apnopr Ha Tr6er ce saoia Ha 4 400 m, a l4prBoro Mope Ha 392 Merpa
noA MopcKoro Hr4Bo. Ha 3eMjara Ma roneM 6poj e3epa, Ho caMo 84 oA Hr4B r4r4aar
noBpurfiHa noroner4a oA 1000 km2. TaKa, Kacn cKoro E3epo, KaKo HajroneMo Ha
caeror, oa$a*a noBpurrHa oA 360 000 km2. HeKor e3epa ce r4Hory Ana6oK[,
KaKo BajKancKoro 1 741 m, a.qpyrx caMo HeKonKy Merpx, KaKo AojpaHcKoro fue-
po.

CnopeA HacraHyBabero Ha e3epcKr4or 6aceH, $epara ce Aerar Ha

np poAHHvBeLJTa'rK,np poAH Te e3epa ce Aerar Ha: Korrr,rHcK].l, reAHrq-
r(],r, Byrl(aHcKr4, KapcTHx/ peqHrl 14 ap
KornrricKrre e3epa HacraHane co cnyuJran e na :evjrurero nouery
paceA[Te. OBue e3epa uMaar roneMa Ma6ovnna u crpunlr crpaHfi. Bo oBaa rpy-
na e:epa cnafaar: TaHrarb[Ka, lbaca h BhKTopuja Bo AOplaKa, fopHo fuepo,
Maey'reH, Apv, XjypoH h OHrapro Bo CeBepHa Ar4ep[Ka, Orbera SajKancKo
Bepo Bo Pycda, [4prBo Mope Bo JopAaH, Oxp AcKo, npecnaHcKo AojpaHcKo
Bepo Bo Hauara 3eMja u Ap

Kou oq obJe ereN ce ,,inyBu" Ho eHqerv..Htlu xufu"ttu0

Kacn cKoro E3epo I MprBoro Mope fir4aar coneHa BoAa I ce ocrarou[
oA HeKOrauHhTe Mop rba.

,IeAH[qKxre $epa ce Haofaar eo e4la6Har H[Te HacraHarr no ro-

nebero Ha neaHxr.lr4Te. HhB rl4 l4Ma Ha BrcoKure nraH!4H14 Kor nopaHo 6une no-
KpueHfi co neAHl4qx. Bo HauaBa 3eMja raKB[ e3epa xr4a Ha Ulap nnaHxHa x Ha
nenufiep Ha Ann[Te Ma nosefte BaKBr e3epa, KaKo: 6neAcKo, 6ox!4rbcKo,
EoAeHcKo, XeHeBcKo, KoMo, fapAa Ap

KapcrHrre e3epa HacraHafle co KapcrHara epo3 ja Bo BapoBH'l,.rKl4Te

npeAenx Kora BpTaqvle, yBanvfe v KapcTHfiTe nonfiFba ce cnorH neco BoAa.
TaKBo e CKaAapcKoro E3epo Bo LlpHa fopa 14 Ap
BynKaHcKrre e3epa HacraHane co co6r4parbe Ha al4oc$epcKara
BoAa Bo Kparepor Ha HeKoj yracHar BynKaH. TaKBr ce e3epara An6aHo Bo
l4ranraja fi 6yue Bo OpaHuxja.

PeqHrre e3epa HacraHyBaar Kaj peKfiTe Kol, Te']ar Hrc paMHhqapcKr4-

Te npeaer[ [ oH[e uro npaBar MeaHApl4. Kora peKara (e ro cuexr npaaeqot l
(eja 3aceqe MeaHApara ocraHyBa 3ae3epeHa BoAa - peqHo €epo.
 Moqyprrurara ce nocneAeH craauyl'4 Bo eBonyutljara Ha e3epara. Txe Hacra-
Hyaaar Bo nnrrK!4Te e3epa, co 3apacryEabe Ha 6apcKt4Te pacreHxja oa 6pefor KoH cpea Ha-
ra Ha e3eporo. HajMHory Mo.rypxulra ,tMa Bo Pycttja, CeBepHa AMepxKa I Bo o6nacrxre co
BnaxHa Knl4Ma. l4oqypuuTa HacTaHyEaaT x noKpaj roneMxre peK , co HxBHoTo qecTo
r3reBalbe.
tleAHrqr4re ce o6pa3yBaar Bo o6nacr[Te KaAe LJTo Ma nocrojaH cHer I l4pa3. Bo
B A 3aMp3Hara peKa, nopaA concrBeHara 3eMjuHara rexa, Txe 6aBHo ce aB Xarflono-
BprxllHara Ha 3eMjara. Tlocrojar KoHTuHeHTanHh neAHhllt4 Ko noKp aaar HajroneMh no-
Bprxr4Hl4 Ha 3eMjara. Tre ce naoiaar sa AHTapKnlKor Ha fpeHnaHA. Ho,xMa lanraH HcK!1
neAHxur4, KaKo urro ce Ha Arnhre, X Mana re v Ha Apyrt4 nnaH H . Hajno3Har neAH K Ha
Annxre e Ane.l Aonr 27 km. IeAHfitl[Te 3aQa(aar nosptttuxa oA16 MVn loHA kmz vnn lLo/o
oa noBpLlt HaTa Ha KonHoTo.

3 oru*,*
KoE HAUIE KomHHcKO E3EPO E NOA 3AII,ITHTA HA

t.. AWo aarepu @lb.@K@.9{.d. sH@@uA.

Bo ceeruom, stuopo uo \ollenuHa e3epo e fopHoruo Eaepo eo CA,Q (82 400 hn')' a
rupeino e BLLKmopuja eo AQpurca (68 000 km') .

Mpta\otao Mope cttaia ao najcoaeuume esepo 60 csemom. Bo He,o He d :e 9a ce

notuoH?. Bo expouto. qoleK -Moxrc uLulonpe.M?Ho Qo (e Kaue u oo qumo 6ecHuK

Ilocmojam u eoncKu eaepa. Tue HacmaHysaaru so iiycwnHuute no9 gejcmeo na

senepou. Outroxo 6?ru(pout Ke ?o usoyau n(oKotu. ce coJQaaa soJto6HofuttHo ao
ae,MjamaKoja uogo4na noue 9a 6uge ucuo"lHema co eoga o9 uog3e.hlHLtoLu u3gaH.

f-
 fiofraVu @, poaM.rcN u o{t-ofuPrt: ,l..
KoKfu JHdlerre uMo otrit@c&ewno n xub.todi \
cbfi Ho 3eMio4id?
't.
I Koxo ke ue,tqo seMJofro 6ee o@*roc@e@
) 3ouAo xoct"tonay1iu@e H@od cKdQdHqeW
u fuw a xtrc'pqQ

BGAyuHara o6BxBKa Ha 3eMjara ce B!4Ka arMoc$epa. Taa ut4a rofleMo

3Haqebe3a xuBoror Ha 3eMjara. ArMoco€para e,,'raAop" Koj ja 3aur ryBa 3eMjara
oA nperoneMoTo 3afpeBa$e Bo TeKoT Ha aeHoT t4 oa npeloneMoTo flaAe$e Bo reKoT
HTOI
na rokra, 6e3 arMoc+epa 3er.rjara (e fiMa 3rneA Ha ,,BxelrreHa nycrfiHa", co
reMneparypa Ao +200oC. Toa 3Ha,lx AeKa Ha 3eMjara (e HeMa Hh 8o3Ayx/ Hx BoAa,
sr,r t4 opraHcKl4or cBer Ha 3eujara oA urersoro
xneor. Aruoc$epara ro 3aurxryBit
ynrpaBxorieroB 3paLlx. ocBeH Toa, aruoc$epara nd sauru-
AejcrBo Ha TecoHqeBh
o4 verynnanerapuuor npocrop HaBnery-
Wl1--!@
ryBa u oA roneuror 6poj Mereop[ Kox
Baar Bo3eMjxHara arMocoepa x Bo Hea coropyBaar.

ATMocoepara e cocraBeHa oa noae(e racoBH Bo HeFxHxre npH3eMHu

cnoeBl HajMHory ce 3acraneH a3oror co 78olo 14 K!4cnopoAor co 21olo. OcraHar[or
eaeH npoqeHT ce jarnepoa At4oKcrla, BoAopoa, xenuyM, o3oHr KpHnroH, HeoH I ap
Bo arMocoepara IMa roneMr KoIl.lqecrBa BoAHa napea, qaa, LlBpfil,i qecrrfl]Kl4 npaB O3oHcKou..to
I Af AonHara rpaHfiqa Ha art'4oc$epara noqHyBa oA noBpujuHara Ha KonHoro 14 o6bubxo
soaHl4re 6aceHfi, a ropHara ce nporera Ao 5 000 km Bfico.lxHa.

Bo 3aBr4cHoct oA rycrfiHara cocraBor Ha Bo3Ayxor/ aruoc$epara

aerly Ha 4 c oeBh vn csepr v roa: rponocoepa, crparocoepa,
ersocQepa.
Tponocoepara e HajH[cKror 1.4 Hajrycrxor cnoj Ha

aruoc$epara. Hej3hHara Ae6en Ha ce AB XIl oa 8 km Haa

nonoB[re ao 18 km Haa eKBaropcK[Te o6nacrl4.
Bo rponoc$epara ce oAB[Baar crre arMoc$epcKfi nojaB :
o6nau[, BpHex , BerpoBt4, Marfla !a Ap TeMneparypara
Ha Bo3Ayxor Bo rponocQepara co BrcoquHara ce
Har4anyBa 3a 6"C Ha ceKor 1 000 Merpfi. Ha 18 km
Br4CO'lXHa reMneparypara Ha Bo3ayxor ce aB Xl4 0A
-50oC Ao -60oC.

CrparocQepara e Broptlor cnoj Ha

arraocQepara, xoj ce naoia Haa rponoc$epara oa
18 Ao 80 km B,4co,.r[Ha. BGA]a(or Bo crparoc$epara
e MHory pa3peAeH v cyB, a He6oro HeMa o6naq u
cuHa 6oja. TeMneparypara Ha Bo3Ayxor Bo
crparocSepara, oA 18 ao 30 km Bt4co'ruHa, 3HecyBa
-55oC. l4eflrroa, Bo cnojor oA 30 Ao 60 km B co'l Ha, Bo

Koj Ma roneM Korr4LiecrBa o3oH (ot I ce BuKa o3oHocoepa,

rer4neparypa +80oC. HaA o3oHocoepara, oA 60 Ao
80 km, TeMnep.arypara Ha Bo3ayxor noBTopHo ce HaManyBa x
ce cnyurra ao -80oC.

I
 Joxoc$epara ce nporera HaA crparocoepara, oA g0 Ao
1000 km Bricoq Ha. BojoHocoepara Bo3Ayxor e MHory pa3peAeH,4
coApxr,a MHory joHra (HaeneKTpx3ypaH!1 qecrh,.lKfi Ha a3or 1,1 Kxcr,to-
poA). nopaAH H BoBaa coepa ro Ao6xna I hMero -joHocoepa. Bo
joHocoepara He6oro e coceMa reMHo, 6l4Aej(la coHqeB[re 3paq[
ne ce oA6raaar oA pa3peAeHlaTe Bo3AylxHh qecrx,.{Kx. TeMnepary-
para BojoHocoepara e MHory B coKa, oKony 700oC. nopaAl,,t Bt4co-
Khre reMneparypx oaaa cQepa e no3Hara I noA r|r4ero repr,to-
cQepa. Joxoc$epara llMa npaKrrjr.]Ho 3Ha.leFbe 6tlAejfu,4 Bo Hea ce
og6ueaar 4olrrre x cpeAHxre pa4no6pauoel, co uJTo ce oBo3-
r4olqBa npeHoc Ha TeneKoltyH[KauHcKh BpcKr4 Ha TOreM Aare-
vt HtA.

ErsocQepara e HajBficoKhor cnoj Ha arMocsepara Koj

ce nporera Ha noroner4a B coqxHa oA 1 000 km. Bo oBaa c$epa
Bo3Ayxor e Hajpa3pe.qeH, a Bo3AyLJH[re qecr qK ce AB[xar co
rorema 6p:nua,

*4 r*-*o*
I, KAKBO 3HAqEEE HMA ATMOCCDEPATA 3A >KHBHOT CBET HA 3EMJATA?
2. OA KoH rAcoBH E cocrABEHA ArMoccDEpATA?
3. KoH coEpH JA oopMHpaAT ATMocoEpATA?

Aor4occpepoulo ho 3eMjoLUq
-L.\eqqHo oq BceAeFouJq

. -'1..

Jr&*

H W @[h@ Ke @ ut@Bwutp;pt

Arco ce rcauyeaue Ha u,xaHuHa uozucoKa og 3 000 m 6pso ce ra

"opysaJwe uopagu
HegocmaiAoK Ha xuc,nopog u 9o6u6o e Hec6ecul u4u. Ha 2o"teuu aucoqltHlt u"Ma,MHo_
2y "uanKy Kuc"'topo9 u 3aruoa KocnroHaymume ad guLuen e uocaut 6o4u co Kucrlopog.

I
 26C 30c
\
\.i.
-120C

KnfiMara Ha 3eMjara 3aB[cl4 oA noBe(e Mt4MarcK oaKTopr4. HaFHa,{ajH[

lrJllpoqrHa, penjeooT, 6nhSnHaTa vrrl oAjqareqeHocTa
KonKy [oncpcKo[o cLupyjo b^ujoe fo oA oprlrbaTa, oa pacTnTerrHara noKpxBKa ap
KnuMo o Mepefo Ho 60" HoaopeqHuK. feorpaocKara urrpo.rlrHa e eAeH oA 3HaqajHxre KnhMarcKx OaKTopl,l,
Taa e aronHo pacrojaHfie Ha 6fino Koja ro!]Ka MepeHo oA eKBaropor. CoHeeBxre
3paq[ Hd eKBaropoT naiaaT noa npaB aron x raMy 3aTpeBaRero e Hajrofler4o. KaKo
uTo ce oaaaneqyBaMe oa eKBaTopoT KoH noloBrTe/ TaKa aronoT Ha coHqeB[Te
3pauh e ca noMan 3arpeBarbero e cb nor\4ano. co nopacror Ha reorpaocKara ul4po-
q!4Ha Ha ceBep l4r14 Ha jyf oA eKBaropoT, TeMneparypaTa Ha Bo3Ayxor ce Har4anyBa,
a co roa ce MeHyBa x Knhi4aTa,
Penjeoor oAHocHo nflaHfiHl,4re !4Maar noBe(eKparHo Bn[jaHle Bp3
Knrr4aTa. co nopacToTHa HaaMopcKara Bl4covl4Ha ce MeHyBaaTc Te N4eTeoporolllKx
ener\4eHTfi: TeMneparypaTa Ha 803a)4(oT, BeTepor, BpHextlTe, BnaxHocTa, Bo3AyLll-
Hhor np l4coK 14 ap Co roa ce o6pa:ysa nraH HcKa xntaMa tl HacraHyBa BeprfiKanHa
cMeHa Ha Bererau[jara no KaroBl4. Aoafajkv Ha nraH H Te ronnxre Bo3AytltHt4
Macu cenaAar. ConaAeFbero HacraHyBa KoHAeH3aqhja Ha BoAHara napea, ce co3Aa-
aaaro6raqrivBpHex.BucoKfiTenraHuHr,.rKoHcenporeraarnapanenHocoN1opl4-
baTa ultl co oKeaHrTe rh cnpeqyBaaT Tonnvfie t4n\ BnaxHt4Te Bo3ayulHl4 cTpyeba
aa HaBre3aT noMa6oKo Bo BHaTpeLJHocTa Ha KonHoro. Ho, hcroBper4eHo Tl4e fo
3aurhryBaar nphMopjero oA HaBneryBalbero Ha cyB Te fi Ha cryAeH!4Te BGAytxHt4
Mac[ oA KonHoro. Toa e KapaKTepficr4eHo 3a Xl4Maral4Te, a oco6eHo:a AHAl4re h ga
KopAunjepure Kofi ce nporeraar noKpaj Tl4xxol Or(eaH. Bo Hauara 3eNaja roa ce
nrraHuH[Te Eeflacxua, Koxyo h HfiUe, Kor4 rH cnpeqyBaar ronn re BnfijaHuja oA
ErejcKoro lv'lope Aa HaBne3ar noMa6oKo Bo KonHoro, a Bo 3r4McKr4or nep!4oA Tl4e ro
3aLJT ryBaaT OBa rqope OA CryAeH[Te BeTpOBr4 OA CeBep
Srr3rHara nfi oruqaneqeHocra oA Mopero e BaxeH rc.t MarcKtt OaK-
Too lvlopero no6aBHo ce 3arpeBa Ho, r.icro raKa, no6aBHo ce raAh. Bo nerHxor nepu-
oA N.{opero ancop6 pa 16 nar nororeMa ronnhHa oA KonHoro. Taa ronn Ha Mop-
cKara BoAa ja ocno6oayBa Bo 3r4McKl4or nephoA, a 3aroa Bo 3l,1Ma e r4Hory noronflo
eo o6racrfire no6nn3y Ao Mopero. Co oManeqyBarbero oA Mopero rn Mara ce r4e-
HyBa. Haua HajTonna KornlaHa e TeBrer[cKo-BaraHAoBcKara 3aroa uro e Haj6nu3y
4o Erejcroio Mope. KonKy ce o4aneqyBaMe Ha ceBep oa Korn14irara, reMneparypa-
Ta Ha BO3AyXOT Ce HaMaIyBa Kn Mara Ce MeHyBa.
Pacr[TerHara noKpxBKa KaKo SaKrop vraa 3Ha,]ajHo BntijaH e Ha Knu-
N4ara Bo eAHa o6nacr. Tonoro 3er'4j ure Bo reKor Ha AeHor no6p3o ce 3arpeBa, Ho 1,1

no6p3o ce naAla oA 3er4jfiurero o6pacHaro co rpeBa xnr uyMa. CnopeA Toa,

pacT[TenHaTa noKpxBKa ffl Ha[4a,lyBa aHeBHoTo 14 foE ulHorc Kore6a$e Ha TeMne-
parypara Ha Bo3ayxor. Bereraqfljara, a ocooeHo LJyr4[re ro 3roner4yBaar t4cnapy-
BaFbero Ha Bo3Ayxor. TlopaA!-i roa BnaxHocra Bo uyr,trre e nofoneMa orKonKy Kaj
ronoro 3eMj ure.
 lkic.tfifn;ryrbc$ n q@. ^?i;ilaj:
(!

, nocenu jo noj6nLcxono MeuJeopoAoLuKo cfronuuo

u qo3Hoj xo{.o uuo,to Hdj\)coKo uJeMdepouryN Ha
bqyxon b uboeao Mecfro? KoIa uMoAo
L(,Alrrwel@'lclKU HdjHucKo AeMueNuryW b Aoc/\eqHune 30 toquHo
Ko^j<y nHeyfu Apce#ouJo xoawecnb bpnexu
)t\€tltl€i"ll!,lLl bo u.tboeuto uecfro? Bo Kou Meceuu oq wqunofro
uuo noJunoLy bpnext?

Bo KnIr4arcK[ ener4entlr cnaiaat:terneparypara Ha Bo3Ayxor, BpHe-

){r,rre, BerpoBt{Te, 06ra.lHocta I Ap

TeMneparypara Ha Bo3qyxor e eAeH oA HajBaxH[Te Kni4MarcKH ere-

MeHTfi, noA reMneparypa Ha BGAyxor ce noApa36 pa BpeAHocra Ha ronJr Hara
t4It4 CTeneHOT Ha HeiOBaTa 3atpeaHocT.

coHqero e rnaBeH x3Bop oA Koj 3eMjara arMocoepara A06 Baar ron-

t1

nxHa. coH,leBl4Te 3paq r

BoAl4Te.3arpeaHhre KonHa x
npBo rl4 3aipeBaar KonHara
BoAl4 3paear ronr14Ha co Koja rrae ro 3arpeBaar Bo3Ayxor, Bo3Ayxor Koj e Haj6n cKy

Ao 3eMjvHara noBplxfiHa e HajTonon, a co 3roreMyBabero Ha B,'tco.rvHara roj cra-

HyBa nocryAeH. CTeneHor Ha 3arpeaHocr Ha 3eMjtlHara noBpLllMHa, a oA Hea r Ha
Bo3Ayxor 3aBfio1 oA aroror no4 roj nafaar coHLieBtlre 3pautj. KonKy uro e norofleM
oBoj aron, TonKy e noroneMo 3arpeBaH,ero. Toa e HajroneMo Kora coHqeB{Te 3pa-
'1
LIr naiaar noA flpaB aron oA 90o, KaKo Lrro e Ha eKBaropor. HajMano 3arpeBabe
Ma Ha nonoBfiTe, 6rAej(r rauy convearlre 3paufi naiaar nog rajvar aron tt ceKo-
Tau Koco. 3arpeBabero Ha Bo3Ayxor 3aBficl,1 oA Toa KonKy rpae 3paLle*JeTo Ha
coHqero. AKo roa e noAoJtio, ToraLJ 3aTpeBaFbero Ha Bo3Ayxor e noroneMo, HaA
KonHoro Bo3ayxor no6p:o ce:arpesa, Ho x no6p3o ce naAli, a HaA BoaHHTe noBp-
ur4Hfi no6asHo ce 3arpesa u no6aerocenaAv. Ha np cojHfire crpaHLl cBpreH KoH
CoHuero, oaHocHo KoH jyr 3arpeBaFbero e noroneuo, 6r6ej(,4 aronor Ha coHqeBure
3pallfi e noroner4. Ha ocojH Te crpaHtl cBpreHi4 KoH ceBep cosqeeltre :paqu :a$a-
(aar nouar aror v sarpeBaft,ero e noMano. Pacnopeaor Ha reMneparypara Ha Bo3-
Ayxor Ha 3er4j[Hara noBpL!fiHa ce nptiKaxyBa co E3orepM]l. Toa ce KpkBV nhHW
Kor,i rr noBp3yBaar N4ecrara Ha 3eMjara co Icra re[4neparypa Ha Bo3Ayxor.

BpHexn ce B Kaar c re oonrqlr ria KoHAeH3 paHara BoAHa napea, Kotl

Ha 3eMj Hara noBpujfiHa ce k3raLryBaar Bo reqHa ,Inh uBpcra arperarHa cofiojoa.
cnafaar: aoxa, cHer, rpaA, poca, cnaHa fl ap BpHexfiTe ce HeonxoAHa anKa
Bo r-l'rg
Bo uhKnycor Ha Kpyxebe Ha BoAara Bo np poAara, Koja 3Ha,rh xtlBor 3a qerfior
opraHcKr4 cBer. Trle 3aB!4car oa reMneparypara Ha Bo3ayxor Koja fo yctoByBa
[cnapyBa]bero oA BoAH Te 6aceH[, oa pacrrrerHuor cBer 0A aerpoBl4Te.

AoxAor e Haj3Ha,rajHHor o6n KHa BpHextl. Toj ce h3neBa oAo6,1aqq,.lMja

ae6enfiHa e noro,reMa oA 700 m. Toa ce o6naltrre HttM6ofiparyc la Kyr4yrtoHt4M-
6ycE. np Har4aryBabe Ha reMneparypara Ha Bo3Ayxor Bo oBl4e o6naufi, BoAH[Te
KanKr HapacHyBaar orexHysaar. noA AejcrBo Ha 3er'{jhHara rexa rhe He Moxar
aaceoApxarBo Bo3gyxor v naiaarHa 3eMjara KaKo AoxA. HajplHory BpHex[ aoxa
eKsropcKrre 06racrE, npoce,rHo oKony 3 000 mm roAlaL].lHo. Ha eKBaropor
r4a Bo
!4cnapyBabero e ro,'teMo rl cexoj4Heeno Bo nonnaaHeBH Te LtacoBtl BpHe AoxA.
 HajManKy BpHex , noManKy oA 200 mm roAhlxHo naiaar oKony noBparHru re x

raMy ce Haofaar nycrhHfi Ha 3eltjara: Caxapa, IY6l4cKa nycr Ha,

HajcyLxHl,lTe
AraKaMa, Kanaxapl4, HaMv6, FoneMara ABcrpanhcKa nycr[Ha I Ap

CHeror HacraHyBa Kora reMneparypara Ha Bo3Ayxor (e ce lauanu sa

OoC.Torau BoaHara flapea ce nperBopa Bo Kpl4crant oA KoH ce SopMfipa cHer.
TpaAor HacraHyBa Bo nerHl4or nephoA Kora o6laqrre ryrlynosuv6ycr ce v:Arrny-
Baar Ha B!4coq Ha noroneMaoA6km. Haraa B,'!coq[Ha reMneparypara Ha Bo3Ayxor
e nor4aaa oA ooc, npl4 uJTo BoAH re Kanxr og o6naror npeMtHyBaar Bo l4pa3 x Ha
3eMjara naiaar KaKo rpaA.

Pocara HacraHyBa Bo rlerHuor nepuoA 14 roa npu segpr Ho(n Kora 3eMj'4-
Hara noBpLr Ha x npeAr.lerxre rla uea 6pao ce naAar' Bo KoHraKT co cryAeHara
noanora Bo3ayxoT ce naah, npl4 u.lTo HacTaHyBa KoHAeH3aU ja Ha BoAHaTa napea/
Koja Bo B!4A cvrHfi KanKflja opocyBa rpeBara.
noaAobo
CraHara HacraHyaa Bo 3l4l4cKl4or nepxoa x roa nph Beapfi no(r, rora
TeMneparypaTa Ha 3eMjaTa e noMana oA 0oc' Bo KoHraKr co pa3naaeHara 3e[4j Ha

noBptllxHa. BoAHara napea oA Eo3ayxoT ATpeKTHO Ce BO reaeH Kpl4cTa-

nv.

ChtexHo
UN OHUNO

1. LLITO E TEMNEPATYPA HA BO3AYXOT?

2. KAKo HACTAHYBA AP)IdAOT?
4 3 3oLlTo HA EKBATOPOT HMA HAJMHOTY BPHE)KH?

H t ..q,-:u,i
CO TBOJOT HACTABHHK NOCETH JA HAJFNHCKAIA METEOPOAOLUKA CTAHHUA H PAC-
npALUAJ cE KorA nAiA nPBHor cHEr H cAAHA Bo rBoETo MEcro Bo EcEH' A KorA
NOCAEAHHOT CHET H CNAHA BO NPONETI

a# 14 obo ke Eie uHdewcuw

;. Hajeucoxa ae,uuepamypo Hd tiolg,txot,t e u3ircpeHo ao Coxapa o9 +58"C, a uui-
HucKo Ho AHLnaprutuxoal ttg -89"C.

FIaiMHozy spHettL! u.lta Bo "MecruoLiio tIepauyHLILI6o nuguja, co ttoae*e oq l2 000 nnn

20gLrrltHo, u uajuatrcy eo cpegLtLtullilue ge.noGu Ha AHmapKtuuxom, co otco"ty 15 ntnt
iurtttuHtt.
> nyclauHoLua ALuaKa,rra ao Yu"t.e (Jyt*n Anepura) cuada eo noir)'tuHI!mc o6.10uutt
na 3e,ujama. Bo 1971 zoguua, 60 onaa Ll))auLLHa 3(topHollo 9ut(9 L7o 400 zogtmu,
ogHocHo rTps aam u0 I571 zoguHa.

? Bo Eepoua uajuno2y npHeJltLt tt a ao 'Mecmowo llprcau4e ao Upntt fopa, orco'ly

5 000 mn 2oguuLno.
 Mt@a1w)ryW qq@:
> KoKo ce bJKoorJJ bnpottttLue xou qtfuo,
b Ufuelno i,tecno Ha x,tberd Oq roj
0@bu Aue qytuon Bo xoj leptoq oq
t oqunodo HajqecLuo qyfuo@

Bo3AyurHr,rre r4ac[ Bo arr4ocSepara nofiojaHo ce AB[xar Bo xopt43oH-

TareH r Bo BeprhKaneH npaBell, Xop[3oHTanHoro B Aybobe
ABhxe$e Ha Bo3Ayxor ce Ka
HO
Berep Toj HacraHyBa nopaAx HeeAHaKB[or pacnopeA Ha Bo3AyLxHxor npr,trxcoK. 0ocoL!u
Bo3AyurH Te r4ac ceKora[ ce ABrxar oA o6nacrx co Bt4coK KoH o6racr]4 co Ht43oK u qHdu-
Uocoiiu
BO3AyUeH np Tr,lCOK. AOKOIKy pa3n KaTa BO BO3AyLltHXTe np Tt4COqh e nOTOneMa,
Torau u 6p3 Hara Ha eerepor (e 6r4e noroleMa. npaBeuor Ha Berepor ce oApe-
AyBa co BerpoKa3, a 6psr.lxara co aHeMor4erap Mery ce6e eerposlre ce pa3n Ky-
Baar cnopeA flpaBeqor Ha AyBarbero, ja,.l Hara I BpeMerpaeFbero. l4Ma BerpoBl4
Kofi AyBaar nocrojaHo, Apyfl4 AyBaar Bo oApeAeHu nep oA{, a nocrojar h noKanHx
BerpoB[. HeKori oA oBhe BerpoBr4 Hocar BpHex , ApyftA ronttula, a rperx BeApo
MoBcyHcKu
Bperae. Bo nofiojaHh serpoalr cnaiaar: nacarr, aHTrnacarr, 3anaAHt4 I no- beOpobul
,apH1.l 8eTpo8x. q) 3u^4e
6) AeLle
nacarxre KaKo nofiojaH CftI 30. JrUJ KoH
BerpoBx AyBaar oA 30o
eKBaropor, oaxocno oA o6nacru co aucor aruoc$epcKu np rt4coK KoH o6lacru co
HX3OK BO3AyUJeH np Tr,lCOK. nOpaAX 3eMj HaTa pOTaUUja Txe CKpUrHyBaaT KOH 3a-
naA.
AHTrnacarrre AyBaar oA eKBaropor Ha B co,lxHa oA 4 km Ha ceBep la jyr
cAAo 30o CftL1 30'Jftll oA KaAe ro r4eHyBaar npaBelloroA 3anaA KoH t4croK.
3anaAHrre BerpoBl4 AyBaar Ha 3anaA oA ATnaHTcK or OKeaH KoH 3eMjh-
Te Ha 3anaAHa CpeAHa EBpona Ha croK.
14

norapHxre BerpoB HacraHyBaar Ha norapHrlTe o6nacrr raAe uro

TeMneparypara Ha Bo3Ayxor e HycKa, a arMoc$epcKHor nprr coK e nocrojaHo
BtlCOK,

nepxoAxqHl're BerpoBr4 AyBaar Bo onpeAeneHI o6nacrri Ha 3eMjara, Bo

npaB nHo pacnopeAeHfi BpeMeHcKt4 flephoAy. MoHcyHr,lTe ce HajBaxH!4Te nepx-
oAriqHh BerpoBh, u.lecr N{eceqh r eAyBaaroA r4opero KoH KonHoro, a uecr r4ecellH
oA KonHoro KoH r{opero. Aoafajfu oA oKeaHor rrerH Te t4oHcyH,4 Hocar roneMh
KonhqecrBa BpHex Ha KonHoro. OB e BerpoBx AyBaar Bo l4HAAja, nHAoKVHa vt
JyroficroqHa A3 ja.
,loKanHlre BerpoBr,r ce KapaKTeprcn4qHl4 3a onpeAeleHy o6nacrfi Ha 6
3eN4jara. TaKB BerpoB[ ce: OeH, Bypa, Jyro, KouaBa, BapAapeu, ropHaAo Apyrh.

Kou oq otue fuutSn1.t qyLvon fu HoLuoba EMjd?

OA oBlae BerpoB[ HajroneMa cfina h!4a ropHaAoro Koj AyBa Bo jyxHl4Te
AenoB Ha CAI
Bo MeKc[Ko. OBoj Berap ce o6palyaa aoronnhorAen oA roA Hara
y roa ao nonnaAHeBH re LtacoBn. TopHaAoro flMa
Sopt4a Ha cnoHoBa cypna Koja ce
cnyLxra Ha 3elajara Bo Bt4A TeMHa rpy6a, ocraeaj(ra nycrou raMy raae uro (e

Abuxeft,e Ho beuepofui
A - qeibe oq Mopeoo KoH (o0Hoi[c
5 - Hoke oq (oUHoEo KoH Mopeoo
 nourue.3a cpe(a, npeqHIKor Ha ropHaAoro e MHory Man r.r !43HecyBa oA HeKonKyAo
300 Merpx HajMHory. OBoj Berep e npocneAeH co cr4rHr4 BpHexu oA Ao)(A y rpaA.
Cnt4qHx Ha oBxe BerpoBl4 co, r4cro raKa, roreMa c'4na ce opKaHxre. Tre ,tMaar
npe,{HxK Ao 300 km. Bo CA,4 H!48 rla B Kaar yparaHfi, Bo ]anoHxja u KxHa - rajoyHfi,
a Bo Aacrpanuja - Bvnl4-Bunt4,

O6naqHocr e noKp[eHocTa Ha He6ecHhor cBoA co o6naq , Kora He6oro

qeno e noKp!4eHo co o6naqu, o6na,rHocra ce o3Ha,ryBa co 6pojor 10, a Kora He6oro
e Benpo co 0. CnopeA roreMrHara Ha o6ra,rHocra AeHoa re r'loxar Aa 6xAar
ae4pu, o6navxr r reuxr.

BeAp AeHoBfi ce oHue Bo Kon oonaqHocra e noMana oA 2,0, o6nav.{n

AeHoB ce oHre Kora o6naqHocra ce ABxxx oA 2,0 ,qo 8,0, a reMH Kora o6na,.tHocra
e noroneMa o,q 8,0. npoceqHara o6naqHocr Ha 3eMjara u3HecyBa 5,4. O6na,]Hocra
e nororeMa HaA oKeaHlTe, a noMane HaA KoHTxHeHT Te. Hajr4ana o6naqHocr hMa
xa nonapxrre o6nacrh u Ha cynrponcK Te npeAenu/ noMery 20 14 300.

' OKo Ho
.ypoL.aHoLlr

C rr* u^
KoH cE nocToJAHu BETPoBI,4I
3ou-rro cE 3HA'IAJHH BETPoBHTE?
EIO KoH nPEAEAH AyBAAT MoHcyHHTE?

d** NOCETH JA HAJEAHCKATA 3A |]POCEqHHTE

TOAHLIIHH BEAPH, OEAALIHH H TEMHH

H Arrewwutww@q@ww
<Deu e jarc eemep rcoj ce jaeyaa ao unaHuHcKurue oS,xacqlu, a HdjKapaKfiiepuc-
iauqeH e da A"xiiume.

Eypa e cmygen u jaK 6emep rcoj gyea eo Jagpancxomo npunopje.

Jy7o HacruaHyea na9 Caxapa, KaKo cys u tao&o"x eemep. Ha9 Cpegoseuuotuo
Mope upu a ao,xe.Mo rao,lwrccmso 6,xaza rcoja ao eug epHeJru iial.a nag Jysrua
EBpoua.
Kouaea e c*neu seiAep Koj Hocu segpo u cyso eperne. flyaa og KapAafiiufiie eo
Pouauuja uus Bojeoguna eo Cp6uja.
 MWpprryW u qW@
L
\ ) nrcetuu io noj6ntcxatao MeDeop/ptuKo cfroHLn-a
\.). u ry3Haj KoKfu KA)L'a uMo fu AbeuJo Mecno Ho
xubetd KoAJ<y qeHobt b wquuafio ce bpHex-
ntbt, o6tonu u MoL/@b)uJLn

AoxqoMep

KIMlMXA

BpeMero e cocroj6a Ha arMoc$epcKfiTe nojaBu HaA

MoN4eHTarHa
HeKoe Mecro. Bo reKor Ha AeHor BpeMero Moxe Aa ce cMeH noae{e nar .
TaKa, oa coHqeBo ce MeHyBa Bo o6naqHo, BpHexnxBo fin BerpoBxro. OB}le
npoMeHr Ha BpeMero ce MHory 3HaqajH!4 3a 3et4joaenxero, 3a noMopcKt4or 14

ao:4yu r uor coo6 pa (aj .

oa roneMo 3Ha,{ebe e oaHanpeA Aa 3Haeue raxao (e 6t4e apeuero

Bo cneAH[Te aeHoBH rar reaeru. Toa (e nu oaolmoxr no4o6po aa ce opraH -
3l4par4e, noArorBr4r\4e r oA6paruue oA nocneAhqxre Ha HenoBonHoro BpeMe.
3a aa ce npeAB Afi Bper4ero norpe6Ho e 4a ce ta6ruyqyeaar npoy'lar cxre
arMocoepcKr,l nojaBt4: TeMneparypa Ha Bo3Ayxor, arMocoepcKl,l np rl4coK,
npaBeuor Ha BerpoBl4Te, o6na,rHocra, BpHex re x Apyro, OBtie Ha6rbyAy-
Ba$a Mepeba ce BpLJar so nose(e MereoponouKtt craHxqtl, co Hajpa3-
nt,tqHfi fiHcrpyMeHTu KaKo: Tepr4oMerap 6apoMerap aoxaoMep BerpoKa3,
aHepor4A v Ar TaMy ce o6pa6oryaaar 4o6nesure noAaroqri Bp3 ocHoBa Ha

H B ce AaBa flporHo3a Ha BpeMero 3a cneaHxre aeHoBl,l- Bo rraBHara Mereo-

ponouKa craHr4qa, HeKoflKy flaru Bo reKor Ha aeHor ce !43pa6oryBaar I
14 co H14BHoro cnopeAyBa$e ce npeaBrayBaar npaBeqor !'l
cl4Honrl4']Kl4 Kapru
ABrxe$ero Ha BGAyrjrH Te Mach. Bp3 ocHoBa Ha cfiHonrr.tKrre Kapr[ ce
AaBa KparKorpajHa nporHo3a Ha BpeMero. AeHec, npeKy caren!4TcKx cHxMKt4
a peKTHo Ha eKpaH ce cneAar ABfixehbero Ha o6naq re, BerpoBxre, BpHe-
x[Te, coHqeBllTe nepxoafi 14 apyfo. cLlJoHuuo

Mepelbara Ha arMocoepcK[Te nojaBu HaA HeKoja o6nacr ce spuar

3a nephoa oa eaHa lrrv noge(e roauxn, Co nre ce ogpe4yea xaxea (e 6vae T
e
cocroj6ara Ha epei4ero o6nacr. CpeAHara cocroj6a oA AonroroAHLll-
HaA Taa p
Horo cneAerbe Ha MereoponoLJKr4Te eneMeHTfi HaA HeKoe Mecro unx o6nacr tv

ce B Ka xrtuMa. Taa 3aBrcl4 oA t<nt4MarcKttre eneMeHT[ ]4 OaKToplr.

o
it
OA c'4Te Knhr4arcKr4 ereNreHT v oaKrop HajroneMo BnrljaHl4e Bp3 e
KnrMara uMaar B!4coqfiHara I oMareqeHocra Ha CoHuero oA 3eMjara I
o
6 o
AonxlHara Ha rpaelbero Ha coH,re8hor cjaj. nopaA Toa Ha 3eMjara ce 3a- o p
cTaneHrl pa3r Knt4r4arcKl,1 Tt4noBu. p
'.tHt4
o
M
e
!u
o
p
 Bp3 ocHoBa Ha reN4neparypara Y Ha BpHexure/ Ha 3eMjara Moxar Aa ce
rcABojar 11 KnfiN4arcKr4 T!4noBr: eAeH eKmropcKl4, ABa rponcK[, ABa cynrponcK , ABa
yMepeHh, aBa cynnonapHu x aBa nonapHu,

EKBaropcknorKnl4MarcKl4 Tt4fl ce nporera oa aBere crpaH[ Ha eKBaropor oa

0" Ao 10" ceBepHa 14 jyxHa reorpa$cKa uxpoq Ha. Toj ce oMlKyBa co Bl4coKu x nocro-
jaHx reMneparypx oA 25"C Ao 28"C, co eAHo roAruHo BpeMe r co roneMfl Kor]fiqecrBa
BpHexx, oA 2 000 Ao 3 000 mm roArlulHo. TeMneparypt4Te BpHexure oBo3Moxt4ne Bo
oBoj KnHMarcKfi Tr4n Aa ce pa3Bue 6yeH pacrtireneH cBer/ co rycrx tllyMu. OBxe uyl4u ce
3acraneHu Bo 6aceH!4Te Ha peKfiTe AMa3oH 14 KoHTo x Ha ocrpoBxre Ha ManajcKt4or
Apx14nenar.

