Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Published by
Edited by
Prof. I.P. Tripathi
Pro-Vice-Chancellor & Dean of Faculty of Science & Environment
Mahatma Gandhi Chitrakoot Gramodaya University Chitrakoot
2013
International E - Publication
www.isca.co.in
International E - Publication
427, Palhar Nagar, RAPTC, VIP-Road, Indore-452005 (MP) INDIA
Phone: +91-731-2616100, Mob.: +91-80570-83382, E-mail: contact@isca.co.in , Web: www.isca.co.in
© Copyright Reserved
2013
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored, in
a retrieval system or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic,
mechanical, photocopying, reordering or otherwise, without the prior
permission of the publisher.
ISBN: 978-81-83520-04-1
International E – Publication
www.isca.co.in
PREFACE
India has over 3000 year old medicinal heritage whose main resource base was medicinal
plants. We have perhaps one of the richest ethno botanical traditions in the world. Over 8000
species of plants of diverse habitats from orchids and ferns to trees, grasses, shrubs, climbers
are used by local communities in different ecosystems from Ladakh to Kanyakumari and
stretching to Northeast hills to Kutchh of Gujarat. Plants also became intricate part in various
spheres of the human society. About 70% population of India inhabit in rural and remote
areas of the forest and utilize a large number of flora for their routine requirements.
Ayurveda is the ancient (before 2500 BC) Indian system of health care and longevity. It
involves a holistic view of man, his health, and illness. Ayurvedic treatment of a disease
consists of salubrious use of drugs, diets, and certain practices. Medicinal preparations
are invariably complex mixtures, based mostly on plant products. Around 1,250 plants
are currently used in various Ayurvedic preparations. Many Indian medicinal plants have
come under scientific scrutiny since the middle of the nineteenth century, although in a
sporadic fashion. The first significant contribution from Ayurvedic materia medica came
with the isolation of the hypersensitive alkaloid from the sarpgandha plant, valued in
Ayurveda for the treatment of hypertension and insanity. This was the first important
ancient-modem concordance in Ayurvedic plants. With the gradual coming of age of
chemistry and biology, disciplines central to the study of biologic activities of natural
products, many Ayurvedic plants have been reinvestigated.
In the early development of modern medicine, biologically active compounds from
higher plants have played a vital role in providing medicines to combat pain and diseases.
For example, in the British Pharmacopoeia of 1932, over 70% of organic monographs
were on plant-derived products. However, with the advent of synthetic medicinal and
subsequently of antibiotics, the role of plant derived therapeutic agents significantly
declined in the economically developed nations.
In the last two decades, there has been a new trend in the preparation and marketing of
drugs based on medicinal plants. These preparations, labeled herbal drugs or
phytomedicines, are single plant extracts or fractions thereof and are distinct from the pure
chemical entities of molecular drugs. These new plant-derived products are carefully
standardized, and their efficacy and safety for a specific application have been
demonstrated. Thus, plant-based therapeutic agents continue to have scientific, social, and
commercial significance and appear to be gathering a momentum in health-relevant areas.
Indian medicinal plants are the essence of Ayurveda and Ayurvedic treatments, when
used judiciously. Their role cannot be confined to mere duration of disease but they
also used being of human body. Hence, Ayurvedic drugs are rightly called the elixirs of
life. Ayurvedic Herbs played important role in Ayurvedic treatment, from ancient time to
this most modern time.
Indian Medicinal Plants/herbs shows good result on disease cure. Ayurveda is the
medical/Health care system which uses this as treatment base with theoretical principles. We
need to research many things to find out the pharmacological action of it.
The advent of development exploitation of mineral and metal resources, construction of
minor and major dams for hydro-electric or thermal plants, development means of
communication, reckless hacking and cutting of forests tracts for rehabilitation and
agricultural purposes are having telling effect on the plant resources of Central India. The
forest area are gradually shrinking due to population explosion and increasing demand on
forest resources for sustenance of human at large. A large number of medicinal plants
may then disappear prematurely before their inventorization, assessment and utilization
of potentials for human welfare. Sustainable utilization and conservation of medicinal
plants is the demand of the time.
This workshop aims to discuss and practices all the issues pertaining to medicinal plants
research, documentation, utilization. conservation activities, standardization, quality
control, tissue culture, biotechnology, biochemistry, phytochemistry and chemical
characterization taking place in various Universities, Institutions, Colleges and their
impact on medicinal plants.
Thirty five abstracts related to chemistry, bio-chemistry and Ayurveda were presented
and discussed in the workshop. An excellent practice (tissue culture, identification of
plant, instrumental techniques etc.), Harbal garden & pharmacy visit and marvelous field
visit was also orgnised during the workshop.
I hope the proceeding will catalyze activities for further research and practices of all the
issue pertaining to Indian medicinal plants.
Prof. I.P. Tripthi
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
We humbly present our gratitude to Honourable Vice-Chancellor Prof. K. B. Pandeya
and Padamshri P. Puslpanghan for grateful inauguration of the National Workshop on
Chemistry, Biochemistry and Ayurveda of Indian Medicinal plants amidst a September
gathering.
We record our special thanks to right Honourable Vice-Chancellor Prof. K. B. Pandeya
for his keen interest in the workshop and an encouraging foreword for the proceeding.
We are very thankful to Dr. R.R. Rao (FNA), Vaidya Jamuna Prasad, Dr. Bharatandu
Prakash for her splendid address delivered in the inaugural ceremony. Our sincere thanks
are also to Honourable Sant Chola Baba, Satianusuia Ashram Chitrakoot and Dr. K.V.
Billore, Prof. T.R. Sahu & Dr. N.C. Shah for the valedictory address in the workshop.
The proceedings are outcome of cooperation of the authors, reviewers and many people
at different stages in different capacities. We are obliged to Prof. Aroop Kumar Gupta,
Presently Vice-Chancellor & Dean, Agriculture Faculty, Prof. S. S. Sengar, Dean, Art
Faculty, Prof. R.C. Singh, Dean, Management Faculty, Er. K.P. Mishra, Dean, Eng. &
Technology, Dr. Ajai Kumar, DSW and Prof. K.D. Mishra, Director, Research
Directorate for encouragements. We wish to thankfully acknowledge the support and
cooperation of Dr. Ravindra Singh, Dr. Vandana Pathak, Dr. Shudhakar Mishra, Dr. S.K.
Chaturvedi, Dr. Sadhana Chaurasia, Dr. R.L.S. Sikarwar, Dr. Sachin Upadhyaya,
Dr. Vijay Pratap Singh, Dr. S.P. Pathak, Dr. Rakesh Shrivastava, and Dr. Reetu Sharma.
We also thank to our departmental colleagues and students for their active cooperation.
The conference was financial supported by various organizations and we again record our
thanks to University Grant Commission-New Delhi, DRDO-New Delhi, M.P. Council of
Science & Technology-Bhopal and Bundelkhand Extended Region Chaper (NASI)
Chitrakoot.