TponcKror KnvMarcKtt rl4n ce nporera ceBepHo u j\2(Ho oA eKBaropcKt4or rhn

oa 10" Ao 23o 27', Bo Hero ce KapaKrep!4cr!4r'tHr BerpoB[Te nacarfi r4oHcyHl4 tl Moxar
Aa ce ra3ABojar 3 KnxMarcK,l TlnoBrl: TponcKx, MoHcyHcKll 14 nycrnHcKll.

MoHcyHcKl.tor Kn MarcK!4 run ce oAn[KyBaar co aBa roAI4LllHl4

TponcKtor 14

nep oAa: BpHexnuB t4 cyueH neproA Kot4 Tpaar no 6 Meceuh. 3b Bper4e Ha BpHex-
nxB[or nepuoA Tpeaara pacre noae(e r oA 2 Merpa, a 3a BpeMe Ha cyLxHllor nep[oA ce
. cyurl4 14
'recro ce 3ananyBa. OB e rpeBH[ noBplx]'lHt4 ce BrKaar caBaH , Bo rponcl${or
KnrMarcKr4 T!4n BpHexure ce noManx u ce.qBlaxar oa 1 000 Ao 1 500 mm roA!4ulHo, a Bo
rr4oHcyHcKl4or ce 3HaqfiTenHo noroneM / noBe{e oA 6 000 mm. TponcKuor Knt4r4arcKtl
Tl4n e 3acraneH Bo AOpuKa u Bo JyxHa AMepxKa, a MoHcyHcKl4or rhn 8o JyxHa x
Jyro croqHa A3tlja, 3anaAHa AoplaKa, CeBepHa ABcrpanuja x ceBepohcro'lHxre AenoBu
Ha JyxHa AMepxKa.

nycrnhcKa.ror Ml4MarcKtl Trn ce nporera oKony noBparHnll'1Te. 3a Hero ce

KapaKTepuc r'lHr4 MarrlTe KoJlt4liecrBa BpHex[, noMan(y oA 200 mm roAu[JHo ]4
roneMrre pasnxKl4 Ha rel\4neparypara r4ery aenor ra xorcra llpeKy AeHor reMneparypara
Ha Bo3AWor ce xcKaqyBa HaA 50'C, a npeKy xo(ra ce cnyu.:ra I Ao ooc. nopaAu roa
3er4j[urero e cyBo 14 co MHory perKa Bereraq!4ja OBoj M!'lr4arcKx rl4n e 3acraneH Bo
ceBepHa ASpfiKa, xa Apa6rcrnor nonyocrpoq Bo Jy)KHa AQplaKa u Bo cpeAtauH re
AenoBu Ha ABCrpanfija.

CynrponcKr,ror Knt4MarcKt4 T'4n ce nporera oA 23o v 27' Ao 40o ceBepHa x

jyxHa reoapaocKa uupoq Ha. Toj ce oAnl4KyBa co cxnHo [3pa3eH ce3oHx, pa3nx'{Hv
TeMneparyph, BraxHocr Ha Bo3Ayxor h co BerpoBl4. Bo Hero HajKapafiepxcrfiqeH e
cpeaGeMHtloT KnIMaTCKH T!4n KOj Ce OAnUKyBa CO CyBl4 X XeuKtl neTa, a co 6nar!4 t',l

upuexruer :rur, OBoj Kn!4r4arcKrl T!4n ce jaByBa oKony CpeAo3eMHoro Mope co Hero-
arre pa6ru Mopr4ba, noroa Bo KanxoopHuja u Bo HajjyxHtlre AenoB[ Ha AOphKa
ABcrpanfija.
 Bo cynrponcKrlor fl4n cnafa I KahllarcKhor rrn 3acraneH Ha OnopHAa (CM), ,',*" r€if:'
Bo ypyrBaj (JyxHa AMepriKa) Bo CeBepHa KfiHa. Toj ce oAn14KyBa co cyBl.4 i4 cryAeHil
3 I4t4, a CO BpHeXIltlBrl h TOnIh neTa, oBOj KnLlMaTCKr4 T n rO fir4a BO CyB Te O6naCTL1,
coTonnhneTa, HajyxHr4oTAen oa cAA, l4eKcl4Ko 11 hpaH.
yMepeHhor r
n ce nporera oA 40o Ao 60o ceBepHa u jyxHa reo-
Knt,tMarcKrl
rpaocKa uHpot{l4Ha.3a oBoj Kn!4r,4arcKl4 T n KapaKTepficTtlL]H!1 ce 4 foAhLltHt4 BpeM $a,
noToa 3anaaHHre BeTpoBrl i4 roflet\4i4Te pa3lt4Kt4 Ha Tel4neparypaTa Ha Bo3ayxoT Mery
KOAHOTO 14 14OpeTO BO TeKOT Ha |OAUHaTa.

CynnonapHuor K,rllMarcK!4 Tun ce nporera oKory ceBepH or fi jyxHlaor

nor]apeH Kpyr. OBoj K/lllMarcK THfl ce o En/'RyBa co Ao'fr1t4 cryAeHrl 3l4r'4r4 Kor4 Tpaar oA
7 Ao 10 I'4eceqh, KparKx nera, roner4ri pa3nl4Kr1 Bo reMneparypara uery neroro lt :trvara
y co rva,.lh Ko'lt4{recTBa BpHexfi. CynnonapHfior Kr.l14rtlarcKh rrln ce npoTera Bo ceBepH,4or
Aen Ha C 6r1p, KaHaAa fi AnjacKa.

nonapHr,ror Kn MarcK T n cejaByBa oKony CeBepHqor 14 JyxHxor non. Taiay

TeMneparyp Bo TeKor Ha qenar€ roafiHa 11 co
BnaAee cypoBa nonapHa Knfif4a, co HhcKh
MaILI KOnrlLreCTBa BpHeX CHef,

..1.:

(}e -
\L\ ll?otl.toruq
t. KOH KAHMATCKH THnoBH Mo)KAT AA cE H3ABoJAT Bo TPoncKHoT KAHMATCKH THn?
2. KAAE cE FIPoTETA CPEAo3EMHHoT K^HMATCKH THn?
3. Co LlTo cE oAnHKyBA cynnoAApHHoT KAHMATCKH THn?
a
)s
I
, .tr ,,t
'F;.,' . t.
I
!'
!
 A6rorcrnre oaKropl,4 ja npercraByBaar HexfiBara np poAa. Bo H B cnaraar
S 3r1.rKr,1Te Li xeMr.rcK[Te cBojcrBa Ha: BoAara/ nogB Te/ cBernLlHaTa/ TeMneparypaTa,
Bo3AlD(or, Berepor 14 penjeoor.

BoAara e HeonxoAHa 3a xrlBoror Ha opraHcKr4or cBer. 6e3 Hea He r4oxe Aa

oncraHe Hr4eAeH x,4B opraH,43ar.1. CnopeA norpe6 re3a BoAa pacreHfijara ce Aenar Ha 4
rpyl]r: x/Apoohrx Koh nofiojaHo xr,lBear Bo BoAa (norcc h MopcKa rpeBa), xhrpooLrrfi
Bo r4otrypr4Lr.rH Te npeAerrl (TpcKa, uaMaK Ap), Kcepoohrrl Bo nycr!1HcK!4Te cyLJHr4
npe4e,rn (rarryc r gp) n ve:o$rlr Kor,1 xuBear Bo npor4eilnLrBl4 ycnoBh Ha cyLJa fi
BTATA.

IIoqB[Te ce BaxeH a6,1orcxlr Sarrop xoj Bnrjae Ha pacnpocrpaHerocra ,i Ha

pa3Bojor Ha pacreHrljara Ko oA Ht4B 3eMaar xpaHa. 3a ceKoe pacrenlre ce norpe6nlr no-
ce6H no.lBeHfi ycIoBLl, Ha Kor{ Toa Moxe Aa ycneBa. TaKa, Ha npfiMep, Ha LlpHr4llara
HajAo6po ycneBaar xhrHfiTe Kynryp r4 TpeBara.

cBerrr4Hara e HeonxoAeH oaKrop 3a uenfior opraHcKfi cBer. Taa Bnl4jae Ha

npoLlecor Ha Ooroc Hrea Kaj pacreHhjarar npH Lr.rro ce ocro6oAyBa K cnopoA.

TeMneparypara r ycnoByBa $r:norouxrre npoqecx x ro 3a6p3yBa pa3-

Bojor Ha opraHv3r'1r,rre Bo qenxHa. CeKoe pacreHl4e l,4 xxBorHo 14Ma Mr'rH14r'4yM/ onrflMyrt4 14

MaKC'l14yr4 TeMneparypa.

'1 Bo3Ayxor 14N4a 3Ha.rajHo BnhjaHhe Bp3 pacrfiTeflHror cBer, OA cfiTe TacoBr4 Bo
.a Bo3Ayxor Hajroner4o 3HaLreFbe 3a pacreH jala
jarnepoA Al4o(c[Aor Koj ro BArirxy-
r4r4a

I aaarf a npti roa oc,.lo6oAyBaar K cnopoA, txro e oA oco6eHo 3Haqebe 3a x Bol4HcKt4or

CBET.

Berepor e aaxeH a6rorcx $aKrop Koj epLun noee(e no3vl4BHrl Bntajallja.

TaKa, Tonn re BerpoB ro 3roneMyBaar cnapyBalbero Kaj BnaxH Te noLrBr4 14 To
3a6p3yBaar pacrerbero Ha rpeBHara BereraLlvja. OcBeH Toa, ro noMaraar L{BeraFbero
,tcreFbero Ha ApBjara, ro npeHecyBaar norreHoBl,lor npaB ro oao3rtroxyBaar onno-
4yBabero Ha pacreHnjara,
Penjeoor, r4cro raKa, e 3HaqdeH a6 orcK OaKTop Pacr re,rHl4or cBer Ha
nraHuHr,lre ce MeHyBa co BflcoqrlHara, 6rrAej(fi co Hea ce MeHyBaar reMneparypara Ha
Bo3Ayror, BpHaxr,i re, cflrr,1Ha ra Ha Be repor, r paeFbero cjaj, IeonDu.rKt4o,
Ha coHq-.Bhor
cocraa Ha 3er"irlLuTero r Ap nopaA[ Toa, Ha Br1coK Te nraH[HL4 pacrrTerHhor cBer e
3acTafleH no KaToBti.
 6uorcKt4Te $arropll npercraayBaar onpeaeneHx oa{ocu Ann spcxr nouery
oAAenHx Br4AoBr4 pacreH[ja vi xuBolHvt. Tve Bny'jaar Ha Harar4ouHHor pa3Boj 14 oncra-
HOK Ha CeBKynHara 6l4OCSepa. Bo Hr4g cnaiaar: pa3 HoxyBa]be, 3aurrhra oA rie-
nprjarerlr, cur'r6r,ro3a, napa3rrn3aM/ aHTaroHx3aM x ap

Pa3MHoxyBalbero Kaj pacreHljara e co ceMK , Ko r pa3HecyBaar Berpo-

BrlTe, HCeKT Te, nTrq Te, XTBOTHTTe r qOBeKOT.

3arurxrara oA Henpxjarerra Kaj pacreHujara ce peanr3hpa Ha pa3Hh Haq -

Hu, THe npomBeAyBaar roner4!4 Kor qecrBa cer4Kt4 3a Aa ocraHe AoBonHo 3a pa3MHo-
xyBaFbe. OcBeH Toa, co cBojara 6oja rxe ce npxcnoco6yBaar Ha cpeA,4Hara 3a Aa 6[Aar
HeB'4A,nrB[ 3a Henpvjaren re, a ce 6paHar I co 6ouKH co !43naqyBaFbe Ha pa3H[ orpo-
14

Bl"I U KUCCNAHA.

C].lM6noga e 3ApyxyBatbe Ha pacreHHjara nopaA 3aeMHo noMaral'be.

napa3nrt43aM e S 3'lono[iKa BpcKa Kora eAeH opraHx3aN4 - napa3ilT xr,iBee

na cuerka Ha Apyr opraHrl3aM I ce xpaHl co coKoBl4re oA HeroBoro fie6no. TaKBa e
Bl4n Hara Koca Koja xl4Bee Ha AererIHara, nHnepKrffe, ryryHor 14 Ap

AHTaroHr3aM e nojaBa cBojcrBeHa Ha MxKpoopraHfi3Mure, npfi LJro 14Hory

ra6n A 6aKrep$u co3AaBaar raKBr4 xeMrcKh r4arephrl Korl ro cnpe'ryBaar xrBoror Ha ,'
/:
gpyrn nuxpo6n vinu coceM a rx yH !4 ulryBaar.

Co cyuebero Ha 6ap!4Te r Ha MoqypfiLxrara, HaBoAHyBabero, nouyMyBa-

$eTo Ha ron,4HfiTe, pa3opyBabeTo Ha reA!4H!4re, x36opoT Ha celrfil6ara, ry6pe*ero u
co BKpcryBalbero Ha pacreH jara, ,roBeKor 3HaqhrenHo npfiAoHecyBa 3a pacnpocrpaHe-
Tocra Ha pacreH jara 14 3a 3roreMyBaFbero Ha HIBHITe BxAoBl4. Toa ce KynrypH Te
pacreHHja Kor qoBeKor r4croBpeMeHo r!1 npeHer oA eAeH Ha Apyr Kpaj Ha cBeror, KaKo
uro e cny,laj co n,{eHHqara, nqeHKara, Kor4n por, TfryHor, Kaoero, naMyKor .qp
 u., '-ii ...

'l r.ri- r
a
M@ps:ryb@ u W,ro#
> Kou tuqo1r qpbio,
Aduuu u qub:L xtLtndnu
ce 3aBojar cneaH!4Be pacrrrenH[ o6racrr: xonapx-
Ha 3eMjara Moxar aa
uL uuo tn oKo/ruHono HeorponcKa, aBcTpanr'tcKa, KentaHAcKa I aHTapk-
Th'{Ka, naneoTponcKa/
HO MeCIAOLUO KOqe LULUO
T14qKa.
xJLEeuI xorapKrxqKara pacrrrensa o6nacr rn onQa(a cry4eluor x yMepeHxor no-
jac Ha CeBepHara nonyronKa. nopaA!4 HxcKrre reMneparypx Kol4 Bnaaear Bo cryaeHfior
nojac, pacrfiTenHHor cBer e MHory c[poMaLxeH u Bo Hero vYa rlr''uaw MoB/ nonapHa
6p$a fi Bp6a. Bo yMepeHxor nojac HajroneMt4 noBplx14Hr sa$a(aar nmonrcHxre uyM14
HapeqeHx rajrv, Kor ce nporeraar Bo ceBepH re AenoB Ha EBpona, A3[ja I CeBepHa
AMep Ka. Bo rajrtlre pacrar 6op, ena ti Apyro. Ha jyr oA oBlae LJyr4l4 ce nporeraar
MeuoBr4T[Te I nhcronaAH[Te uyMta, Bo oBaa pacr[TenHa o6lacr cnaiaar i4 cynrpon-
cKLrre uyMr4: Lrer4npec, nprMopcKvl 6op, apvu, noBopflKa/ Mactt4Hti' v Ap Jyxtto oA
nxcronaAHhre LiryN4!4 ce nporeraar crenl4Te Kou Bo CeBepHa AMepIKa ce BnKaar npepvu,
a Bo yHrapuja - nycr . CTenxre ce roneMfi noBpLlll4Hl4 noKpxeHrl co rpeBa. Ha jyr
cTenl4re noM14HyBaaT Bo nonynycrhHh t4 nycTl4H14, co It4Hory peTKa BereraLlrja.

nareorponckara pacrxrenHa o6aacr rv on$a(a npe4enrre Ha xeLJKl4or

nojac Ha crap re ronrutelrr Aoprxa k A3l4ja- TaMy ce 3acraneHt4 TponcK re BraxH[
LJyf4r, Kor4 Bo AOp Ka ce B,{Kaar npauJylvl4, a Bo ,{3 ja - uyHrn[. Bo Hna ce cpe(aeaar
N{Hory cKanoqeH ApBja KaKo Kt4Ht4Hoao, MaxaroHoBo, caHAaroBo, a6oxocoao, xayvy-
xoao, 6ar46ycoao h Ap Bo ASpuKa, Ha jyr oA oBl4e uyllh ce nporeraar caBaH[, noroa
cTenfi, nonynycTr4Hr,l, a oKony noBpaTHuul4re - nycTl4H14.

Heorponckara pacrfiTenHa o6nafi ce nporera jyxHo oA MeKcxKo 14 3aoa(a

HajroneM Aen oA JyxHa AI'4ep[Ka. Bo Aon Hara Ha AMa3oH ce 3acraneH[ BrlaxHMTe
TponcKr LxyM!4 - cerBac . ceBepHo oA H!48, oKony peKara OptlHoKo ce Haoiaar caeaHh
Koh raMy ce B[Kaar njaHocta, a jyxHo oA H1,14 Bo ropHl4or reK Ha napaHa, cro raKa, vMa
caBaHfi no3Hart4 KaKo KaMnoch, OKony peKara Ua nrara I CeBepHa ApreHTlHa ce 3a-
craneH cTenrTe Ko ce BvKaaT nal4nacx.

ABcrpa[hcKara pacrfiTenHa o6nacr ja onoafu ABcrpan ja x ocrpoBor Tac-

MaH ja. tLlyMrare ce 3acraneH[ Bo np MopcK Te AenoBfir KaAe uro BpHex[re ce no-
roreMrl, a Bo BHarpeuHocra Ha ABcrpan[ja ce 3acraneH[ cren[, nonynycrl4Hl4 14
nycTt4H t4.

KennaHAcKaaa pacrfiTenHa o6nacr ce nporera Bo HajjyxH[or Aen Ha Aopr-

Ka. TaN4y ce 3acra neHfi Ht1cKl4 3efleH[ rpl.lyltlKl4, ctll4qHr Ha MaK Te/ KaKo fi perKfi TpeBh
 rHKoT
AHTapKTnqKara pacrlrerHa o6nacr ro on$aka AHrapK-
jyxeH Aen Ha lyxHa AMep[Ka, co OrHeHa 3eMja ,1
KpajHhoT *. t
OoKnaHAcK Te OcrpoBx. nopaAr H[cKl,1Te rer\4neparyp4 c]Atrllre
aeTpoBl4 14 qecT Te Mafftl TaMy xMa car4o MoB t4 luuav,

KoEaew
' .'*'
Bo rponcKrlTe BraxHfi Lr.ryl{l,i HajroneM 6poj x sorHt4 xr,4Bear Ha ApBjara,
6rgej(r rarvy lrua xpaHa h cBern Ha.Toacepa3H nrhqri, r4ajMyHx, rop na,u MflaH3a
,1 3Yt4t4, VJ LJyr\4fiTe Ha JyxHa AMep[Ka x Bear flytqa, jaryap ri naMa, a oA nrLllirlre
- (oHAop, Konrl6p[ N4Hory nanaran . Bo peK[Te xhBear KpoKol'tanu, pu6v, BoAHt4 3MV,n
H nCKh KOfbI tlAp

Bo caBaH Te ,1 cren re xhBear rpeBonacHrl xt4BoJHV, ra3enut aHrvtnontll

:e6pr, c.nonoeu, xypa$h, Hocopo3r t4 Ap Bo HHBHa 6/143[Ha xrBear r4eco]aAHh
xl,4BorHr.l: rraBoBri/ neonapA , renapArf xveHv v Ap. Bo nyfirlHtre xxBear x BorHl4 Koh
MoxarAa 3ApxarAonro BpeMe 5e3 BoAa. Toa ce: KaMr1rt4, 3t4t4t4, Ll.lKopn oHl,l, ryLJTepfi,
nycrriHcKrl nLicr4url Ap Bo yMepeH or nojac ce cpe(aaaar: cpFt4t At4Bt4 c}t4t>v, e^eHV,
5tBoHV, nvct4t-\k, MetlKl4, Bonq u . Bo nonapH[Te o6nac 4 x Bear: hpBacr,
'1MHorynr
6en h I'ieq Kh, 6enh 3a)aqtA, no napHv nvcvq,QoKh, t'4opxeBr1, nutf BVHI n Ap.

Bo ABcrpan ja, HoB 3enaHA h HoBa TByHeja xrBeaT noce6H Bt4Aoau Kot4 rt4
HeMa Ha apyro MecTo, KaKo LIJTo ce: KeHryD KyVeTO Ar4HfO, MegKaTa KOana, HOj r Ap

flOcli-tcJ
C: 'Ftcl
Bo Mopl4$ara r Bo oKeaH Te tlMa 6orar pa3HoBhAeH xilBorl,lHcKt4 cBer. Ce
cl4eTa AeKa Bo Hl4B x BeaT oKony 150 000 x BortiHcK,l Br4AoBt. OA H B Haj6pojH ce
uxorrrre, co noee(e oA 50 000 Bt4AoBt4r vua 16 000 BXAoBfi ptt6u V p,p Bo MopxFbaia h
BO OKeaHrlTe XrlBeaT I
MHOry C THtl X!4BOTHh KOl4 t4OXaT Aa Ce B AaT CaMO nOA
14r4KpocKon/ Ho 14 KpynH14/ KaKo Kl4ror Koj Moxe.qa 6hAe noAonr oA 30 Merp rr norexoK
oA 100 ToHri.

EeHTocor coApx14 opraHfi31414 Koh xtlBear Ha AHoro oA t4optllt,ara r oKeaHrlTe.

Toa ce cna6o noaBl,lxH14 xr4BoTHl4, KaKo MopcKh sBe3Arlf eXOBr4/ tUKOIK , n qenOCHO
FenorBhxHh x14Bo rHr, xaxo ropan,l,r cyniepr .

llnaHKToHor ro npeTcTaByBaar eAHo(neroqHt4 opfaHtl3t'1fl Kor He ce cnoco6HI

caM Aa ce ABrlxar, ryKy r4opcKara BoAa/ 6panoelrre t,lopcK te crpyla cno6oAHo rfl
Hocar. Toa ce pa3Hh pa\t4onapt4lt, napBv, tqegyzv, rno6orepn,+t V gp.

HeKToHor ro npercraByBaar MopcK14 xl4BorHt4 Kor4 ce 6p3 nnHeavr, xaxo pr6n,

AenqvHta ,K roB,r, ajKynfi, OoK laAp
;:"4
b,
 *1 out***,r
KOH )KHBOTHH )KHBEAT BO TPONCKHTE BAA)KHH LIJYMH?
LIITO TH NPETCTABYBA EEHTOCOT H NAAHKTOHOT?

neouopq

HocopoL

KeHLyp

dur** NOTPYAH CE AA NPE|IAPHPALU HEKOJA NTHUA HAH ,.o, ,ri#s;*oorr,'E .'EAEAH H !

'HEA / 'EKH
rl
tHl Arew tuhatuq@.%@w lvlopcKo
-, LuKoAl'(o
\-
Tpouc4uiae ury.t4u eo c,xu6oru Ha percailia AMa3oH npouaaegyeaam 40ok rcuc'copog na
3eujatua u npemcmaeyeaafii,,6e,xu 9po6oeu" na naumaa iinaHetua.
Hojoa Ascmpaluja e Haj6pauom mprcav ely umu4umq
rcoj srueee eo AQpurca u ao
a neoiiapgot[t e naj6pa nely wuloiliHuute. Toj mpva co 6pauua o9 90 km Ha +ac, Ho,
uopaguMa,lou,to cp4e 6pao ce sauopyea.
lvlopcKU
uonxob Hajxpeotteguu pu6u ce ajrcyaume u uupaHufiie. AHaKoHgama Koja )$usee 60 peKama
Auadou e najgonaa 3muja Ha cseutout - 19 "Merupu.
Ho ocutpoeoiit E"tauep eo CesepHuom 'Uegeu Orceau J{uoee 6e"xuom eoarc rcoi
He ao Haua/a qoeeKota, a ce xpoHu upemeJtHo co.tt,ou,rccmowo zosego
'ooiiumo
(noruyn).
Hocopo2oEt e Hoi6ecupaunouto tttudoruHo 60 coaaHaulo.

t
 f@@eKo = uffiloprexa qNKa
a nrereffir re ?efiffila
npB Te reorpaocKti cGHaHxja noreKHyBaar oA HajcrapfiTe HapoAx yure npeA
3 000 roAxHu. TaKa, craplre BaB noHuu Ko!4 xlBeene Bo Meconorar4hja cMerane AeKa
3eMjara e HenoAB[xHa nno,]a Koja e floffaBeHa Ha orpollHtl KaMeHh cron6oB14. CnveHo
Ha H B x craprre l4HAycu ja 3aM[ciyBane 3eMjara Bo oopMa Ha nnoqa, Koja ce Haofana
Ha rp6or Ha 3 cnoHa, a rfie croene Bp3 ut4HoBcKa xerKa Koja nnvBana H 3 6ecKpajHxor
orear. 3a Errn(anrre qen cBer 6 n ErEner. T e BepyBane AeKa He6ecHhor cBoA HaA
3eMjara ro npercraByBa 3B[eHoro sBe3AeHo reno Ha 6ox uara Ha He6oro Hyr, a no
Hej3fiHororeno nnoBen.raMeuor Ha 6oror Ha CoHuero - AMoH Pa. ug@t@pga s

cuerll r4opennoBqH h Beurt4 TproBqv. nopaAla rproBxjara

OeHu,.raHxre 6ure
T e nnoBere r oxeaHh, KaKo CpeAo3eMHoro, ceBepHoro, L.lpBeHoro,
no noBe(e uoprrua
6arrr,{Koro Mope, ATnaHTcKr4or n vlHAncK[or OKeaH. 3eMjhre oKony oBxe Mopl4Fba
oeH14qaHrre Ao6po r!4 no3HaBane v ocHoBale cBol4 TpaAoBH x KortoHt4t't, xaro uro 6ltle
KaprareHa 14 lvlapcej. Ho, cxre noaarouh 3a oB e3eMjfi rue rl,l,{yBan€iBo rajHocr, nopa-
Al4 npeBnacr Bo rproB[jara,

HajroneM nphAoHec Bo lltrlpeFbero Ha reorpaocK Te 3Haeba Bo crap or BeK

aane crapMTe fpqu. XepoAor (485-425 npr.e.) e egen o4 uajno3Har[Te rp']Kl4 14cropl4-
,]aph 14 reorpaor. Toj nLl,tHo nocetvr noee(e 3el4jh, KaKo Eraner, crlpvja, l1\6nja,
OeH K ja, llaneca4Ha v Ap v Aan on c . 3Ha'laeH npvAoHec Aane !1 fiapfire rpqKtl
Olano3oo,KaKoAHaKctlMaHAaDAe14oKpl4r,Apt4croren,Apl,1cra'px,EparocreHn4p {,-:-&:-'i
E-a- - - zlrd'
AHaKchMaHAap e npB Mery Suno3oonre Koj cMeran AeKa 3eMjara cno6oAHo ce
ABr4xr4 Bo BceneHcKhor npocrop Toj ja cocraBrrl n npBara Kapra Ha cBeror. AeMoKpfiT e
HajroneM rp,rKv SHno3oO - Marepfijanncr, roj cveral 4exa cb uro nocror e cocraBeHo
oA o4TH!4 LrecrxLll4 - aroMx. Aphcroren ro paoem c$a(arsero sa ronvecrara $opma
3eMjara I npB ja noAenfin Ha 5 Toflrl4HcKr4 nojac]4. Aphcrapx npB ro fi3Hen r{l4cnersero
,qeKa 3eMjara KpyxH oKony CoHqero, a croBpeMeHo ce Bprl4 oKony cBojara ocKa nopaAfi
uro Aoaia Ao cuesa AeHor x Hoftra. EparocreH npB To npecMeran o6er4or Ha 3eMjara
Ha

no MephA[jaHor npB n4 co6pan v cxcreN4arh3fipan 3HaeFbara 3a roraLrHl4or cBer.,,, Koh

ru o6jaBfin Bo Aenoro,,feorpaot{ja" Bo rpl4 KH rh,

feorpaQcrrare 3Hae$a Bo crapxor BeK 6rne npoulfipeH I co noxoAl/Te Ha

MeKcaHAap lvlaKeAoHcKx KoH r4cro,rHr,1Te 3erijx, KaKo co pt.4t4cKure ocBojyBaFba. OA
crap[or BeK3HaqajHfi ce fi cTpa6oH Koj ro Hanuuan Ae,toro ,,Teorpaofija" Bo 17 KHlarx
nronoMej co ,,ToneMoro Aeno" Bo Koe Aan on c Ha qen or no3Har cBer oA Toa Bper4e,
npfi LrTo npxnox n fi KapTa.

Bo cpe4nnor seK reorpaocK[re 3HaeFba h orKpt4Tuja rlt npoulpune nose(e

HapoAr,1, KaKo Apanxre, Hopr4aHhre, tlTanxjaHLlxre Y Ap. Hajno3Har apancKl4 reorpaon
,4 naron cllr4 6xne: MacyAh, l4Aprcv A n6H Earyr. MacyAl,l oA EarAaA r nponaryBan
qena ceBepHa AqpAKa, l4{Ay,ja, llepcirja n Apyrr 3eMjv Bo Aenoro ,,3narfl nvBaAt4"
ocraB[n 3HaqajH[ noAaroql4 3a flpeAen[Te Hh3 Kot4 MvHar. l4Ap[3 6un HajAo6ap

.il
 KapTorpao Ha cBoeTo BpeN4e. Hajno3Hara e KapTaTa Ha cBeToT Koja Ha cpe6peHa nno'la
ja r:pa6orrn:a rpa nor Ha cvl4nn4ja, n6n 6aryr naryaa,n noee(e oA 20 roarll"ll4 !4 rr no-
cerun ct4re 3eMj no3Har Bo roa BpeMe. cBo[Te Bneqarolll4 oa naryearuara rr o6jaaun
Bo Aeroro,,noAapoK Ha rby6on rHure", Bo Koe Aar 3Ha'{aeH npxAoHec 3a npoLxl4py-
Barbe Ha reorpaocKure 3HaeFba.

Hopuarure 6rre no3Har KaKo cMerh x BeLJT!4 r4openrloBufi. Tue rla orKp ne
Fenoro Mope ,a ocrpoBor l4cnaHA. HopMaHeuor Epl4K UpBeH or ro orKpfin HajroneMxor
ocrpoB Ha cBeror fpeHnaHA, a HeroB or c H tlajo rr orxpul u 6peroanre Ha ceBepHa
AMeprl Ka.

3a BpeMe Ha KpcroHocHxre BojHt4 TproBujara Ha flranhjaHcKt4Te rpaAoBr BeHe-

qria ienosa 3Hal{rrerHo HanpeAHana. nopaA Toa, noMopcK Te naryBaFba oA oB e
r
rpaaoBfi 3aqecT ne u 3aToa ce !13pa6oryBane MHory npeufi3H[ KapT[, Hape!]eH nopTo-
naH14 (or4 n4KopHcrene xranhjaHcK!4re l4opHapl4 Ha oBtle Kaprx 6l4ne roqHo np KaxaHrl
6peroB Te Ha 3el4j[Te Kox tl3neryBane Ha CpeAo3eMHoro Mope, co Haj3Ha'rajH Te
np craHr.rLxra. napanenHo co noMopcK[Te, 3aqecr re I KonHeH[Te naryBaba. Hajno3-
Har narHl4K oA roa BpeMe e MapKo nono (1254 - 1315). Toj 24 rognau npecrojyBan Bo
Kf.{Ha r Bo KHhrara ,,LlyAara Ha Aane'lHkor Vlcro\", Han uaHa cnopeA HeroB[Te Kaxy-
Ba|ta 6rne h3HeceHn 3Ha,lajHl,{ reorpaocKfi noAaroq[ 3a 3eMjara, Koja Aororau HfiKoj
Bo EBpona Heja no3HaBan.

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ogceKo2aut uccluoena u fte uoaubu:Bo Heo ct ce g?ltJtu. rveHyaa u pa36usa.

P IImonouej 2o uc"leHJeruo geKa3eJtiataae Heuogsut(Ha u ce Haola

sacutauysan
60 4(Huiupotu Ho BcP"lt'Huu11, o oKUJ\y Heo rc QaMdut opyzllaue He6ecHu u!?na
30e9Ho co CoH4eAQ.

Anerccaugap MaKegoHCKIt \UCOKO 20 4eHe'4 3HA4etueIUO HO HAYKAnA HA C1OU-

u-e uoxogu ruoj 6oge,'L Jxyle'LLtjo aagaua 6uta ga 2u upoyqysaam ocaoeHume
senju. Toj 20 ocHosan |pagoLu A"xetcangpuja, rcoj cmaHa'n Hoizo'Ie"M HayqeH
u,eHluap ao ruoa 6pe.Me.
 .-
li' -- t... .;

Foneuuffie
Ea=W@eKa
aEixWEiuJs

Bo BTopara nonoB Ha Ha XV BeK reorpaocKr4Te no3HaBalba 3a 3eMjara 3Haqh-

renHo ce npouJ4p[ne. Bo roa BpeMe HacraHane KpynH[ npoMeH Bo nonrTrqKlor t4 Bo
l,rllatW,:e;@l e'e
onLJTecrBeH[or xr4Bor ao 3anaAHoeBFoncKlre 3eMjx. OeyAan 3r4or KaKo ct4creM ce Kd-a e ouKpJeHo
pacnaian, a ce jaByBane HoB Kanr4Tanlcn4qKfi oAHocn Bo Kor rpaAoBxre, rexHrKara, AMepJKd?
MopenroBcraoro 14 TproB jara 6pto ce pa:allsane, napanenHo co roa ce noAo6p ne Koj mopettaotnu
ycnoBure 3a xreor, a norpe6ure oA 3naro I cpe6po KaKo napxqHo x nnarexHo cpeA-
oq Ebpro -.,o
crBo ce 3roneMxne. OBtae cKanoqeH Merant,t Bo EBpona n4 !4Maao cb nouanxy.
ofiKWA fu4eHuour
rproBu!4 KynyBane carfia, 3aqlaHr, 6ncepx, cMaparAr, 3naro
EBponcKHTe AorrJ n L'lHqujd
Apyro Apanxre,
oA Kox 6!4ne nocpeAHhq Bo rproB[jara h rl4 yBeyBane oA tlHAyja oA
3otuu.to 6pqobtde
KrHa. Ho,3aroa, naK, ABojHo nocKano xM rx npoAaaane Ha eBponcK TerproBllx. Co uen
oq Ebpuo Mo^r<y
Aa ce ocno6oAar oA nocpeAHxurrBoro Ha Apanl4Te, EBponejLlure 6apaae nouopcrr nar
3a l4HArija. Toa 6aparue 6rno:a6p:ano co Aoaialbero Ha Typqxre Ha EnxcKtror l4croK. Lo KoWcAoU otuj
Typqfire rh 3afloceAHane rraBH Te KonHeHh aarxujra nopaAx uro rproenjara 6rua Loqeu Aout ?
orexHara u Hec[rypHa. nopaAfi Toa, eAhHcrBeHo peuJeHHe 6mo npouaoia*ero ao4en Co Koe iouryUJfte
nar 3a 14HA[ja.
e qoKoxoHo
Ha oBoj nar 3a tlHAuja npeKy ArnaHrcKt4or OKeaH rprHan Kpl4fifiSop Konyir6o. UoJ'tecnoAo
Ha 3 aBrycr 1492 ro4ura, co rprre ,rafr ,,Ht4Ha", ,,nuHra" n ,,CaHra Mapx ja" I nocaAa oA Sopuo no
120 nyfe, Toj hcnnoBlan oA unaHcKoro np craH UTe nanoc. EKcne,q,aqujara Ha KonyM6o 3eMjond
npBo np cr4rHana Ha KaHapcK Te OcrpoBfi. Tar4y T'4e HanpaBune oApeAeHrl nonpaBK[
(peuorr) na nairre I ce cHa6Ayne co cBexa BoAa
xpaHa. OA oB e ocrpoBh eKcneAfi-
t,t

Llhjara nnoBena Ha 3anaA no ATraHTcK or OKeaH { Ha 12 oKTot4Bpt4 L492 rory4Ya npv-

cr rHare Ha eAeH oA baxaMcKhre OcrpoBfl Koj KonyM6o ro HapeKon CaH CanBaAop
(CBerx Cnac). M cnej(u AeKa nplcrhrHan Bo ,411aja, KonyM6o xxrenyre Ha oBoj
ocrpoB rl4 HapeKon14 HA,|ja H Ul4. KonyM60 yLL]Te rpfi narx ro 1414HyBan ArnaHTcKt4or OKeaH

h He Ao3Han AeKa orKpHn HoB KoHrnHeHT. yMpen Bo 1506 roArHa, co y6e4ysarue gexa ro
oTKpl4Il nol4opcKl,loI naT 3a L'lHAyja.

BacKo Ae faMa ja npeABoAen npBara nopryrancKa noMopcKa eKcneA[i]fija Ha

nar3a l4HA ja. Corprl 6poAa I nocaAa oA 160 nyfe, Ha7 jynv 1497 roA Ha,rojrprHan
oAtl ca6oH. nnoBen aocrojaHo Hajyr noKpaj 3anaAH re6peroor Ha ASprxa cd4o'pror
Ao6pa HaAex. OA ryKa cBpren KoH ceBeporlcroK la ro 3ao6 Konfin oBoj KoHTfiHeHr oA
r4croqHara crpaHa. no AecerMeceqHa nnoBnA6a roj np,{crhrHan Bo rpaAor Kan K}Ta,
Koj 6lan eAeH oA Hajronef4[re rpaAoBr4 Bo tlHA ja. Bo oBoj rpaA BacKo Ae faMa ja
3aMeHhn cBojara croKa 3a cKanoueH14 KaMeiba,3raro, 3aqfiHfi, cBrna? cnoHoBa KocKa t4
Apyro. fo Hanyur n rpaAor x ce Bpar n Bo.fl ca6oH Ha 10 jyHH 1499 roA Ha. Co oBa
naryBa$e Ae$uHr,lTreno 6ar orrpten nouopckror nar:a l4HAxja y 3a Apyr re 3eMj oA
AaneqHxor ly'croK:
 MarenaHoBara eKcnea[rlrlja oa 1519 Ao 1522 roryaHa ja HanpaBxna npBara
nnoBxA6a oKony 3eMjara. Co 5 6poAa v co nocaAa oa 265 nyfe, Ha 20 cenr.euBpu 1519
foA[Ha, MarenaH vcnnos4n oa LJnaHcKoro npucraH UTe cBer!4 lykap Toj nnoBen Ha
3anaA, noKpaj l,cro']Hxre operoBx Ha JyxHa AMep[Ka, co qen Aa ja 3ao6xKon . Bo Haj- KoprljoLuo Ho
i),)(Hxre aenoBfi, no roneM Hanop, Toj ro npoHau.lon npeMuHor l4ely oBoj KoHTTHeHT u Mo-Len oHobou.ro
apxrinenaror OrHeHa 3eMja eKcneAxqxjara 3annoB na no Trxl,ior OKeaH. MarenaHo- UoLUyborbe
Bara eKcneA[qhja nno8era 99 AeHa no oBoj oKeaH.3a BpeMe Ha nnoBhA6ara oKeaHor oKony cbeurouJ
6xn MxpeH (Txx) !4 Tue My ro Aane MeroT xY OKeaH. no Aonrara HanopHa nnoBxA6a, Moxeui qo jo
eKcneAxq[jara Ha MareraH np crl4THana Ao Map!4jaHcK Te, a noroa r Ao (Dfin!4nrHcKl4- Hojqelu Ho
Te ocrpoB Kaae uro
MarenaH 3arxHan Bo 6op6a co aoMopoaql4Te. OA ryKa eKcneA]4ql4- Upbouro curpoHUuo
jara To npoaonxuna naror Hx3 ManajcKfior Apxflneflar x ly'HAxcKl4or oKeaH ch ao 'pror oq yve6nurob
Ao6pa HaAex oA KaAe noBTopHo BnroBl4re Bo ATraHTcKl4or OKeaH no Iprl foAtAHA
nnoBxAoa, Ha 6 cenreMBpl4 1522 toAVAa Bo np craHnLlJrero Caela /lyxap ce Bparrn
caMo eAeH 6po.q co 18 npextaeanr nyfe, Ho oA l,lcroqHara crpaHa. co oBa npBo Marena-
HoBo naryBarbe oKony 3eMjara 6hno aoKaxaHo AeKa raa l4Ma $opua na ronxa u 4exa
cno6oAHo ce Aeuxr Bo BceneHara.
 aW@rc
l-orerane reorpa$cKx orKpl4Tlja oA Kpajor Ha XV h noqeroKor Ha XVI BeK 6l4ne MHory 3Ha,.]ajHfi 3a pa3Bojor
Ha reorpaol4jara KaKo HayKa. Co oBxe orKpr,rrlja ce Ao6une HoBx npercraB 3a o6rrvKor143a roneMxHara Ha 3eMjara,
KaKo 14 3a pacnopeAor Ha KonHoro 14 Mopero. no [.ilnaHllflre x Tlopryranqhre, MHoryApyrh HapoAr4 opraHh3rpane cBox
eKcneA[uIr 3a !4crpaxyBabe Ha HoBr{ TepHropxl,r. Co orKplaBabero Ha HoBl,4Te 3eMjx 6ffe orBopeHla HoBla noMopcKx
nar ura 3a pa3Boj Ha rproBfijara.3a Hea 6nne norpe6nn nogo6ph fi no6psia 6po4oBx, KaKox nonpeLlr:nr xapru. l1o
KparKo BpeMe/ ceAounoAo HoBu orKpr,lr jaBorexH Kara I Ao 6p3 pa3Boj Ha Kaprorpao jara. Boroj norneA Bo 1571
roAhHa AopaxaM oprenhyc u3$an HoBa Kapra Ha cBeror Ha Koja 6fine np[KaxaH,4 nonox6ara 14 ],ETneAor Ha KoHT!4-
nexrrre, a ce o6jaerne 14 HoBv reorpaocKv Aena, KaKo,,Onura reorpao ja" oA BapeHuyc.
Bo XViII BeK Hajno3Har rcrpaxyBaq 6vn UeMc KyK. Toj npB ja 06 Kon n ABcrpan ja AoKaxan AeKa roa e
noce6eH KoHTTHeHT. UeMc KyKja orKpxn HoBa FBhHeja H roneM 6poj ocrpoBl4 BoT xfiorOKeaH.

Bo npBara nonoBrHa Ha XIX BeK ce nojaBxne ocHoBaqfiTe Ha coBper4eHara reorpa$ ja: AneKcaHAap
XyMoonr ( 1766-1859) Kapn PHrep(1779 - 1859).Tl4e ro 3acranyBane Mricne]bero AeKa reorpaoxjara Herpe6a caMo
Aa rh onxuyBa npocropor l, flojaBure Bo Hero, ryry r 4a rur o6jacHyBa npfiqr4Hyre 3a HacraHyBabero Ha np[poAH[Te
nojaBx, HhBHXTe3aeMHI Bn jaHhja, BpcKr4 fi nocneAl4Llr4.

XIX ri XX BeK, nopaAh 6p3xor Han peAoK Ha HAycrpfijara,6 ne norpe6H HoBr4 cypoBr4Hl4 r na3ap[, rxro
Bo

AoBeno Ao qerocHo 3ano3HaBa$e 11npoy,{yBalbe Ha 3er4jfiTe Bo caeror, co H!1BH Te npl4poAHH 6orarcrBa,

Bo XIX BeK re 6ure no3aarr nonapHhre o6nacrv v reLJKo npr{cranHrlTe eKBaropcKr4 npeAenx Bo sHa-
rpeuHocra Ha AopuKa, A3uja, ABcrpan ja 11 JlxHa AMep Ka. Bo XX BeK cure o6nacrtr Ha 3eMjara 6[ne no3Harh ]1
ocBoeH .TaKa, Ha6anpfln 1909 roA[Ha, AMep KaHellor nl4pla To ocBor4r CeBepHHor non, a Ha 14,qeKeMBpH 1911
roAxHa, AMyHAceH ro ocBo n JyxHr4or non. Bo 1953 roAfiHa, aHrn!4cKara eKcneanLlHja noA BoAcrBo Ha XaHT ro ocBorl-
na Haj8xcoKl4or BpB Ha cBeror MoHr EBepecr (B 848 m).

tllnaHxja,4 nopryranLrja, KaKo 3HaqajHv noMopcKh chn[ flpB noq-

Hare Bo HoBoorKpl4eHfiTe 3eMjr Aa co3AaBaar cBol4 KonoHhfi (noceAx). TaKa,
npocropor oA peKara P o fpaHAe x nonyofipoBor KanlaoopHvja Ha ceBep, Ao
OrHeHa 3eMja Ha jyr ro noceAyBane oB e ABe ApxaB{. OcBeH H}18/ Koxo-
HfijanHu noceAh IN4ane I Apyr eBponcK[3eMj,a. Ta(a, AHrnl4ja Lr4afla roreM
noceAx Bo ceBepHa AMep[Ka, nHE.taja, nHAoKVHa, AOp Ka, ABCrpar ja
ronem 6poj ocrpoer. BaKB, noceA[ OpaHu ja fiMana Bo aeHeuHa KaHaAa, Bo
VtHAoKhHa, Ha ocrpoBhre Bo nonlB$hja, KapnncKo lvlope Bo L1HA cKl,lor
OKeaH. XonaHAhja flr4ana KonoHujanHfi noceA[ Ha ocrpoBBre Bo Kap[ncKo
lulope IJyxHa AMephKa, a AaHcKa Bo l"leHrpariHa AopflKa ra Ha fpeHnaHA.
Bo
co co3AaBabero Ha CM u rl4e ce BMyL]r1ne Bo norparara no KonoHfijanH
noceAh. HhBHr4 noceAh 6fine roneM 6poj ocrpoBr4 Bo peLl[cl4 c re oKeaHx.
nopaA[ ocBojyBa$ero KonoHLrjanHh noceAr qecro Aoaiano Ao aojxlr r'rery
ApxaB14re.
 KoH Kpajor Ha XIX BeK ce nojaBhne aHTxKonoHtljaJlHh ABI'lxeFba 3a
ocno6oAyBai-be oA KonoHujanHa 3aarcHocr. OBue AB[xerba oco6eHo 6xne
[3pa3eH BO CpeA]4Hara Ha xx BeK/ Kofa roneM 6poj 3eMjx ce ocno6oaxne oA
KonoH janHoro poncrBo, Hajqecro no nar Ha BojHa.

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nou.rybobqruo Ho UeMc KYK

AFU-luKoAoHuioAHu
qbuxerbo u
ocn o6oqYbolbe
oq KoAoHujonFro
poacrlbo .,i." !
-^'dt!:r: -

llpoKouybobe Ftq
Cyeu<uotlr KoHcr^
u c(po ybobe Ho
uoruoo 30 l,4Hqujo
 Heqetenue

npB[Te nyie Ha 3eMjara ce nojaB[ne npeA 2 Mlanl4oHa roAt4Hl4, Bo rpon-

cK[Te o6nacrla Ha Jyro[cro,lHa fu ja x ASpxKa. H[BHara eKyMeHa - npocrop 3a
xfiBee]be, noqeroKor 6l4n MHory orpaHrqeH noBp3aH co norpe6ure og xpaHa,
Bo
oAHocHo co614parbe roroBr nnorqoBfi, t4HceKrl4, Kopeba,jajUa oA nrl4Uh 14 Ap npBo-
6[THl4or,{oBeK HeMan cpeAcrBa 3a pa6ora x perKo ro Hanyuran caoero Mecro Ha
x geerbe. iloroner4ror Aen oA BpeMero ro MrlHyBan Ha
ApBja, 6lr4ej(r tvan unory
Henp[jarenfi Ha 3eMjara. Ho, co reKor Ha BpeMero roj yBHAen AeKa Mopa Aa ce
3ApyxyBa 3a Aa oncraHe Bo np poAara, TaKa, nocreneHo r!4 Hanyurhfl ApBjara
noqHan Aa r ycoBpruyBa op),4ero 3a oA6paHa, opyA{jara 3a pa6ora Aa ce cenh
Bo npeAenh Kafle ulro t4r4ano nose(e xpaHa, norpe6Ha 3a HeToBt4or oncraHoK. Co
noAen6ara Ha rpyAor Bo npBxre 3aeAHr4tl!4, rtoBeKor n4 ycoBpurn cpeAcrBara 3a
pa6ora Koh My ro oBo3Moxt4re HenpeqeHoro ocBojyBaH,e Ha npocropor r LllrpeFbe
Ha eKyMeHaTa.

no finjaAHl4llx roA Ht4 qoBeKor ja npoLllrlprn cBojara eKyMeHa Ha chre

KoHThHeHTrl, 6rAej(r car4o roj 3Haen Aa ce 6op,i co npfipoAara, Aa ja MeHyBa x Aa
ja np cnoco6yBa KoH cBojor HaqyH Ha xrBeeH,e.

Ha3eMjara nofiojar aHeKyMeHcKfi npocrop .ToacenpeAer KaAeLJro

qoBeKor He x Bee, nopaAh cypoBnre ffxl4arcKl4 ycnoB Kol4 Tar4y BnaAear. Toa ce
npeAen[Te oKory noroBfire, aHarpeujHrre AefloBl/ Ha AHTapn4Kor, 6e3BoAHtaTe
nycrxHrl t4 Apyro.

l4a;ifrtprqi)rqrbojf a qlaawol:
i AKo xuLeeuJ La ceAcko uocetdo q6Hoj KoAtj/ ,ty-te xuLeo,
@ rccP Ce s,o^ewLo uAu ce HoMoAyfu) 6pjota no xune\une
'cNfiahnuKa fu ce^ono? AKo xubau fu LNq jocaJJU au outuraunouto
t,1@ u^u SobogoLu n cAJoLuucAuKo u 0o6opj joqodow m
b<r'uHuol 6gt1 xu1enu fu Abjoa LpoQ Kon<y oq HUb ce
L,frUJKU, O KOAt<y )KeHCkU AUUd?

Epojor Ha HacereH ero Ha 3eMjara, oA nojaBara Ha qoBeKor Ao AeHec? nofiojaHo ce 3roner4yBan. Ce

npernocraByBa AeKa npu Kpajor Ha npBo6xrHara 3aeAH[qa Ha 3eMjara xfiBeene oKony 10 MrlnxoHl4 nyie. Ha
noqeroKor Ha XIX BeK fiMano oKony 900 M rrioHu, a Ha no']eroKor Ha XX BeK Bo cBeror xrBeene 1,6 M nnnjapgu nyfe.
AeHec, Bo rpaHrqfiTe Ha AeHeuJHara eKyMeHa, Ha 3eMjara xtsear noae(e o4 6 v unujapgu nyfe. HajroneM nopacr Ha
cBercKoro HacereHue [Maflo Bo nocreAHuBe c'fo fo4ln{r/" npfi uJTo 6pojor Ha HaceleHliero ce 3roneN4 n 3a 4,4
MunvjapA[ t4nh no 44 uunvoau nyfe roprauHo, OBoj nopacr ce 6onxu ua no4o6peH[Te xrleorHl4 r pa6orHt4 yc-noBl4,
HanpeAoKor Ha r4eAuqxHara, HayKara, TexHuKara, 3Ao6hBabero o6pa3oBHt4, xt4TrleHcKt.4 14 KynrypH HaBlKx t4 Ap
KaKo nocneA qa Ha roa, npoAonxeH e npoceqH or xt4BoreH Bex ua lyiero.

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t
 Bo cBeror, Hajroner4 6poj HacereHre x[Bee Ha KoHThHeHTor A3tlja, co noee(e og 3 Munr4japgn nyie. Bo
EBpona xrBear noBerie oA 900 Mnnl,loHx xxren , Bo AopxKa 850 14 nl4oHu, JyxHa AMepuKa 340 r4ttnuoHx, CeBepHa
AMepxKa 340 MunvoHti ti Bo ABcrpan[ja oKony 20 M Ji,oH Xl4Ten . AHTapKrrKor He e HaceneH KoHTUHeHT. []px-
Bper4eHo Ha Hero npecrojyBaarn qa co pa3nraqH npooec , Kol4 BpuarHayqHr rcrpaxryBalsa.

CnopeA 6pojor Ha HaceneHuero Bo ApxaB,4Te, Ha npBo Mecro Bo cBeror e KxHa. Bo Hea Bear 1.3 M nl4- x
japAn xwenu unu 23olo oA BKynH or 6poj Ha HaceneHxero Bo cBeTor. noroa ce l4HAxja. co noBe(e oA 1 Mun japAa
xnenu, CA!276 uun[oHx, l,lHAoH€vja 220 M[nvoHrl,6pa3[n t73 MnnuoHV v Ap'

Kopruq Ho apupoqeH upupocw Ho HqceAeHUeuJo

bo cbeurour. CeKojo uJo.rKo o3Ho,Jybo I tr,tua nyie.

npl4poAHr4or np!4pacr e ocHoBeH OaKTop sa 3roneMyBabe Ha BKynH or 6poj HaceneHue Bo cBeror, llpoceq-
Hhor roArueH nptapacr Ha HacereHt,lero Bo cBerolnHecyea 18o/oo. Toa gHaqI AeKa Ha ceKor 1 000 xxrenlt 6pojor ta
HacereH ero ce 3roneMyBa 3a 18 xxren'l roAy.wHot unu npeKy np[poAHxor npupacr HaceneH ero Bo caeror ce
3foner4yBa 3a 90 N4rrroHI xr4Teflr roafir.ljHo,

BhcxHara Ha np poAHrdor npxpacr 3aB g4 oA Haranttreror (paiaruero), Mopranxreror (yM pabero),

3ApaBCTBeHO-XrrXeHCKhTe h eKOHOI'4CKO - CoriujanH,lTe yCnOBlr eO XOu XrSear nyieTo, KynrypHo-npocBeTHaTa 3Axr-
Harocr 14 AF Bo 3aB[cHocr oA npupoAHvor npupacr, Ma 3eMj co BxcoK, yMepeH !4 HrBoK np poAeH npupacr,

fiMaar 3eMj re Ko HaaMuHy8aar 15 npoMfin . Bo oaaa rpyna cnafaar: Aa6a-

BlcoK np[poAeH np]rpacr
HHja !a HajroneM 6poj 3eMj oA AOpxKa, Cpe,qHa JyxHa AMep[Ka, noroa 3eMj re Bo JyxHa/ Jyro3anaAHa !'l
Jyro croqHa A3xja. yuepeH npnpoAeH nplpacr hMaal3eMj re Bo Ko,t roj ce ABI)KH oA 10 Ao 15oloo. Toa ce: KuHa,
Ky6a, JyxHoaopt4,rKa PenyonnKa, ApreHruHa, qhne x Ap. H]r3ok npxpoAeH npnpacr IMaar 3eMjxre (aAe uro roj e
noMan oA 10 npoMfinfi. TyKa cnafaar eBponcK re 3eMj , KaHaAa, ABcrPan jal CAA t4 Ap

AeHec, Bo HeKo 3eMj Mopran[Teror e norofleM oA Harar]4Teror 14 ]4Maar HerarfiBeH npupoAeH npxpacr.
BaKBara nojaBa ce B Ka Aenonynaq ja. Taa e Kapafiepl4crl4qHa 3a TepMaHlja, AaHcKa/ yHrapfija, OpaH qvja v apytk

3eMju.

B!4coK{or nprlpoAeH npupacr AoBeAyBa Ao nopacr Ha 6pojor Ha pa6orocnoco6Horo HacereH e. Bo BucoKo-

pa3BfieHfiTe HHAycrpt4cKn I arpapH 3eujr roa e oco6eno :Ha,]ajHo 3a pa3Bojor Ha cronaHcrBoro, Bo Hepa3BueH[Te
3eMjh, naK, Br4coKr4or np"poAeH np!1pacr npeAx3B[KyBa Hfi3a npo6neM , KaKo uro ce Bpa6oryBabero, l4cxpaHara Ha
HacereHrero/ peuaBarbero Ha fiaH6eHoro npauarbe, 3ApaBcrBeHara 3aLJThra I Apyro. 3a orcrpaHyBa$e Ha
npo6nemlrre noBp3aHx co npxpoAHhor npxpacr Bo 3eMj[Te co Hr3oK Haran!4Ter, Apxaa!4Te ro cl4Mynxpaar pal'a-
rbero aeqa, co Hk3a noBoflHx oKonHocrl4 3a MajKure, KaKo uJTo ce: nopoA!4nHo orcycrBo ao 3 roarHn, napx,lHa
nouou, 6ecnnarna :Apa8crBeHa 3aurvra x Apyro. Bo 3eMjfiTe co Bt4coK npl4poAeH nphpacr ce npe3eMaar MepKh 3a
nnaHxpabe Ha ceMejcrBoro, oAHocHo orpaHuqyBabe Ha paiabero aeqa. Toa e KapaKTep crl,lqHo 3a K4Ha 14 3a
l4HAr4ja, Kor4 Maar HajroneM 6poj xuren .
 a uwKLuyw Ha
HelG€.rl€iHIIAUA
CTpyKrypara Ha HacefleH!1ero e 3HaqaeH oaKrop Koj ro oApeAyBa pa3-
Bojor Ha cronaHcrBoro Bo cBeror. KaKo (e ce pa3BuBaar cronaHcrBoror onurecr- ala@pa:ArfpaX ut qpsdail:
BeHxre KynrypH[Te AejHogru Bo eAHa 3er4ja MHory 3aB ct4 oA nonoBara,
srapocHara, o6pa3oBHara x crpyKrypara no aKT11BHocr Ha Hace/leH ero. >AKo xuleeLu tn ceAcKo nocet6a
OA noroBara crpyKrypa 3aBhcl4 nptrpoAHHor nprpacr Ha HacereHrero. ucnpoxyfuj u qo3Hoj KoAky Auuo
Taa ro r4cKaxyBa 6pojxnoro4roc uery uauKoro la xeHcKoro HacereHre. Bo cBeror 3obryu/e creqHo u AJcoKo
He nofiojar ApxaB Bo Kox e l4seAHaqeH 6pojor Ha MauKl4Te xeHcK[Te nxqa. Bo o6snmfunue ?
noee(ero Apxaeu xeHcKoro HaceneH'ie npeoBflaAyBa HaA MauKoro. l4Ma ManKy
> AKo xu@Lu aryqcKo b
3eMj[ Bo Kor4 MauKoro HaceneHxe e no6pojHo oA xeHcKoro, KaKo Bo: l4HAxja,
nocerdo ucn@x<yfuj u qo3Hoj
ly' HAoHe3hj a, BeHeqy ena, cvpuja A Epyrv. 6poj Hxor cooAHoc Mery u au rure rl xer -

cKhre n'tqa HajMHory ce HapyuyBa nopaA[ BojHhre, AoKa3 3a roa ce'. V'nuH- Ko\ky WU/wuJOo c@qHo n
AeHcKoro BocraH e, EanKaHcKl,lTe BojHu, npaara n BTopara cBercKa BojHa, KaKo tl o6w3otaHue uMd Heo? tn
HajHoBl.4Te BojHh Bo XpBarcKa, 6ocHa, qe,reHuja, ABraHhcraH
Apyrfi 3eMjh. Bo I Bo
|3o xou uqHU AWQecuu ce
H14B, xr4Boror ro rcry6fine 3Ha..]fiTenHo norofleM 6poj MauKl4 nIqa. KaKo nocneAu-
ocAcroSrtfuo, MN)quOe
ua oA Bropara cBercKa BojHa u AeHec Bo TepMaHuja, l/lranfija, JanoH ja, lloncKa,
Pyoaja Apyrh 3eMjh, xeHcKtlre nl4qa ce no6pojHx oA MauK re.
fu nue Wu/\JLuuJd?
cTapocHara crpyKrypa ro noKaxyBa 6pojH[or oAHoc Ha HaceneHrero
no crapocHr4 rpyn[. nosojar rpr4 crapocHt4 rpynx: MnaAa oA 0 Ao 19 roAxHx,
cpeAHa oA 20 Ao 60 14 crapa co noBeke oA 60 roAl,1Ht4,

MnaAara crapocHa rpyna co noManKy oA 19 roAt.1Hl4 He e 8o pa6oreH

oAHoc. Ho, Taa e MHory 3Ha,rajHa 3a fiAHxor cronaHcKt4 pa3Boj Ha ceKoja seMja. Bo
cpeAHara crapocHa rpyna oA 20 Ao 60 roAunr ce Haoiaar 52Yo og ar<ynnraor 6poj
HacerreH e Bo cBeror. Taa e 3Ha,lajHa crapocHa rpyna 6naej(u ro onSa(a arrra-
Horo, oAHocHo Hajcnoco6roro:a pa6ora HaceneHxe. cTapoctara rpyna co noee(e
oa 60 roAxHh e HajMany6pojHa x onsa(a 10olo oa BKynHoro HaceneHl4e,
CTpyKrypara no aKTlrBHocr Ha HacereHnero Moxe Aa ce rpynhpa Bo
rp rpynfi: aKTuBHo HaceneHve, t13ap)rryBaHo HaceneHre ,hua co nrqH npfixo-
AV.
AKTfiBHoro HacereHtae e oHa Koe pa6orfi !,1 co cBoj TpyA o6e36eayBa cpea-
crBa 3a xfiBor 3a ce6e 3a cBoero cer4ejcrBo. Hajtonet4 6poj oA oBa HaceneHhe
pa6ofii Bo 14HAycrprjara,3eMjoAencrBoro, o6paaoaaltero, 3ApaBcrBoro, rpaoBl4-
jara, coo6pa(ajor fi Ha Apyrx Mecra. l43Ap)ryBaHo HaceneHre e ota xoe ne pa6ov,
a Apyrfi ro 3ApxyBaar, Tyra cnafaar Aeqara, yqeHfiqxre, cryAesrfire, Aova(rr-
vJ4re v Apytt4. tlfiLla co al4,rHl4 npvxoA ce oH e Koh l4i4aaT cBoj npfixoA co Koj ce
x3apxyBaar? Ho r e re ce ao pa6oren o4Hoc. TaKBI rl ua ce neH3roHep]4Te, l4HBa-
n,iAnre/' nn|],a Kot4A3HajMyBaar AenoBH!4 npocroph h craHoBt4.

npoueHryanHara 3acraneHocr Ha HaceneH ero no crapocHH rpynv e

pa3fll4,]Ha Bo cBeror. Bo HepagareHhre ApxaBu npoqeHror Ha tlraAoro HacerleHxe
e roneM,6[Aej( Bo r e 3er4j!a cranKara Ha Hararfirer e BhcoKa. Bo pa3B eH[Te
3el4j[, naK, npOqeHTOT Ha MnaAOTO Hace,teH]4e e Man nopaA[ Hl4CKaTa CTanKa Ha HaTan[TeT, a y']eCTBOTO Ha CTapOTO
HaceneHue e no6pojHo nopaah noaoopriTe xl4BoTH14 ycjloBl4.

O6pa:oanara crpyrcrypa e rqHory 3Ha,.]ajHa 3a eKoHol'lcKtloT 3a onLurecraeullor paasoj l-la

Ha HaceneH[eTo

ceKoja 3eMja. nopaAh Toa, pe({4cx Bo c|4Te ApxaB Bo cBeTOT My ce nOCBeryBa npxop TeTHo 3Haqe$e Ha o6pa3oBa-
H ero I Ha roj nnaH ce npe3eMaar pa3HH 3aKoHcK!4 r4epKx 3a ficKopeHyBa$e Ha HenucN4eHocra. Ho, t4 noKpaj cxre
MepK[, AeHec Bo cBeTOr Ma noBe(e oA 700 MHnhoHt4 Henrcr4eH[ nl4qa, nocTapu OA 10 roA[Hx. foneM e 6pojor,
noee(e oA 100 MfinfioH14r Ha AeUaTa HeonoaTeHrl co ocHoBHo o6pa3oBaHl4e. npoUeHToT Ha HenrcNleHoTo HacereHre e
HajroneM Bo Hepa3BxeH,lTe 3eMj fi e noee(e oA 40ol0. Bo pa3BueHhre 3er4j[ Henl4cMeHocra e cBeAeHa Ha nor4anKy oA
qHo 3a
5yo. Bo HeKo,4 3et4j[, naK, Taa e ficKopeHeTa r TaMy HeMa HenrclleHh nfiqa. Toa oco6eno e KapaKTep cT
HopBeuKa, tllBeAcKa, O HcKa, AaHcKa, l4cnaHA u Apyrh 3eMj . Epojor Ha nfiqara co cpeAHo 14 co Bt4coKo o6pa3oBaH!4e
e MHOry Man BO Hepa3BheHrTe 3er4j,4. 3aToa, naK, Bo pa3BheHrTe 3er4jta, KaKo ulTo ce: cM, JanoHxja, KaHaaan awf'/,
cocroj6ara e MHory noBonHa.

3 o***,**
I . 3OI]ITO BOJHHTE TO HAPYLIIYBAAT EPOJHHOT CO-
oanoc ltEiv MALjIKHTE H )KEHCKHTE AHUA?
2. 3,A KoE HACEAEHHE CE BEAh AEKA E AKTHBHO?
 Mhrpaq oH{Te npoqech npercraByBaar ficenyBatbe rr AocenyBalbe oA
klefiprawW u qp6itiq:
eAHO BO Apyro MeCTO Ha XrBeeFbe. npOLleCOT Ha [CeryBaFbe Ce B Ka eHrrpa- ) AonL uuotu @clHuHu
qxja, AoAeKa npoqecoT Ha AoceryBa$e Bo Apyro MecTo ce BxKa rM]1rpaqr4ja.
UAU jpujotLe/u Kou
Mxrpaq oHx npoqec[ fi[4aro la Bo AaneqHoro Mt4Haro/ a ce 3a6enexyBaar xubour tb qWU reMjO
n AeHec. Bo hcTop jaTa e no3Hara ,,foneN4aTa npecenoa Ha HapoAhTe" Kora o4
) 3otudo ofrutu,re qo
UeHTpanHa A3xja ce Aocenl4ne MHory HapoAr4 Bo EBpona. Ho, fi Bo EBpona HapoAr4-
xuLeon Ootvry?
Te ce cenene oA eAeH Bo Apyr Hej3[H Kpaj. TaKa, Hau!4Te npaaeaoBur4 - cTap[Te
CnoBeH[ oA npocropor Ha AeHeLxHa yKpa Ha ce Aocen ne Ha 6anKaHcK!4or nony- ) lloenofuu AU HeKou
ocrpoB. ceMejcnfu Kou ce
no orKp[BaFbero Ha CeBepHa 14 J}D|(Ha AMep Ka I Ha ABcrpan[ja MHory qoceAuAe LD LulneuJo
nyie oA pa3n qH HapoA!4 oA EBpona ce ficenyBane Bo oB e 3eMjx. HajMacoBHa mecAo?
npecen6a Maao KoH KpajoT Ha XIX !4 Ha noqeToKoT Ha XX BeK, a Bo Hea MacoaHo ) xolo e ap.HuHouJo
yqecrByBane AHrn qaHx, unaHqx, nopryranq[, l4pq[, OpaHqy3X, Arannja{Uy' t4
so uut:nouto qoce Ay tvJ rrc?
Ap. l4rrpaqroHxre npoqecx oA EBpona KoH HoBxre 3eMjr1 6hne Haj6pojHra Ha
3er"rjara, 6r,rgej(u ao H B y'recrByBane noee{e o4 50 r'runuour ryie.

flpfiqhH Te 3a Mfirpau[oHhre npoqec ce mnory6pojnu. Hajno3Harx ce:

eKoHoMcK Te, nonl4Tx']KHTe/ np poAHhre Karacrpo$[, en aeMMure 14 Ap
1414rpaufioHlaTe npollecla ycnoBeH[ oA eKoHoMcKtlTe npxLtrlHt4 ce Haj,]ecru
ce nocneAlrqa Ha xen6ara Aa ce o6e36egar nogo6pr ycroBfi 3a x[Bor, Bo oBre
11

npoqec[ HajMHory yqecrByBa HacereHfiero oA Hepa3B eH[Te KoH pa3B eHr4Te

r4HAycrpr4cKr4 3eMj!4, Bo Kox HMa noAo6ph ycnoB 3a Bpa6oryBa$e, 3ApaBcrBeHa
:aurlrra, o6pa:oaaHue HaAeuara/ noroneMa 3apa6orysavra, no6pso peuaBarbe
Ha craH6eHoro npaua$e Ap TaKa, MHory eMxrpaHru oA Hauara Peny6n Ka, fp-
q ja, An6aHnja, byraphja, Typq ja x Ap, AeHec pa6orar Bo fepMaHrja, LllBai
qapvja/ tllBeAcKa, AaHcKa, OpaHLuja r Bo Apyrfi 3eMju. Ho, r4Hory eMXrpaHrl4 oA
oBfie x oA Apyrx eBponcK[ 3eMjr, TpajHo ce HacenyBaar Bo npeKyoKeaHcK[Te
3eMj , KaKo urro ce: KaHana, CM, ABcrpan[ja, HoB 3eaaHA I Apyrr.

l4[rpaqfioH Te npoqec[ oA norrr4THqKl4 KapaKTep ce npeA 3BfiKaH oA

BojH Te, ry6elbero Ha cno6oAara, Tepopor cypoBocra Ha 3aBojyBa.txre x Ap
14

TaKa, Bo Bper4ero Ha FpaiaHcKara BojHa Bo fpqlja, roneM 6poj Haue HacereHue oA

ErejcKhor Aen Ha MaKeAoHhja ce Hacen no Bo nopaHeuHa JyrocndBfija, noroa Bo
noncKa, PoMaH[ja Apyrl4 3e!rj[.

M rpaq oHrre npoqec oA npupoAH Te Karacrpo$fi ce npeA 3BllKaHu

oA cyuJ / nonnaB[, 3eMjorpecfi, BynKaHcKr4 epyn\AA u Ip AKo oB e npfipoAHl,trrr . -,.-

Karacrpo$x no.recro ce noBTopyBaar, ryfero rr ranyuraar poAHrre KpaeBh , ce L -

HacenyBaaT Bo apyru4 3eM.I4.

CnopeA npocropor Ha oABhBalbe, !4r,lrpallxoHxre npoUec Ha Hacene-

Hr4eTO Ce AenaT Ha BHaTpeuHfi 14 HaABOpeUjH14 rt{ 14 rpa Llr !1. i
 BHarpeuHlre vvrpatluvt rh on$a(aar npecen6ure Ha HaceneHlero oA
\.
eAHo Ha Apyro r4ecro Bo rpaHfiqxre Ha H BHara 3eMja. HajMacoBHa BHarpeuHa
M!4rpallHja e ceno-rpaA, HaABopeuHure vutpaquy' ro onQa(aar uceayBarbero Ha
HaceneHrero oA erHa Bo apyra 3etaja. Bo N4 Haroro, oaHocHo rypcKoro Bnaaeeber
EanKaHcKure BojHri 14 aBere cBercK BojH[ 6ltne npmrxa HaceneH ero aa ce
lcenyBa oA eAHa Bo Apyra 3eMja.

CnopeA BpeMerpaelbero, Mlrpaq!4oHrtre npoqe& Moxar Aa 6r4Aar

nofiojaHx, cesoHcKr4 14 AHeBHx. nocrojaHx ce oHfie Mxrpaqr4t4 Kora HacefleH ero
TpajHo ce vcenyBa x HacenyBa Bo Apyro Mecro.

AoAu uocnojou AW|HU ML!'NI-uu tu Afudo Mecwo u b

KOU 3eMjU Ce HOCeAyfuOu.)
^yLEuO
Ce3oHcK[Te r4xrpaqloHx npouec npercraByBaar npxBpeMeHo Hace-
nyBarbe Bo Apyr[ Mecra nopaA!4 x3BptljyBalbe Ha ce3oHcKt4 pa6ortl Bo 3eMjoAen-
crBoro: 6ep6a Ha rpo3je, ja6onKa, naMyr, npacru, ue(epHa rpcKa Ap

Co AHeBHI Mr4rpaq!4oHn npoqec[ ce onoareHh roneM 6poj pa6orxltqu,

yqeHfi'lllx, cryAeHTx t4 apyrv nvqa, Ko!4 naryBaar oa Mecroro Ha nocrojaHo xxBe-
e$e ao Mecroro Kaae uro pa6orar !4n!4 ce uKonyBaar.

Mu-Lpouuu oq P MoKeqoHujo
bo qpyrr.] 3eMju

{Y np*w*t,
1, KOH CE NPHqHHHTE 3A MHFPAUHOHHTE NPOUECH?
2, tIITo TH nPEAH3BHKYBA MHTPAUHHTE OA NOAHTH9KH KAPAKTEP?