Our thanks are also due to Academy Press Allahabad for excellent and timely printing
and to Shri Bramhanand and Shri Vishnu Kumar for appreciable computer layout, and
keen interest in the publication.
We deeply appreciate the sacrifices made by our family members who granted us the
time we required to organize the conference and to complete the publication of this scale.
We specially mention our researches & Post Graduate students Sarika Singh, Arvind
Dwivedi, Sanjay Saxena, Neelesh Dwivedi, Priyanka Gupta, Noopa Dwivedi, Mahendra
Mishra, Atul Dwivedi, Arti Kamal, Ruchita Tripathi, Chinmayee Mishra, Kailash,
Anjnay etc. for their patience and cooperation.
Prof. I. P.Tripathi
tSlk fd vkidks fofnr gS fd vkt taxyksa dh v/kk/kqU/k dVkbZ ,oa Climate Change vkSj fge[k.Mksa ds
u"V gksus ds dkj.k cgqr ls vkS"k/kh; ikS/ks lekIr gksrs tk jgs gSAa ,d losZ{k.k ds vuqlkj izR;sd 1 feuV ij
tSo fofo/krk ls ,d iztkfr foyqIr gksrh tk jgh gSA ;fn bl foukl dks jksduk gS rks mu iztkfr;ksa dks tks
foyqIrh ds dxkj ij gS muds egRo dk izpkj&izlkj] [ksrh o Tisus e culture }kjk laj{k.k o lao)Zu dj mUgsa
lajf{kr djus dh vfr vko';drk gSA bl mn~n's ; ij fofHkUu fn'kkvksa esa py jgs iz;klksa dks Hkh dk;Z'kkyk esa
oSKkfudksa us crk;kA dk;Z'kkyk ds nkSjku LFkkuh; QkesZlh] vk;qosZn laLFkkuksa rFkk ouLifrd m|kuksa dk oSKkfudksa
,oa Nk=ksa }kjk Hkze.k fd;k x;k rFkk ogk¡ dh xfrfof/k;ksa dks le>k x;kA blh nkSjku fp=dwV ds taxyksa dk
Hkze.k dj vkS"k/kh; ikS/kksa dh igpku dks Nk=ksa us tkuk rFkk muds xq.k o mi;ksx ds fo"k; esa xgjkbZ ls foe'kZ
fd;kA mijksDr O;k[;kuksa o {ks= v/;;u ls fo'ofo|ky; esa fo"k; lEcfU/kr yxHkx 300 Nk=ksa dks vius Hkfo";
,oa vius 'kks/k fo"k;ksa dks pquus ds fy, fn'kk funsZ'k Hkh izkIr gq;As
dk;Z'kkyk dh vuq’kalk;s%a &
1- fp=dwV tSofofo/krk dk LoxZ gS] ftlds laj{k.k dh vfr vko';dRkk gSA ;gk¡ vkS"k/kh; ikS/kksa ds
,d=hdj.k ds fy, LFkkuh; yksxksa dks izf'k{k.k nsus dh vko';drk gS] ftlls vkS"k/kh; ikS/a kksa dk
fouk'k jksdk tk ldsA
2- vkS"k/kh; ikS/a kksa dh [ksrh ds fy, LFkkuh; fdlkuksa ds lewg cukdj mUgsa izfs jr djuk] ftlls muds
lkkeftd&vkfFkZd (Socio Economic) Lrj esa lq/kkj vk ldsA
3- vkS"k/kh; ikS/a kksa dh izkslfs lax djus ds ckn gh cktkj esa Hkstk tk;] ftlls fdlkuksa dks mudk iw.kZ
o mfpr ewY; fey lds vkSj mldk lrr~ mi;ksx gks ldsA
4- ikniksa ds igpku esa mudh ,oa jklk;fud lajpukvksa (Phyto-chemistry) dh egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk gSA
bl rduhfd dk iz;ksx dj vkS"kf/k fuekZ.k esas lgh iztkfr ds mi;ksx dks lqfuf'pr djsa ftlesa
nokvksa dh xq.koRrk c<+x
s h rFkk tulkekU; dk dY;k.k gksxkA
5- vkS"k/kh; ikS/a kksa ds vk;qosZn esa mi;ksx dks c<+kok nsus gsrq LFkkuh; QkesZlh fodflr dh tk; ftlls
nokvksa dh xq.koRrk cuh jgs vkSj vkS"k/kh; ikS/a kksa dks mfpr LFkku fey ldsA
6- fo'ofo|ky; esa fV'kqdYpj iz;ksx'kyk dk fodkl dj mu vkS"k/kh; ikS/a kksa dks izof/kZr (Propagate)
djuk pkfg, tks foyqIr izk;% ;k foyqIrh ds dxkj ij gSA
bUgha vuq'kalkvksa ds lkFk lkSgknZiz .w kZ okrkoj.k esa dk;Z'kkyk ds leLr rduhdh l= lEiUu gq;As
la;kstd
jk"Vªh; dk;Z'kkyk
CONTENTS
PART-I IDENTIFICATION AND CONSERVATION OF MEDICINAL PLANTS
1. PHYTOCHEMICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF MEDICINAL PLANT IN HERBAL DRUGS 1-12
P. Pushpangadan, Vipin Mohan Dan, T P Ijinu and V. George
2. MEDICINAL PLANTS of INDIA: DIVERSITY, CONSERVATION AND 13-40
BIOPROSPECTION- A PRIORITY AGENDA FOR 21ST CENTURY
DR. R.R.Rao
3. UTILIZATION AND CONSERVATION OF MEDICINAL PLANTS IN INDIA 41-49
Dr. K. V. Billore
4. WHY THE INDIAN MEDICINAL PLANTS COULD NOT FIND THEIR PLACE IN THE 50-60
MODERN MEDICINE? AN OVERVIEW
N.C.Shah
5. MEDICINAL PLANTS IDENTIFICATION AND IMPORTANCE OF HERBARIA IN 61-66
MEDICO-BOTANY
Dr. K. V. Billore
6. PROSPECTS OF CULTIVATION OF SOME IMPORTANT MEDICINAL PLANTS 67-78
S.K. Tewari, Shweta Singh, S.K. Sharma AND R.S. Katiyar
7. PHYTO-PHARMACEUTICALS AND AYURVEDIC NORMS 79-86
Sanjeev Kumar Ojha: CH V Rao: Sri Krishna Tewari
8. CHITRAKOOT-AN EMPORIUM OF BIOLOGICAL AND CULTURAL DIVERSITY 87-93
R.L.S. Sikarwar
PART-II TISSUE CULTURE AND BIOTECHNOLOGY OF MEDICINAL PLANTS
9. ROLE OF PLANT TISSUE CULTURE IN CLONING AND CONSERVATION OF 94-108
PHYTODIVERSITY OF SOME ECONOMIC MEDICINAL PLANTS OF INDIA
A. K. Sharma, Kavita Arora and Meena Sharma
10. IN VITRO APPROACHES FOR MASS PRODUCTION OF MEDICINAL PLANTS 109-116
Pragati Misra and Pradeep Kumar Shukla
11. IN VITRO CONSERVATION OF BIODIVERSITY OF MEDICINAL PLANTS IN INDIA 117-122
Reetu Sharma and S P Mishra
12. THE WONDER PLANT AMARANTHUS–PHARMACOGNOSTIC PROPERTIES AND 123-129
APPLICATIONS
Kavita Niraj, Ravindra M.Samartha and Puneet Gandhi
PART-III MEDICINAL PLANTS IN INDIAN SYSTEM OF MEDICINE- AYURVEDA, UNANI
AND HOMEOPATHY
13. ANTI-DIABETIC PLANTS 130-133
Dr Prakash L Hegde
14. THERAPEUTIC USES OF COMMON MEDICINAL PLANTS 134-139
Prof (Dr) G.S.Tomar
15. MORINGA OLIFERA OR SAHIJAN – A MIRACLE PLANT OF MEDICINAL VALUE 140-144
Dr. Vinod Kumar
Chemistry, Biochemistry and Ayurveda of Indian Medicinal Plants, 2013, pp. 1-12
Ed : Prof. I.P. Tripathi
Publisher : M.G.C.G.V.,Chitrakoot, Satna (M.P.) 485780
PHYTOCHEMICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF
MEDICINAL PLANT IN HERBAL DRUGS
P. Pushpangadan, Vipin Mohan Dan, T P Ijinu and V. George
Amity Institute for Herbal and Biotech Products Development, Trivandrum
ABSTRACT
The prospects of exploring biodiversity for new medicines, foods, crops, insecticides,
pesticides and other commercially valuable genetic and biological products and processes
are booming, thanks to the rapid development in Biotechnology - particularly genomics,
proteomics, enzymatic and transgenic technologies – Herbal Technology and Information
Technology. And, this exploration of biodiversity for commercially valuable genetic and