H tno<e aeKou.! .rap,,tze&a qlat sff@taw

Bo ,vLtzparlLtoHurue tlpoyecL! 60 rloclegHuae 50 zoguuu, uajzoneu 6poj uatue uace-ae'

HrLe ce ucenu,io Lr sttueee ao l(auaga - 190 000 'tu4a. uoru()(l Bo Alcaupa'tuia 180 000 u ao
cA,4 - 150 0()0.
 n-nFn
tn{vJ

Cfire AenoB Ha 3eMj Hara noBprxxHa He ce eAHaKBo HaceneH[. tlyiero ce HacenyBane Bo oHve o6nacr
KaAe uiro np[poAHr4re ycnoBfi 3a xfiBee$e 3a er3ncreHqrja 6 ne HajnoBoflHfi, Toa ce nr:lrnnre, nnoAHxreAonxHti
HaToreMure peK[, xolarnure, o6racDrre oorarh co pyAa, nacuura LJyN4r4, np MopcK[Te o6nafi Ap HajroneM
6poj oA HaceneHfiero Bo cBeror, oAHocHo noBe(e oA 4,5 M4rt/ljapP.v nyfe unu 75o/o, ce pa3r\4ecreH tt xr{Bear Bo
yMepeHyTe flojacfi, Bo xeuKxoT nojac xMBear oKony 1,5 Mxnxj apAV nyfe vnv 21o/o oA BKynHoTo cBeTcKo HacereHl4e,
CryAeH Te nojach, nopaAfi HenoBonHt4Te Knl4r.4arcKl,I ycnoBx/ MHory perKo ce HaceneHk, Bo pa3r4ecreHocra Ha
HaceneHhero fiqa roneMrl pasnrx uery CeBepHara JyxHara nonlronKa. Bo yMepeHhor nojac Ha CeBepHara
nonyronKa,lMa noee(e xonHo Ha Hea xuBee 90vo oa HacejreHfieTo Bo cBeTor, a Ha JyxHara non),TonKa Koja Ma

nol4aflKy KonHO caNlO 10o/o OA HaceneHveTo.

npoce,]Hara rycr Ha Ha HacereHocra Bo cBeror aeHec h3HecyBa 40x renh Ha 1 km2, CnopeAToa Hauara
nlaHera He e rycro HacereHa, Meiyroa, rycrranara Ha HacereHocra Ha KonHoro He e eAHaKBa Bo ct4Te AenoBr, Bo
HeKofi flpeAer raaenoManaoAlx ren Ha l km2, a Bo Apyrl e noroneMa oA l000xrrenhHa l km2. Tycr[Hara Ha
HaceneHocra eycroBeHa oA np poAHr4TeOaKrop,KaKoLUroce,KnvMara,BoAr4Te,penje$or,noqBxre nphpoAHr4-
Te oorarcrBa oa eAHa crpaHa, a oA Apyra, eKoHor\4cKara pa3B eHocr Ha HaceneHlero l,1 np poaHr4or np pacr.
Hajrycro HaceneH npocropfi Ha 3€Mjara ce AoJI4H Te AerrrlTe Ha ToreM Te peK XoaHrxo, JaHqeKjaHr,
TaHr, EpaMan}rrpa, Mexonr, l,4nA, Hl4n fi Ap npoce,rHara rycr Ha Ha HaceneHocr noKpaj oB[e peK,4 e oKony 1 800
xlaTe,,]h Ha 1 km2, Co pa3Bojor Ha HAycrp jara, xHAycrpl4cK Te o6racrh ocraHaa rycro HacereH[ Ae,roBh Ha
3ef'rjara. Toa oco6eHo e KapaKTep cr4LrHo 3a i4HAycrpficKl4re pervoHrl Bo CAA, BenvKa 6py'raH'..ja, OpaHufija, fep-
va1t\a, Vi anuja,norcKa, Pychja, JanoHqja Ap

HajperKo HaceneHx AeroBh Ha 3e[4jara ce nonapHhre oonacr , nycr,rHfire/ rponcK re Luyr.ah, rajure,
rycr[Hara Ha HacereHocra e nor4ana oA 1x ren Ha 1km2,6ra4ej(u ycroenre:a
Br4coKrrre nflaHriHr4 ri Apyro. TaMy
xr.4Bor ce orexHaru. fneAaHo no KoHT[HeHrH, npoceqHara rycr Ha Ha HaceneHhero e pa3r qHa. Hajrycro HaceneH
KoHruHeHT e EBpona, a HajperKo ABcrpanuja, fneaaHo no oMenH ApxaBx Bo cBeror, Hajrycro HaceneHl4 3eMj[ ce:
C[Hranypco5760xhrenrlHa1km2,Manraco1600xfiTefi,FaHrnaAeuco900x[ren/,Peny6nrKaKopejaco500
xhrenfi Ap HajperKo HaceneH ApxaBh ce: lvloHronuja co 1xr{Ten Ha 1km2, noroa ABcrpanfija, l4cna{Au n''6l'ja
co 2 xfiTena, KaHaAa co 3 xrrenh fi Ap.

I. KoH nPocToPH HA 3EMJATA cE HAJTycTo HACEAEHa?

2. 3ouJTo fIonAPHHTE nPEAEAH H nycTHHHTE cE HAJPETKo HACEAEHH?

dr*'*,
NPECMETAJ KonKy H3HECyBA trycTHHATA HA HACEAEHHETO HA I KM2 BO P MAKEAOHHJA.
KoJA HMA noBPTIIHHA oA 25 7I3 KM2 H HACE^EHHE oA 2 O41 467 >y'?'-IEAVI.
 McetT:pauqrt1rq w qowni: .ir'
Axo xubeeut fu ceAo qaJHoj Ko^J<y xurtteau uuo
,'}\i
)
utoo? Cjoreq neafutuo ln,temLaa u ttecrtlouo-
.rcx6a txt xojo r-gt1o u La Aoi tttu] ceao cuoLd
) Axo xuteetu Lo LWq qosuoi xaxo noctttauoa Aoi?
Koe e Hei.ofudo cuoln uMe? Ha xoio HoqMorcKo
txtcouno ce nootn ttlnioLu Lpoq
Kol.4 xHBear nyiero. Haj-
Hacerr6vre ce cneufijanHo ypeAeHh Mecra Bo
roneM 6poj oa Hacen6xre ce Haoiaar ao ytaeperrlre nojactl. HajceBepHtlre Hacen-
6h Ha 3eMjara ce Haoiaar Ha ocrpoBor 3eMjara Ha opabo Joc[S, a HajjyxHara Ha
apx,4neraror orHeHa 3eMja. HajBvcoKo t43apaAeHara Hacen6a ce naofa sa Xrua-
nahre, Ha 5 486 N4erp HaAMopcKa B cottrHa.

Ho xojo HoqMorcKo blcouncs ce Hadn HoibucoKono

'!,], Lgtqcxo nacen6a fu natuo o seujd
Cnopea roneN4hHara 3aH[MaFbero Ha HacereHfiero Hacen6fiTe ce Aenar
Ha cencK[ ,1 rpaAGKH. OcBeH HvB, t'tt4a h Hacer6[ co cneufijanl43upaHa HaMeHa.

TaKB!4 cerypl,acrh,]KfiTe, pyAapcKl,4Te, ptl6apcxnre uacer6r I 4p

CencKi.lre Hacen6 ce HacerleHtl Mecra Bo Kol4 x Bee noMan 6poj nyie Bo

cnopeA6a co rpaAoBhre. HajrofleM Aen oA cencKoro HaceneH e ce 3aHhMaBa co
3er4joAejlffBo. lVery ce5e cej'tara ce pa3nxKyBaar cnopeA 6pojor Ha x re,thre,
Mectononox6ara, T,|nor tl ap
Cnope4 6pojor ua x!4Te.IMre cenara ce Aerlar Ha l4ant1 t1 ToneMh lvlantlre
cera Hajqefio ce Haoiaal eo nnanhHcxl,4re npeaenfi Bo HtlB xfiBear Man 6poj nyfe
u noae(ero oa ce Bo 6a3a Ha pacenyBabe. ToreMvre cena ce noq paH'l Bo
Hr,4B

HV3t4HVre, Kor.nrlH Te, peLtHtlTe Aorlt4Hv, Ha rnaBHYTe coo6pa(ajHfiLll,1 fi Ha apyr

Mecra. T e rMaar no HeKonKy l4njaAh xt4Teny, T iaj 6poj nocrojaHo ce 3ToreMyaa.

CnopeA l4ecrononox6ara Koja ja fiMaar, cenara Moxar Aa 6[Aar paM-

Hur{apckl, pnAcKn v nrtaHnHcl(ll. PaMHt{qapcKhre cena ce gaoiaar Bo paMHfi-
ttapcKtl npeAen[, KaKo Bo KornxH/, nor tba, H43l4Hl4, noKpaj BaxHrl nartltlJTa h Bo
6ru:rra sa roneMfi rpaAoBx. Bo HfiB ,lMa unory xy(n I rHe ce rpaAeHx eAHa Ao
lpyra. Bo oB!.{e cera HacereHfiero nperexHo ce 3aH MaBa co oArneayBaFbe Ha
rpaaxHapcKrl, r4HAycTpl4cKv t1 xl4rH Kynryp r KaKo h co Mano cTonaHcrBo.
PtlacK Te cena ce gaofaar ra noB[coKr4 Mecra fi Bo HHB HacereH[ero, TrlaBHo, ce
3aHflMaBa co no3apcrBo 14 oBoLurapcrBo, nnaHIHcK[Te cena tlMaar Haj14an 6poj xfi-
rerr v ce Haofaar eficoKo Ha nnaHhHcKl4Te crpaH . Bo oare cena xy(rre Hajqecro
ce HxcKr.4 ,1 36l4eHx eAHa Ao Apyra. Xhrenl4Te oA oBl4e cena ce 3aHvMaBaar co cro-
qapcrBo 14 LlvMapcrBo, KaKo I co co6fipatse Ha neKoBl4TH pacreHYja.

Kou touuncru ce'^o oq l!fuiou KWi u.J 3Haeun

cnopeA T[nor, cenara uoxar Aa 6rAar oA 36[eH fi oA pa36]1eH Tfin. Bo
cerara oA s6t,teH run ry(rre ce rpaaeH eaHa Ao apyra, co qen aa le:aQa(aar
N4Hory npocrop oA o6pa6ornrsoro 3eMjhure. Cenara oA oBoj TLin ce rpaAeH Bo

L Pq[,1Hu,.]qpcKo ce^o
2. PuqcKo ce^o
3. ll^oHuHcKo ceno
rJe ,q*.
HA3t4HAre, BO KOTflT4HUTe UHpOKhTe peqYn EOnl./HV- cenara OA pa36reH T n n oHqoH
Hajqecro rx l4r4a Bo nnaHrHcKt{Te npeAenx. Bo oB e cena Kyfu4Te ce oMare'{eHx
eAH|/' oa apyfu AnA, naK, ce fpynupaHu no l.4aana.

fpaAcK Te Hacen6 3a pa3nxKa oA ce-nara ce norofler4l4 HaceneH!4 Mecra.

Tre ce pa3Bure noKpaj peKr, MopcKl4 l4 oKeaHcKx 6pero8x, Ha KpcrocHt4tlx, Bo Hl43ri-
Hl4 lr KoTIr.lHr4 t4 Ha Apyfu MecTa. cnopeA roneMrHaTa/ uN4a Ma'lrr cpeaHu foneM
rpaAoBx.

Manu rpaAoBu ce oHlae Kot4 nMaar noMarKy oA 10 000 xxren!4, CpeAH Te

rpaAoa xr4aar oA 10 000 Ao 100 000 x renl4. Txe ce qeHrpr4 Ha noroner4r per -
oHx. foner4|r rpaAoB6 ceoHre Ko t4r4aarnoBe(eoA 100000x|4Tenx.

Kou ce nouu toaeuu Lpqob.2

fpaAoBlre Ko!4 rMaar nose(e og l MunhoH xurern ce MunuoHcKrl, Ha
3eujara uua noee(e oA 250 Mxn oHcK rpaAoB{. HajroneM 6poj MrnlaoHcKx rpaAo-
BH r,rraa Bo A3hja I EBpona, noroa Bo J]DKHa u CeBepHa AMepxKa, a HajManKy Bo
ABcrpanrja I AOp Ka, Ho, Bo cBeror l4Ma h Aecerr]iHa rpaAoBt co noBe(e oA 10
MknAoHu x[renu. Mery HUB Hajno3Haru ce MeKc Ko Curu (L7 MuI|uoHV .Xv'renu,
HajroneM rpaA ra caeror), l-byjopK, l-by Aenx[, UlaHraj, ToKho, EyeHoc A]4pec,
Ceyn, MaH na I Ap.

f paAoBxre npercraByBaar aAN414Hr,lcrpar BHM, 3ApaBcrBeH!4, o6pa3oBHt4,

RynrypH|4t u+AycrpvtcKr t TproBcKl4 14 coo6pa(ajH ueHTpx. HeKo rpaAoBu ce
rnaBH rpaAoBx Ha ApxaB Te x Bo HnB ce Haot'aar Haj3HaqajHyre ApxaBHfi t4Hcn1-

ryqhfi (BnaAa, napnaMeHT, raraHxcrepcrBa H Ap).

CencK Te rpaAcKnre Hacen6ri i4eryce6Ho ce 3aBr,1cHt4 t4 cx noMaraar.

fiyiero o4 ceno Hocar Bo rpaAor 3eMjoAencKu npox3BoAx ,i cypoBflHu 3a
IHAycrp jara, a orraMy ce cHa6AyBaar co roroBx xHAycrpHcKlit npor43BoAr1.

FbyjopK
 Hocen 60 bo AcbpuKo

npuMopc(o Hocen 6o

Hoce^6q bo A3ujo

tpoq bo AcPpuko

.?
N, a@r,pHw
I. Co noMouI HA AT ACoT FIPoHAJAH TH TPAAoBHTE co noBET(E oA 10 MHAHoHH
)I<HTEAI,1,.
2. Bo ATAACoT nPoHAJAH HA KoJA TEoTPACDCKA IIIHPoIjHHA cE HAoTAAT 3EMJATA
HA <bPAF6O JoC|,..,<D V OTHEHA 3EMJA?
 KynTrypno - tal,W$cKu
oqAuKu na SeuJafiio
Me@w;qrb,@ u qpgn@i:
> Kou jduw w fiopytuout utnutLe pqu eat?
ntt4o ,^rr LD uJfuefuo cocqcTb ty=te xou fiopyfuaT
no qpyl joa* loKqj MoKeqoHCKuod?

Ja3!,rKor HacraHar Karo norpe6a ra nyiero sa veryce6xo par6r4parue h KoMyHt4-

.' J' qraparue. Toj e cocraBeH Aen Ha Marep janHlor r Ha KynrypHuor pa3Boj HavoBeKol. no-
. crojar xfiBI ja3vqtt xor Aerecnyiero rr ynorpe6yeaar ao ceKojaHeBHuor xtlBor M t4prBx
-
. .ja:uqr ror ee(e ne ce ynorpe6yBaar, a ce np MeHyBane Bo r.lxHaroro. AeHec, Bo cBeror
: ''
[ynorpe6ysaar noBetie oA 3 000 xraBH ja3 ura. Tlte ce rpynIpaHtl Bo creaHMBe nogaxHu
jaJrunu rpynu: 11HAoeBponcxa, ceM].rrcr{o-xaMhrcKa, ypancKo-anraicka, KrHec-
Ko-Tn6ercKa u Ap

Bo nHAoeBponcKara ja3r4,rHa rpyna cnaiaar peq!4cr4 cxre ja3[Llt1 xola ce

11 an6aHcKtaor), noroa Bo aenoBl4 Bo Jyro3anaAHa I
360pyBaar Bo EBpona (ocBeH rpqKfior
JyxHa A3 ja, CeBepHa JyxHa AMep[Ka x ABsrpantlja. 80 EBpona, peL] cfi 94olo oA l4HAo-
eBponcKhre ja3uul4 cnafaar eo rpure noToret4 ja:nvnr rpynu: cnoBeHcKara, rep-
MaHCKaTa U pOMaHCKara.

CnoB€HckHTe ja3hux ce Aenar Bo rp rpyn : cro,rHa, jyxHa 14 3anaAHa. t1c-

ToqHdra rpyna ru onSa(a pycKr4or, 6enopycKtior tt yKpatlHcKt4or. JyxHara rpyna rt,t
on$a(a cpncxo-xpBarcKr,'ror, croBeHeqK or, MaKeAoHcKtlor 6yrapcKt4or ja3uK. Bo
3anaaHara rpyna cnafaar: veurrot, cltoBaqKfior, norcKxor lyxv,lKo-cpncKfiorja3x K.
14

fepMaHcKara rpyna ja3rqx e 3acraneHa Kaj HapoA re oa repMaHcKo noreMo.

Bo nea cnafaar: asrn[cKr4or, repMaHcKr4or, xoraHAcKt4or, aaHcKtlor, uBeAcKl4or t4 apyr
ja3 qfi.
PoMaHcKara rpyna ja3hq e 3acraneHa Ha AneHrHcKhor 14 Ha TL4p HejcKvlor
nonyocrpoB, Bo OpaHufija I PoMaH ja. Bo oBaa rpyna cnafaar: hranfijaHcKtlor, LJnaH-
cr{r4or, nopryrancK or, OpaHqycKlaor I poMaHcxfiorja3vK.

CeMxrcko-xaMrlTcKara rpyna ja3 ul4 e 3acraneHa Bo Jyro3anaAHa A3 ja Ha

Apa6hcKuor nonyocrpo4 Bo CeBepHa ASpxKa Bo o6nacra Caxen Bo 3anaAHa AOp[Ka.

Bo oBaa ja3[qHa rpyna rnaBH!4 ja3hqH ce: apancKhor eBpejcKuor. yure Bo VII BeK oA
Hauara epa apanc(ara qhBr4n!43au[ja ce npoLrjlaplana Bo oB e AenoBfi o4 Aopuxa, npr
Lr.rro ro achr,lhrrrpana AoN4opoAHoro HacereHue Koe rla np $arfino apancKvor ja3fiK,
Kyarypa x rpaAxqHja.
yparcKo-arrajcKara rpyna ja3rq!4 e 3acraneHa Bo l-leHrpanHa CeBepo-
xcroqHa A3xja. Bo osaa rpyna cnafaar rypcro-uolroncKhre ja3uq!4, KaKo Lxro ce: ryp-
cKl4or, rypKt4eHcKl4or, xuprtcxtor, y:6ervcraHcKl4or, Ka3acKnor, ryHrycKllor fi MaHUyp-
cxureja:rqu (Kura).
 Krxecxo-u6ercrara rpyna ja3[q14, cnopeA opojor Ha HaceneH]4ero, e Ha
npBo Mecro Bo cBeror. Co oBaa rpyna jaslqu ce cnlD(ar KlaHerre, xaro lajuxory6poeH
HapoA Ha cBeror, noroa Tl6e(auqme (Ha BxcopaMHuHara Tx6er), JanoHqure u Kopei
qrTe.

ManajcKo-norlHe3ncKnre ja3uqx ce ynorpe6yBaar Bo l4HAoHexja I Ha

ocrpoBrre Bo noa He3[ja. MenaHe3xja x MxKpoH€rlja.

AeHec, HajpacnpocrpaHerx cBer€Kuja3l4ux ce: aHrnxcKxor, pycKl4orr unaHcKl4-

or, repMaHcKr4or t4 opaHqycKt4or ja3xK.

r.,py0o jGuuu

W Mwtwqpw
Y LIua u gpyzu jasuuuu \pyrtu KaKo: KaaKacKa, 6dHrny, xoitreHruomcKa, Hunotac4a,
26uHejcKa, 6ytu-u.axcrca, gpasugcKa u gp. OcseH apaiicKuom, eo AQpurca u-na iio,tai'u
iasu'nHuzpy uumauy ce a6opyeauaaoaefte og 1000 iaauqu. Bo Llnguia ce a6opyeaua
aoeefte o9700 jaau4u.

I
 lr

ll Penu&tu u
ll -'-
ll penuwcxu uWAu
Pen!4ftijara/ KaKo o6nl4K Ha qoBe'-iKara cBecr, fo cneAena qoBeKor oA HeroBoro
paiarse. 36opor penfirxja noreKHyBa oA larlrucxror:6op penurlao, uJTo 3Haq no6oxHa
o6BpcKa, noqhryBaBe Ha 6oroefie u Bpue$e Ha BepcKxre o6peA[. CnopeA l4MaHyen
KaHT, penrirhjara npercraByBa o6nxK Ha 6oxecrBeH!4 3aKoHt4, a cnopeA Xeren raa e Haj-
B!4COKaTa CBeCT Ha qoBeqKhOTyM.

nocrojar roneM 6poj penvrwA, oA Ko HajpaLJhpeHM ce:

Bo coBpeMeHhor cBer
xphcrxjaHcrBoro/ Mycn11MaHcrBoro, 6yAx3Mor, xrHAyh3Mor l4 Ap
XpxsrujaHcrBoro cnaia repuropnjanuo t4ery HajpacnpocrpaHer re penurlarl
Bo cBeror. OBaa penfirlaja ce nojaBxna Ha AeHe$Hara repuroprlja Ha l&paer,t JopAaH
(nanecrl4Ha) npe.q 2 000 roA[H . FocnoA tlcyc XpHcroc ce cMera 3a Hej3xH ocHoBaq.
Hej3[Hara nojaBa e pe3yrrar Ha reLJKara nonox6a N ercnloarar] jara Koja Bp3 HapoAor
npqbocnobeH xpoM
ja cnpoBe.4yBane AoMauHyre KparreBfi y P!4McKara EpxaBa noA ,ruja oKynau ja 6 na
Tlanecr Ha. Bo 1054 roAHHar xpr4crxjaHcKara pen\rvja ro ra3ry6l4na cBoero eAlaHcrBo,
uITo AoBero Ao nojaBa Ha ABe LlpKBl4 t4 Toa: 3anaAHara PlMoKaronH,lKa qpKBa fi
14fi o,.rHara f p,rKa-npaBocnaBHa qpKBa.

AeHec, Bo cBeror x!4Bear oKony 2 vunvjagAu lyfe co xptcBrjancxa eepo-

hcnoBeA, noAeneHx Borpu noroneMh xp cryjaHcK LlpKBr4: Karonrqka, npaBocnaBHa
r npoTecTaHT€Ka,
KaronrqKara qpKBa e eAfiHcrBeHa fi Ma cBoj ueHTap BarhKaH, AoAeKa
flpaBocnaBHara e noAeneHa Ha 1B aBToKeoanH14 flpaBocnaBHh qpKBu: PycKa, fpFucKa,
Por4aHcKa, 6yrapcKa, TpqKa, MaKeAoHcKa, CpncKa h Ap
nporecraHTcKara qpKBa ce SopMflpana Bo )oy'I BeK KaKo ono3fiqxja Ha PfiMo-
Karonfi.rKara qpKBa. Co nporecraHTh3Mor KaKo penr4rrija ce onoareH[: BenrKa 6px-
raHfija, TepMaHHja, AaHcKa, CAA, KaHaAa, J)rKHo AopHqKa Peny6nHKa, ABcrpanHja u
HoB 3enaHa.

llcraMcKara penrrnja e HajMnaAa cBercKa penxrxja, co3AaAeHa Bo VII BeK

Bo CayAucKa Apa6xja. Taa ce nojaBxna Bo rpaAor MeKa, a HeFfiH hAeonor e MyxaMeA.
XuHqy xpqM
OBaa penfirvja, oA Hej3 Horo co3AaBa$e x 3a caMo HeKonKy,qeueHl,l t4, ce npoul4pfina Bo
Chptaja, fypL\uja, Errner, Anx[D MapoKo, TyHxc,.nH6laja, naK craH, 14HAlaja, ly'HAoHe-
3vja v Ap, Ha SanKaHcKhor nonyocrpcB ja AoHeae Typq re. Bo xcnaMcKara peflhrrija
nocrojar ABe nofoneM[ ceKr : ute]4Tl,t u clH-nrn! KaKo h Apyn4 noltan ceKTri:xapaH-
Tl,r, Kop arr, AepBytwl., t4 AO AeHec, Bo cBeror, co ,icnaMcKa pe,'il,'tr ja ce onoareHrl
oKony Mlan'ljapAa nyie.

EyAxtMor e crapa pen rhja ,{ Taa ce nojaB[rra Bo VI BeK npH.e, Bo Kr1Ha, a

Hej3raH ocHoBa.r e 6yAa, 6yAh3Mor KaKo pen rfija He no3HaBa o6pen , a ce Harnaci-Ba
Mnnocra, TpneflxBocra, cauoorKaxyBarbero. OBaa peal4rfija e cocraBeHa oA ABe
nororeMfi TpaHKfi: jyxHa, xxHajaxa (Man Kpyr) pacnpocrpaHera Bo ly'HAoKriHa Lllpfi
IaHKa ceBepHa, MaxrjaHa (rorev rpyr) Koja rla on$aka KxHa, MoHronuja, Kopeja,
JanoH[ja, T 6er L1 Ap. 6yAxcr[!]Kara penxrflja Ma TpaHKa no3Hara KaKo raMaHr3aM,
Koja e npou.rr4peHa Bo TH6er x luloHronuja,

UoMUjcr bo Solqoq
 XxHAyx3l'ror KaKo penrr!1ja e pacnpocrpaHera Bo Xi4HAycraHcKara
Hh3xHa Bo l4HA ja oKoJIy ,,cBerara" peKa FaHl AeHec oBaa penvr[ja L{Ma noBe-
(e oA 700 M nrioHr,l BepHxul4. Xl4HAyfi3r|or 3a6paHyBa ynorpe6a Ha MneKo u
Meco oa KpaBa 3aToa uTo raa ce cr4eTa 3a cBeTo xl.1BoTHo Bo pal'4K Te Ha oBaa
penxrhja e nojaBeHa HoBa ceKra - uarlHl{3aM, cnope[ q!4e yqeR'e KocMocoT e

BeLreH h e ao nep14aHeHTHo aBflxelbe.

,!
li
?A
' *r"" "*t
(qDoAUlku e

Xpuc[ujoHc(o up(bq
bo EpycoAUM

6yqucaou.r(u xpoM

Xpc'.r bo Tc^oHq

CyAejN'rqroboDo !oNlujo
bo ty'cLuoH6yA
i4.

I
t
Ll o,ba rfe tr"',z- rtr,ifiep.wlp.:a
= Bo l/ eer. txt llpuu (tlepcujtr) SttLta tpop.utLpauo Hecmopt! joltcKttLuo L{PIiBa KaKo ca"xo-
crLlojt!a x p ucLln !.jar lc K a 4pL:no. Tna 6u.ta pottrttpeua eo [Ia,tectttrLtHa, Ezu cIIi, trlHgu.ia
Cttpttiu t.L IIIpu. "aunra.
 Co npoqecor Ha KonoHrcau ja HanpaBeH ce roreM npoMeHu x Bo coepara
ja3[q{Te. AeHec, Bo cBeror nocrojar roneM ja3 qHx noApa,]ja: aHTn cKo,
Spaxqycxo, nopryrancKo, pycKo x ap
AHrnxcKoro ja3[,]Ho noApaqje e HajpacnpocrpaHero Bo cBeror. OBa ja3x.iHo
no4pavje ru on$a(a CeBepHa AMep[Ka, noToneN4 or Aer oA KaHaAa, MHory ocrpoBl4 Bo
MeKc[KaxcKr4or 3an uB, A}Cfpanvja, HoB 3enaHA, jyxHr4or u 3anaAHfior Aen Ha A0pr4Ka
HeKoh ocrpoBt4 BoTl4x orOKeaH. AeHec, aHTn cKr4orja314K e HajKorayHflKarl4BeH cBercKt4
ja3hK, Ha Koj 36opyBaar noge(e oA 7,5 MVr,vjapAV, nyie ra ao MHory 3eMj[ Bo cBeror e
BOBEAEH BO HACTABATA-

lllnaHcKoro I nopryrancKoro ja:rvno noApavje e pacnpocrpaHero oA peKara

Pfio fpaHAe Bo MeKcrKo Ao OrHeHa 3eN|ja Ha jyr. Toa rr on$afu qena CpeAHa I J]DKHa
AMep{Ka. [UnaHcKxor ja3hK ce ynorpe6yBa Bo MeKchKo, KonyM6 ja, BeHeqyena, Ky6a,
nepy, Llrne, ApreHrrHa, ypyrBaj, naparBaj Apyrh 3eMjH. nopryrarcKr4or ja3 K ce
ynorpe6yBa Bo 6pa3fin h Bo fBhHeja 6 cay, AHrona h Cao Tor4e nphHc ne Bo AopnKa.

OpaHqycKoro ja3fi,{Ho nogpa.rje onQa(a noee(e peruoHlr ao cBeror. HajroneMo

noApa,rje KaAe uro ce 36opyBa oBoj ja3!4K ce a$pnKaHcKxre 3eMjx roa: Anx[D TyHxc,
MapoKo, KoHro, 3a!4p, CeHeran, LlaA, Man , Ta6oH Lr Ap. OcBeH Bo oBl4e 3eMjx, Toj ce 360-
pyBa Bo Aen oA KaHaAa h Ha ocrpoBxre Bo l\4eKcrKaHcKl4or 3an14B l,'l T xxor OKeaH.

PycKoroja3uqHo noApa,rje onoa(a roneM npocrop Bo EBpona x Bo funja.

noKpaj oBlae ja3 ql4, KaKo cBercK ja3 u ce jaByBaar 14: TepMaHcKl4or,
jaHcK!4or, KuHecK[or, janoHcKxor I Apyr . 'lrarh-

lll pebero Ha penfirujara e onura nojaBa Bo cBeror, Koe 3anoeHano npeA

r4Hory BeKoBH. TaKa, Ha npxMep xp crfijaHcKara penfiryja Koja ce nojaBlana Bo l43paen H

Bo -lopAaH, no qer[ph BeKa 6hna npu$arena KaKo ApxaBHa penfir ja Bo P[McKara

ApxaBa (PfiMcKoro UapcrBo). Co orKplaBaFbero Ha AMepHKa H Ha ABcrpanfija BepcKxre
Mxcr,{oHepuja npoujlapxfle oBaa pen rflja fi Ha rfie npocropl4, KaKo BoAenoBuHaAop -
Ka tu ja.
l4cnaMor ce npour4pfin 3a Bper4e Ha apancK[Te ocBojyBaFba, Bo ceBepH]4Te
AenoBfi Ha AopfiKa yuire Bo VII BeK, KaKo ,r Bo Apyr AenoBh Ha A3fija. AeHec, oBaa
penhrl4ja 3Haq renHo e pauhpeHa Bo l4HA ja, naKHcraH, EaHrnaAeu, tlHAoHe3 ja 14

Apyr 3eMju. Bo HauaBa 3eMja ficnaMcKara penxrfija ce npoujr4prna npeKy rypcKoro

oc8ojyBa$e Ha ApxaB Te Ha 6anKaHcKr,lor nonyocrpoB.
' 6yA 3r4or oA KhHa ce npour4pxn Bo tAHArlJa, a x HAyr43rqor ce npcurxp!4n ao
JyxHa A3 ja, t4HAoKxHa, l4HAoHe3 ja, 3afiy6a?fpyH[AaAtA Apyr,{ 3eMju.

flporecraHTcKara penvrnja Bo CeBepHa Ar4epIKa ja fipou.]14pfine AHrnl4,]aHi4re

KaKo KonoHr3aropri, noroa ly'pUr4Te Kol,l MacoBHo ce vcetulte Bo CeBepHa AMeplaKa,
fepraaHqlare x Ap.

OA nep[oAoT Ha rone!]xre reorpa$cKy orKpflflija, HajroneM npfiAoHec aa

Lur,ipebero Ha pen!irxrre yMane eBponcKxre KonoHl4janHH 3eMj14.
 ,/r:riqW@v,W:
llonufiiwxo - laCWQcKu
) Kojo qpxotu cu
> Kou Ho@qu xlJreottJ
io 0&euu/P
ln oqAuKu Ha creuo@
Hed2

> 3HoeuJ Au K1KR) e Hei HoAo

qpxobno ypecyturd
AeHec Bo cBeror nocrojar 192 ApxaB . HajroneM 6poj oA oBHe ApxaB[ ce

Hquononno Haoiaar Bo ASphKa 54, noroa Bo A3laja 47 H Bo EBpona 43. Apyr[re 57 ApxaBh ce Haoia-
ar Ha Apyr re KoHThHeHrr. CeKoja ApxaBit Bo cBeror rpaAena c8oj non rl4'{Kx c[creM,
- wflJuwKu Koj Bo pa3n[,]Hx ,4cropl4cKx nepuoA[ ce MeHyBan. TaKa, Bo MuHaroro HeKon ApxaBx
6rne uapcrBa, Apyrx KpancrBa/ KHexeBcrBa, Aor4hHl4oHl,'1, cyrraHarr/ LJeuKar[/ el\414par[
I Ap AeHec, HajroneM 6poj oA apxaEfiTe ce peny6nfiKh Ha ']l4e qero e nperceAaren Bo
HeKo ApxaB , KaKo Ben Ka EpxraH ja, lllnaHfija, lllBeAcKa I Apyr[, ce 3aL]yBaHI4 crapx-
re rpaAuqr4r4 nopanfi KpancKHTe ceMejcrBa, Ho Hl4BHoro yqecrBo Bo ynpaByBaFbero co
ApxaBaTa e ofpaHuqeHo.
qKla
Man 6poj apxaB|4 Bo cBeror l4Maar Hau[oHaneH coqtljanxcrl4']Kl4 norll.4T
cxcreM. Toj ce pa3nhKyBa oA KanurarlficrtlqK or no roa LllTo ApxaBara e concrBeHt4K Ha
$a6prrlrre, pyAH!1uhre v Ha Apyrrl npfipoAHx 6orarcrBa, KaKo H Ha o6jeKrxre oA
pJa uuKu o6pa3oBaHfiero, Kynrypara, 3ApaBcrBoro 1,1 Apyro. AeHec e Man 6pojor la Ha oH e ApxaB'l
Ha,rre qero ce xaofa eMIo cyrlraH t,tJllt ulehK.
HCI Mnory Apxaen Bo cBojara noHoBa crop ja nocr[rHare eBonyuhja Bo non -
qpxoArnie T,4qK or, cou janHfior, Tep[Top[janH!4or 14 l4HAycrpl4cKl4or pa3Boj OcBeH cMeHa Ha
nort4TrLrKr-4or ct4creM/ MHory oa H!18 oA HeKorau cllpoMauHt{ AeHec ce 6orarl:evju'
TaKa, no roneMxTe reorpaocKu orKpl4r[ja noae(e:eujr ro pa3Btlja noMopcrBoro !4
cTaHaa BeflecfinI BO noN4opcKt{Orcoo6pa(aj, UTo 14r"l oBo3l4ox[ Aa Ao6[jar KonoHyM vlepuroptajanqo Aa ce npou14-
par. oa xvl Ao Kpajor Ha xIX BeK MHory 3eMjr Bo JwHa AMepl4Ka, Aop Ka fu]4ja, KaKO H ronel4 6poj ocrpoB[ pequc
yBe3y-
oA cyre oKeaHfi craHaa nocear u KoloHl4 Ha nose(e eeponcxrl ApxaBh. OA KonoHi4 Te eBponcKrre apxaBh
Baa pa3HoBt4AHO flprlpOAHO 6OraTCrBO. Ha MHOry OA Ht4B roa OBO3I.1OX[ Aa ja pa3B Baar tlHAycrp[jaTa, Ha apyrt4
'4M
rproerajara u cOO6pa(ajOr, a ua HeKofl 3eMjoAencrBoTo. Ha roj HaqlH, Ha noqeToKoT 14 KoH cpeAi4HaTa Ha XX BeK ce
nojaBrja MoaepHI x coBpeMeHI apxaB14 co Bt4coKopa3BfieHa IHAycrpyja, co npl4MeHa Ha aBToMaT Ka, po6orexHtlKa,
KopMcreFbe Ha jarneHor, Ha$rara 3a eHeprercKl4 qenl4 ,1 Apyro. Bo roj norneA oco6eHo nper4 Apyr re ApxaBn
6ea:

CAA, Pycflja, JanoH!4ja, fepr'4aHfija, BenxKa EptlTaHfija Apyrfi. ly'croraKa, rye ceaHraxtlpaa,{ Bo xcrpaxyBaFbero u

npoyqyBaFbero Ha BceneHara. MHory KonoH[janHh 3eMjx, Kotl eKoHoMcK]l 3ajaKHaa npeKy peBonyq fi BojHx, ce
ocno6oAuja oA xoloHrjanHara 3aB cHocr AeHec ce cno6oAHtl ApxaBk.

BocBeror nocrojar ApxaB,j co pa3nl4.rHy reorpa$cKll KapaKrep[crl4Kl4. no noBplxxHa, ApxaB[re ce Tore-

M , CpeAHr t4 Marl4, a ce pa3n[KyBaaT no Malyor n roleu rol 6poj x Ten,1. Hajro,leMa apxaBa Bo cBeToT e Pyoaja ( 17
Mxn oHu km2). Taa ce flporera Ha ABa KoHT[HeHTa (Espona n fulaja) L1 roa nperexHo Bo ceBepHfior Aerl Ha oBl4e
KOHTT/HeHTfi. Ha CeBep Ha croK ce rpaHhq co ceBepHo fleAeH oKeaH h co Tfixxor oKeaH, a Ha 3anaA
v Ha jyr
rpaH!1qara e KonHeHa ce rpaHylrll co noee(e eaponcrr u a3ficKr4 ApxaBfi, Bropa no rorleMvHa e KaHaaa (9 976 000
km2). Taa ro:asa(a ceBepH oT Aen Ha ceBepHa Ar'aep|4Ka. Ha ceBep [cToK !4 Ha 3anaA ce rpaHl4qI co ceBepHo
IeAeH, ArnaHrcK[ h T|4x OKeaH, a KoflHeHara rpaHrlqa e co cM. no Hea e cAA (9 630 000 km2) Ko ro:a$a(aar
cpeA LllHl4or jyxHrror Aen Ha CeBepHa AMeprKa, noroa Kl,{Ha (9 597 000 km'z) Bo [croqH orAen Ha A3Yja,6pa3[n
(8 500 000 kmr) ao rcroqH or Aen Ha JyxHa Ar4ephKa Iap MHory4pxany ce laofaar Ha nolyocrpoBl4, KaKo Ll]To ce:
6arKaHcKr4oT, AneHyHcKXoT, n,4phHejcKlaoT, t1H,4oK|4Ha, CKaH AvHaBcKVo"t v' Ap. VtMa OcrpoBcKl4 ApxaB /KaKOluroce:
BenuKa 6p[TaH ja, l4pcKa, l4cnaHA, ]anoH ja, O!|nl4nrHV u Ap' a A KoHr HeHTarHfi ApxaB'1 Kol4 HeMaar Y3ne3
Ha

Mope. nocrojar fi Manlt no noapLurla (ull9 iarypHfi) ApxaBl4, t]1414 rpaHfiq ceAonrfi caMo HeKorKy Kl'lroMerp '
 lTontEiwxo - ,l

tnlMueq \
) Xortxy xouutunen u uMo Ho 3eMjaTo? t
> Koj e Hoj-LD^eM, o Koj HojMoA Ao 1obryuHd? \\
> Ho Koj KoHt-tJuHeHt! xrJreouJ HojMHor,y. o Ho
xoj nojuotxy ttyte?
Ha 3eMjara rija 7 KoHrrHeHrH. Ha 6 oA H B (EBpona, turja, A$pxxa, CeBepHa rl JyxHa AMephKa I ABcrpanxja
co OKeaHlja) noflox norxrxeKo Teprrop[janHa
- noAen6a. AHTapKTxKor He e HaceneH KoHT HeHT,

CnopeA noBprxr,rHara r<oja ja sa$a(a, EBpona e Ha uecro uecro mery

KoHTIHeHryre, l4eifroa, Taa hMa HajnoBonHa reorpa$cxa norox6a Ha ceeror.Taa
co A3hja e rephrop.ajanHo noBp3aHa. OA AOp Ka, Kaj Fx6panrapcK ornporoKe
oManeqeHa car4o 14 km. OA CeBepHa oA lyxHa Ai4ep!4Ka e oABoeHa co ATTaHT-
cKl4or OKeaH, npeKy Koj r'4r4HyBaar Haj3Ha,.rajHxre noMopcKr4 narxura t4ery oa e
KoHTfiHeHTI, LleFirpanHara noq paHocr Ha Eapona eo ueryroHThHeHTanHl4or npo-
crop np AoHena 3a Hej314Hr4or 6p3 eKoHor4cKl4 14 onurecrBeH pa3Boj.
EBpona e nonyofipoBcKr4 KoHT[HeHr. Taa xr4a Hajpa3rpaHer 6per Hai
N4ana HaAr!4opcKa B coqhHa, Koja npoceeHo t43HecyBa 300 Merp[. noBe(e oA 50o/o
oA Hej3[HaTa noBpurlHa e Hu3r4HCKo 3et'4jfiuTe, a caMo l7o/o e nnaH HCKO

3er4jh[Te. EBpona laMa MnaAn v BucoKt4 nnaHhHl4, KaKo Anni,1Te, fllaplaHefire,

KapnarfiTe, AfleH[HVre, AvfiapyAtre u Apyr . Ho, hMa h crapx tpaMaAH[ nnaHfi-
Hx, KaKo PoAoncKrre, CKaHA HaBcKfiTe, ApAeHrlTe ,4 Apyr . EBpona r4a ToreM
nopu3
6poj voprrua, e3epa x peKh. OA peK,lre, rajroneuo coo6pa{ajHo 3Haqebe Maar
Bonra, AyHaB fi PajHa.

OA V BeK r ch go xpajor na XX aeK EBpona e BoAeqKa c'4la Bo onurecr-

BeHroT, eKoHor'4cKr1oT/ KynrypHrloT, rexH!4qK or pa3Boj Bo cBeToT. Ha noBpllhHa
oA 10 MhnfioHI km2 x
BearoKony900 N.!unvonn nyfe eo 43 ae3aB{cH14 t4 cyBepeHx
ApxaB , CnopeA noBprJxHara, Bo EBpona hMa roneM ApxaBu, KaKo Pyo'tja,
yKpatlHa, OpaHu[ja A Ult'aH4ja, Ho l,r N4an[ KaKo Bar KaH, AHAopa, tlrrreHu]rajH,
l'4oHaKo 14 Apyr!4.

oPAH qllJA ro :b4btu xpafu r,tor :ana4eH ilt,leY*nq1 nrorn""r"

KoH ulnaHhja, Annhre KgH l4raMja u u.Jsajuap ja r PajHa KoH fepMaxija, ja +op-
r'rrpaar npr,rpo4aara rpaHfiqa Ha oBaa 3eMja. Ha 3anaA, OpaHqrja trpoxo u:re-
ryBa Ha ArnaHrcKr4oi'Otear, a Ha jyr Ha CpeAo3eMHoro N4ope. Bo oare rpanuqr
raa :a$a(a nouprr"u oa i47 000 km, r Ha roj npocrop xuaear oKony 60 Mr4n -
oxnryie.
, "i i.
OpaHultja Ma noBonHa. reorpaQcKa nonox6a saroa dro 3neryBa Ha
',i
oKeaH 14 Ha r4ope KaAe uuryaaar rigj:xaqajHure noMopcK narltta. Penjeoor Bo
OpaHilnja e cocraBex o4 crapr rjSaua4rl: nnarraru (A'p4exn, Bo(:ra r,r UeHrpaneH
lulacuB) 14 N4naA[ BephxHu nnaHkHt4 (A,lnfi u nfipuHel4) u o4 npo'Fipatl lrasrar.rt.
 Ha Annure ce Haofa HajB coKr4or BpB Bo opaHq ja I Bo EBpona - lvloH 6naH
(a 810 m). Bo QpaHurrja ce 3acraneH[ noBe(e KnuMarcKl4 THnoB[, Ko]1 ro oBo3N4o-
x!4ne pa3Bojor Ha 3eMjoAencrBoro I Ha rypx3r',tor. PeKvre CeHa, tloapa ]4 Xl4poH-
Aa ce Bn!4Baar Bo ATnaHrcKxor OKeaH. Txe ce nnoBHl, x np ]ToKhre o6pa3yBaar
ecryapx. Bo Cpelo3eMHoro lvlope ce Bn Ba PoHa, Koja co nroBHu KaHant4 e noBp-
3aHa co noBe(e nnoBHx peKx (PajHa, tloapa, CeHa).

OpaHqFxre, OnaMaHqxre 14 6peroHur4Te ro npercraByBaar HacerleH e-

nopu3 - TpuyMcPq^HqLLro 0opu]o

ro Bo OpaHitxja.

OpaHu ja e Br.rcoKopasB eHa 3eMjoAencKa x HAycrpt4cKa 3eMja. OA

3eMjoaencKxre Kynryplr raa HajMHory npoh3BeayBa n'reHnqa, jariMeH rpo3je. OA
rpo3jero ce npaBar MHory KBanurerHr.l Bt4Ha, no Kol4 oBaa 3eMja e npo,]yeHa. PyAu-
Te co Koh OpaH'lraja e 6orara ro oBo3Moxure pa3Bojor Ha liHAycrp jara. OA
fiHAyCrplcKr/Te fpaHKl4 pa3B[eHI ce: MauuHcKaTa, r4eTanHara, xeNllcKaTa, TeKc-
TfinHara, npexpaH6eHara u aBToMo6xncKara vHAycrpt'lja. [lo3Harla [HAycrp cKrl
ueHrp ce: nap6, HaHr,6opAo/ I4apcej,ftion r4p
CpeAGeMHoro Kpaj6pexje co no3Har'4Te ueHTpu KaH v H[qa ]4 Ann re co
TpeHo6n u.laNroHl4, oBo3r'4oxl4ne ryp 3r4or Bo oBaa 3eMja Aa craHe 3Ha,tajHa
ll^oxo bo HopMoHqujo cTonaHcKa rpaHKa.
oo3Hooa Jo qeHoLU ,,4"
bo Bu-ropou]q cbe[cko bojF]o

no noBprllxHa (44 MVnvoAA km2) ta no HaceneHre (noBe(e oA 3 Mxnfi-

japAh nyie) tulaja e HajroneM or KoHr.lHeHr Ha 3eMjara. Ha oBoj roneM npocrop
v\a 47 ApxaB$, oA Kofi HeKo,1 ce ro neq[t a Apyfl4 Manx. A3rlja e nonyocrpoBcKl4
KoHT[HeHT 3aroa uro o[ Tpr4 crpaHl4 e onKp)xeHa co BoAr4re Ha T x[or, l4HA c-
Kr4or 14 CeBepHo tleAeHrlor OKeaH. KonHeHa rpaHrqa hMa caMo Ha 3anaA, co
KcHTt4HeHTor EBpona.

A3xja rMa noBonHa reorpa$cKa nonox6a 6t4aej(h [3fleryBa Ha rpx oKe-

aH14, Ht43 KOt4 N4tlHyBaaT 3HaqajHh nOi4OpcKtl naTl4LlJTa.

Bo A3 ja ce naofaar vraau BephxHr4 r,1 crapfi rpaMaaH nnaH H / npo-

crpaHv Hh3vHt4 Br4copaMHi4Hr4, nycrl4Hr4 H Apyro, OA lvnaAfire Bep]4xH!'{ nraH!4HH
Hajno3Harla ce XhMara[Te, Ha Kox ce Haoia Hajarcoxror BpB Ha cseror IvloHT

EBepecr (8 B4B m), a oA crapHTe rpaMaAHl4 nraHtlHl4 Toa e ypat, OA HY3hHhre,

no3Harr ce 3anaAHo-ch6 pcKara, XfiHAycraHcKara t{ KfiHecKara Hh3xHa, oA
Br4COpar4Hr4H Te - Tfioer, a oA nycn4Hr,lTe - To6u, Tap r.1 Ap

Bo A3Hja ce 3acraneHM cvre KrIMarcKo-BererallhcKh 06racrv Roh fn u\a

Ha 3eMjara.

Kou ce Aue?
H 3 fu,1ja revar roneMtl 14 nnoBHrl peKt1, KaKo 06, EHvcej, UeHa, AMyp
XoaHrxo, JaHueKjaHr, TaHr, 14HA, 14eKoHr Ap
'4
3a A3 ja e KapaKTep crheeH BHcoK np,4poAeH nprpacr Ha HaceneHllero
oA 25oloo. Tyxa xugear npfinaAHfiu HaaBepac :xonrara 14 berara.
OA 3eMjoAencKhre Kynryp HajMHory ce oArneAyBaar opl4l v nqeH qa.
A3/ja e 60rara co pa3HoBtlAHh pyAr4, KaKojarxeH, Ha+ra,3eMeH rac, xene3o t1Ap,
HoocBeH BoHeKo 3er4j[ vHAycrpfijara cb yure e eo pareoj.
Xeurbo bc A3ulc
 KIIHA ro 3a$a(a HajroneM or Aen Ha ly'cro.rHa A3hja. Co noBpul Ha oA
9,6 MVnAoHu km2 HaceneHt4e oA 1,3 MlnujapA x ren[, Taa cnaia Bo Haj-
TOreM Te ApXaBr BO CBeTOT.

KxHa xMa noBonHa reorpaocKa nonox6a 3aroa uro Ha croK npeKy

Xonroro, hfioqHoro K HecKo !4 JlxHoro Kl4HecKo Mope u3neryBa Ha Tl4xror
oKeaH. Ha ceBeD jyr I Ha 3anaA HeFxHara rpaHfiua e KonHeHa. Bo oAHoc Ha pen-
je$or, KxHa e seMja Ha KoHTpacr[, Bo 3anaAHxor v Bo jyxHl,lor Aen !4i4a BhcoKr,l
nrraH Hl4, KaKo XvMana[Te, TjaHuaH, KyHnyH h Af, a Mery H B ce Haoia B coKara
B[copaMHhHa T!46er. Bo cpeAuuHr4or Aen ce Haofaar nycfl4Hhre/ KaKo fo6H t1
TaKna MaKaH, a Ha vcroK Toner4ara K!4HecKa Hx3[Ha. nopaAfi oBxe penjeoHfi
KapaKrep[crxKx Bo KhHa cejaByEaar pa3nl4qHI T noB!4 Kr14r4a.
KuHecKuoo suq
HajroneMo 3Ha.{elbe 3a KfiHa uMaar peK Te XoaHrxo la ]aHueKjaHr/ Kol4 ce
nroBHr,r h ce Kop[cTaT 3a HaBoaHyBaFbe, a Ha HIB e [3rpaAeHo I noBe(e xxapo-
qeHTpan[.
K Ha e 6orara co pa3HoBxAHx pyAr4, co urro ce oBosr4oxfin pa3Boj Ha
14HAyCTprljara. Hajpa3BueHa cronaHcKa rpaHKa e 3eMjoaencrBoro, a oa 3er4joaen-
cK Te Kynrypv HajMHory ce oarneayBaaT oprc (Bo HeKoh o6flacT xAoTp xeTBu
roAxuHo), noToa nqeH ua, nqeHKa, qaj, naMyK, T).ryH 14Ap
TnaBeH rpaA [HAycrpl4cK, qeHTap Ha ApxaBara e l]eKlHr, Apyrfi noro-
neMu qeHrpr4 ce: [IlaHraj (najroreu rpaA Bo KrHa), KaHroH, HaHK[Hr, OyuJyH,
l,4HqycOpucKo
tlleHjaHr ri ApyrH. 3oHo bo llloHr.aj

.?
N. go,qsrua I . HA ATAACoT nPoHAJAH JA
co KoH AP)KABH cE rPAHHqH!
KOnHEHATA TPAHHUA HA KHHA H 3AEEAE)KH

2. NPECMETAJ 3A KoAKy nATH noBPLUHHATA HA KHHA (9,6 MHAHOHH KM2)

E noronEMA oa noBpr-UHHATA HA P MAKEAoHHJA (25 713 km'z).

AopriKa e ronrunerr vnr 6peroBr rr 3annHcHyBaar BoA Te Ha ATflaHT-

cKrror I l4HA!4cK!4or OKeaH I I
UpBeHoro Mope. CnopeA rone-
Ha CpeAo3eMHoro
r,,r Hara (30 N4fin oHl4 km2), AOpraKa e BTop KoHr!4HeHT Ha cBeror, a no 6pojor Ha

HaceneH[e (850 M n oH!4) e Ha rpero Mecro.

OBoj KoHTxHeHT xMa noBorHa reorpa$cKa norox6a, 6rAej(l4 no eoAeH
nar/ npeKy oKeaH[Te H Mopr4$ara ce noBp3yBa co Apyr[Te Kosrurexru. Oco6eno
3Haqelbe 3a HeFxHara norox6a HMa cyeqKhor KaHan. Toj ce xaofa na rej:rna
rep rop ja h Hl43 Hero Mr4HyBa HajKparKt4or BoAeH nar oA EBpona Ao Mvja v
ABcrpan ja. H 3 cpeAxHara Ha AOpl4Ka r4LrHyBa eKBalopor. CnopeA Toa, oKony
80o/o oA Hej3hHara rep ropfija ce naoia ao Neruxror nojac 3aroa ce HapeKyBa
,,XEXOK KOHf14HEHT,,.
fiatWffii qq
Bo norneA Ha penjeoor, AopxKa llMa Bl4coKh nraHuHl4/ KaKo Klanl4r4aH- ) Koj xouoa oq cbLucKo
Uapo (5 895 m), noroa ATnac, Er!4oncK Te nnaH[HAv Apyf[, Bo Hea l4Ma u Brco- 3Hoter@ uoMUHyfu
paMH[H!4, KaKo urro ce: ET[oncKara, E3epcKara, CyAaHcKara u Ap ASp[Ka e H6 AQpuKd2
no3Hara no HajroneMure nycr4H14 Bo cBeror, KaKo: Caxapa, Kanaxapl4, tl[6t4cKara
) l1o xolo uyctuuuo
nycrrHa x Ap
e Aosuofio AQpuxd
sotuuto jrecemufie ufiuw
,lecrl4Te BpHexh oKoly eKBaropor ro oBo3f4oxt4re Ha-
Tonnara K-nrMa H
)
craHyBaFbero na 6y.1nvi vi HenpooaHr4 txyMl4, Kor4 ce B Kaar npau.ryr"l4. ceBepHo x
Apecnojytuon Lp AQwKo.
o He Ho qpyLu KoHtauHeHutLP
 jlDKHo oA Hr,1B ce nporeraar caBaHta, co pa3HoBlAeH ,4 6orar pacr reneH I xfiBo-
THHCKI4 CBET.

BoASpuKa hMa roneM!4 peK[, KaKo H n, H[rep, KoHro,3aM6e3vu Apyrl4'

quja BoAa ce Kopr4crrl 3a xfiApoeHepnaja 14 3a HaBoAHyBaFbe, a xMa I roaeM 6poj
e3epar KaKo: BfiK-ropxja, t-laA, l-baca, TaHrabxKa h apyrr.
a HaceneHxero Bo AopHKa nperexHo e oA upHara x oA 6enara paca.
F'ta
itl AOphKa xr4a pa3HoBr,rAHo pyaHo 6orarcrBo: 3naro, 6aKap, cpe6po, a jaMaHrr x
Ap, Ho, nopaAu AonroroAfiltlHoro KonoHhjanHo poncrBo Hej3uHoro cronaHcrBo e
. -t cna6o pa3B eHo.

t EflnET ro 3aoafu ceBepohcro'.rHt4or Aen ra ASpuxa fi Ha C[HajcK or

nonyocrpoB. Ha ceBeo HeroBara rpaHxua h3neryBa Ha Cpeao3eMHoro lvlope, a Ha
croK Ha UpBeHoro Mope. Ha jyr rpaHfluara r4xHyBa HM3 Hy6t4cKara, a Ha 3anaA
Oq Ky^r.iJypHquJo srs flr6rcxara tlycruHa. Erfiner :a$a(a noapurr.lla oA 1 lqxn. km2 x Ha raa
pu3r-ruuo Tep ropfija xt,tBear noae(e o4 68 uult.roHn lyie
Ho Ft]JueuJ
Eruner xl4a noeonHa reorpaQcKa nonox6a 6rAejkta rcneryBa Ha aBe
Mopl4Ba. H 3 HeroBara rep roplja M!4HyBa t4 CyeqK or KaHan, Koj e HajKparKxor
eoaeH nar oa Cpeao3eMHoro Mope Ao 14HA[cKl4or oKeaH
tlupoMUqo
Penjeoor Bo Ert4ner nperexHo ro npercraByBaar KaMeH[ fi neco'.{H|,1
nycr H',l. nopaA Toa, MfiMara Bo Errner e nycrl4HcKa, co Bl4coKH TeMneparypu l/l
peq cfi 6e3 BpHexu. nnoAHo 3eMj txre Ma caMo no Aotll.4Hara Ha HLlr 14 Bo oa3t4-
Te. EAhHcrBeHa peKa Bo Eruner e Htln. Taa e,,noAapoK Ha Er ner". AoKonKy ro
Her4a Hnn, Erfiner oAaMHa 6}1 6nl nycrrna. nnoAHara Aor]l,1Ha Ha Hvn 6nna
HaceneHa npeA MHory BeKoBu. yLure npeA 6 000 roAl4H14 Bo oBaa AonhHa ce pa3Bx-
na eAHa oA Hajcraprre \vP,t4n43a:]/n Bo cBeror, co apxaBHa opraHu3allHja Bo
Koja qBerana Kynrypara Ha crap re Errn(anr. Ocraroul4 oA oBaa Kynrypa ce
nxpat'4 A!!Te, c014Hrtire, KaHafl Te, nanxpycor I rnIHfiTe Ha Kot4 nILllyBane I Ap
Oeaac'l, Apanfi, Hy6xjq Apyrl4 ro flpercraByBaar HaceneHhero ao
Erfiner. Tl4e ce rycro HacereHt'l Bo AorluHara fi ao Aerrara Ha Hl4n. Bo oa3nre
xfiBear 6eAy HHre Kofi ce 3aHxMaBaar co croqapcrBo. OA pyAHoro 6orarqrBo
Eruner rMa saofaruLura Ha na$ra, xeneHa pyAa, ualrau, $ocoar I gpyro.
14HAycrpxjara e Bo pa3Boj. TnaBHo 3aH Marbe Ha HaceneH!4ero e 3er4joAencrBoro.
OA 3eMjoAencKt4Te KyflrypI HajMHory ce oArneAyBaar: naMyK, nLleHKa, n']eHIua,
opr.r:, ue(epna rpcKa u Ap norofler4[ t4HAycrp!4cKt4 qeHTpx ce: Ka[po, AneK-
caHAp ja, cyeq, nopr cafia, ly'cMa nfijaIAp
Up[ex upetucoobeH
Ho Uep-r.oMeHE
'L!K n,waJahb@:
1 , KoH }KHBOTHH )KHBEAT BO CABAHATA, A KOH BO NPALIIYMI,,ITE HA ACDPHKA?
2. 3OTIJTO PEKHTE BO AOPHKA NPETE)KHO CE KOPHCTAT 34. HABOAHYBAI'bE?

d HA ATAACOT NPOHAJAH KAAE KE NOMHHEIIJ AKO NATYBALTI NO HAJKPATKHOT

BOAEH NAT OA CPEAOSEMHOTO MOPE AO HHAHCKHOT OKEAH!
 CeBepHa AMepxKa ce Haofa Ha CeBepHara 3eMj[Ha nonyronKa. OA Tpt4
cTpaH[ KoHT HeHTOT e OnKpyXeH CO BOATTe Ha ArnaHTCKrlOT, TyXhOl X CeBepHO
IeAeHXor OKeaH. npeKy ATrraHTcKr4or OKeaH Ha ficroK CeBepHa AMep Ka ce
noBp3yBa no BoAeH narco EBpona, a Ha 3aflaA npeKy Txxhor Oxean co:eujlre ua
A3xja. CnopeAToa, oBoj KoHT HeHTfiMa noBonHa reorpaocKa nonox6a.

Bo oAHoc Ha penje$or, Bo CeBepHa AMepllKa Moxar Aa ce 3ABojar rpx

np poaHl/l qen Hx: MnaA]4 BepHXHr nnaH]1H1.4 h Bxcopar4Hr,tHxl cTapfi rpaMaAHfi
ntaHAHA vl npocrpaHfi Hl43r4Hx. MnaA Te aepl4xHr nraH Ht4 ce nporeraar Bo
3aflaAH orAen, oA AnjacKa Ha ceBep Ao OrHeHa 3eMja Ha jyr. Toa ce KopArnjep[re
Ko BoJyxHa AMephKa ce BhKaarAHAh. Crapxre rpaMaAH nnaHrHr4 ce nporeraar
Ha r4croKx ce npercraBeB co AnanaqK Te nnaHuHx. npocrpaHara Hh3tiHa ce
npocrvpa BoAonhHara Ha 14rcl,lcun14, !1ffii@u w
Bo CeBepHa AraepxKa ce 3acraneHh pe9r4ct4 cfiTe MfiMarcKo-Berera-
qr4cK o6nacrfi.
, Kotct upb uoui e
onxpteno AMepJKe
Kou ce utud b Oq xo1 beK ioAo4HoAo
Ko^oHunwjaEio Hd otuj
Bo CeBepHa ANaep[Ka re,]ar roreMrl peK!4 KoH oKeaH Te, KaKo Lr]To ce
Mt4cvcknu, CBerx fiopeHq, JyKoH, lvlaKeH3 , KonopaAo, Konyta6 ja ir 4pyrr,r. Hai
xontaunen ?
rolei4o 3HaeeBe 3a peqHror coo6pa(aj vt4a Muct4c4nt4, a 3a x!.iApoeHepflajara ) Kou ebpttcxu uowqu
HaFHa'.rajH ce KonopaAo x Konyta6xja. CeBepHa Ar4ep'4Ka e 6orara co Bepa, oA 6u,,e upbufre
Kor4 oco6eHo ce 3HaqaJHh ToneM re E3epa. KoAoHunfuory Ha
CeBepHa A[4ep Ka :a$a(a noapunHa oA24 Mn^naHn km2 Ha oBoj Cefupno AMepJKd Fbyjopk
npocrop xl4Bear noae(e og 400 ulrllrott lyie. Crapo 4ol,ropoAHo HaceneH,1e ce;
EcK Mxre, tlHArrjaHql1re, AcreKfiTe, nye6noolre y Ap HajroneM 6poj oA Hacene-
Hfiero ce AoceneHHll oA noeefte eBponcKfi, a$pNratcxr.l h a3ficKl,1 3eMji4, npea
Tpfi BeKa, oA AopraKa, KaKo po6oB 6lane AoHeceHr LlpHt-lh 3a Aa pa6orar Ha
noflrl-bara co nar{yK. UpHeLrKoro Hacenenue geHec 6polr noae(e o4 40 uNlNolr.

CeBepHa AMepyKa, KaKo HoB cBer, e 6orara co pa3HoBxAHt npr4poAHl,

6orarcrBa: Lxyr4r1, nnoAHrl noqBx, nac i!Ta, pyA.u, HaqTa y Epyro. Toa oBo3r4oxt4
Ha oBoj KoHTIHeHT Aa ce pa:arjar noee(e crcnaHcK rpaHKrl,

COEAI4HETIITE AMEP14KAHCKl4 APi{AB}t ce Baoiaar r.tery KaHaAa

Ha ceBep la MeKc[Ko Ha jyr. Ha {croK [3neryBaar Ha ATraHrcK or, a Ha 3anaA Ha
Tfixfior OKeaH. npeKy AnjacKa, Koja e riej3 Ha replarop ja, r,1e H3reryBaar la Ha
CeBepHo IeAeH OKeaH. npeKy oBhe oKeaHu CAA ce noBp3yBaar co 04re no-
r4opcK 3el-rj14 Bo cBeror. nopaAfi Toa, Tl,1e,1Maar noBor']Ha reorpa$cKa nonox6a.
Kuaorll
Bo cBolre rpaHrlul4 CM on$a(aar noBpulxHa oA 9 630 000 km2, Ha Koja xrlBear HO
276 MurqoHV nyie, cAo6oqoLuo
rephropfijara Ha CM, Bo npaBeLl oA l4croK KoH 3afla,q, ce fi3AsojyBaar
Ha
4 penje$Hh qennnra. lloxpaj ATnaHTcKt4or OKeaH ce nporera Hh3riHa, noroa ce
AnaraqKhre nnaHlaHy. Ha 3anaA oA Hl4B e f4ficuc ncKara H 3fiHa, a no Hea ce
KopArlnjeplare, T]opaA pa3Ho8xAH[or penjeQ, Bo CAA ce 3acraneHrl: cpeAo-
3eMH0I{OpCKa,yMepeHO:KOHT!4HeHTanHa, KOHT HeHTaIHa, nnaH'1HCKa nonapHa
KIIYMA,

CAA rr4aar 6orara xt4porpa$cKa Mpexa. Oa peKrlTe, HajroreMo 3Ha-

qeHie Maar Mvlcvcnnv co nprlToKara ivl cypy (coo6pa(aj r HaBoAHyBaFbe),
KonopaAo, KoflyM6hja H Plao fpaHAe (xrApoeHeprhja I HaBoAHyBaH,e) l,1 Ap

I

3on uboo bo Con @poruucro
floEie@u ce:
) KoJeb@cxu More1^oreu Apb
qaJrcbua qo 6@pbJde Ho
JyxHo AMepJKd.2
) Co xoncy 6poqo u MopHdpr
ApJcAuLHo/Q
) Koxo -w HopeKoA oc7i@ba
Ha Koj cAouHoA n Apb jd(i?
cM ce OeAepar[BHa peny6nIKa, cocraBeHa oA 50ApxaB!4 x eAeH QeAe-
paTxBeH oKpyr, HajfoneM 6poj oa HaceneHxeTo e oa 6enaTa paca. Oa eBponcKxTe
AoceneHxUr4 Haj6pojHI ce AHrnu']aHxrer 14pUfire, l4ranxjaHqfire, fepr4aHLlt4re t4
Ap l4croraKar rMa HacefleHre oA UpHara I oA xonrara paca.
CM ce eAHa oA Hajpa3BfieH re 3eMjoAencK[ M xHAycrp]4cK[ 3eN4jt4 Bo
np[AoHecoT Ha nnoAHl.4Te noqBx I pa3HoBl4A-
cBeToT. Bo oaHoc Ha Toa, 3HaqaeH e
HOrO pyaHo 6ofarcTBo oa jarneH, HaoTa/ xen*Ha pyAa, 3naro, 6aKa0 onoBo x
r.lr4HK 14 Apyr[ pyal4, BoCAAcepa38ueH,c Te HAycTpxcKx rpaHKH, Ha recHaTa h
reurKara HAycrpxja. HajroneMl4 ,rHAycrpxcKl4 qeHrpu ce l-byjopK, qfiKaro, lby
OpneaHc, floc AHuenec, Aerpol4r/ KaBac Ctlr , o naaenot4ja, CaH OpaHu cKo 14
AP
G**r**
I - KoAKy nPHPoAHH uEAhHH MO)KAT AA CE H3ABOJAI BO AMEPHKA?
2, KoH EBPONCKH AOCE EHHUH CE HAJ6fOJHH BO CAA?
3. KOFA OA AOPHKA BO AMEPHKA CE AOHECEHH UPHI-IHTE KAKO POEOBH
-tN greq,ery€r
HA KAPTA NPOHAJAH JA PEKATA MAKEH3H H HABEAH HH3 KOH E3EPA
MHHyBA!
AMep[Ka e ocrpoBcKr4 KoHr[HeHT 6uaej(ll oa claTe crpaHr e 3a-
JIDKHa
rpaAeH co BoAa. Ha croK e ArnaHTcKt4or, Ha 3anaA T xt4or OKeaHr a Ha ceBep e
KapxncKoro lvlope. Bo cBoure rpaHhqr4 JyxHa AMepuKa 3aoa(a noBptllxHa oA
1B MfinfioHI km2, Ka4e xraear 340 t'tuntoHr lyie.
JyxHa AMep Ka Moxe Aa ce noAenx Ha HeKonKy np,4poAHl4
Penje$or Ha
uen[Hr!. Ha 3anaA ce MnaA[Te Bep xHl4 nnaHtlH - AHAr, Bo cpeAxHa ce npocrpa-
HUTe Hr3!rHv, a Ha fiCTOK CTap refpaMaaH nnaH Hl4 11 Bl4copaMHxHl4.
Bo JyxHa AMep[Ka ce [3ABojyBaar noBe(e o6lacrtl: eKBaropcKa, rpon-
cKa, cynTponcKa, yMepeHo-KoHT[HeHTanHa, KoHTIHeHTanHa ,i nycTl4HcKa Kn[MaT-
cKo-Bererau cKa o6nacr. Bo eKBaropcxara oolacr ce:acraneHu rycru 1,1 Henpo-
oaH t4 llryM rl, Koh ce B I Kaar ceII Bacrl .
JyxHa AMepuKa t4Ma rycra peqHa Mpexa, oco6eHo Bo eKBaropcKara
o6nacr Kaae ce.refi[ BpHexxre Bo nonrraaHeBH[Te qacoBti. Tar4y re,]e Hajrone-
Mara h HajujupoKara peKa Bo cBeror - AMa3oH co noBe(e oA 2 000 np roK[. Apyrx
noroneMx peK ce: napaHa, opt{HoKo, CaH OpaHcl4cKo,l apyr]4,
AMep Ka HaceneHfiero e cocraBeHo oA AoMopoal-lt4, npercra-
Bo JyxHa
BeH oA llHAfijaHqtire u oA HajroneM 6poj eBponcK[ AoceneHuurl oA lllnaHxja ,l
nopryranuja. Ha oBoj KoHrlHeHr uMa 13 ApxaB[, oA Kou Hajroner4a e Epa3yn. OA
pyAHoro 6orarsrBo oBoj KoHTIHeHT pacnonara co HaOTa, 6oKcHT/ xene3Ha pyAa h
AP
F
AMo30H

EPA3L ro 3a$a(a croqH$or Aer Ha JyxHa AN{ep,1Ka I x3neryBa Ha

ATnaHrcKxor OKeaH. Toj 3a$a(a noBpulrHa oA 8,5 r4fifll4oHr4 km2 14 Ha oBoj
npocrop xxBear noBe(e oA 183 M[n[oHx nyie. Cnopea noBprxhHara 6pojcr Ha
HaceneHxero/ Epa3un e HajfoneMa apxaBa Bo iyxHa AMepvKa.

Penjeoor Bo 6pa3vn e npercraaeH co roreN4ara Ar4a3oHcKa Hr3{Ha co

6pa3urcKara B copaMHrHa. KnHMara Bo 6pa3[n nperexHo e eKBaropcKa, Tpon-
cKa 14 cynTponcKa. Bo o6nacra co eKBaTopcKa KnrMa ce 3acTaneHu rycT 14 Henpo-
oAHX Uryr'4r1 BO KOr.r Ma MHOry CKanOUeH ApBja, KaKO TI..iKOBO, KayqyKOBO, a6O-
HOCOBO, MaXaTOHOBO, Kl,rHr|HOBO, CaHAanOBO 14 Ap. BO Taa O6nacr Ma 14 6ofar
xr4BoTr4HCKr4 CBeT: MajMyHr4, 3Mr4l4, KpOKOAllnt4, nanafarrfi ,1 Ap BO O6nacra m
TponcKa KnxMa pacTaT BucoKt4TpeBX - KaMnocfi.

npeaenrlTe co cyflTponcKa Kn Ma ce Haofaar noKpaj 6peror na

ArnaHrcKHor OKeaH. Tfie ce HajnoroAH14 3a xfiBeeFbe x ce Hajrycro HaceneHx.

HajrofleMa peKa Bo 6pa3fin e AMa3oH. np yroKara raa e u poKa 80 km.

Bo peKara xuBear: HajAonrara 3Mxja Ha cBeror - aHaKoHAara, pu6ara nfipaHa,
eleKTpr4L{Hara jaryna, KpoKoAl4nx, MHory B AoBl4 pu6u u np 6pa3[n e perKo
HaceneHa 3eMja. HajroneM 6poj oA HaceneHxero ce AoceneHnLu oA flopryranuja
14 tLlnaHxja, a Bo aMa3oHcKure celBac , Ha MHory npuMl4T BeH Ha.iilH, xhBear
r,lHAvjaHcK nneMH$a.

6pa3 n e nperexHo 3eMjoAencKa 3eMja. Toj e HajroneM npo[3BoAxren Ha

Kaoe, OcBeH Ka$ero, Bo 6pa3en ce oArneAyBa: KaKao, TfryH, naN4yK? nLreHKa,
opla3 u Ap OA pyAHoro 6orarcrBo, Bo 6pa3[n hMa Ha$ra/ 6oKchr/ xene3Ha pyAa ,1
Apyro, OA xHAycrpxcKxre rpaHKfi, pa3BXeHx ce MerarHara, MauJfiHcKara, npe-
xpaH6eHara, TeKcrrnHara l4HAycrpflja x np Hajpa3Br{eHu [HAycrp?1cKx qeHTpr4
ce: Pfio Ae XaHe po, Cao naono, nopro Anerpe, Seno Xopfi3oHre rl Ap

KocbeLr.ro - 6o-r,oLrJcuJbo
Ho Fpqgu^

KopHebon bo
 \ ABcrpanxja ce Haoia xa J)ry(Hara 3eMj Ha nonyronKa. Taa e HajMan x
HajperKo HaceneH KoHTTHeHT Ha 3eMjara' Ha noBpl.uxHa op,7,6 unnuouu km',
xxBee oKony 20 14l4n!4oHr HaceneH!,le.

ABcrpanxja e ocrpoBcKl4 KoHTUHeHT. Taa oA cl/TecrpaHx e onKpyxeHa co

BoA Te Ha Tr4xl4or x l4rAlcxltot Oxeax. ,laKo 3neryBa Ha aBa oKeaHa raa Her4a
nosonxa reorpaQcxa nolox6a. Toa ce aonxt4 Ha Hej3xHara roneMa oa'qane'{e-
HOCTOAApyT[Te KOHT]4HeHTI 14 OA rnaBHUTe noMopcKl414 Bo3ayulHI naThuJra'

noffeA Ha penjeoor, Bo ABcrpanxja uMa rp nphpoAHx qenxHu Ha

fleWw
Koj K)HAUH9HA uMo
uojMo/1o uobptuHd2
Ho Koj KoHUuHeH xubon
xeut-y ptu, Me#odo-KoaAo,
Kyq eA o qJ H;i.o u n oi o ttt e *tf
Bo
xcroK ce nporeraar ABcrpanficKxre KopArnjepr. Toa ce crapx rpaMaIHx nla-
Hr4Ht4, Kol4 no B,lco']hHa ce HlcKl4 14 aecHo ce npooAHl4. Ha
jyr, oBl4e nnaHxHx
ABcrpanxcKure Ann,l x CrHxre ['lflaH[Hl4. Bo 3anaaH[or Aen Ha
3aBpuysaar co
ABcrpanlja penjeoor e npercraBeH co Bt4copaMHxHl4 ficnoflHert4 co roneM 6poj
nyc H : TofleMara necoqHa, fhncoHoBara, foneMara BuKropxHa, Hynap6ap-
cKara nyqrxHa h Ap Bo cpeAxuHl4orAen Ha KoHTrHeHTorce Haol'a ABcrpar[cKara
Hr{3 Ha, Koja ce nporera oA KapneHTapxcK,4or 3an[B Ha ceBep Ao foneMxor AB-
cl pan!4cK[ 3anh8 Hajyr.

Bo ABcrpan ja ce 3acraneHu rponcKara' crencKo-nycrxHcKara, cyn-

TponcKara x yMepeHo-KoHTl4HeHTanHara KnuMa. ABcrpanxja e HajcyulHt4or KoHT14-
HeHr Ha 3eMjara, Bo ceBepHt4or 14 Bo l4croqHror aen roaxtllHo t4Ma noee(e oA
1500 mm BpHexfi, a Bo Apyrxre AenoBh rhece noManl4 oa 200 mm.

ABcrpanfija ec!4poMauHa co peKl4. noroaeMI peKx ce: lvlapx I HeFxHara

npfiToKa Aapnl4Hr. foneMlor 6poj e3epa Kox ru uy'a Ha oBoj KoHTUHeHT ce npe-
TexHo coaeHv x ce ocTaToK oA HeKorauiH Te MopH$a ll KaKo TaKB!'{ HeMaaT no-
f oneMo cTonaHcKo 3Haqe$e.

HaceneHflero Bo ABcrpanxja e npercraaeHo oA AoMopoALl]4Te - A6opt't-

gurr.r r og roneu 6poj aoceneH14q[ oA EBpona (AHrnxqaHu, l4pq[, fepMaHq , tlra-
n jaHll[, fpu , lvlaKeAoHtlt4 14 Ap.).