biochemical resources is termed as “bioprospecting”. Bioprospecting involves
investigation of genetic resources or biochemicals for new commercial leads and includes
three major areas such as “chemical prospecting, gene prospecting and bionic prospecting”.
20th Century witnessed a radical shift in the driving force of the world from the traditional
military power to the industrial and financial powers. In 21st century we are witnessing yet
another revolutionary driving force, ‘the knowledge’. According to Mashelkar (2001) ‘The
21st century will be a ‘Century of knowledge… and a nations’ ability to convert knowledge
into wealth and social good through the process of innovation will determine its future’. A
new thinking centered on the concept of knowledge engineering for building up future
‘knowledge societies’ and ‘knowledge industries’ is gaining attention and acceptance both
nationally and internationally. Four technologies namely, Biotechnology (BT), Information
Technology, Herbal Technology and Nano-technology are going to be the most powerful
instruments of the 21st century that would control the world trade and economics.
Generating new knowledge and converting it into useful products, process and services
using the latest advances made in S&T, and subsequent transfer of such products and
technologies to industry and commerce with appropriate safeguards of IPR protection are
some of the key strategies that countries like India should focus on to achieve economic
prosperity and sustainable development.
Phytochemistry is the study of secondary metabolites in different plant parts.
Secondary metabolism is an enigmatic process controlled and conditioned by a variety of
factors. The finger print of secondary metabolites from the same speceis may vary
depending on the stage of development and growth, edaphic and environmental factors.
It is therefore essential to know the chemical constituents of therapeutically important
medicinal plants before they are used in preparation of medicines. Marker compounds
can play a useful role in characterization of medicinal plants and quality control of
finished products.
of health delivery at the village level which (Flavonoids, cumarins and tannins),
run parallel to the state supported system. alkaloids, saponins, terpenes, glycosides
The potential of ethnomedicine is largely and steroids. It is found that most plant
not noticed because of the dominant derived drugs belong to the classes such as
western medicine. steroids and terpenoids. The second major
Biodiversity thus represents (1) a category belongs to the group of glycosides
priceless resource with many actual uses particularly saponins, flavonoid glycosides,
and potential values to humanity and (2) a digitalis glycosides etc. The third major
complex self-sustaining ecological system category belongs to the class of alkaloids,
that helps, maintain the integrity and some well known examples being quinine,
resilience of biosphere. These two atropine, morphine, berberine,
complementary perceptions would lead to camptothecine, vincristine, vinblastine etc
the surmise that biodiversity is an and the other minor categories include the
invaluable natural resource, which needs salicylates, vitamins etc.
to be conserved and sustainably utilized HERBAL TECHNOLOGY
for the benefit of the present as well as the
All technologies used for the
future generations of humankind.
manufacture of value added plant products
Humankind has tapped only a fraction of
this great nature’s genetic library. can be called herbal technology. A multi-
Bioprospecting is the systematic search disciplinary team consisting of botanists,
for genes, natural compounds, designs and ethnobiologist, pharmacognosists,
whole organisms of forest/wildlife with pharmacists, ethnopharmacologists,
potential for product development. phytochemists, biochemists, and ayurvedic
Bioprospecting has three important facets scientists are included in this programme.
like ‘chemical prospecting, gene The R&D involved is essentially a blend of
prospecting and bionic prospecting’ traditional knowledge/ wisdom and the latest
PLANT METABOLITES – PRIMAY S&T knowledge and tools with the objective
AND SECONDARY of developing scientifically validated,
standardized and IPR covered diverse herbal
Plants synthesise the primary
products such as health foods/ functional
metabolites like carbohydrates, proteis and
foods/ nutraceuticals, primary health care
fats at all times wherever they are, but the
secondary metabolites are synthesised only products and cosmaceuticals. Herbal drugs
when they are required. The secondary are best suited for primary health care,
metabolite production is controled and infectious diseases, Degenerative &
conditioned by a variety of factors such as Gerontological Conditions, Metabolic
edaphic, climatic, altitudinal and the Disorders etc. Developments of products
association of other plants and based on ethnic and indigenous knowledge
microorganisms. The secondary are herbal drugs, herbal drinks, herbal beer,
metabolites are maily phenolics herbal dyes, herbal lipstick, nutraceuticals.
rejuvenate the whole body system and adopted to increase the power of
make it fully healthy and functional. resistance to disease (enhance immunity)
and improve the general vitiation and
Phytonutrients/ phytochemicals have
efficiency of the human being.
tremendous impact on the health care
‘Rasayana’ therapy is done for a particular
system and may provide health benefits
period of time with strict regimen on diet
including prevention and treatment of
and conduct. Rasayana drugs are very
diseases and physiological disorders.
rich in powerful antioxidants,
Polyphenols are one of the most widely
hepatoprotective agents and
distributed groups of phytochemicals that
immunomodulators. Rasayana is one of
are responsible for the health promoting
the eight clinical specialities of the Indian
effects of nutraceuticals. They range from
classical Ayurveda, aimed for the
simple phenols to highly polymerised
rejuvenation and geriatric care. Rasayana
tannins. They protect plants from oxidative
is not a drug therapy, but is a specialized
damage and they also play the same role in
procedure practised in the form of
humans protecting the tissues from
rejuvenation recipes, dietary regimen
oxidative decay there by acting as
(Ahara Rasayana) and special health
antioxidants. The outstanding feature of
promoting conduct and behaviour ie.
these phytonutrients is their ability to block
‘Achara rasayana’. Sushruta while
specific enzymes that cause inflammation.
defining rasayana therapy says that it
They also modify prostaglandin pathways
arrests ageing (‘Vayasthapam’), increase
and thereby protect platelets from clumping.
life span (‘Ayushkaram’), intelligence
NUTRACEUTICALS IN AYURVEDA (‘Medha’) and strength (‘Bala’) and
The Acharyas of ancient India who thereby enable one to prevent disease.
codified systems of medicine namely There are over 30-35 medicinal plants
Ayurveda and Siddha seemed to have an mentioned in different treatise of
indepth knowledge and understanding Ayurveda and Siddha having rasayana
about the delicate relationship between properties. The important among them
food, nutrition and health. They also had are Sida cordifolia, S. cordata, Abutilon
a clear understanding of the delicate indicum, Tinospora cordifolia, Acorus
cellular mechanisms of the body and the calamus, Ocimum tenuifolium (syn. O.
deterioration of the functional capacity of sanctum), Withania somnifera, Emblica
human beings. These ancient medical officinalis, Asparagus racemosus, Piper
masters had developed certain dietary and longum, Commiphora mukul, Semicarpus
therapeutic regimes to arrest/delay ageing anacardium, Centella asiatica, Curcuma
and rejuvenating whole functional longa, Chlorophytum borivilianum,
dynamics of the body system. This Chlorophytum tuberosum, Dactylorhiza
revitalization and rejuvenation is known hatagirea, Morinda citrifolia etc.
as the ‘Rasayan Chikitsa’ (Rejuvenation In ‘Ayurveda’ the term ‘Rasayana’
therapy) in Ayurveda. It is specifically therapy thus refers to the use of plants or
This is followed by well defined Good (10) Fulfilment of ethical and cultural
Manufacturing Practices (GMP) and obligations for the heritage of healing.
scientific validation including toxicity
Revitalizing Ayurveda through
evaluation, chemical profiling,
integrated scientific research and
pharmacodynamics – effect of drug in the
development initiatives is very much
body, pharmacokinetics – absorption, important not only in terms of improving
distribution, metabolism, mechanism of the healthcare standards and quality of life
action and execution, proper dosage form, of our own people, but also in view of the
proper presentation and packing and proper enormous potentials and benefits this
claim of therapeutic merits – compared system could offer India to become a
with other drugs. This should be followed global leader in the global herbal
by good survey of literature (Ancient & drug/pharmaceuticals industry. The
Modern), development and observation of practitioners of both Ayurvedic and
norms of: Good Agricultural Practices modern medicine need to accept and
(GAP), Good Collection/Harvesting and appreciate these as the real challenges and
Post Harvest Handling Practices (GCP/ should work in a synergetic way so as to
GHP & GPHP), Good Laboratory take Ayurveda and other traditional Indian
Practices (GLP), Good Clinical Practices systems of medicine to the pedestals of
(GCP), Good Manufacturing Practices global medicine.
(GMP) and Good Marketing Techniques
(GMT). MODERN BIOTECHNOLOGY
with the activity. Thus systems biology established in 2006 with a view to develop
approach is a major challenge for the scientifically validated and standardized
coming years in studying medicinal plants herbal drugs. Keeping in view of the vision
(Verpoorte et.al., 2005). of the Founder President of Amity Group of
Institutions Dr. Ashok K Chauhan, the
ADVANTAGES OF HERBAL DRUGS
Institute is focusing all its resources and
Herbal drugs are comparatively safer energy to develop novel nutraceuticals,
and modern drugs can produce serious side cosmaceuticals and phytomedicines. Under
effects. Drug induced or chemical induced the leadership and guidance of the authors
(Iatrogenic) diseases fourth leading causes the Institute has developed 18 novel herbal
of death in USA and other developed products combining traditional wisdom with
nations (JAMA, 1998). Side effects of the knowledge and tools of modern science
modern drugs kill more Americans annually and technology. Patent applications on all
than the world war 2nd and Vietnam War the 18 novel products have been filed and
combined (Newyork Times, 2003). Around steps are being taken for the mass production
2600 people died in the Twin tower tragedy of nutraceuticals and cosmaceuticals so that the
on 11th September, 2001 causing global fruits of our research are made available to our
repercussions. It is however not recognized fellow citizens.
that the same number die in USA from the
effects of modern prescription drugs every CONCLUSION
10 days (JAMA, 1998). Health care policies 21st century is witnessing still another
largely market driven by the pharmaceuticl driving force – the knowledge. The 21st
industry diverting attention from health century will be the century of knowledge –
preservation to illness cure. Prevention and a nation’s ability to convert knowledge into
iradicatio of diseases undermine the wealth and social good through the process
economic basis of this industry. There is no of innovation will determine its future. A
satisfactory modern drugs available for new thinking centered on the concept of
most of the degenerative disorders ‘knowledge engineering’ for building up
characteristic of graying population and for future ‘knowledge societies’ and
remerging resistant infections. Herbal drugs ‘knowledge industries’ is now gaining
are best suited for primary healthcare, attention and acceptance both nationally and
infectious diseases, degenerative internationally. Plants synthesise the
gerontological conditions, metabolic primary metabolites like carbohydrates,
disordes and other conditions of liver proteis and fats at all times wherever they
diseases, cancer and immunostimulant and are, but the secondary metabolites are
microcirculatory disorders. synthesised only when they are required.
The secondary metabolite production is
AIHBPD AND DRUG DEVELOPMENT
controled and conditioned by a variety of
Amity Institute for Herbal and Biotech factors such as edaphic, climatic, altitudinal
Products Development (AIHBPD) was and the association of other plants and
microorganisms. The third major category Ebel, J. and Costa, E.G. (1994) Int.Rev. Cytol.
belongs to the class of alkaloids, some well 148, 1-36.
known examples being quinine, atropine, Facchini, P.J. (2001) Ann. Rev. Plant Physiol.