ABcrpanuja e BucoKopa3BxeHa 3eMjoAencKa x ,iHAycrpxcKa 3elija. OA

3eMjoAencKure rpaHKx Hajpa3BreHx ce nonjoAencrBoro (oAmeAyBabe n'leHx-
qa, nqeHKa, nauyr, u.:e(epua rpcKa, ryryH x ap) t4 cro'lapcrBoro (oBqh I roBe-
jarneH, xene3Ha,
aa). A8crpannja e 6orara co pa3Htl pyar, xaro: :naro, cpe6po,
qr4HKoBa pyAa r Ap Tue ro oBo3Moxl4ne pa3Bojor Ha Meran-
HATA, efleKrpo HAyfip[jara fi Ap TnaBHx auAycrptlcKt4 ueHTp ce:
CrAHej, 6prc6ejH, A.qenavAa, nepr, KaH6epa tl Ap

t
 OKeaHnja r on$aka rpfiTe roner4fi ocrpoacKx rpyn!4 Bo Trlxl4or OKeaH:
MeraHe3xja, M],|KpoHe3rja I nonrHe3hja.
MeraHe3nja rl4 onoa(a ocrpoBnre: HoB 3enaHA, HoBa fBrHeja, Coflo-
I4oHoBxTe OcrpoBr4, HoBl4Xe6p A , HoBa KaneAoHhja Ap
MraKpoHe3taja e cocraBeHa oA 4 ocrpoBcKh rpynfi: MaphjaHcK re, Kapo-
nxHcKr,lT e/ MapLJancKxTe x r!4n6epToBt4Te OcTpoB!4,

norrHe3r.rja hr4a HajroneM 6poj ocrposu x ocrpoBcKl4 rpynx, oA Kol4

Hajno3Haru ce XaBajcKhre OcrpoBr4,

i-lopu4, ,ponc*ara Kfl!4r4a, Bo OKeaH ja HaceneHfiero nperexHo ce 3aHk-

MaBa co oArneAyBaFbe 6aHaHu, ue(epHa rpcKa, pr6onoB Ap

./ ':
.:."{#t
:!t

'. t-"

Hobq Kq^eqoHujo

Ule(epHuour bo3
Ho XobojcKuoo oc[pob - l\y'oyu
) 3o tudo ce LpDKaA odanusouuufre yHulJE@ u yHECKg?-

Bo xreoror Ha HapoAhre/ KaKo I Bo xr4Boror Ha ceKoja HAr4Br4Aya

OOI_I nocro,,AeH" so roArHara aocroeH 3a ce(aBa$e. TaKoB aeH e 24 oKroMBpr,l. Ha roj

AeH, Bo 1945 roA[Har Bo CaH OpaHqHcKo, CAA, e OopMlapaHa ueryrapoAra
( C),q; t,, q1 ; 1 r, )Cl t t t,lj Cl
1
opraHrcauxja noA rMero O6eArnern HaLlHr4. ToGUI e nornruiaHa noBen6ara Ha
j-lcl O6eAvHer re Hau x. OOH l4Ma qefl Aa rl4 oApxy8a merynapognror r"rrp ra
6$6eAHocr, pa:snaaj(r nprjarencKfi o4rocr uery HapoArrer 3acHoBaH[ Ha
Q -1 o 41 r, 1;1 te ryj t,y Uj q noqnryBa$e v Ha Haqenoro sa paMHonpaBHocr. OcBeH Toa, Taa rr4 noMp}ryBa fi rfi
nom4l(HyBa HapoA Te Ha copa6orKa Bo peuaBabero Ha cronaHcK[Te, KynrypH -
;1e1t1r-1t_1) Te, 3ApaBcrBeH[Te 11 cor-ll4janH Te npaLJalba/ KaKo H 3a Apyr npauaFba oA
o6nacra na uerynapoAHfiTe oaHocr.

OcHoBHu Ha,{ena qenfiHaOOHce: rul40 6e36eAHocr, .]oBeKoBv npaBa x

cno6oAh. Bo noBen6ara Ha OOH, HapoA Te oA cBeror ce noB KyBaar Ha Bo3-
ApxaHocr, 06eAhHyBalbe, 36rxxyBarbe, Ao6pococeflcK11 oAHoc1.r, peua-
Barbe Ha cnoposxre uefo gpxaanre no HxpeH h alrnnoMarcKn nar, or-
Opnarbe Ha BojHara KaKo onuro HapoAHo:rro x Ap
Bo MrlHaroro, a I AeHec, OOH npeKy Hej3hH Te MHory6pojqu Koy.kcuv v
Tera noMorHa Bo peuaBabero Ha 14Hory ceercrr npo6nel 1: Kpr3ara co cyeuKtlor
KaHan, BojHara Bo Kopeja, t4HAoKr,rHa I KoHro, noroa npeKvHyBaibero Ha
eKcnephr4eHT[Te co HyMeapHo opyxje, noN4orr Ha Hapoar,rre 3eraj re noroAeHia
'1
oA np[poAHr,4 Karacrpoox: 3eMjorpec, nonnaB|r'', BynKaHw cyu\ env1eM'lM t4 Ap

!
L,.,
i\,/ EBponcKara yHlja (Ey) e eAHa oA Hajroner4hre eKoHoMcKrl rpynau rl Bo
cBeror, Taa e ocHoBaHa Bo P M, Bo 1958 roA[Ha. Torau Bo Hea ,]reHyBare caMo 6
([: .1;,r;r1i,ir;7e,1 3er'4jr1i 6eflrMja, l4ran[ja, UyKcera6ypr, CP TepNraH!4ja, XonaHA;4ja x opaHlxja. Bo
floLreroKor oahe apxaB!4 14r4ane t-len Aa ro o6egrrar (rHrerpnpaar) cronaricraoro
/Ltt'tir1') ao c|4Te HeroBr4 rpaHK , a noaouHa Aa ce o6earnar xaro KoHOeAepaLl[ja. EBpon-
cKara yHHja BoAr4 oco6eHa rpfixa 3a yHanpeAyBarbe Ha 3eMjoAencKoro npoh3BoA-
crBo Li flHAycrp[jara, noroa 3a pa3Bojor Ha oMerH pe./.o{rl v noAo6pyBabe Ha
courjanHl4or 14 xvaorHl4or crdHAapA Ha HaceneHhero oA Hej3hHfire 3er.4j -
'rneH-
KH,

nopaAr4 ycnec[Te nocrxrHarLi Ha eKoHoMcKl,t nnaH Bo 1973 foAflHa/ Bo

EBponcKara yHhla np[cranrlne Ben Ka 6p raHfija, AaHcKa fl l4pcKa, a ManKy
noAoqHa TpL{fija, [UnaHkja fi nopryranrlja. Bo 1995 ro6nra xaxc nocneAH!4 ereHKi4
BoyH jara, c€ npfir'4eHri:Abcrpfija, [IBeAcKa h OfiHcKa.
 AeHec, Bo EBponcKara yHuja qneHyBaar 15 ApxaBu, a 6apaar Aa Ll ce
np AplDKar yure MHory Apyr, 3eMjH. OA ljaHyapl4 2002 roA Ha yHfijara BoBeAe
eAlHcTBeHa napx']Ha Banyra 3a c Te cBor4 'rneHKu - eBpoTo.
-\ ,t_

EOTA e eBponcKo 3ApyxeHre 3a cno6oAHa rpro8uja. OBa 3ApyxeHlae e

ocHosaHo Bo 1959 roA Ha, 8o XeHeBa. Bo Hero qneHyBaar lll8ajqap ja, HopBeu-
Ka I l4cnaHA. TnaBHa qen Ha EOTA e yHanpeAyBabe Ha rproBljara floi4ery oBue
3eMj .

CobeOoLU 30
6e36eqHocu.]
Hq OOH

l.t
3lpoqooo Ho OOH bo l-byjopK

Oq oKuuu e Ho
06equHeouoe Houuu

Ebpo-[opAoN4eH\!
ffi 3era;u ocHobogu Hq EY
,l-,
w m 3eMju Kou dpucaoo0une bo EY
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nd
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\rit- CfliqJancxo -
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Sr oq^uKu
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I
I g""joaercrBoro e np[lrapHa cronaHcxa rpaHKa Bo Koja ce ocrBapyBa
pur"oura"o npo!43BoacrBo. Toa ce Aen'4 Ha HeKonKy rpaHKh: nonjoaencrBo, oBoul-
I
rapcrao, no:apcrBo, croqapcrBo, LJyr4apcreo, noa rl pr6onoa
I
I

nonjoaencrBoro e HaFHaqajHa 3eMjoaencKa rpaHKa 3aroa uro roa o6e3-

xx-
Wa@mTb 6eayBa npol43Boalt HeonxoAHl4 Bo xcxpaHara Ha HacerleHhero/ 3a aor4auHure
BorHr4 x cypoBr4Hr4 :a Qa6praxrre, fnaBHt{ npofi3Boau oA nonjoaencrBoro ce:
xxrHhre, rpaAlHapcK re, l4HAycTpxcKxre x Kpl'lH re (OypaxHrre) xynrypu.

XrrHxre Kynryprl Maar Hajroner4o 3Ha'lebe Bo [cxpaHara Ha Hace-

neHhero, OA x[Tara HajMHory ce oArne.qyBaar nqeH]lqa, opH3, nqeHKa, coja H "
AP

nqeHxqara x
rHa Kynrypa. Co npepa6orKara Bo MeflHrtll4-
e Haj8axHa
Te oa Hea ce ao6!4ga 6pauxo, oa xoe ce npaBar ne6 ,1 pa3Hx neqlBa. co Hea ce
xcxpaHyBa oKony 40olo oA HaceneHfiero Bo cBeror. ll.leHuuara raj4o6po ycneaa
Bo yMepeH Te ronnl4HcKfi nojac[ Toa: Bo Hti3rlHt4Te, KornrHhre/ pe']H[Te Aonfi-
Hi4 x Ha Apyrx Mecra, HajroneMg cBercKx nporl3BoA[Tenx Ha nqeHrlqa ce: Pyc ja,
K[Ha, KaHaAa, CM, ApreHTi4Ha, ABcrpan ja x Ap fnaBHr u3Bo3Hr4Ll Ha nqeHhqa
ce: CA& KaHaaa x ABcrpanxja, a HajroneM,'l yBo3H14Lll,1 ce JanoHvjavl4{Naja.

XeLlrbo HajBlacoKx npoce,]Hr npuHocl4 Ha nqeHfiua ce ocrBapyBaar 80 XonaHAHja

(7 500 kg Ha t ha), noroa Bo BenxKa Ep[raHxja, OpaHunja, JanoHuja x Apyrn
Coqebe opu3
3eMjla.

Opx3or e BTopa no 3Haqerbe xnrHa Kynrypa t4 co Hero ce ucxpaHyBa

roneM 6poj oA HaceneH!4ero, OcBeH 3a ficxpaHa, opt43or ce Kopl,{crl,1 3a npaBerbe
nxjanaK - caKe, a co npepa6orxa Ha opr:oeara claua ce Ao6[Ba xapr ja. Opr3or
Haj.qoopo ycneBa Ha h 3a Hefo ce norpe6Hx r4Hory BoAa I TonnuHa.
nnoAH noqBr
HajraHory opl43 ce oArneAyBa Bo KlHa, JanoHl4ja, (bvnunh{t4,3eMjrre Ha l4H.qo-
/JaHa, nHAVja, CM,6pa3 n,naK craHxAP
TraBH,4 l.43Bo3Hr4ut4 Ha op 3 ce: CM la naK[craH. HajroneM nphHocx Ha

opla3 ce ocr8apyBaar Bo]anoHxja t4 Peny6n[Ka Kopeja 6 000 kg Ha xeKrap

JlqeHkara e xhrHa Kynrypa, Koja ocBeH Bo t4cxpaHara Ha

3HaqajHa
nyfero, ce xopNcru !4 KaKo cypoB Ha Bo HAycrpujara 3a ucxpaHyBarbe Ha Ao-
MauH[Te xl4BorHv. n.]eHxara HajAo6po ycneBa Bo Hl43l4H Te r Bo Korrlt4HfiTe KaAe
luro l4Ma AoaonHo Bnara fi TonnrHa. Hajno3Har o6flacru 3a oArneAyBabe Ha
nqeHKa ce: Mfic''c ncKara, naHoHcKara, Iou6ap4lcrara, BnauKarq l4croqHo-
eBponcKara Hx3l4Ha, KaKo ApreHT!4Ha, 6pa3un, lvleKc Ko u Apyrx. HajroneMfi
r43Bo3Hr4r.ll4 Ha nqeHKa ce cA& OpaHquja A 6pa3nn, a HajroneM yBo3Hl4q ce
JanoH ja x fepMaHfija.
 Cojara ce Kop cfla 3a A06 Ba Fbe Macno, 6paLuHo 3a ne6 3a hcxpaHyBa-
tbe Ha Ao6hroKor. HajMHory ce oErneAy8a Bo CM, 6pa3rn, K Ha, Pychja h Bo
apyrx 3eMjx.
fpaAyHapcKrlTe Kynryp[ ce MHory 3HaL]ajH Bo t4cxpaHara Ha Hacere-
H ero nopaau pa3H TeB TaM Hr,t Korl f,I coApxaT Boce6e.3a rpaar4HapcKhTe Kyn-

ryp4 ce noTpe6Hh nroaH noL{Br1, HaBoAHyBaFbe l,,l ry6peb,e. OA rpaArlHapcKfiTe

Kyflrypr4 Hajr\4Hory ce oAfneAy8aaT: AoMaToT, nrnepoT, KoM[]rpoT, serkaTa,
rpaBoT, KpacTaBhqaTa, 6ocraHoT rl ap HajfoneMfire noBplxt4Hrl co rpaallHap-
Kynrypfi ce HaofaaT Bo 6nk3rlHa Ha ToneMl4Te rpaAoBt4/ KaAe uJTo hI4a noBonH
cKl4
ycnoBh 3a Hr48Ho oArneAyBaFbe. AeHec rpaAxHapcK[Te Kynryph cd noBe(e ce
oArneAy8aar Bo opaHXephrl ,lnfl Bo fonn ner4 (nnacreHxuH). HajroreMI opaHXe-
pr4l4 r,rr4a Bo XonaHAl4ja, 6enrLnja, CA.q BoApyrri leMjr.
HajnoBonH ycnoBfi 3a oArneayBaFbe Ha paHorpaAxHapcKri Kynryp r4r{a
BO CynTpOnCKUTe npeAenrl. Bo EBpona Toa ce 3eMjxre Ha 6anKaHcKl,loT, AneH14H-
cKtloT fi nhprHejcKqor nonyocTpoB.

l4HAycrp cK re Kynryp ce ynorpe6yBaaT KaKo cypoBt4Hl4 Bo l4HAycrpr4

jaTa. Co HtlBHa npepa6orKa Bo Sa6p Rl4re ce npoLi3BeAyBaar r'4acfo 3a jaAebe,
LUe(eD TeKcTtln, q rapr Apyro. OA tHAycrpxcK Te Kynrypl,l, HajMHory ce
oArne-AyBaar: l|,le(epHara TpcKa, ueftepHaTa penKaf naMyKor, ryryHoT,
coHqo-freAoT/ MacnoAajHaTa penka, ao1roHor 14 Ap nsrurypn
llJe(eprara rpcra e Haj3acraneHa HAycrphcKa Kynrypa ce Kopl4cri4
3a npo,l3BoAcrao ua ue(ep Taa HajAo6po ycneBa Bo rponcK[re npeAenh KaAe
LJToreMneparyp re Ha Bo3Ayxorce B coKl4 Bo reKor Ha qenara roAUHa. floBo,rHfi
ycnoBh3a Hej3 Ho oAfneAyBaFbe ut4a Bo cynTponcKi4Te npeAe,, ,l, Bo 6-.lH3t4Ha Ha
Mopfirbara oKeaH re. uJe(epuara TpcKa HajMHcry ce oArneAyBa eo l4agv,tja,
6pa3t'r]l, Ky6a, lvleKc,lKo, KocrapfiKa, KonyMoraja, KvHa, (Dt/'nvnvHy, ABCTpaari.Ja t4
Bo Apyrrl 3e[4jh, HajroneM npo!43BoA Ten,4 ra ue(epna rpcKa ce 6pa3 ,'] 11

fiHA ja, a noroa Ky6a lvleKc Ko.

llleftepHarapeEKaHajAo6poycneBaetobra-,,rt t.:|u-t(oHri4-
HeHTarHa Kn Ma. Taa ce oArneAyBa eo noseie eepon,:r ' -t, , .,o yKpa-
Ha, OpaHLl[ja, TepMaHrlja, nc,rc(a,,!(o]t.tHlt1ja, Aaii.: t. I I .r,: :eMla ce
oAfnegysa Bo ileniroHt41a- Oir,lc flof, tL E) Kai)itat . '.: \.. , . .t. OBaa
HAyclpllcKa Kyrl-r)i;).1e ld! Ianat i:ir, ..:lA', l\"trI

("vt
,., J{ .-r.
^ . .- - ,rr r. :)|rt?
11a;q',i!:6; , ,.a r.,,- ,, '.)a)tr'
TKaeFnH! 1rj :r..,,, l{r!. ,,'r ' :arAHt4
flOqtsl1 !,,!l I!r: I,.,:illy- LllekepHo [pckq
Bata).tt'.
BaFbe ail. : . .ii l-Ft,
ll0t1i4 Hir I a r at, ltoToa
Bo Clv] (. .. '.rfrj :, 80
l1c!{arKr,l
 HajroneMx [3Bo3Hr,1ur.4 Ha KBanhrereH naMyK ce cAA Elkner, VlHAAja v
f4eKc Ko, a HaJroneM14 yBo3H14qx ce.]anoHuja tl raHory eBponcKr4 3eMj]4.

TyryHor e fiH,qycrpxcKa Kynrypa Koja ce ynorpe6yBa KaKo cypoB[Ha 3a

npoy3BoAcrBo Ha ur4rapfi Bo oapMaLleBrcKara [HAycrphja 3a aeKoBh. Toj Haj-
14

r4Hory ce oArneAyBa Bo A3[ja roa Bo K!4Ha, kHN4Ja uTyptlrlja, Bo AMeplaKa, Haj-

no3HarH npor3BoAr4renr Ha ryryH ce CM (B put.iHtlja k l)opvvja), 6pa3rn, MeK-
cl4Ko u Ky6a. Bo eBponcK[Te ApxaB HaJMHory r]rryH ce npofi3BeAyBa Bo rycfija,
L4ral'y,ja, fp\taja fi 6yrap ja. HajKBanfiTereH r\..ryH Bo cBeror npov3BeAyBaar
Ky6a, Typu[ja, Byraplrja r Peny6nhKa MaKeaoH ja.

Bo xou nouLu xotuauHu ycuefu uryuryHoE?

HajroneM r'r3Bo3Hr,1r-1r.4 Ha rfryH ce CAA, TypLt ja, f pt-\taja n l4{Ataja, a

HajroneMI yBo3HrlLl ce JanoHvja, TepM auuja u 4pyru.

CoH,{orneAor, aonoxor h MacnoAajHara penKa ce 3HaqajHx l4H-

Aycrp[cKl4 Kyarypfi Korl HajMHory ce oAmeAyBaar Bo Korn!4H re la Hla3t'lHhre, Co

npepa6orrca Ha coruorreAor I Ha MacfloaajHara penKa ce 40614Ba: Macno 3a jaae-

rue, a oA aSrotlor - onnyu xoj ce ynorpe6yBa 3a npaBelbe reKoBr.i.

E[6epor, rlrMeror 14 BaHrrara ce Haj3acraneHM 3aq[H Bo cBeror.

CoH!o-r,\eq E[6epor e rpMyLlecro pacreH e Koe HajMHory ycneBa Bo 14HAoH$ ja, l,4HAttja L1

6pa3l4n, qxMeror ce ao6 Ba oA Kopara Ha LlxMeroBoro ApBo Koe pacre Bo uplt

tlaHKa, ,lHAoHe3 ja 6pa3i.4n. BaHltrara HajIaHory ce oArneAyBa Ha MaAarac-
Kap, JaBa h lvlaBp q,lyc.

$ npnt**",
I, KAAE HAJMHoTy cE OAFAEAyBA LrIEKEPHA TPCKA?
2, BO KOH HALUH KOTAHHH HAJMHOTY CE OAFAEAYBA LIEKEPHA PENKA?

d *r.'r",

r'
!
'omwwoww,
^.
*
IIoTPyAH cE AA Ao3HAELU KOH COPTH TYTYH CE OATNEAYBAAT BO HALUHTE KOTAAHHI

"bril
Hr.1
oBourapcrBoro e 3eMjoAe^cKa rpa H Ka ,.r

ApBja, oArneayBaBe cKop cryBaFbe Ha oBourHhre nroAoBll Bo cBexa co-

crojoa l4nr1 npepa6oreH Bo pa3Hfi Mapr4anaav, KoMflol4, coKoBtl tl Ap
ja 3aAaqa e 3acaAyBalbe oBoLlt-

Bo 3aBncHocr oA KJltlMarcK Te ycnoBfl Bo Kot-4 ycneBa, pa3n[KyBaMe rpx

BlaAa oBouje: cpeAHoeBponcKo, cynrponcKo l4 rponcKo.
nc'frkxe{Wu @; Cpe4noeaponcroro oBouje HajAo6po ycneea eo o6racMte co yMepeHo-
I Kou ttuqotx otzctuje KoHTtlHeHTarHa Kn Ma, OA cpeaHoeBpoflcK Te oBoulHtl Bl/laoBv Haj3acraneH ce:
ce oqL^eqyfuoLu ja6onKoro, cnhBara, Kpyurara/ npacKara ti Ap

b AtujoLu KFnj? Ja6onKoro HajMHory ce oArreAyBa Bo EBpona, CeBepHa AI4ep Ka ABc-

I Koe otutuje -a Tpafifija. Toa ce oArneAyBa Ha roreMU nnaHraxfi, nph urro ce Kopl4c coBpeN{eHa
yb3ytuMe oq N4exaHruaunja. Hajno3Harl4 Br4AoBv ja6onKo ce KaHaAcKoro, Kan oopHl4cKoro,
aBcrpan cKoro vjanoHcKoro. HajroneMx npo 3BoAxrenfl Haja6onKo ceOpaHufi-
qryLlt 3eM.iu, a Koj ja, TepMaH ja, 6yrap ja, CAA, KlaHa, ABcrpan[ja I Ap
Hoc He ycAeLxl?
 Kpyuara e BTopo oBouje no 3HaqeFbe. HajMHory ce oArneAyBa Bo
EBpona, CeBepHa AMep[Ka x A3uja. Hajno3Haru npofi3BoArren Ha Kpylxx ce
tlranrja, CAA r KrHa.
CnnBara ce ynorpe6yBa c8exa flnfi cytxeHa. Co HeFxHa npepa6orKa ce
Ao6[Baar r4apManaA, 14 cfl!{BoBa paKxja. CrxBara e Haj3acianeHa Bo EBpona,
A3rja I CeBepHa AMep Ka.

npacKara MHory ce ynorpe6yBa Bo ucxpaHara Ha nyfero. Taa HajMHory

ce ynorpe6y8a cBexa, a Bo nocneAHo BpeMe cb noBe(e ce npepa6oryBa Bo coKo-
Bx, HajroneMx Konx'{ecrBa npacKr,l ce nporcBeAyBaar Bo EBpona, noroa Bo CeBep-
Ha I J\D(Ha AMepfiKa ]1 Ha Apyrfi Mecra,

CynrponcKoro oBourje HajMHory ycneBa Bo npeAenvre co cynrpoflcKara

Kr ,1Ma, KaAe UTO l4Ma AOBOflHO COHqeaa CBernxHa r{ TOnn Ha, TOa Ce Kpaj6pex-
Hajnoerarr etl4oeu cynrponcKo oBouje
Hl4re AenoBr Ha Mopfirbara h oKeaH Te.
ce: r nopToKar , MaHAap Hr4, Kar HKt4, Cr4OKBl,'|, ypMla apyna. Hajro-
l'4oHr4,
neMh npo 3BoA[renx Ha cynrponcKo oBouje ce: C/.F,, Vfianvja, tllnaHvja, Epa-
3l4n, lvleKcfiKo r.4 Ap
ypMlare ycneBaar Bo oa3laTe Ha Ervner, Mxxp CayA[cKa Apa6[ja, KaKo
n Bo Vtpa{ u l4PaK.

TponcKoro oBouje ycneBa Bo rponcKrre npeaenti Kaae ulro l4N{a AoBon-

Ho ronruHa u Bnara. Haj3HaqajH!4 B!4AoBx rponcKo oBouje ce 6aHaHure aHa-
Hacor. HajMHory TponcKo oBorirje ce npo 3BeAyBa Bo; 6pa3 n, naHar4a, XoH-
Aypac, KocraphKa, tlHAraja, ,lHAoH$,4ja Ha ocrpo8tlre Bo ArraHTcKl4or 14

Tvx[or OKeaH.

Io3apcrBoro e BXcoKa AoxoAoBHa 3eMjoAercKa rpaHKa, co Koja ce on$a-

TeHr oArneAyBabero BhHoBa no3a fi npo[3BoAcrBoro Ha rpo3je. fpGjero ce
KOpr4CTr4 CBeXO, HO x Ce'nDepa6oryBa fi OA Hero ce ao6 BaaT anKoxonHfi 14

6e3anKoxonHh n[jana$4, Br4HcK]1 oqer, rpo3AoB i4eA Apyro.

3a oArneAyBabe no3a e norpe6Ha ronra I cyBa KnhN4a, 6e3

Br4HoBa
r4Hory BpHexx. Taa HajAo6po ycneBa Bo o6nacrfiTe KaAe uro HF4a cpeAo3eMHo-
MOpCKa l(]l,lMa, JOrtlM U CyBn lera, a CO 6nari4 h BpHe]oll4Bl,l 3l4Mr. BaKsa
CO AOn fV

KnfiMa Ma Bo 3eMjl4re xor ce Haoiaat noKpaj CpeAo3eMHoro lvlope, KaKo OpaHqia-

ja, vlran]./ja, tllnaH ja, fpqtaja, Typq[ja, XpBarcKa, Anx p x ap, BtlHoBara no3a
litlk ifrtpus6utba:! a qWH.@#
ycneL!Ho ce oArneAyBa H ce 40614Baar BtlcoKl4 nprHoch
'1
ao 3eMjtlTe co ,13t'4eHero- ) roucoputu bJHofu ,^oio
cpeAo3€r4HoMopcKa fi yMepeHo-KoHT HeHTaIHa KnrFla, TaKB{ ce KornxH Te Bo
ce oqL/eqyboon bo
Hauara 3eMja, jyxH re aenoBfi Ha PycHja, Eyraptlja, PoMaHxja, nopryranfija I
Apyau 3eMj[. BrHoBara ro3a ycneBa x Bo nput4opcKt4Te npeAenh Ha CAI/ ApreH-
Ab)jon K@j?
rlaHa, q'ine, ABfipanujau Apyru. I xoj u ourKyLryln u

BKynHoro cBercKo roAfirxHo npol43BoAcrBo Ha rpGje e oKony 80 r"llaflh-

0pgt6ourytu Lpajeuto
oHr4 ToHr4. HajroneNrfi npox3BoA[Ten[ Ha rpo3je B],rHo ce opaHqfija, l4Tanfija, Ln Abeno MectJto?
lIJnaHrja, nopryranxja, fpqrja r Af > PocupaLuoj ce &7 uMutbo'a
oBl4e 3eMjfi 3aeaHo Rpof3BeAyBaar noBe(e oa 50o/o oa BKynHoTo npot13= Ha HeKou 6e4u-aAu upHU btJHo! .

BoAcrBo Ha rpo3je BxHo, CyBoro rpGje ce Ao6tiBa co cyuebe. HajroneM

KOnrrq€crBa cyBo rpo3je nporcBeayBaar Typqhja x rpu[ja.
 cTo,rapcrBoro e MHory 3Ha,lajHa 3eMjoAencKa rpaHKa 8o cBeror. npo 3-
Boa'4re Kofi ce ao6xBaar oa croqapcrEoro, KaKo: MfleKo, Meco, r4acr I jajqa ce
uery naj6aparrre r HajMHory ce ynorpe6yBaar Bo l,lcxpaHara Ha HaceneH[ero.
OcBeH Toa, oBaa rpaHKa o6e36eAy8a h cypoBnHl4 3a xHAycrprljara Co npepa6orKa
Ha BorHara ce npo!43BeayBa o6neKa, a og xoxara o6yexl u 4pyro'

CnopeA eKoHol'4cKoro 3Haqebe, KaKo I cnopeA 6pojor sa rprara (Ao6r-

ToKor) rnaBHfi croqapcK|4 rpaHKfi ce: roBeAapcrBoro, oBqapcrBoro, cBl4lbapcrBo-
r@wwt@l.a qgu@; TO t4 XI4B HapCTBOTO.

foBeaapcrBoro e HaFHaqajHa croqapcKa rpaHKa. Toa e 3acraneHo ce-

> AKo xureeuJ bo ceAo u KaAe KaAe Lrro r,rMa noBotlHt4 ycnoBt! 3a HeroB[or pa3Boj. Toa ce, rnaBHo, npe-
oqL/eqr' tuAe KPobLt, obJu aerr re co yMepeHa MxMa, Bo Kot,t ce laoiaar npocrpalu naolura co 6yjxa r
u Kotu, uHuepecuqj ce coqHa rpeBa. foBeAara ce taj:acranell
AoMaulHll xl4BorHl4. Aenec, nopaAr cA
nororeM Te norpe6!4 Ha HaceneHfiero 3a MreLlHl4 npo[3BoAl4 l'1 N4eco/ ce
KOn<y M,\eKO U CUrete
oarleayBaar B[coKonpoayKTt4BHI roBeaa oA uBajqapcKa x Opl43l4cKa paca. oBYe
L.oquuJHo Apus@yfuute? roBeaa ce oAmeAyBaar Ha coBpeMeH, HTeH3 BeH HaqrH Ha oapM[ la ce
npexpaHymar co Bl4coxorsanNrerua xpaHa, 360rareHa co Bt4TaM H14. fbpaAu roa,
Tr4eAaBaar ABojHo nororeM KorlfiL{ecrBa Meco t4rleKo. Hajl4Hory roBeAa l4Ma Bo
l4HA ja. l4er'froa, Bo raa 3eMja KpaBara ce cMera 3a ,,cBero xl4BorHo" 14 3aroa
MneKoro r,! Mecoro oA Hea He ce ynorpe6yBaar 3a rcxpaHa. no
HAlja, HajroneM
6poj roBeAa xMa 6pa3hn, CAA, K Ha I ApreHrxHa.

OBqapcrBoro e BTopa flo 3Ha'terbe croqapcKa rpaHKa. HajnoBonHr

ycnoB[ 3a pa3Boj npeAen ,
Ha oBqapcraoro l, 4a so yr4epeH[Te h Bo cynrponcKfiTe

KaKO U Ha B!4COK Te nnaH!4Hh Ha KOl4 Ma CBeXa rpeBa reKor Ha qet

BoorrereH
nepfioa. AeHec, co o,46xpaFbe I co BKpcryBabe ce oarne,qyBaar noee(e s,4Aos
oBut4, Kol4 AaBaaT noforeMrl Korll4qecTBa M,neKo, i4eco, BorlHa fi Koxa.

\ I r-
1€ Bo *ou notuu j8qe^u ce oqL/\eqytuou HoiMHoLy obJLo

Hajroner4 6poj oBqu ce oArneAy8aar Bo ABCTpanraja I Ha HoB 3enaHA- OA

eBponcKfire 3er.rjh, HajroneM 6poj oBuh l4Ma Bo Pyc ja, BenvKa EpyTaHuja, PoMa-
H ja, OpaHq[ja h tl]naH,1ja. Bo A3]aja, oBurre ce Haj3acraneHv Bo Ku'Ha' vlqp'nia A

ly'paH, a Bo AMephKa Bo ApreHTttHa, 6pa3lan I CM.

CB lbapcrBoro e paseneuo ao roreu 6poj 3eMj[. HajnoBonH!4 ycnoB 3a
pa3Boj Ha cBhrbapcrBoro r4Ma Bo Hl43vH[Te. Bo EBpona roa ce: ly'croqHoeBpon-
cKara, llaHoHcKara, BnauKara, JloM6apA[cKara Hn3v{a v' Ap Bo eBponcKl4Te
3eMjfi HajMHory cBn-bx ce oArneAyBaar Bo rycHja, feplaaHt4ja, noncKa, PoMaHxja,
nranvja, xotaHluja fl Ap. Bo K,1Ha, HajMHory o8qh ce oA eAyBaar Bo K HecKara
Hr13[Ha, Bo ceBepHa AMep Ka Bo Mfic c[ncKara Hn3v{a A o6nacra oKony
ToneMhre E3epa Bo CA8, a BoJ)ry{Ha AMepiaKa Bo 6pa3un fi ApreHT[Ha.

XrlBl4HapcrBoro e 3acraneHo Ha cxre KoHTI,4HeHTu. OA xtlB]4Hara Haj-

14Hory ce oArneAyBaar KoKoltlKt4, ['{}4cxpKl4, rycKr1 t1 Ap, oA H!48 ce Ao6xBaarjajqa,
Meco H flepayB . Bo c[Te 3eMj KoKoL.llKnre ce oArneAyBaar Bo coBpeMeHH
xljBrlHapcKr4 OapM . CnopeA 6pojor, HajMHory x BrlHa ce oArneAyBa Bo KlHa,
Pyc ja v CAA.

CuJoqq Ho inqHUHuOe

I
 CToqapcK[ npoH3BoA ce Mecoro/ MneKoro, BotHara I Koxara.
l.4ecoro r4Ma N4Hory BaxHo 3HaqeFbe Bo cxpaHara Ha nyiero. HajrofleN4o
KOn LTeCTBO MeCO Ce AO6UBa OA CBl4!-b Te h rOBeAaTa, a nOManO OA OBUXTe h
xhBhHaTa, HajroneN4rl npor'r3BoA Ten Ha cBfiHcKo Meco ce: K[Ha, Pycuja, CAA,
fepMaH ja I OpaHuhja, a Ha roBeAcKo 14 Ha reneLJKo Meco: CM, Pyct|ja, 6pa3un,
ApreHTtlHa h OpaHqxja. HajroneMu npoh3BoAxren Ha Meco oA oBtlti jarHxlba
ce: ABcrpanrlja x HoB 3enaHA.

l.4aeKoro 14 r.4fleLiHhTe npo[3BoAl4 ce HeonxoAHt4 Bo ceKojAHeBHara

cxpaHa Ha HacereHl4eTo, HajMHory ce Kopl4cTt MreKoTo Koe ce ao6LlBa oA
KpaB Te, a noToa MreKoTo oA o8q Te, HajfoneMrr npoh3BoAtlren Ha MneKo ce
Pycyja r CM, noroa fepraaHlaja, OpaHu[ja, BenhKa 6p[raHrja r Ap

BonHara ce ynorpe6yBa Bo reKcflinHara v1Ayctpt4lat KaKo cypoBhHa 3a

npo 3BoacTEo Ha o6neKa. HajfoneM npoi43Boa Te,' 4 Ha BonHa ce ABcTpanhja
HoB 3enaA.

G frpa-ruaroa
]. KoH nPoH3BoAH cE AoSHBAAT oA cToqAPcTBoTo?
2, KAAE Bo cBEToT HMA noBoAHH ycAoBH 3A PA3BoJ

d
HA OBqAPCTBOTO?

nocETH HEKOJA EnHcKA coBpEMEHA @APMA HA ToBEAA,

CBAI5A VAV )]<I,],BHHA. V 3ANO3HAJ CE CO HAqHHOT HA KOJ
THE CE OATNEAYBAAT H KO KY rPAA hMA.
Oq cruo,ropcurboruo bo Pycujo
A,OEHEHHTE NOAATOUH 3ANVIJII4 IV BO YL]HNHLUHATA TETPATKA I

.. .),.i .,

P 6oroaor e cronarcKa rpaHKa .Jfija 3aAa.la e oAffeAyBal-be, noBeFbe ,1

npepa6orxa Ha ph6HTe, Pu6ara nua 3Ha.rajHa ynora Bo i4cxpaHara Ha Hacere-

Hfiero. OcBeH Toa, Bo HeKo 3eMj,{ oA Hea ce npor8BeAyBa aeuralxo ry6plao. ,/@b '. a.ll'

fyiero ja ynorpe6yaaar pt6ara Ha noee(e Ha9t4+t4 t4 roa, KaKo co.neHa, cyueHa

hn KoH3epBhpaHa.

P 6onoBor woxe ga 6u6e peqeH, e3epcKri t4 MopcKh, Haj3HallaeH e

r4opcKl4or pfi6onoB, 6ra4ej(u ao Nloprlrbara ce noB,1 HajroneMo Konrrecreo pn6a.
Bo Mopxrbara ,1 oKeaH Te ph6ara ce troBl,l Ha coBpeMeH Haq[H, co cneLlyjanH ftaEtw.Wu @
mpexu r 6po4osN, a 3a loBe$e Ha K ToarlTe ce Kopricrar xa pnyHrl.
) Kou tuqob.t pu6u xufuout bo
P 6ara ce xpaHfi co nnaHKToH, To Mecrara KaAe lrjTo ce cyAfipaar
S>exuute, o xou tn qeg)uta u
Ma Ha
Tonnhre I cryAeHxre crpyl4, a rar4y l4ria ,i HajtaHory pH6a. Bo ATnaHTcK or OKeaH
Toa ce ronrara fon$cKa cryAeHara fla6paAopcKa crpyja. Hajno3Har re px6o- MoWrfrLLd?
noBH noApaqja eo AraaFircx or OKeas ce saofaar oxony FbySayHAneH, fla6pa- ) 3otuuto pu6uute ce 3HdlojHu
AoD hcnaHA, tlooorcK Te OcrpoBrl, noroa Bo CeBepHoro CpeAo3eMHoro Mope. Lo ucxpaHotLo Ho ,totEKon
 HajBaxHhre p[6onoBHn noApa,]ja Bo Txxror Oreas ce uaoiaar oKony JanoHcK[Te x
Kyp ncKxre OcrpoBx, Bo OxorcKoro l4ope I Bo nphMopcKxre AenoB Ha MjacKa,
nepy x Ll,lne. OA pl46 Te HajMHory ce noBar: xaprHra, 6aKanaD capAeaa, ryH/ nococ/
Kr4T l4 Ap
E3epcKr4or pu6onoa e sacraneH Ha crre noroneMli e3epa, KaKo lJTo ce:
Toner4!4Te E3epa Bo CA,4, KacnficKoro, ApancKoro, BajKancKoro fuepo Bo Pyc]rja,
$epara B Kropuja, TaHralb[Ka, Fbaca, qaA BoAOp Ka Apyr[.
Pe,.{Hr4or pv6onoB e 3acraneH Ha cl4Te peKx, a HajMHory p 6a ce noBl4 Ha
roneMure peK[ Bonra, Mt4crlcviny,, faHr, AyHaB, JaHueKjaHr Apyr.