Plant Mol. Biol. 52: 29-36.
morphine, berberine, camptothecine,
Mashelkar.R.A (2003) Chithrakoot Declaration,
vincristine, vinblastine etc and the other National Botanical Research Institute &
minor categories include the salicylates, Arogyadham convention 2003, Chitrakoot.
phenolics, coumarins, vitamins etc. Modern Mei Wang, Lamers, R.J.A.N, Korthout, H.A.A.J.
biotechnology particularly the disciplines Van Nisselrooj, J.H.J, Witkamp, R.F, Van der
like Cell Biology, Immunology, Molecular Heijden, R. Ver[pprte, R.Vander Greef.J. (2005)
Metabolomics in the context of system biology
Biology, recombinant DNA technology and
bridging traditional Chinese Medicine and
bioinformatics. Phytonutrients/phyto- Molecular Pharmacology Phytotherapy
chemicals have tremendous impact on the Research 19: 173-182.
health care system and may provide health Patwardhan, B. (2003) Ayugenomics-Integration
benefits including prevention and treatment for customized medicine. Indian J Nat Prod.
of diseases and physiological disorders. New 19, 16-23.
technologies are constantly being developed Patwardhan.B, Ashok.D.B, Vaidya and Mukund
Chorghade (2004). Ayurveda and natural
to isolate and identify the components products drug discovery. Current science 86
responsible for the activity of plants. (b): 789-799.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Rao. Ch.v. Ojha, S.K. Radhakrishnan,
K.Govindarajan, R.Rastogis, Mehrotra.S and
The authors express their sincere Pushpangadan P, (2004) Antiuleer activity of
thanks to Dr. Ashok K Chauhan, Founder ulteria salicifolia rhizome extract. Journal of
President of RBEF and Amity Group of Ethnopharmacology 91: 243-249.
Institutions & Shri. Atul Chauhan, Roos.G, Roeseler.C, Bueter K.B Simmen,U (2004)
Classification and correlation of ST.John’s
President, Ritnand Balved Education wort extracts by nuclear magnetic resonance
Foundation for facilities and spectroscopy, multivariate data analysis and
encouragement. We also express our pharmacological activity. Planta Medica
thanks to Smt. Vijayalekshmi for the help 70:771-777.
in preparing the manuscript. Trapp.S and Croteai,R. (2001) Ann.Rev.Plant
Physiol. Plant Mol.Biol. 52:689-724.
REFERENCES Vaidya, A. (2002) Reverse Pharmacology
Cordell.G.A (2003) Discovery over Gifts from approach. CSIR NMITLI Herbal drugs
nature now and in the future. Part II Revista development programme, 2002.
de Quimica 17 13 – 15 Vaidya, A. et al (2003) Ayurvedic
Cordell.G.A (2005) Some thoughts on the future Pharmacoepidemiology – a new discipline J.
of ethnopharmacology. Journal of Assoc. Phis. India. 3, 51.528.
Ethnopharmacology 100: 5-14
Verpoorte, Y.H. Choi, H.K.Kim (2005).
Darvill, A.G. and Albersheim, P. (1984) Ann. Rev. Ethnopharmacology and system biology: A
Plant Physiol. Plant Mol. Biol. 35: 245-277.
perfect holistic match. Journal of
Dixon, R.A. and Paiva, N.L (1995) Plant cell. 7:
1085-1097. Ethnopharmacology 100: 53-56.
Chemistry, Biochemistry and Ayurveda of Indian Medicinal Plants, 2013, pp. 13-40
Ed : Prof. I.P. Tripathi
Publisher : M.G.C.G.V.,Chitrakoot, Satna (M.P.) 485780
ABSTRACT
The use of plants to alleviate human suffering is as old as the evolution of human
civilization itself. Mention of medicinal virtues of hundreds of plants in India has been
made in the ancient works like Charaka samhita, Susruta samhita, Rigveda and Astanga
Hridaya. India also possesses a great heritage of other ancient systems of medicine such
as Siddha, Unani and Homeopathy. More than these systems there also exist in India a
vast knowledge of tribal and folk medicine among the numerous ethnic tribes and all
these collectively add to the rich diversity of medicinal flora in India. Indian region
encompassing a broad range of ecological habitats and innumerable adivasi tribes in all
states, hosts for about 50% of the total higher plant species in India. A few important
medicinal plant species occurring at various phytogeographic regions of the country
including altitudinal zones, such as tropical, temperate and subalpine regions are listed.
The numerous adivasi tribes occupying the different forested areas have depended on
surrounding flora for all their ailments and consequently hundreds of medicinal plants are
in usage for one or the other ailments. A few important medicinal plants reported through
ethnobotanical surveys are also enumerated. Although considerable amount of literature
have accumulated on the subject during recent years, the authors emphasize the urgent
need for further exploration in the region for documenting all medicinal plants of the
region for their effective utilization. Discussing the various threats for medicinal flora,
the authors opine that cultivation of medicinal plant species appears to be the only
solution to save the vanishing medicinal flora. The problems and benefits of cultivation
of medicinal plants are also highlighted. Finally, the author stresses the need to intensify
the inventorization of medicinal plants and develop a comprehensive database on the
State-wise medicinal plants of India. Study of infraspecific and genetic diversity in
medicinal plants, which is least attempted is advocated at least for those medicinal plants,
which are in high demand and needing commercial cultivation. Discussing the utilization
of the bio resources, the author outlines the immense opportunities for bioprospection of
the medicinal plants. Recent developments in molecular biology and biotechnology have
made it possible to scan the biodiversity for molecules with potential for commercial
application. Problems and prospects associated with the bioprospection of medicinal
plants in India are discussed.
India a vast knowledge of tribal and folk East Himalaya 3000, Western Ghats 3500,
medicine among the numerous ethnic and Eastern Ghats 1500, Andaman &
tribes and all these collectively add to the Nicobar Islands 750 species. Further, it is
rich diversity of medicinal flora in India. shown that Karnataka hosts for about
Nearly 550 ethnic tribes dwelling in 1495 medicinal species while Tamil
different forest regions have vast amount Nadu, 1574; Kerala, 1500; Andhra
of traditional knowledge about plants, Pradesh, 1100 species. While on one side
particularly medicinal plants. Again, a we have not been able to evaluate the
vast majority of these species are infra specific diversity in most of these
represented by numerous subtypes or medicinal plants for identifying the elite
populations depending upon the climatic types (which is expected to be very high),
and edaphic conditions. Indian region
many species and populations are facing
being one of the mega diversity regions of
the threat of extinction due to several
the world supports an enormous
anthropogenic reasons. Medicinal uses of
biodiversity of ancient lineage. It is
a few important species like Costus
estimated that over 50,000 species of
plants are accounted for in this region, speciosus, Sassurea obvollata, Gymnema
which represent roughly 11% of the sylvestre, Aegle marmelos, Phyllanthus
known plant species of the world. Nearly amarus, Aloe vera, Abrus precatorius,
18,500 species of flowering plants Thymus vulgaris, Rhus semialata,
belonging to 2,250 genera and 315 Tinospora cordifolia, Rauvolfia
flowering plant families occur here. This serpentina, Celastrus paniculatus, Mucuna
includes nearly 8000 species which are pruriens, etc., are very high. Himalaya and
used as herbal remedies for a variety of Western Ghats are the treasure houses of
ailments under different systems of many reputed medicinal plants like
medicines. According to FRLHT’s reports Rauvolfia serpentina, Gloriosa superba,
in Ayurveda-1689; Folk medical system- Cassia angustifolia, Withania somnifera,
4775; Homeopathy-491; Modern Chlorophytum sps., Catharanthus roseus,
medicine-200; Siddha-1563; Tibetan-343 Andrographis paniculata, Pyllanthus
and Unani-843 plants are mentioned. amarus, Trichopus zeylanicus, Janakia
Medicinal plants diversity in India is very arayalpathra, Utleria salicifolia,
high. Although rough estimate of the total Aristolochia tagala, Piper barberi, Adenia
number of medicinal plant species in India hondala, Garcinia sps, Thotea siliquosa,
is reported to be around 8000 species, the Caryota urens, Adhatoda beddomei,
infra specific diversity of these species is Myristica malabarica, Coscinium
least known. The medicinal plans fenestratum etc. (in Western Ghats) and
diversity in different biogeographic Taxus wallichiana, Picrorhiza kurrooa,
regions in India is highlighted. It is Aconitum spp, Saussurea obvallata,
roughly estimated that West Himalaya Berberis sp., Ephedra gerardiana,
harbors 1500 species of medicinal plants, Podophyllum hexandrum and a few others
(in Himalayas) which offer immense being used in as many as 51 different drug
prospects for bioprospection of medicinal preparations (Ayensu, 1983).