UlyMapcrBoro rx onQa(a o4rne4yaarsero I xcKophcryBabero Ha LJyMr4Te,

T,le HMaar roner4o 3Haqe]be 3a 3ApaBjero Ha HaceneHl4ero, 6ngejfua ro npolrficry-
Baar 3araAeHror Bo3Ayx, r!4 y6naxyBaar BerpoBure, rl4 cnpeqyBaar epo3[jara I
nonnaBure, ApBjara uMaar u!4poKa np[r4eHa Bo rpaAexHhurrBoro, ApBHara I
xeM[cKara vHAycrp ja.

Bo 3aBlcHocr oA KnlN,rarcKrre ycnoBr/ LJyr4r/Te ce Aenar Ha rponcKu,

cynTponcKrl fi LJyM14 Boyr4epeHara MuMaTcKa 3oHa-

TponcK[re u:yr'rr ce naoiaar Bo npeAenure co eKBaropcKa ,{ co rponcKa

Kn Ma. Tl4e 3aoa(aar 50o/o oa c re LuyN4r4 Bo cBeror r npercrasyaaar ,,6enn 4po-
6oBx" Ha 3er4jara. OB[e uyMl4 HajMHory ce pacnpocrpaHerx Bo cjll4Bor Ha peK,rre
Ar4a3oH h KoHro, noroa Bo tlHAoHe3rda, l4HAoKuHa v l4qp.uja.
Llo 6.luatHono Hd
Bo rponcKlre uyMr4 ycneBaar MHory cKanoqeHh ApBja KaKo: a6oHocoBo,
M@tuo Ho xufutd 6au6ycoao, xrnrnoBo, l4KoBor Maxa.oHoBor caHAanoBo x Ap
Poa.tpoLuoj ce KoAt<y
CynrponcKrre uyMl4 rx l,1r4a Bo cynrponcK[Te npeAenu. Bo HIB HajMHory ce
ce jouJyMeHu co 6op, eAo 3acraneHfi nprMopcKr4or 6op I t]eMnpec, a rua Aa6 H AB OBrae uiyMx HajMHory ce
eeMj@e pacnpocrpaHerh noKpaj CpeAo3eMHoro Mope, noroa Bo ABcrpanfija I Ha 3anaAHxor
6per Ha CAA.

ljJynrre xou ce naoiaar Bo yMepeHara Knlrvarcxa :ora :a$a(aar HajroneM

aen oa EBpona, A3hja r CeBepHa At4epvKa, a Ha JyxHara nonyronKa rr4 rMa Bo
ABcrpanuja, JyxHa ASpfiKa n jyxH[re AenoBrl
Bo Ha JyxHa AMep Ka. Bo oBaa 3oHa
LJyr4l4Te MaarnhcronaAHfi 14 rnon cHr4 ApBja,

Haj6oral1 ApxaBfi co rxyMh ce: 5pa3 n, Aer4oKparcKa Peny6n[Ka KoHro,

Pycxja, KaHaaa, OvHcKa, HopBeurKa h Ap

&d' rt
 Enep"aTcxu uebpt
u nubns pTrcnoma
WgnWJ,leHffi,A
EHeprercKHTe [3Bopr4 ce Aenar Ha rpaAfiq[oHanH ]4nH crap!{ r,i Ha coBpeMeH rll4 HoBh,

- TpaAuqfioHanHl4Te eHeprercKr 3Bopx ce ynorpe6yBane Bo Mr4Haroro cb 4o aropara nonoBLrHa Ha XVIII BeK,

Kora UeMc Barja npoHauon flapHara MautiHa. Bo ffaplaTe BpeMHrba qoBeKorja Kopficren cBojara c!4na, noroa c[nara Ha
AoN{auHl4Te xl4BorHr, eHeprHjara Ha orHor 14 MexaHuL{Kara cuna Ha aerepor Ll Ha peKure.

CoBpel4eHxre eHeprercKl4 t43Bopt4 14 Ht4BHoro t4cKophcryBabe no'rHano co npoHaoiarsero ta naptara Mau,4Ha,

Torau, TraaeH eHeprercKl4 r43Bop craHan jarneHor, Bo BTopara noroB[Ha Ha XIX BeK 6ran npoHajAeH r4oropor co
BHarpeLxHo coropyBaFbe, a KaKo eHeprercKr4 r.43Bop noLrHara Aa ce Kopr1cr,1 HaoTara. KoH Kpajor Ha XIX BeK 6xna
npofi3BeAeHa eneKTpr4,.rHara eHepr[ja, a KoH cpeA!4Hara Ha XX BeK 14 aroMcKara eHepr[ja. AeHec, Bo HeKo[ 3er4j KaKo
eHepr ja ce Kopl4crar coHqeaara r reorepManHara eHepruja x chrara Ha Berepor.

laffr€Hor HacraHar npeA rqHory Mvrt/oHA roqt4Hr\ co JarneHocyBalbe Ha

BxcoKxre ApBja - cur\napn !4 nen[AeHApoHr4 Bo 3eN4j[Hara Kopa. hMa HeKonKy
Br4AoBta jaraeH. Tpeceror ejarneH co HajMana Kanop qHa BpeAHocr 14 cogpxfi 50o/o
jarnepoA. IhrHrror coApxv 600/0ja epoA 14 ronnorHa BpeAHocr oA 16800Uynx(J).
l4pKhor jarneH coApxta 70o/o jarnepoA r.1 AaBa ronfl HaoI 25200Uynu. KaMeH or
jarneH coApxr.l 85o/o jarnepoA r AaBa ronnr4Ha oA 33 600 Uynv(J). AHrpaqtiror co-
Apxra 90olojarnepoA rl AaBa ronnfiHa Ao 37 800 uyrr.
cBercKfiTe pe3epBrl Ha jarneH ce npoqeHeru Ha 8 600 Mmnjap4r ronu. 04
Ht4Br 77o/o Ce KaMeH )a rn eH, a apyfr4or aen, M pK ja rneH I n fi rH l4T. Bo c8eror, ja rn eH or
ce naoia so verupu maBH noapa,{ja.

npBoro noApa.rje ja on$a(a repxropxjara Ha Pyc ja. Bo o8a noApa,.rje

Hajno3Har[ 6aceH Ha jarneH ce AoHcKr,lor, Ky3beqKfior, TyHrycKfior, KaparaHAa,
IeHcK[or I neqopcKr4or. Bo oB e oaceHr ce Haoiaar 52olo oA cBercKrre p$epBh Ha
Kar4eH jarneH 600/0 Ha r fHr4T 14 Trle ce Ha npBo MecTo Bo cBeToT.

Broporo noApaqje ce saoia sa rep ropxjara Ha CM, 3anaAHo oA

AnhreHcKfire naaHxHr4, Koe ce nporera Ha Aorx[Ha oA 1 300 km u Ae6erlrxa na
jarneHoB Te cnoeBu Ao 35 raerpH.

Tperoro noApaqje Ha jarfleH ce Haoia Bo KrHa. TaMy Hajno3Harl4 6aceHr ce:

[-ueHch, UlaHc h MaHUypfija.

LlerBproro noApa,rje ce naofa ao Eepona, Toa novnyea Bo BenrlKa 6p[ra-

Hxja,Eenrflja, OpaHq ja,FepMaH ja u 3aBpuyBa Bo noncKa (Lllne3 ja).

OA jaeHor ce Ao6[Baar Kay'{yK/ nnacrt4r']HM Macr, cMonfi, KarpaH u Ap

BKynHoro cBercKo npo[3BoAcrBo r43HecyBa oKony 5 Mranujapl[ ToHh. Hajroner4r4
H3Bo3Hr4Llr4 Ha ja eH ce CM, noncKa, fepr4aHnja h Pycfija, a yBo3Hxux ce JanoHhja,
l4rannja, LIlBeAcKa I Ap
 HaoTara xMa opraHcKo noreKno. Taa HacraHara co pacnafanero sa
{'
\, J-
peHt4Te BoAH14 opraHr3Mh Bo HeKorauHrre l4opl4$a. 14HAycrptlcKoro

Ha Haora noqHano no 1859 roAuHa, Kora Bo CA/q (neHc nBaHxja) 6hna HanpaBeHa ) H
npBara AynHar[Ha. Ha$Tara KaKo eHeprercKl,l l4sBop noqHana 4a ce ynorpe6yea co
npoHaoiarsero na uoropor co BHarpeuHo coropyBalbe Bo BTopara nono8laHa Ha XIX U
BCK,
:

AeHeuHHTe cBercKh p$epB Ha HaOTa ce npoqeHyBaar Ha 76 M[nvjap n

ToHr,1. HajroneM Aen oA oBl4e p*epBt4 ce Haofaar so Age roreM noApa'lja. npBoro
no,qpa.rje ce raofa uery LlpeeHoro r [pnoro lv'lope, nepcficKl4or 3ant4B I Kacn,4cKoro wc
fuepo. Bo oBa noApavje ce naoiaaT 70olo oA cEeTcKuTe pe3epBh Ha HaoTa. BTopoTo
roneMo noApa.rje ce nporera oKony KaplancKoro Mope f4eKc[KaHcKl4or 3aflflB Bo
AMeplKa. Toa pacnonara co 10o/o oA cBercKl4Te pe3epBl4 Ha HaOTa. OcBeH Bo oBl,le
noApa,{ja, Ha$ra nMa Bo Pycuja, nu6uja, An:i/.4p, KaHaAa, KhHa, CeBepHoro Mope,
14HAoHe3nja, PoMaHfija fi Ha Apyrx Mecra.

3eMHrlor rac e nocrojaH flpxApyxHuK Ha HaOTara Toj ce ynorpe6yaa xaro

Tonn HCKH I eHepretcxu u3eop Caercxure p$ep8t4 Ha 3eMeH rac ce npoqeHyBaar Ha
200 rpr4nroHI m3. OA o8fie p$epBt1, 50yo ce Haofaar Bo Pyc,4j a,20o/o ao CM a 30o/o
ce Bo Kt4Ha, XonaHA ja,KaHaAaIApyr 3eMjx.

OA Hadrara ce Ao6fiBaar noBe(e oA 300 AeDrBar!'t, oA Ko!4 Haj3Ha'lajHia ce:

6effi H[Te, MoropH Te Macfla, nnacrrqHxre Mach, ryr4fi;e, neKoB Te Ap

'.t

MopcKo
HodcIeHo
unoOcPopf.4o
 XuqpercpIa$a,
qTrcnrcNq erffifu,tjd u
erex@pmw elffifutj@

XuApoeBeprrjara e eBrl4H r,13Bop Ha eHeprxja, 6r4ej(n nocrojaxo ce

o6HoByBa. HajroneMa xxApoeHeprercKa cvna vy,aar peKxre ,lxj naA e roner4,
nporoKor Ha BoAara e 6p3, rrMaar Ana6oK[ Knucypl4 la nocrojaHo H14Bo i]a BoAara.
Toa ce nnaHfiHcK Te peKri,3a pa3nxKa oA Hl4B, par\4Ht4'.lapcKl4Te peK MMaar Man
naA. Ho, 3aroa, naK, T e yMaar roneMo Koir[qecrBo BoAa I Ha HrlB ce rpaAar
6panu r xugpoqerrpanr.

BKynHara xxApoeHeprercKa c'ina Ha peKhre Bo cBeror ce npoLleHyBa Ha

> AoKo^Ky fu 6tusuuo no 32 000 MfinHjapAh KWh. Haj6orar KoHr[HeHr co xHApoeHepr,4ja e A3uja, co oKo-
Obeno Mecr.uo uMo ny 360/o. l1o Hea ce Aop Ka, lyxHa AMepxKa, EBpona fi
CeBepHa AMep Ka,
xuqpuenDpto uau ABcrpanflja. Meiyroa, rcxoprcreHocra Ha BoAHara eHeprxja e HajroneMa Bo
Aepuouen poto EBpona fi Bo CeBepHa Ar4ephKa, co oKony 25ol0, tlcKopl,lcreHocra Ha peKrlTe Bo
A3uja e 4%, BoJyxHa AMep Ka2%,aBoAOp Ka0,2%.
pocwptuoj ce:
Kojo quHo e u{pqena? foAxrxHoro npo{3BoAcrBo Ha xrApoeHeprxja Bo cBeror e oKony 2 000

Ko,4<y eAeKUpLHHo
vL/.nl/.japAk KWh. Bo HeKou 3eMj npo 3BoAcrBolo Ha eneKTpt4,tHa crpyja oA
x ApoeHeprfijara ce naoia na npeo Mecro. TaKa, BaKBoro npo 3BoAcrBo Bo 6pa-
eue{.ujo Awu3Lreq/tu zun e 93o/o, Bo HopBeuKa 91olo, Bo tlBajqaprja 670/0, Bo KaHaAa 600/0 x Apyrx.
quuno? HajroneMu x ApoueHrpan ce 3rpaAeHx Bo n/c{ja, KaKo: KpacHojapcKa Ha EHft-
Kou HoceAeHu Mectlo u cej, BparcKa Ha AHrapa, BonrorpaAcKa 14 Kyj6[ueBcKa Ha Bonra n 4pyr . Bo CA,Q,

uHqycDp)cKu fijexutu r,u HajroneMu xulqpoqeHTpanx ce fpaH Kyn[ n 6oqt4Bkn Ha KonyNa6iaja I XyBep Ha
KonopaAo.
cno6qyfu co eHepujo?

ATOMCKaTa eHepffija ce ao6uBa oa ypaHxylvtor x ropl4yMoT, co aenelbe

Monexo (S cxja) Ha Hl4BHfire aroMh. flp roa ce ocno6oAyBa orpoMHo KolrqecrBo eHep-
r ja Koja ce Kopl4crx 3a npo[3BoAcrBo Ha eneKrpxqHa crpyja 3aApyr qen]4.
ypaHhyMor KaKo pyAa aroMcKo Topr4Bo To ilNia Ha HeKonKy Mecra.
Hajroner4h p€epBfi ra oaaa pyga (noae(e oA 70olo) ce Haofaar Bo KaHaAa, cM
3au0 a MHory noManKy ro xMa Bo Pyclja, Jyxnoa$prrancra Peny6rrxa r
ABcrpanHja. Top[yMor, naK, HajMHory ro xMa Bo ly'HA[ja 11 6pa3Hn.

AeHec Bo cBeror l4r'4a nose(e oA 250 aroNacKrl LleHrpan . noee(ero oA

l. HNa ce Haofaar Bo CAA PycHja, Ben Ka 6p raHrja, JanoHhja, TepMaH ja,
OpaHq ja ra Ap
 foaxurHoro npox3BoacrBo Ha eneKTpt4qHa eHeprxja Bo cBeror l43HecyBa

oKony 12 000 M nfijapAl4 KWh. OAoBa nporl3BoAcrBo/ 82olo ce ocrBapyBaar Bo repr4o-

qeHTpafl[Te aroMcKure qeHTpanx. oBt4e ueHTpan KaKo fopxBo fh Kopl4crarjafne-
HOT, HaoTaTa, Ma3yrOT,3eMH OT rac, yPaH yl4OT 14 TOpt4yMOT. BO XnApoqeHTpanxTe,

KaAe KaKo nOTOHcKa cu,la Ce Kopl4cTl4 BOAaTa, ce npomBeAyBa 18yo oA EKynHaTa

eneKTpr4,rHa eHepr ja Bo cBeroT.

ou***b xoprctaout depwuendpnL,e LD HoLuotu EMid

$
OA BKynHoro npo[3BoAclBc Ha eneKrpl4']Ha eHeprfija, 85o/o ce pean 3 pa Bo
:eujure na Ceeepna AMep Ka 14 EBpona. Cl4Te 3eMj 3aeAHo ocrBapyBaar caMo 15olo
oAcBercKoro npor3BoAcrBo Ha eneKrpfi,iHa eHeprxja.

HajroneMu npofl3BoA!4renI Ha eneKrprqHa eHepr ja ce: CAA, Pyc/ia, Jano-

Hr4ja, fepMaH[ja h KaHaAa. AeHec, norpe6hre u norpouyBaL]Kara Ha eneKTp[qHa
eHepr ja ce 3roneMyBaar co no6p3o reMno orKonKy npox3BoAcrBoro. fbpaAh roa, Bo
noroneM 6poj 3eMj KaKo npo6neM cejaByBa HeAocraroKor oA eneKrp!4'{Ha eHeprHja.
Bo IAHr,rHa oBr4e npo6neMu r4oxar Aa ce peuaBaar co npeHacovysarse xon o6l-|oul-
Bure rcBopl4, KaKo urro ce BoAara x
3rpaA6ara Ha !4anh nporoqHl'l xl4ApoqeHTpanfi
Ha peKhre, KaKo !4 KoH Kopt4crebe Ha conapHa eHeprlja !4 eHepr[iara oA Berepor.

tlpou3boqcLlJbo
Ho eneKdpugHo
eHepr,ujo
co aoMoLl] Ho
beOepoLu

Hy(n eopHo
ueHdpoAo

L ,4.

I
 Cy@unu ql fif,utiwtN,io,
w@,llluweN,@ u
xuffiatme<o (taTtexrc
ufl@ww4W a qpanafr
Uuto nojunay ce lvlhHepanHhre cypoBrrHrl ce 3Ha!lalHrl 3a pa3BojoT Ha necHara y Ha reuJKa-

oqo,aeqye tn Alnetuo Aerar Ha MerarHy y HeMeranHr.r pyAr. MeranHyre pyAx ce

uecfio so xuteerd
Koj u.r onkyLrytu u
Apepn6ou-ytu Aue
0@utuqu)
AuJo ce qo6ubs co
HubHono 0pepo6oTxo?
Ta tlHAycrphja. Tlae ce
lonar ronfinHxq re. Co HuBHara npepa6orKa ce 4o6neaar Meran oA Kofi ce
Bo
fi3pa6oryBaar pa3Hu npo[3BoAy. Haj3Ha,.]ajH MeranH'1 pyA ce: xene3Hara, oro-
eoqnrroaara, 6axapHara, 3naroro, cpe6poro, nnaryHara ta Ap.
Xene3Hara pyAa ce A06 Ba oA pyA'lTe: MarHerur, xeMar'.rr, rrrMoHhr,
cu4epvr n nupvr, Bo r4Hory 3eMjr{ Bo cBeror !,rMa peepBy Ha xene3Ha pyAa. Haj-
KBaflfiTerHa xene3Ha pyAa, co BrlcoK npoqeHr Ha Merarr fiMaar: U.lBeAcKa, Pychja,
KaHaAa, 6pa3rn, Kr4Ha fi Ap 3a po6rearse qepcr[ t]enuUH Ha xere3oro My ce Ao-
AaBar Oeponerypu, KaKo MaHraH, xpor'4, HfiKen Ap HajroneM14 pe3epBfi Ha MaHraH
ce Haoiaar Bo Pycxj a, VIHAt\a,6pa3vn n Ap XpoMor e Haj3acraneH Bo Jyxrfoadpfil
KaHcKa Peny6nrKa, PycHja, Typqlja I Ap H KennMaBoKaHaAa,Pyc[jarKy6a.'
OnoBoqr4HKoB[Te pyA[ ce Haoiaar saeAHo ce Ao6HBaar oA pyAfiTe raJ]e-
Hxr x c$anep[T. HajrofleMra pe3epBl4 co oBfie pyAl4 fiMaar CAA, MeKclKo, KaHaAa,
nepy E AO

- Kou Ho,.ru pyqHuuu ce xouo oboo pyqo?

C
Eaxapor ce 4o6rsa oA pyAara xanKonfipr4r. EaKapHara pyAa HajMHory ja
xMa Bo q ne, CM, 3axp, nepy l,i Ap

3naroro, cpe6poro nnarrHara cnaiaar go tpynara 6na.opo8H Meralfi.

1,1

Bo np poAara, 3Jraroro
14 cpe6poro ce taofaar noce6ao, a ce 4o6raaar ia npr

Tone$e Ha 6aKapHara h Ha onoBouHHKoBara pyAa- Haj6orary ApxaB,l co pBepBr{

Ha 3naro ce JyxHoa$p KaHcKa Peny6n Ka, CAA, ABcrpan[ja, KaHaAa Ap,, a co
cpe6po KaHaAa, nepy, MeKcfiKo h Ap nnarqHara e Haj3acraneHa Bo KaHaAa, JyxHo-
a$prKaHcKa Pe n y6fl hKa v Pyct4ja .

HeMerarH Te ct/poBr4Hfi ce pacnpoclpaHerfi Bo f4Hory 3eN4jh Bo cBeror,

The HajMHory ce i(opl4crar Bo rpaAexH!.{LlrBoro, Bo xeMhcKara i{ Bo vHAycrp[jara
3a craK.no. floBaxHl4 HeMeranirH cypcB!.rH!4 ce: Hurpar re, Socoanare, ueraeHT-
HHOTnanopeq, KBapqHnoT necoK, THncoT, rnvHfiTe h Ap.

HHTparHTil H oocoarfiTe ce Kopr,rcrar 3a Ao6raBaFb€ aeuravro ry6pneo,

HajroneMi4 pe3epBx oA oBrle HeMeranH!4 cypoaurir ce naoiaar Bo Lll4ne, CAA, Pycxja
ITyHxc. UeMeHrHHor ce Kopxcrr KaKo rnaBHa cypoBraHa:a Ao6nsatbe qe-
'lanopeu
-. MeHr. Toj HajMHory e 3acraneH Bo Pyc ja, JanoH ja, CM h l4ranvija. KBapqHfior
..t- t Bo hHAycrp jara 3a craKno. Pe3epB[ Ha KBapqeH necoK
-.. .i "-'"""" cypoBvHa
"''"
n"aon
"""'" - oanounu
\-, , '
"
C{4, Aja, 6ennaja v ap,
i \"'.,.: "(12 ..
14 Ma Bo O pa H u

\ r.,n\_f\ Koqe bo HOU]oLIJO 3eV!O UMO UeMeHLlleH nouopeu U

UECOK?

I
 CypoBl4Hure oA pacrhrenHo I oA xt4Borl,lHcKo noreKno ce Ao6rlBaar
oa nonjoAencrBoro, croqapcrBoro 14 Lxyl4apcrBoro. Txe xMaar uvpoKa nprMe-
Ha BO npexpaH6eHaTa, TeKcTl4JlHaTa, xellrcKarar ApBHaTa, 80 xHAycrpfijaTa 3a
KOXI4, ryM , O6yBKr4 v BO !4HAycTp!4jala 3a TyryH. oBxe !4HAyclpxcKx fpaHKtl He
(e r,roxar 4a $ynrqrorupaar 6e: cypoahHfiTe orq pacr reflHo 14 oa xxBorl4H-
cKo noTeKno.

cypoBHHxre oA 3eMjoaencKo noreKno, rnaBHo, ce 3acraneH14 Bo 3er{-

jl4Te Bo yMepeHhre nojacr Bo oHfie co cynrponcK 14TponcKr K-nYMarcKl4 Trn

3eMj{Te Bo yMepeHrre nojacn HajMHory npo 3BeAyBaar x rHH Kyn-

ryph (nqeHIqa, n,.rerxa, javuen, 'px, opia3 x Ap), noroa tlHAycrpl4cKv Kynrypx
(coHqorneA, ue(epHa penKa, MacnoAajHa penKa, aoroH, neH, KoHon l, Ap). Bo
3eMj re oA oBoj nojac 3HaqhrenHo ce npotl3BeAyBaar oBouije 3eneHqyK.

MHory noroneMo npofi3BoAcrBo Ha cypoBt4Hl4 oA

noTeKno ce ocTEapyBa Bo 3er4jHTe co cynrponcK,l 14 TponcK[ K-n]4MaTcKl4 T n'

TyKa cnafaar 3eMjvre JyxHa x Jyro

oA crovHa A3 ja, eBponcKrlre 3eMjx oKony
CpeAo3er4Horo plope, noroa oHHe Bo Aop Ka, CeBepHa Jp(Ha AMep Ka. Bo
3eMjvre co cynrponcKv Kn14MarcKrl r n HajMHory ce nporcBeAyBaar rpaA[Hap-
cKfl Kynrypfi jyxHo oBouje (n N,roHx, noproKantl, MaHAap Hl4, N4acnxHKh? yp-
r.4r4, KarfiHKr4, cMoKBr, noroa ipri:jE, ni yr, ryryl, opr: I ap;
Bo 3eMjxre co rponcK Kn MarcKh rhn HajtaHory ce npo[3BeAyBaar
KaOe, KaKao, ue(epxa rpcxa, RuKrtpt4l\ KayqyK/ noroa rponcxo oaoul;e, 6a-
HaHt4, aHaHac, MaHro I ap.

3't .
u***n*
OA KoH PyAH cE AOSHBA >KEAE3HATA PYAA?
2. KOH AP)KAA!i CE HAJFOTATH CO 3AATO?
3. LLITO HAJMHOTY CE OATAEAYBA BO 3EMJHTE CO CYNTPONCKH H TPONCKH
KAHMATCKH THN?

Aa
a

nocETH HEKoJA QAEPHKA KoJA nPEPAEoTyBA cvPoBI-lHA oa MHHEPAAHo

H H PACTHTEAHO H X<HBOTHHCKO NOTEKNO H 3ANO3HAJ CE CO HAT]HHOT
HA NPEPASOTKA.
 -1^''.
";:-tls;-
l4nry&ryeru -tpnxu u
4xrcxo OpanobcgMbo
)

1 MtHeNlMtU Cyp&tnu
AgWp@:qfbAj U qAaXWj: l4HAvcrp Jara o6$6e4vaa npor:eo4n N cpeAcrea:a pa6ora:a:eujo-
aercTBoTo, pyAapcrBoro, coobpaKaJoT, 3apaBcTBoTo, obpa3oBaH,leTo/ ryph3-
Mor 1,1 Ap ly'HAycrp jara ce AenH Ha: TeuKa 14 recHa. TeuKara HAycrphja
Kojo uHqycttryCKo apoHKo nperexro npepa6oryBa cypoBr,iHr oA 14hHeparrHo noreuo. Bo reuKara hHAyc-
e nctJJojeHo La 6meLno Tpt,lja cnar'aar: Meranyprxjara, MauhHcKara, ereKTpohHAycrpttjara h
Ho ulbefio uec0d xeMtcKara l,tHgycrp]4ja.
AuJo Apwbqytu Aod Meranyprxjara rr on$a(a ronelbero Ha pyAhre I npo[3BoA-
Koqe w u3fu3yfu u crBoro Ha Mera,ltl. Bo 3aBllcHocr oA MerarHTe Kotl rh npepaooryBa raa ce
jwqotu Apou3brqune Aenx Ha qpHa y o6oeHa.

KOAKy AyL.e pOOOUOUJ
tn He(f
l,4Hqycurpujo ho o6oeHu
MeLUo U bo r]u^e
qpHara Meranyprlja nporcBeAyBa xere3o, qert4K, HrKer, , ,t-
Mosr4, ufl,rHr,r la Ap. Xen$oro ce Ao6uBa co loneFbe Ha xefle3Hara pyAa Bo
TonrirHr,lllfire, a venuKor npeKy AoAaBa$e Ha oeponeryp Ha xene3oro, KaKo
$epoornrqryv, xpor4, Monx6AeH, r4aHraH H Ap fll,lN.toB Te,4 ul4Hl,ire ce npo!13-
BeAyBaar Bo BararHruhre. UpHara Meranyprrlja e Hajpa3B eHa Bo h/cl4ja,
JanoHhja, CA,q, KhHa fi TepMaHlaja. Hajno3Han4 per,4oHt4 Bo Pycrja ce ypancKfi-
or h Ky3FbeqK or 6aceH, a HajroneM ueHTap e l4arHfiToropcK. Bo JanoHuja roa
ce: ToKho, OcaKa, Ko6e, a Bo CM per oH[Te oKony AnanallKt4Te TlnaHhHrl h
foreM Te E3epa. Bo K Ha HajroneN4 per oH Ha LlpHara ueranyprrja e Malgy-
phja, a Bo TepMaH ja Bo o6nacrfire Pyp h Cap

O6oexara eranyprxja npo 3BeAyBa 6aKap, a,lyMtlHxyM, ono-

Bo 11 ql,tHK t4 Ap. OBl4e !4era^Lr HajrofleN4a npfilieHa t4aar Bo eneKTpol,lHAyc-
Tp jara, aBToMo6 ncKara, aBfloHcKara fi Bo Apyn4 ,lHAycrp[cKt4 rpaHKrl.

EaKapor Hajr''rHory ce npo,l3BeAyBa Bo CM, Llyne, Pychja, KaHaAa,

3ahp Apyrh 3eMj , Co eneKrpon 3a Ha 6aKapor ce A06 Baar r4arv Korr.i-
,4 Bo
qecrBa 3raro cpe6po. onoBoro r,4 uhHKor r.1[4aar LJl4poKa np r4eHa Bo BoeHa-
ra HAycrp ja, KaKo ta 3a npo 3BoAcrBo Ha 6arepx , aKyr4ynarop,l l,{ Ap Haj-
roner4fi npor3BoAr4renh Ha onoBoI r-ll,rHK ce Pyci4ja, CM Li JanoH,lja. AnyMfl-
Lx poKa npLiMeHa ao aeroMo6fircxara ta aBvoHcKara taugyctpvja.
Hl,4yMor !4Ma
MyMflHriyM HajMHory ce npou3BeAyBa Bo CM, Pyc ja, KaHaAa, TepMaH ja fi Ap

MauhHcKara nHAycrpxja npoy3BeayBa MawvHtA t4 cpeAcrBa 3a

nporl3BoAcrBo: AenoBl,t 3aMauilHh, 3eMjoAencKh maurrxn, coo6patiaj-
H]1 cpeAcrBa, Malu[Hn 3a rpaAexHhulrBo 3a pyAapcrBo Ap l4HAyc-
1,4 1.4

Tpxjara 3a MawvHV n anaTKfi e Hajpa3B eHa Bo CM, Pycfija, JanoHhja, Tep-

MaHfija 11Ap., a 3a coo6pa(ajHI cpeAcrBa (aeromo6rar, loxov orhBk, aBro6ycrl,
Lurno6ycn, 6pogoen Ap) Bo JanoHxja, fepMaH ja, CA.q, Opa H\taja v hranvja.
hHAycrprrjara 3a aB oH e roLupaHa Bo CM, Pyc ja,OpaHu jarBenxKa6py-
TaHfija, a 3a 3eMjoAercKr4 r4aLurlHr Bo Pychja, JanoHhja, CM, feplaaHflja Ap

EneKrpohHAycrp[jara npox3BeAyBa *a6nr, ryp6nxn, rere-

paroph, peHAreH anaparur TpaHcSopMaropx, aKyMynaropt4, eneK-
TpoMoToplr/ Ten€Bx3opn, Kor'lnjyTepH t4 pa3Hx anapaTn 3a AoMa(xH-
CTBOTO. HajfoneM npo sBoat4Tenl4 14 l43Bo3Hxqx Ha npofi3Boa,l oa eneKTpo-
r4HAycrp[jara ce: JanoHfija, fepMaHhja, cM, xonaHArja u ap

Bo Kou HoLllu r.,poqobu uMo en eKUpouHqycLupujo?

XeMxcKara rHAyfip ja ce Aenlr Ha reuKa t4n,l 6a3t.lHa h uecHa ]1tll4

norporxyBa'.rKa. TeuKara xeM!1cKa hHAycrp ja nporcBeayBa cynoypHa fi a3orHa
Kfcenl4Ha, BeLJTaqKo ry6puBo, nflaclfiLrHl,l Macu v ap,t a recHaTa - IeKoBh/ Ko3-
Mer '{Kv cpeAcrBa, canyH , aerepreHrfi l,i AF

G Kou Horl]u qco6puKu Upo$beqybooLu neKobu?

HajrofleMra npov3BoAurenx Ha a3orHa x Ha cyn$ypHa Kficer Ha Bo

cBeror ce: CAA Pycrja, KlHa, JanoHraja, l4H Auja A Ap nnafil,lqHl4 Macl4 u xeMr-
cK'l BrraKHa ce ao6xBaar oA HaSTara fi oa jarneHor 14 rl4e HajMHory ce npo-
r3BeAyBaar Bo CA,q, JanoHrja, Pyc ja, fepMaHtaja h Ap 3eMjl4, a neKoBrlre/
Ko3Mer,lr1l(l4Te CpeacrBa I aerepreHTlrTe ce npo€BeayBaar Bo MHory 3eMj Bo
caeToT.

O6oeHo Meurq^ypwjq

G
^**u*,
1. LIITo nPoH3BEAyBA UPHATAJ A LTITO OSOEHATA METAAYPFHJA?
2. KAAE E HAJPA3BHEHA HHAyCTPHJATA 3A MAI,UHHH?
3. LLITO CE AOEHBA OA EAKAPOT CO ENEKTPOAH3A?

du.** XeN4ucKo uHqycurpujq

\
HA FEoTPA@CKATA KAPTA nPoHAJAI,i TH TPAAOBHTE BO HATIIATA PENYSAHKA \
BO KOH HMA EN EKTPOHHAYCTPHJA H HHBHHTE HMHFbA 3ANHUH I-H BO YLiH-
AHLUHATA TETPATKA.
 CypoBr4Hr,lTe oA 3eMjoAencKo noreMo rr npepa6oryea necHara xHAyc-
Tphja. Bo Hea cnaiaar noBe(e l4HAycrpt4cKt4 rpaHKr, oA Kol4 rnaBHh ce: TeKcrhr-
nara u npexpax6eHara xHAycrprja.
TeKcrnrHara xHAycrptrja rt npepa6oryaa 3eMjo.qencKLlre cypoBl4Hx
oA pacr renHo I oA xr4Bol4HcKo noreK-no. Toa, fflaBHo ce naMyKor 14 BonHara. Co
npepa6orKa Ha nar4yKor ce Ao6tlBa naMyllHa npeia, o4 Koja noAoUHa Bo rKaja'l-
Hl4Ul4Te Ce npo[3BeayBa nnarHo/ a oa Hero pa3HH Bt{aoBt4 ooneKa. Oa eBponcKxle
3eMjh, BenhKa 6p raHuja Nla Hajoapa rpaaHqvja Bo naMyqHara uHAycrpr'ja
fnaBeH ueHTap Bo oBaa 3eMja e lvlaH,lecrep, Bo OpaHu ja e nvn, a Bo I4rant4ia
14rnaHo. [iaN4yqHara fiHAycrpfija e pa3BueHa I Bo Pycrlja, JanoH ja, t4HAhja, KrHa I
Bo MHory Apyrfi 3er4ju.
BonHara ce npepa6oryaa no noae(e:evjh Bo cBeror. Hajronel\414 npoH3Bo-
a4renv Ha BonHeHo npeAhBo ce: Ber[Ka 6pxraHtlja, Pycvja, ABcrpanfija, HoB 3e-
naHA,K Hauap

(\Z a" kou HouJU cpo6puxu ce upepo6otuyboot! uatay(oLil u bonHo-

\ -11\ Lr-roz
npexpaH6eHara 1,lx4ycrprja npepa6oryaa noee(e cypoe H14 oA 3eMjo-
Mer-
aencKo noreKJro h 3atoa eo Fiea cnaiaat noee(e ll4ycrprcx!4 rpaHK . Toa ce:
HxqKara [HAycrphja, ]aHAycrpHjara 3a npepa6orKa Ha Meco, MneKo,
ureftep, macno, oBourje, 3enex.{yk x [HAycrpnjara 3a arKoxonH]4 r 6e3-
anxoxonxx nrjanaqn,
MetHr.r'{Kara t4HAysrp[ja rh npepa6oryBa xtlTara !1 oA Hl4B ce ao6tlBa-
ar 6pauro, rpktltL rpt43 r Ap OBaa xHAycl'pfija e Hajpa3BueHa Bo CM, KaHaAa,
Pycuja, OpaHqfija, l4Tanuja h Ap Taa e pa3B[eHa k Bo T']aHoHcKara BnauKara Ht4-
3xHa, noroa BoyKpa Ha, ApreHrhHa, ABcrpa^hjau Ep.

hxAycrpnjara ea npepa6orKa Ha Meco e pa3BfieHa Bo noBe(e eapon-

crr,r :eujr. Ivleiy.roa, Taa oco6eHo e pa3BheHa Bo CAA, KaHaAa, ABCrpanhja, 6pa3hn,
ApreHTIHa I Ap 3eMjx Korl pacnonaraar co rofleM A06LtroqeH Q0HA

,tHAycrphjara 3a MteKo ro npepa6oryBa MneKoro t1 oA Hero ce ao6vBa-

ar cupebe, KaLJKaBan, ypAa, nlrep, I\4neKo Bo npaB fi Ap HajroneM[ npo 3BoAlaTe-
J\\li nl4 Ha MreKo ce eBponcK re 3eMj , oco6eHo oH e oA 3anaAHa EBpona t1 oA npe-
d r,[ Aeror Ha Arnfire. no3Hartl npotl3Boa rerlH Ha MreKo ce ABcrpantja, Pycrlja,
.i
,4i ,, I \l ''
XonaHAraja Ap

llxAycrpnjara 3a Ma€ro Haj,lecro KaKo cypoBkH\ rt4 Kopl,lcrl4 coHLlo-

rneAor, MacnoAajHara penKa, aS oHor, Macn HKara, cycaMor ,qp HajroneMr
npofi3BoA Tenfi Ha l4acno oA coHqorneA ce CM la ApreHrfiHa, a oA Ntacn HKl4
hran ja,lllnaHtaja fi Tpttiaja.
 l4HAycrp[jara 3a ule(ep rtt npepa6oryBa ue(epHara rpcKa 14 ue(ep-
*$ Hara penKa. HajfoneMo npou3BoAcrBo Ha uie*ep ce ocrBapyBa Bo lAHAAja, Pychja,
Ky6a, 6pa3fin, Kt{Ha la Ap
t-
j. KoH3epBHara ,rHAycrpnja rr KoH3epBupa oBoujero x 3eneHqyKor,
\
l p 6ara, Mecoro 14 AF Hajpa3Bt4eHa KoH3epBHa uHAycrprlja tlMaar CA,4 u eBponcKt'l-
Te 3eMj[. KoH3epBhpa$ero pt46a HajMHory e 3acraneHo Bo ]anoH ja, nepy, Hcp-
BELJKA I AP

nHAycrphjara 3a anKoxoJtlill 1,| 6e3ankoxotH]'l nrjataqn rfi npe-

pa6oryBa rpo3jero, cnnB[Te, ja6onKoro, noproKan!4re, nIr4oHure, jaqr4eHor 14 Ap
OA H B ce 406 Baar pa3Hfi arKoxonH[ H 6e3anKoxonH nrjanaul4 KaKo: BtlHo' pa-
Kvja, nuBo, coKoB!.r !4 Ap Hajroneura npo!43BoAhrenx Ha BhHo, coKoBu, paK ja h
B rbaqfi ce eBponcK!4re 3eMjh,

ocBeH oB Apyfv l4HAycrpl4cKl4 rpaHK Kot4 npepa6oryEaar cypo-

e, At"ta ,t
B Hr oA 3eMjoAencKo noreMo. Toa ce: uHAycrptxYe 3a ryryH, kox}l, ryMr t4
o6yBKx, npepa6orKa Ha ApBo H npox3BoAcrBo Ha xaprtlja x Ap

BuhopcKo bu36o ,,llobqoqopue" - HeL.oiJuro

taJ

tlubqpHUuo ,,CKouje"

t
hHqycurpucKo 3oHo bo EupMUHr€N,l

Bo cBeror nocrojar qerxpl4 roneMt4 l4HAycrp cK[ per[oH : 3anaAHa EB-

pona, l4cro'{Ha EBpona, l4cro,{Ha A3nja CAA.