flora.The most ancient and celebrated There is an urgent need to intensify
treatises on Hindu medicine are no doubt the inventiorization of medicinal plants
the Ayurveda. The authoritative works for developing a comprehensive, State
like Charaka samhita, Susruta samhita, wise databases on medicinal plants of
Rigveda and Astanga Hridaya marks the India with as many parameters like correct
early base of herbal science in India. As names, synonyms, vernacular names,
many as 4000 plants are collectively names of ethnic communities using the
mentioned in these early works. Added to plants, distribution in the region, threat
this, India also possesses a great heritage status, conservation initiatives and
of other ancient systems of medicine such ailments for which used and detailed
as Siddha, Unani and Homeopathy. mode of application, etc. Study of infra-
Nearly 2500 species of plants are used in specific and genetic diversity in medicinal
one way or other by some of these plans, which is least attempted is also
systems. In addition to these traditional advocated for at least those medicinal
systems, there also exists in India a vast plants, which are in high demand and
knowledge of tribal and folk medicine, needing commercial cultivation.
which utilize around 7500 species of The Indian region supports almost all
plants as medicinal. Some of the types of habitats for luxuriant growth of
ethnobotanically important species have medicinal plants. Over 8000 species
also provided leads for production of reported to be medicinal are found in
modern drugs by pharmaceutical different ecosystems in the country. While
companies (table-1). In fact, it is on one side we have not been able to
estimated that in India 90% of the evaluate a vast majority of these
prescriptions contain plant products medicinal plants for identifying the elite
(Husain, 1983, Natesh,2001 ). The types, many species are facing the threat
Ayurvedic and other traditional systems of of extinction due to several anthropogenic
Indian medicines fully depend on wild reasons. Already a number of reputed
plants for preparation of drugs. In recent medicinal species such as Aquilaria
times, wild medicinal plants have also malaccensis, Dioscorea deltoidea,
found their way even in allopathic Podophyllum hexandrum, Pterocarpus
medicines. Madagascar periwinkle santalinus, Rauvolfia serpentina,
(Catharanthus roseus), Sarpagandha Saussurea lappa and Taxus wallichiana
(Rauvolfia serpentina), Acorus calamus, have become endangered.
Gloriosa superba, Podophyllum spp. are Although the diversity of medicinal
only a few standing examples. The plants in India is enormous with their
rhizomes of Acorus calamus with heritage as old as 5000 years, the
insecticidal and sedative properties are medicinal plants sector is still mostly
materials are being exploited from the wild the Indian Institute of Remote Sensing
source leading to the depletion of wild (Anonymous 2002) has listed 419 species
populations of important medicinal plants of medicinal plants from Arunachal
like Aconitum ferox, A. heterophyllum, Pradesh, 228 species from Assam, 86
Acorus calamus, Panax pseudo-ginseng, species from Manipur, 74 species from
Podophyllum hexandrum, Valeriana Meghalaya, 83 species from Mizoram, 86
wallichii, Taxus baccata, etc species from Nagaland, 73 species from
Tripura and 70 species from Sikkim.
DIVERSITY OF MEDICINAL
Listing of all medicinal plants of
PLANTS IN NORTHEAST INDIA
Northeast India is avoided here nor it is
North-East India encompasses a required too in this discussion. Only a few
broad range of ecological habitats varying major ones confined to different forest
from grassy meadows to dense humid types are listed. It may be noted from that
evergreen forests; disturbed secondary Arunachal Pradesh tops the list with
formations to almost virgin and relict maximum number (419) of medicinal
types as in sacred forests. About 50 % of plants followed by Assam, Nagaland,
total higher plant species of India occur in Mizoram, Meghalaya, etc.
this region with maximum number of
endemic taxa. The region being the ETHNOBOTANICALLY
‘Sanctuary of Primitive Angiosperm’ is IMPORTANT MEDICINAL PLANTS
also the “Cradle of Flowering Plants.” The The numerous adivasi tribes
rich species diversity is largely occupying the different forested areas in
attributable to the diverse geographical northeast region depend on the
area, varied topography, climate and soil surrounding vegetation for all their
variability and invasion of plant species ailments. Only a few seleced medicinal
from the surrounding countries. The plants among different ethnic
region is the transitional zone between the communities are enumerated in table 2.
Palaeo-artic, Indo-Malayan and Indo- As evident from the table 2, the tribals
Chinese biogeographical zones as well as have known the use of medicinal plants
the confluence of the Himalayan region for all major diseases like malaria,
with the peninsular India. It is therefore leprosy, pneumonia, tuberculosis,
no surprise that the region acts as a Typhoid, night blindness, ulcers, cancer,
storehouse of vast number of medicinal skin diseases, hypertension, jaundice, eye
plants apart from the other groups of diseases, lever disorder, kidney troubles,
economically important species. gynecological disorders etc. Scientific
The medicinal plants diversity in evaluation and authentication of these
Northeast India is quite enormous. leads can certainly result in patentable
Although no data is available on the exact drugs. Practically every ethnic tribe uses
number of medicinal plants occurring in hundreds of medicinal plants for their day
Northeast India, a recent publication by to day life. While some of these medicinal
Diverssity of Medicinal plants in many curative properties (table 3). The region
Western Ghats: is known as the ‘Emporium of medicinal
Western Ghats or ‘Sahyadris’form a Plants. ’ Due to varied physiographic and
chain of mountains parallel to west coast physiognomic factors, medicinal plant
almost stretching from Tapti River in the diversity is very high both in terms of species
north to Kanyakumari in the south, covering a diversity as well as infra specific diversity.
total area of about 160,000 km2 and is Roughly, 1800 species of medicinal plants
considered as a storehouse of several from out of the total of 6000 species of
promising economically important plants Western Ghats are reported
including medicinal plants. The medicinal (Yoganarasimhan, 1996, 2000). A few
plant diversity in Western Ghats is of a very important ones in this category are listed
high order. Apart from the well established (Table- 4 ) The floristic diversity of wild
medicinal plants like Rauvolfia serpentina, aromatic plants in Western Ghats is also
Gloriosa superba, Cassia angustifolia, incompletely known. While medicinal plants
Withania somnifera, Chlorophytum sps., have received some attention, other groups
Catharanthus roseus, Andrographis such as the essential oil yielding plants (which
paniculata, Phyllanthus amarus, etc. the region are also of medicinal valaue) of the region are
particularly the Southern Western Ghats least studied. There are more than 200 such
harbours many ethnobotanically important aromatic species in different ecosystems of
species like Trichopus zeylanicus, Janakia Western Ghats and are predominantly spread
arayalpathra, Utleria salicifolia, Aristolochia among Lamiaceae, Asteraceae, Rutaceae,
tagala, Piper barberi, Adenia hondala, Zingiberaceae, Lauraceae, Oleaceae and
Garcinia sps., Thottea siliquosa, Caryota Poaceae (table–5 & 6). While species
urens, Adhatoda beddomei, Myristica diversity is assessed to some extent, infra
malabarica, Coscinium fenestratum, etc with specific diversity in these aromatic species is
least known. Nevertheless, many species like Authentication and development of value
Hyptis sauveolens, Blumea lacera, B. added products from these drug plants after
hieracifolia, B. membranacea, Cymbopogon critical scientific evaluation and
flexuosus, Ocimum basilicum, Plectranthus pharmacological trials can certainly boost the
mollis exhibit remarkable morphological regional economy. Pharmaceutical companies
variations in the region. Western Ghats with a must take a lead in R & D activities on these
wide variety of ecological habitats certainly medicinal plants and establish scientifically
provides for numerous ecotypes / chemotypes sound pharmacopoeias for the drugs
in some of these medicinal plants. developed from these plants.
Table 3: Some Noteworthy Medicinal Plants of Western Ghats: (*-Endemic Plants)
Species Name Family Uses
Trichopus zeylanicus * Trichopodaceae Fruits are anti-stress, anti fatigue, energy
boosting, Immuno-modulating properties.
Utleria salicifolia * Periplocaceae Tuber for treating asthma, debility due to
tuberculosis, intestinal ailments and bleeding due
to ulcers.
Vateria indica * Dipterocarpaceae Resin for leprosy, asthma, ulcers, gonorrhea,
anemia, dysentery, cough, chronic bronchitis
and skin eruptions.
Adenia hondala* Passifloraceae Tuber for hernia, hydrocele.
Artocarpus hirsutus * Moraceae Fruits, barks and leaves for treating diarrhoea,
skin diseases, haemorrhage and poisons,
hydrocele, pimples and cracks.
Cinnamomum travancoricum* Lauraceae Bronchitis asthma, mouth diseases, dental
diseases, chronic cold, thirst, vomiting and
carminative.
Cinnamomum wightii * Lauraceae Barks, leaves and oil for treating paralytic
disorders, abdominal disorders, cough,
gynecological disorders, stimulant and
carminative.
Coscinium fenestratum Menispermaceae Stem is anti inflammatory and anti septic, to treat
bleeding piles, cough, ulcers, janudice, liver
disorders, diabetes, fever, snake bite and general
debility.
Aristolochia tagala Aristolochiaceae Snake bite
Piper barberi * Piperaceae Post delivery complaints.
Pterocarpus santalinus * Papilionaceae Chronic fever, defects of vision, leprosy, scorpion,
spider poisoning, ulcers, bleeding piles, general
debility and mental aberrations.
Strophanthus wightianus * Apocynaceae Seeds for cardiac troubles and body pains.
Thottea siliquosa Aristolochiaceae Roots for treating dysentery, cholera, chronic
sores and ulcers.
Ochreinauclea missionis * Rubiaceae Bark used for leprosy, skin diseases jaundice,
rheumatism and constipation.
1978. However, the major step towards boost for this industry in India. Thirty-two
conservation and utilization of medicinally important species, which are
bioresources shown by India is by taking in high demand, have been identified for
an active part in the recent Convention on cultivation and development (table 8).
Biological Diversity (CBD) during the But yet, there are many more such
earth summit at Rio de Janeiro, Brazil in medicinal plants which are to be brought
1992. The CBD, which came in to force under commercial cultivation.
on 29 December 1993, has become almost
Conservation of biodiversity and the
an International law as regards the
sustainable use of genetic resources have
biodiversity and its conservation is
been the priority issues for a number of
concerned.
countries including India over the past
The establishment of the Ministry of decade. We have begun to realize that
Environment & Forests under the rapid rate of development at all costs has
Government of India to deal with the generated forces that are threatening to
issues of the biodiversity conservation and destroy the very substratum of life on
environment of the country itself speaks earth. Inspite of the hectic efforts of
for the India’s sincere concerns for taxonomists during the last 50 years or so
protection of the biodiversity. The even the correct assessment of the species
enactment of the Indian Wildlife biodiversity is not yet complete. On one
Protection act of 1972 and the UNESCO’s side the interest in taxonomy is waning
Man and Biosphere Programme have and on the other side diversity is being
resulted in the declaration of large forest diminished due to developmental
areas as protected for in situ conservation programmes. While we know
of Flora and Fauna. Today, there are 89 substantially the species diversity, genetic
National Parks, 496 Wildlife Sanctuaries diversity studies are least attempted.
and 13 Biosphere Reserves representing Considering the large flora and fauna of
the major ecosystems in different our country, it is necessary to select at
biogeographic zones of the country. These least a few species and species of
cover almost three fourth region of the economic importance from different zones
country. Five of the existing protected for studies on their genetic diversity.