3anaAHa EBpona e Hajcrap[or l4HAycrpt4cKt4 perrroH. Taa e HajroneM

cBercKl4 yBo3H[K Ha MyHeparHh cypoBnHk, Ha$ra I Ap. x Hajroner4 cBercKh r43-
Bo3H[K Ha MarJrlHt4 t4 r4HAycTphcKh npoh3BoAt4. Bo oBoj per oH BoAe!]Ko Mecro
,iMaar l4eranyprfijara, r.4erononpepa6oryBaqKara, r4aL.u,4HcKara, eneKrpotaHAyc-
rpnjara, aerouo6lrrcKara, xeM[cKara HAycrpfija Ap Bo 3anaAHa EBpona,1HAyc-
rphcKfire ooracff fi i.ieHTpr/ ce pa3B[ne oKony 6aceHhre Ha jarneH x xene3Ha pyAa.
CDo6pu<o Bo Beflr4Ka 6p raHrlja roa e o6nacra Benc co rpaaor KapAfiO, noroa loHAoH,
30 Lr-rekep 6 p1414HreH x fna3roB. 14HAycrpricKl,l perMoH BoOpaHqxja e ,rlopeHcKrior 6aceH, a Bo
TepMaHhja roa ce 6aceH,1re Pyp Cap b Vrant4ja, roneM,l l4HAycrpt4cK4 peryoit4
Ma Bo Hej3xHr4or ceBepo3anaAeH Aen, co qeHrpt4 Bo M{naHo fi TophHo.

,tcro,{Ha EBpona e BTopl4or l4HAycrpt4cKri per oH tl roj ru onoa(a Pyc,lja

14Apyrxre hcroqHoeBponcKr4 3eMj[. Bo Pyc ja Ma nose(e rr4ycrprcrfi noApal{ja,
oA Kori HajBaxH ce: AonrlHara Ha Bonra co UeHTpt4Te fopKl4, BonrorpaA, Kyj6l4ueB
Ap ypancKoro noApaqje co qeHTpfiTe CBepAnoBcK, MarH ToropcK, LleJba6 HcK
I Ap Bo yKpaxHa qeHrpt4 Bo hHAycrpl4cKxre per,4oHn ce
K eB, XapKo4 Ao$eqK 11

3anopoxje. Bo noncKa Hajno3Har hHAycrprcKr4 per oH e o6nafia tllne3 ja. LlHAyc-

Tpr4cKr4 qeHTpI Bo noncKa ce: KaroBl4qe, KpaKo4 BapuaBa, floi la Ap ToneM
t4H4ycrpvcKt4 UeHTpr4 - per oHri ce pa3Br4fle Bo PoMaHhja roa: EyKypeLJT, 6pa-
na, llnoeurx, KpajoBa fi Ap

,lcroqHa A3[ja n\4a noBeie AlAycrpt4cKt/ peri4oHl4, Kol4 ce Haoiaar ao

pa3n ,.rH 3eMj11. HajroneM oT fiHAycrpficKfi peri4oH ce Haofa Bo JanoHfija. Bo Hea
ce Haoia Aonr [H,AycTpr4cKx nojac Koj ce nporera Bo Aorxt4Ha oA 1 000 km. Bo Hero
l,4Hqycurpujq cnafaar rpa,4oarre:ToK o, JoKoxaMa, Haroja, Ko6e, OcaKa,1Ap Hajno3Har HAyc-
Fro Hocp[o perlloH Bo KnHa e llaHuyprija. fnaBH rlHAycrphcKt4 qeHTp ce: OyuhHr,
Tpr4cKfi
UleHjaHr, AHUaH, neKxHr, lllaHraj, KaHT0H t4 Ap

CeBepHoa epr4KaHcKIor r.tHAycrpxcKE per[oH r onoa(a Apxa-

B,fie CM x KaHaAa. Toj e Hajpa3B[eH peTrioH Bo cBeror. Ep3uoT HAycrpricKlt pa3-
Boj Ha oBoj perxoH ce Aonxx Ha pa3HoBrlAH re npripoAHt4 6oraTcrBa, KaKo pyAt1,
lllyr4n, nIoAH14 noqBt4, nvBaAkt nacy'UJra, eHeprercKt4 l43Boph (BoAa, jameH, HaoTa,
3eN4eHrac fi Ap). ToreMara KoHqeHrpaq la Ha Kanl4TaI KoMnt]Tep[3aur1jara,
po6orh3alkjara la aBroMarh3aurrjara (coBper'4eHh rexto-norn',l) Bo npoqecor Ha
l4HAycTpricKoro nporl3BoACTBo 3Ha{txTenHo npHAoHene oBoj pe 4oH Aa 3a3eMe
BoAeLrKo ryecro Mery ApxaB!1Te, Bo oBoj per oH, raHAycrprajara HaI'iHory e KoHrleH-
rpllpaHa Bo oonacra Ha [oneMl4Te E3epa. Tyra ce naofaar ro,teMfiTe qeHrpl,l: q -
Karo, AerporlT, 6a0ano, K.r BfleHA, TopoHro fl l4oHTpean. BTopara MHAycrprlc-
 I{F|F!.49;e'.":. F-
,f1T.t-' ' : .:" ,i): '.i;" :::.-.7. .::4'tw

Kao6nacr ce Haoia Bo jyxHl,4or Aefl, co no3Har re qeHTp Aanac, XjycroH, l-by

OpneaHc u Ap, a rperara Bo Kanl4oopHxja !l 3anaAHoro Kpaj6pexje Ha Tfixtlor
OKeaH. Hajroner4r hHAycrprrcKl4 qeHTp ce noc AHuenec, CaH Opasqllcxo t'l Bas-
KyBep

Bo ceBepHoaMepxKaHcKt4or t4HAycrpt4cK[ per oH ce pa3BreHr cure laH-

aycrp'1cKr rpaHKt4 Ha reuJKara Ha necHara HAycrp[ja.

coo6pa(ajor ro onQa(a npeao:or Ha narHuul4 u Ha croKl4 oA eAHo Ao Apy-

To Mecro, KaKo npeHecyBabero Becr u uH@opMauult npexy pa4uo6panoen,
TeneooHla, renerpa$u, TeneBrl3hja, ly'HrepHer-l'4pexa !a Ap CnopeA Toa, rraBHI
araAosr.r coo6pakaj ce: nareH/ xere3HtlqKl'i, BoAeh, Bo3AyuleH I TereKo-
I.lyHhKaq],lCKl,l.

narHnor coo6paliaj ro onSa(a npeBo3or Ha narHn-ll4 14 Ha croKl4 co

aeror4o6llnh, aaro6ycvt Ka"i/'oHV' u Apyr 8l4,AoBx cneufijanHY Bo3t4rla 3a npeBo3 Ha
HaQTa ta 3ananhBfi lrarephh/ aprtrKn!4 Ko necHo ce picranyeaar I pp fleHec, oBoj
coo6pa*aj r,tqa sajroneMo ytrecrBo Bo npeBo3or Ha narHxul,'l l,'l Ha croK . nopaah roa
narHara N{pexa nocrojano ce:6orarysa co HoBtl l4 coBpeMeHfi nar ura - aBTonarfi.
Bo roj norneA, oA eBponcKfire ApxaB[ HajAonrfi coBpeMeHt4 naruura [Maar: Tep-
l4ra^vja, BenHKa EpvraHhja, Eenrrija, OpaHLl ja ia Ap Bo CeBepHa AMepl4-
MaHt4ja,
Ka, HajAonra HajcoBpeMeHa narHa Mpexa Maar CAA Apyr[Te KoHT HeHrfl 3a- lvlocruouJ,,fonqeH tejllJ"
ocraHyBaar Bo pa3BllroKor Ha narHflor coo6pa(aj, no Aeuec cb noae(e ce rpagar
coBpeMeHh narhura, Bo fu[ja, narHhor coo6pa(aj e Hajpa3BueH Bo JanoH ja u
Peny6n Ka Kopeja, a Bo JyxHa AMeptaKa Bo 6pa3 n I ApreHr Ha Bo ABcrpan ja
coBpeN4eHI narr4ura Hraa caN'to Bo HeFM:-lxor t'lcroL]eH Aen.

6p3 Hara Ha Bo3t4rara ce 3ronel4fina:a noee(e narh oa npBoro Bo3e$e

co asroMo6vr HaApMaH nexo Bo 1891 roA Ha, a6pojorHa Bo3xnara oA ToraL! Ao
aeHec e 3ro,ner4eH 3a croTl,4Ha M rll4oHu naTr.

Xene3HrqKHor coo6pariaj noL{Han Bo 1825 roAVHa, Kora Bo BerlhKa

6p[TaH ja 6 na nyureHa npBara xere3HttqKa npyra Ha penau jara CToKroH - Aap-
n HrroH. OA TaMy xene3Hfit]Kl,'tor coo6pa(aj ce npo[il4p[r Bo 4pyrvre eBponcKh
3eNljla, KaKo Bo fepMaHrlja, Senrxja, OpaHq ja, ABcrp ja, Pycxja I Ap, a Bo 1830
ron Ha v Ha penaulljara 6anr[Mop - Oxajo Bo CAA. Bo ftfija, npBara xere3HfiLiKa CobpeN4eHu
xe^e3Huuu
npyra 6xna 3rpaAeHa Bo l4HAlja, Eo 1853 roAYHa, a noroa grpaA6ara npoAorxr-
na t4 Ha ApyfrTe KoHTtaHeHTu.

\ LI JS (ojo -toquro 6uno uyurlleHo Upbouro xe^e3HuqKo Upy-uo

bo Horl]obo 3eMjo ?

HajAonra xene3Hh,.rKa Mpexa Bo cBeror vMaar ceBepHa Ar4eplKa (31%)

EBpona (29%), Ha Ko r4Nr npfinaiaar 60010 oA BKynHara Aonx Ha Ha xere3HxqKrre
npyrv. no HrB ce A3t4ja, ASplKa .Apy.[re KoHT[HeHTvt co 40o/o oA BKynHara
AOIXIHa Ha npyrtTe Bo cBeror.
BoAeHxor coo6pattaj ce o4auea Ha peKxre, KaHan re, $epara, I\4op!4-
Fbara r oKeaH[Te. Pe,]Hhor BoAeH coo6pa(aj ce oAa[Ba Ha cure nnoBH peKY Bo
cBeror, KaKor AMa3oH, Mhc cfin , Bonra, AyHaq Pajna u 4p HajroneNlo 3Ha'lebe
fiMaar cyeqKvor, naHaMcK!4or, Kulct<ror Kauan u Apyrt4, Rot4 ro cKparyBaar
llo0 HW o^oHufu e

t
 BoAHr4oT naT 3a noBe(e njaAx Khnot4erp , E3epcKl4oT coo6pa(aj ce oAEt4Ba Ha
nororeMllTe e3epa, KaKo UlTo ce: foneMxTe fuepa Bo cM, Kacn[cKoTo E3epo y
ap
HajroneMrior rpaHcnopr Ha cloKu L4 ayfe Bo Bo,4eHxor coo6pa(aj ce oABHBa Ha
r4opr4baTa r oKeaH Te. Haj3HaqajHhTe nor4opcKt4 naT ujra MlHyaaaT npeKy
ATnaHTcK[or OKeaH ,4 CpeAo3eMHoro Mope.

Bo3AyluH,or coo6pa(aj e MnaAa coo6pa(ajHa rpaHKa. OBoj coo6pa(aj

noqHan Aa ce pa3BrlBa oA 1903 roA Ha/ Kora 6pa(ara pajrnpB naT reTare co aBXoH.
oa rorau cA Ao aeHec, aB oHxre cb noBe(e ce ycoBplxyBane rj oBoj coo6pafuj
6o6rea cd norofleMo 3Ha,le$e. Bo Bo3ay[JHxor coo6pa(aj ce Kopl,lcrar xen;4Kon-
repr (:a 6p:a fiHrepBeHqhja), r4anl4 aBxoHt4 (3a cpeAH[ 4alevrnl) t4 roi.]er4r
aBxoH (i(oH reraar Ha AonrH peflarl tl 14 Hocar Ao 500 narHrlqh). Bo3AyllHhor
coo6pa(aj e Hajpa3B eH Bo CAI pyc'4ja, Ben Ka BphraHhja, OpaHu[ja, JanoH,ija,
l4Taafija, TepMaHrlja h Apyrv 3e{jv, Bo oBLle 3eMjfi ce Haoiaar I rajrolelrr.rre aeDo-
Aporqr, KaKo Lllro ce oHxe Bo tl
Karo, lbyjopK, MocKBa/ IoHAoH, llapx3, ToKr{o, pyM,
OpaHK$ypr I Apyr . HeKox oA oB]ie rpaaoBx yMaar no 3 ,1 noae(e aepo4poltlt.

TerekoMyHxKaqrcxr.rcr coo6paliaj e Haj6p3 6rAej([ npeKy nTT I

AbuoHcKo 0pucdoHuu.lLUe l4HrepHeT-MpexaTa 3a HeKoIKy ceKyHA ce BocnocTaByBaa r KoHraKT i4 BpcKa co
6uno Koe Mecro Ha 3eMjara,

Typ 3r,1or e coBpeMeHa cronaHcKa rpaHKa Koja rN on$a(a naryBabara Ha

ryiero o4 xr.rsruor AoM Ao Apyfl,t t4ecra 3apaAx oAtro0 3a6aBa I peKpeaqhja. Hai
roneM Aen oA r./pt4cl4LiKl4or npoMer Bo cBeror ce ocrBapyBa Bo EBpona, oKony 7590,
Bo EBpona laMa rprl arpaKTrlBHx ryphcihqKrj noapaqja, Kou npxBneK],BaaT Hajroner4
6poj ryp crla. Toa ce: cpeAo3eHHoMopc(nor rpaj6pexeH nojac, nnaH[H[re
rl e3epaTa,

CpeAo3eMHoMopcxtor rpaj6pexen nojac e ilajBaxHo rytrrlsrllrtKo

noApaqje, Koe rr4 on$a(a jyxnrre 6peroBu Ha EBpona, 3anaAH re Ha fulaja fi ceEep_
Hxre 6peroBfi Ha AOpl4Ka. OBa noApaqje ce oAnhKyBa co noBorHa Kr Ma, ronra
Oq 6peLorll Ho AH-r ujo r4opcKa BoAa, roneM 6poj xoreIi4, coBpeN4eHa narHa Mpexa, KynrypHo_lrqroprlcKl4
cno MeHrlr-Il,1 t4 ap Hajno3HaTH pkB^ept4 u ryphcfuqKn Mecra Bo oBa noapa.tje ce:
Kocra 6pa8a, Kocra tuaxap, Kocra Ae Con, narNra Ae l4ajopKa, l46rjqa x Ap Bo
[.llnaH[ja, KaH, H[ua Ap. BoOpaHu[ja, qenfior ranfijaHcKh 6per3aeAHo co ocrpo_
Brire, jaApaHcKxor 6per Ha XpBarcKa co ocrpoaNre, rpuxror 6per Ha ErejcKoro fi Ha
JoHcKoro lvlope co ocrpoBfiTe I qpHoMopcr<llor 6per co loxan rerrire CoHqeB 6per,
3narH necoq , [4aMaja, Ja.nra, Coqu n AB

Ha a3 cKyor cpeAo3eMHor4opcKt4 6per arpaKThBHfl ce x np[BneKyBaar ch

noroneia 6poj ryphriuTypU ja co neryBan!4urara KyuaAacrl r AHranfija, Bo l43paen
f4prBoro Mope, a Ha a$p{KaHcKi4cr 6per Er ner, Anxhp, TyHl4c h [4apoKo.

BToporo rypycr[qKo no.4pa,jje Bo EBpona ce firraHrH],|Te. HajroneMo 3Ha_

qebe fiMaar Arrnrre. Ha Hye ce Haoiaar HaJno3Harhre ryptjcrl4eKr
ueHrpt,l: TapN,lntx
napreHK pxeH Bo Tepr,4aH ja, KI4UO xen n nHc6pyu, Bo ABcrprlja, CeHr lvloplarl Bo
Oq 6pe-\,oo Ho Ll-laoHujo tlBajqaprja, UlaMoHh t4 fpero6n ao OpaHqfija, KopDlHa ,q AMneuo Bo l4ranrja,
KpalbcKa fopa Bo CroBeHiaja 11Ap.
 Tpero ryp crta,.lKo noApaqje Bo Espona ce neaHrqKxre e3epa: 6oAeH-
cKo, Ul4pxurKo/ XeHeBcKo 14 Ap Bo tllBajqapfija, KoMo, fapAa H Maiope Bo nranvjal

6neAcKo r,1 EoxrtbcKo E3epo Bo CnoBeHxja 14 Korn[HcKhre e3epa Bo Hauara 3eMja:

OxprAcKo, npecnaHcKo t4 AojpaHcKo bepo.
BTop 3HaqaeH rypficr qK cBeror e CeBepHa AMep Ka, fnaBHx
pert4oH Bo

rypr1cfl4qKfi noapaqja ce: KantaoopHfija, onoprAa, JenoBcroHcKl4or

Haq oHaneH
napK, TpaHA KaboHor Ha KonopaAo, noroa lvleKc Ko t4 ocrpoBcKrre 3er4j[ Ha
Manrre foneMxre AHThnfi Bo KapuflcKoro Mope.

TproBhjara e3Ha,lajHa cronaHcKa AejHocr Koja ce 3aHrMaBa co KynyBaFbe I

co npoaaBahbe croK,{. Taa l4Ma nocpeIHHL{Ka ynora,bxAej(fi ro noBp3yBa npotl3Bo-
ar4Tenolco noTpolllyBaqor. TproBnjaTa ce aen!4 Ha: BHarpeuHa I HaABopeuHa'
BHarpeuHara rproBhja ce oABxBa 8o rpaHHllure Ha eAHa 3eN4ja, a HaABo-
peLJHaraja onoa(a pa3l\4eHara Ha croKl4 N4eryABe unu noBe(e ApxaBl4.

MeryHapoAHara rproBcKa pa3N4eHa e HajroneMa Mery KoHTl4HeHTxre EBpo-

na h CeBepHa Ar4ep[Ka. Bo raa pa3MeHa HajMHory yqecrByBaar 8l4coKopa3BreHhre
r4HAyCTpr4CKr4 arpapH 3er4jfi, KaKo uTo ce: cM, KaHaaa, repMaH[ja, BeflfiKa
r
6pxraHfija, OpaHqxla,Vtrat'ujav Ap' OAApyrxre KoHruHeHr HajroneMa pa3MeHa 80
TproB jara fiua MeryJanoH ja I KuHa.

OA npol43BoArre Ko ce Kopl4crar 3a ucxpaHa Haji4Hory ce x3Be3yBaar

x rara. HajroneMh v3Bo3H ql4 Ha nqeHvua, nqeHKa Apyro ce: CA& KaHaAa'
ApreHTi.4Ha, ABCrpan ja, yHrapl4ja ,4p, a HajroneMl yBo3HI4Ll ce noBe(e HAyc-
Tpr4cKrl 3eMj[ BO CBerOT, KaKO fi 3eMjX CO Cna6O pa3BreHo 3el{joaencrBo. HajroneM
v3BO3HXK Ha Opr3 e lanoHl4ja,

OA cypoBxHttre.oA opraHcKo noreKnc HajMHory ce fi3Be3yBa HaOTara loa

oA 3er4j Te oA .lyro3anaAHa A3hja, a cypoB Ht.lre oA pacr renHo x M HepanHo
noreKflo ce u3Be3yBaaT oa fui4ja, Asp[Ka fi JyxHa AI4ep Ka. oa xHAycrp[cK[Te
npo€Boax Hajl4Hory ce 3Be3yBaar Mau H / noroa coo6pafujHt'l cpeACTBa,
anaparfi 3a aoMa(hHcrBara, 3apaBcr8oro 14 Ap HajroneMfi h3Bo3Hl4Ul4 ce ByCOKO-
pa3Bl4eH Te hHAycrpl4cKfi 3eMjh, a yBo3H14l-ll4 ce 3eMjvTe Bo pa3Boj.

I
 CpeAo3eMjero e MHory 3HaqaeH cronaHcKl4 perhoH 3a chre 3eMjri Kot4 r13-
neryBaar Ha CpeAo3er4Horo Mope, Ha c re HeroBh pa6Hu Ntop!4ba I Ha c re oc-
TpoBv Ha r e Mopr4r-ba. Toa ce 3eMj Te oA JyxHa EBpona, CeBepHa AoprKa I Jyro-
3anaAHa fu ja.

*"u ce urue 3eMiu?

Q<
CpeAo3erajero rMa r4Hory noBonHa reorpaocKa nonox6a 3aroa uro ce
uaoia mery Tp/Te KoHrxHeHru EBpona, Aop Ka n Aanja, a npeKy CpeAo3eMHoro
lvlope MhHyBaar HajKparK Te BoAeHl4 naTyLrTa, Kofi rla noBp3yBaar oBl,le KoHTt4-
HeHr[. OcBeH roa, oA JyxHa EBpona Ao 3anaAHa, CpeAHa 14 CeBepHa EBpona
MvHyBaar HajKparKUTe KonHeH narrrLrra npeKy Korl ce oAB Ba HajroneMa pa3r\4eHa
Ha croKr,ire. npeKy Cpe,qo3eN{Horo lvlope CyeqKror KaHan e HajKparK orBoAeH nar
oq 6pero[ Ho l-puujo
Ao 3erajHTe Ha lyxHa u [4croqHa A3hja, a npeKy T 6panrapcK or llporoK 14 ATraHr-
cK orOKeaH Ao CeBepHa x JyxHa ANrep[Ka.

CpeAo3eMjero yMa cpeAo3eMHor'lopcKa Knhr4a Koja ce oA,'I,iKyBa co ronrrl rl

cyBtl nera, a co 6nar BpHexrl4Bt4 3!.1t'4t1. CHeTor naia urory perKo h He ce 3a-
llnoHLuoxu co bunobq Ao3o
Ap)rqBa noAonro oA HeKonKy ']aca. nopaA BaKBara Kn Ma rlMa noBonHh ycnoBx 3a
bo CDpoHuujo
pa3Bol- Ha rypfi3Mor/ 3a paHorpaA[HapcKo npox3Boa-
. - -naXFQ$
.-..**r ._* crBo yr 3a oArneAyaaFbe Ha jyxHo oBouje: MacrrlHKt4,
nopToKanfi, MaHAaphHM, ct4oKBr4, Kanr4HKr4 l,l
'lrll4oHfl/
Ap. OcBeH Toa, noBonHh ce ycnoB[Te 3a oArneAyBarbe
BxHoBa no3a, Koja Bo oBoj perlaoH e 3acaAeHa Ha rorer\4t4
noBpLJl4Hrl. OKony CpeAo3eMjero ce pa3Bl4le B coKo-
t4HqycrpncKn A arpapHfi 3erajl/l, KaKo uro ce, OpaHufija,
ly'ran ja, ulnaHxja r Ap Ha ceBep oA oBoj perfioH ce
Haoiaar 3eMjLi co pa3B[eHa ]4HAycrpHja, KaKo Llrro ce
UlBajqap ja, ABCrp ja,TepMaH ja, tleuKav Apyrt4.

CpeAo3eMjero e HaceneHo npeA MHory njaA

roA
Hx. TyKa ce oopMnpane l,a Hajfiapyre ApxaBh KaKo
OeHIK ja, Erfiner, P M, AlaHa, Cnapra, lvlaKeAoHhja h
Ap ,r ce pa3B ne Hajcrapxre Kynrypr. Ocrarolt4 oA Toa
BpeMe ce MHory6pojHrre KynrypHo - t4cropl4cKh cnoMe-
Ht4t!t/ Kot4 ft4 r4Ma peqrlcrl Bo ctlTe 3et'4jk oKony cpeAo-

3el4jero. lvlopenfloBcrBoro, TproBfijara, 3eMjoAeflcrBoro ryp 3r4or ce ocHoBHr4 cronaHcKr4 AejHocDl Ha nyiero oA oBoj
perroH.

Peny6nhKa MaKeAoH jaHajyr, croK n Ha 3anaA TpaHlq co 3eMjfi Kol,l r4r{aararpapHo npo 3BoAcrBo, a Ha ceBepco
t{HAycrpvlcKvl pa:erenu :emjr, nopaAu Lxro r4r4a noBonHH ycnoBx Aa r pa3Bi4Ba cBoero 3er'4joAencrBo r fiHAycrprlja.
noBonHxre rcltrMarcKr4 ycnosu ir oao:uoxyBaar Aa ro pa3BrBa paHorpa4 HapcKoro npoh3BoAcreo (4oruaru, nnneprcu,

I
KpacraBhqrl, 3enKa l,4Ap), noroa,lo3apcrBoro 1,4 oBoLJTapcTBoTor 6vAej(t1 HaueTo
rpo3je oBorllje ce oAnxKyBaar co BhcoK KBant4rer r npoqeHT Ha uje(ep OBhe
npo 3BoAl.4 ce Bo 3eMjvre Ha ceBep HauJara Peny6n Ka tlMa noBorlHrl
'43Be3yBaar
ycnoBi4 Ea fl4 pa3BhBa [HAycrphjara 14 cToLlapcrBoro KaKo 3er\4joaencKa fpaHKa,
6n4ej(u ao 3eMj Te co arpapHo [ipoll3BoAcrBo [r'{a norpe6a oA tiHAycrpl4cKx
npotl3BoAx x oA jat HeuKo reneLjlKo Meco, 3a uro tlMa 3toneMeHa no6apyeauxa
3a BpeMe Ha ryptlcTt4qKaTa ce3oHa.

3a Peny6n Ka f4aKeAoHvja e oco6eHo 3HaeajHo roa uito ce Haoia eo

ueHlpanH or Aen Ha EajrKaHcKt4or nonyocrpo4 Kaae ce KoHqeHTpl4paun noee(e
coo6pa(ajH npaBlll4 Kor4 BoAar KoH ceBep t1 jyr, oAHocHo tlcroK la 3anaA. Toa e
aonhHara Ha BapAaD q,ie 3HaqeFbe ao 6arrancxt4 r eo tterynapo4Hr paMK'a e ce
noroneMo/ Lxro ce oapa3yBa ,1 Ha pa3Bojor Ha KoI4yH KaqhcKl4Te c[crc[4r4 Bo oBoj
aen Ha CpeAo3eMjero i4 EBpona,
S- l*S.

pcKopo

4it,.:"]i.;;.

ApoHxepulo

Bu!qpako
bU36o
 coIP)r(14H4

BOBEA

BCENEHA l/I BCEJIEHCKI/I TEIIA 6

sBE3A14 7
coHLlE Ll coHqEB ct4cTEM I
NIAHETII IA CAfENI/IV 10
nnAH ETOl4Al4 (AglEPOrlAt/), KOM ETfl t l M ETEOPI4 1,2

MECEV14HA 74
MECEI]EBl/I N4EHLI L4
3EMJATA KAKO BCEIIEHCKO TENO 16
3EMJt4Hl4 ABT4XEFbA n nOCnEAilUl4 OA 3EMJI4HI4TE ABI4XEFbA 18
3EM]l4HA POTAU'4JA
3EMJ14HA PEBOflvUNJA 20
nocnEAnqil oA ABl4xEl-bATA HA 3EMJATA
TOnflilHCKil nOlACl4 24

NPETCTABYBAI-bE HA 3EM]I4HATA NOBPIIII4HA HA KAPTA 26

rfloEvc 26
HAnOPEAH14Uil tA MEPIA At{J AHVI 26
rEorPAocKA urr4Poq HA 14 TEO|PAOCKA AOflXl4HA 27
KAPTOf PAOCK14 n POEKUl4l/l 28
PA3MEP HA KAPTA 14 PA3MEPHI4K 30
NOAENEA HA KAPTI4TE CNOPEA PA3MEPOT COAPXilHATA
l4 TEPI4TOPI4JMH l,lOT OnOAT
HAqilHLI HA NPETCTABYBAI-bE HA TEOTPAOCKI4TE EIIEN4EHTh HA KAPTA 33
ANCO,|IYTHA YI PE,[]ATI/IBHA Bl/lCOq'4HA 35

OI43II9KO-TEOTPAOCKII KAPAKTEPIICTI/KLI HA 3EIVIJATA 36

TEOAO[JKA EBOIIYUI4JA HA 3EMJATA 36
FPM6A 14 COCIAB HA 3EMJATA 40

NilTOCOEPA 42
OOPMI4PAI.bE HA PEIIJEOOT HA 3EMJATA 44
BYIIKAH t/I 46
3EMJOTPEC14 48
HMBOPEtxHl,l Ctltl14 50
fEHETCK'I TNNOBil HA 3EMJATA 52
PACNOPEA HA KONHOTO HA 3EMJATA 54
NOL{BEH14 TilNOBLl HA 3EI\4JATA 56

xT4APOCOEPA 58
KPYXEFbE HA BOAATA BO NPilPOAATA 58
PACNOPEA HA BOAATA HA 3EIVIJATA 59
noA3EMHil 14 KOnHEHI/ BOAtl b1
E3EPA, MOqvPilUlrA, nEAHI/Ul4 63
 ATMOCOEPA 6s
CTPYKTYPA HA ATMOCOEPATA 55
KNN[4ATCK14 OAKTOPI4 67
KNTMATCK'I ENEMEHTh 68
BETPOB14 70
BPEME K'Il/IMA
14 72
KIl,lMATCKI4 T'1NOBil

614OCOEPA 75
A6I4OTCKI4 IA 6VOTC(J4 OAKTOPI4 75
A614OTCKI4 OAKTOPI4 75
5r40TCKr4 oAKTOPI4 76
TEOTPAOCKA PACN POCTPAHETOCT HA PACTI4TENH ilTE 3AEAH 14qLI
14 XtlBOTI4HCKl,lOT CBET 77
KONHEHA OAYHA 78
BOAEHA OAYHA 78
TEOTPAOCKO-I4CTOP|ACKIA OAJllAKn 3HAElbA 3A 3EMIATA 80
TOfl EMI/ITE TEOTPAOCKI4 OTKPI4TI,4JA 82
ENOXA HA TEO|PAOCKI4TE I4CTPAXYBAIbA BO XVI]I, X]X Ll XX BEK 84
KOfl OH r4JMHl4 nOCEAl4 14 AHTil KOflOHUJM H 14 ABt4XEl-bA 84
HACENEHilE HA 3EMJATA 86
EKYMEHCKI1 14 AHEKYMEHCKI4 NPOCTOPI/I HA 3EMJATA 86
EpoJHA COCTOJEA 14 AI4HAMI4KA HA HACETIEHLIETO 86
NPilPOAEH NPilPACT HA HACENEHilETO
OCHOBHI4 CTPYKryPN HA HACENEHilETO 88
Mt,tTPAqLIOH14 nPOUECI4 90
PA3MECTEHOCT il ryCTUHA HA HACENEHhETO 92
HACEN6il 93
KYJTryPHO-TEOTPAOCKI4 OAI]t/IKI4 HA 3EMJATA 96
JASt/1W V JA3l4LlHil rPYntl 96
PENU| IAI4 IA PENVfIACKVI fPYNV 98
UI4PET-bE HA JA314UI4TE 100
IU14PEI-bE HA PEII14TI,4I4TE 100
NONUTilLIKO-TEOTPAOCKI4 O MIAKIt HA CBETOT 101
HAUT4OHAJ'IHO nor r4Tl4t{Kl4 C14CTEN4 14, EBOtlvUl4JA 14 TEOI-PAOCKLI
KAPAKTEPI4CTI4KI4 HA APXABI4TE 101
nofl TI4qKo-TEPI/TOPI4]MHA nOAEIEA HA CBETOT 702
EBPONA 702
oPAHU14lA 707
A314JA 103
K14HA r04
AOP14KA t04
ETilNET 105
CEBEPHA AMEPI4KA 106
COEAl/lHETI4TE AMEPI4KAHCKI4 APXABI4 106
JYXHA AMEPI4KA 707
5PA314/l 108
ABCTPMI4JA 14 OKEAHl/I]A 109
OKEAH14JA 110
MEryHAPOAH 14 nOrtlTr4rr Kr4 Cr4CTEM14 14 PETI4OHMH 14 3APyXEH'IJA 111

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 OOH (OPTAHt43Aql4JA HA OEEAI/ H ETI/TE HAql,l14) 111
Ev (EBPOnCKA vHr4lA) 111
EOTA (EBPOnCKO 3APyXEHT4E 3A CJTOSOAHA TPTOBilJA) 772
cTonAHcKo-f EoTPAOCK'I OMUKV 113
3EMJOAENCTBO i13
nonloAEncrBo 113
IAHAvCfPnCKtA Kv/TryP 774
OBOIIITAPCTBO 115
IIO3APCTBO 116
CTOqAPCTBO 777
crovAPcKr4 nPoil3BoAr4 118
PUEOAOB 118
TIIYMAPCTBO 119
EHEPTETCKI,I |A3BOPIA tA HlzlBHA PETT4OHAIIHA PA3MECTEHOCT 120
JATIIEH 720
HAOTA 14 3EMEH TAC tzt
XI4APOEH EPTI4JA, ATOMCKA EHEPTI4JA 1,1 Efl EKTPI4tl HA EH EPrl,lJA lzz
XLIAPOEHEPTI/JA L22
ATOMCKA EHEPTilJA t22
EflEKTPI4qHA EHEPTI4JA t23
cvPoBt4Ht4 oA MT4HEPMHO, PACTI4TEfiHO Ll XI4BOTI4HCKO nOTEK'IO 124
UHBYCIPVICKIA rPAHKl4 t4 I,IHAYCTPLICKO flPOLI3BOACTBO
oA MI,4HEPMHT'I CvPOBr4Hfi 126
14HAvCTpflJA il t4HAyCTPI4CKO nPOil3BOACTBO
oA 3EMJOAEICKil CyPOBtlHt4 128
KAPAKTEPI4CTI4LIHYI 14HAYCTPLICKIA PEf VIOHV1 BO CBETOT 130
COOSPAKAJ 131
ryPil3AM 732
TPTOBI/JA TJJ
cpEAo3EMJETO KAKO CTOnAHCKT4 |EOTPAOCK|I PETLIOH 734

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yn. ,,AuMMrpnja tlyno8cKrl 6p. 14,6noK 15

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M p naBne nETPOB

npoo. A p fopih nABnOBcKt4, npoO. A p P{cro Ml4JAtlOB,

M-p Aqe MrlrlEHKOBCKt4

IEOTPAOI,4]A
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pedopMr,lpaHo r!4MHa3l.1cKo o6pa3oBaHhe

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neKrypa
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PaKon cor e npeAaAeH Bo neqai so aBrycr 2016 roArHa.

neqarerbero e 3aBputeHo Bo cenreMBpt4 2016 roArHa.
O6eM: 140 crpaiMuh. OopMar 200 x 255 mm.
Tupax: 890 npuMepolll4. XH!4rara e ne'.tareHa Bo
ne9aTH14qa Hanpe.qo( - TeToBo.

ja Bo ny6nuKaqrlja
CIP - Karanorla3aLl
HapoAHa yHhBep3hrercKa 6u6n14oreKa ,,Cs. KnhMeHT OxphAcKu" CKonje

9r (07s.3)

nAB,lOBCKl,1, fopiu

TEOrPAOLIJA: 3a I xnac peoopMupaHo rhMHa3!1c(o 06pa3oBaHt4e/

fopiu llaenoecxr, Aqe Mr4reHKoBcKr4, Pficro MujanoB. - CKonje:
npocBerHo Aero,2002. 134 crp.:!4nycrp. Bo 6oL4;26 cm

|SBN 9989 0 218 5

1- MrlneHKoBcKl,l, Aqe
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