areas in India have also been recognized While our conservation efforts are
as World Heritage Sites. These sites confined to declaring certain areas as
represent Moist Alpine, Montane forests, protected (in situ) or shifting a few
Inland and Coastal Wetlands. The recent endangered species to Botanic Gardens
establishment of a “National Medicinal and Zoos (ex situ) no serious efforts are
Plant Board” by the Government of India made to study the “reproductive
with the objective of co-ordination of all bottlenecks” in endangered/rare species to
matters related to medicinal plants, overcome the problems and multiply
including drawing up of policies and them. . It is high time that we should not
strategies for medicinal plants is a big only study and catalogue the diversity but
also sustainably utilize them for human Table 8: Thirty two species prioritized
benefits. Fortunately, a number of by National Medicinal Plants Board
advanced biotechnologies are also Species Trade name Species Trade name
available with us. A wedding of Emblica Amala Saraca asoca Ashok
biodiversity with biotechnology is urgently officinalis
needed so that the Indian biodiversity of Withania Ashwagandha Aconitum Atees
somnifera heterophyllum
medicinal plants can be quickly scanned
Aegle Bael Phyllanthus Bhumiaml
for Bioprospection and product marmelos amarus aki
development before we loose them forever. Bacopa Brahmi Santalum Chandan
monnieri album
Table 7: Some high value medicinal Swertia Chirayita Tinospora Giloe
plants of Himalaya harvested from wild chirayita cordifolia
Gymnema Gudmar Commiphora Guggal
Trade name Botanical name sylvestre wightii
Kuth root Saussurea costus Plantago Isabgol Nardostachys Jatamansi
Poshkar root Inula racemosa ovata jatamansi
Atees root Aconitum heterophyllum
Kutaki root Picrorhiza kurrooa Gloriosa Kalihari Andrographis Kalmegh
Salam panja root Dactylorhiza hatagirea superba paniculata
Sugandhbala root Valeriana jatamansi Garcinia Kokum Saussurea Kuth
Aasmani booti, Somlata stem Ephedra gerardiana indica costus
Birmi leaf Taxus wallichiana
Picrorhiza Kutki Solanum Makoy
Chora root Angelica glauca
kurrooa nigrum
Hauber Hindi Juniperus communis
Seski herb Artemisia maritima Glycyrrhiza Mulethi Chlorophytum Musali
Harar fruit Terminalia chebula glabra borivillianum safad
Bahera fruit Terminalia bellirica Coleus Patharchur Piper longum Pippal
Amla fruit Emblica officinalis barbatus
Chaksu seed Cassia absus
Kaunch beej Mucuna pruriens Berberis Rasaut Crocus sativus Saffron
Laltang leaf Physochlaina praealta aristata
Kalazira, Vilayatizira Carum carvi Rauvolfia Sarpgandha Cassia Senna
Shingoo zira Bunium persicum serpentina angustifolia
Tejpat leaf Cinnamomum tamala
Reetha fruit Sapindus mukorossi Asparagus Shatavari Ocimum Tulsi
Thuth root Salvia moorcroftiana racemosus sanctum
Malkangani seeds Celastrus paniculatus Embelia ribes Vai Vidang Aconitum ferox Vatsnabh
Pakhanbhed rhizome Bergenia ciliata
Revand hindi rhizome Rheum emodi
Brahmi whole herb Centella asiatica
Singli mingli tubers Dioscorea deltoidea Table 9 : Some Endangered medicinal
Kakarsingi galls
Bankakri rhizome
Pistacia khinjuk
Podophyllum hexandrum
plants of Himalaya
Meda/Mahameda( rhizome) Polygonatum spp. Plant Trade name Part Used
Daruhaldi root Berberis spp. Aconitum Atees Tuber
Anardana seed Punica granatum heterophyllum
Banfsha (whole herb) Viola spp. Angelica glauca Choru Root
Dhava phool Woodfordia fruiticosa Arnebia benthamii Laljari Root
Cheeta mool Plumbago zeylanica
Atropa acuminata Atropa Root, Leaf
Safed musli root Asparagus adscendens
Berberis aristata Darhaldi Root
Kapur kachri rhizome Hedychium spicatum
Berberis lycium Kilmor Root
Patisan rooli root Heracleum lanatum
Coptis teeta Mishmitita Rhizome
Timroo fruit Zanthoxylum armatum
Dactylorhiza Salampanji Root
Vacha rhizome Acorus calamus hatagirea
commercial scale. Yet, there exists no regional economy. Some of the high
medicinal plant centres, herb gardens in altitude medicinal plants are very highly
its true sense. Only recently, the Forest priced and therefore tempts the local
Department of Arunachal Pradesh has people to gather these from the wild,
taken up cultivation of a few medicinal which has already endangered several
plants (Pandey, 1988; Hegde and populations.
Ingalhalli, 1988; Hegde, 1988; Deori and
Haridasan, 1988). But for a large country Selection of superior germplasm for
like India, where diverse ecological cultivation is another extremely important
habitats prevail, this attempt, though issue, which requires extensive scientific
praiseworthy, is very inadequate. Such investigations. The species has to be
centers need to be established in all evaluated over its entire range
ecological zones such as tropical zones, morphologically, genetically and
sub-tropical zones, temperate zones and chemically so as to identify the superior
variety and superior location for
sub alpine and alpine zones in order to cultivation. Analysis of active ingredients
accommodate the unique medicinal plant from all wild populations for the selection
species of these zones. This activity of the elite variety is a prerequisite.
should be taken up closely with the help
of local people. While this programme Medicinal plants can be cultivated as
provides employment opportunities to the cash crops sometimes along with the food
local people, at the same time ensures the crops. Cultivation of medicinal plants in
safety of these dwindling plant resources. the high altitudes is a profitable business
(Table 11). As per existing rate, per
Cultivation of medicinal plants has hectare return of Aconitum heterophyllum
several benefits. Firstly, this would ease is Rs. 5,50,000, Rs. 3,52,800 for A.
the stress on the natural populations. balfourii, Rs. 71,500 for Picrorhiza
Cultivation of medicinal plants can assure kurrooa and Rs. 3,52,800 for
a constant supply of the required Podophyllum hexandrum (Nautiyal,
medicinal plants to the user industries. 1995). However, it may be noted that
Once the elite populations are identified, maturation time for the harvest of the drug
only such populations can be cultivated in case of alpine herbs extends from 3 to 6
for production of the raw material for years and the farmers therefore are to
industries. However, this requires the adopt the inter-cropping system in order
cultivation protocols, which again for a to earn regular annual income. Inter-
vast majority of the medicinal plants is cropping is recognized as potential option
lacking. Development of agro- for medicinal plants cultivation. Crops
technologies of the high valued medicinal like Potato, Pulses in the hills can be inter-
plants as has been done for a few plants cropped. Pulses can also improve the soil
(Table 10 ) and their adoption by the fertility.
local farmers certainly can boost the
The forest departments in each state diversity in India is very high, a greater
must come forward to save some these genetic diversity in the widely distributed
medicinal plant species having high taxa is also expected. Scanning of the
economic potential. Programmes on large- entire biodiversity in some short listed
scale cultivation, development of agro- species (through cross cultural
tecchnology, ban on their collection from ethnobotanical investigation) particularly
wild and regular monitoring the populations at the population level making use of the
are certain priority actions recommended. modern biotechnological tools can be
highly rewarding. Bioprospection of tree
INVENTORIZATION OF
flora, particularly of Western Ghats,
MEDICINAL PLANTS DIVERSITY
where important antitumor plants like
VIS-À-VIS BIOPROSPECTION
Aphanamixis polystachya, Nothopodytes
Bioprospection and Sustainable nimmoniana, Mesua nagassarium,
utilization of medicinal plants is much Semecarpus anacardium etc exist, would
neglected in India. Biodiversity be rewarding. Nothopodytes foetida is
prospecting, particularly on medicinal and shown to contain 0.1% camptothecine, an
aromatic plants, can certainly result in antitumor/anticancer drug. While the
some lead/novel molecules of great opportunities are limitless, constraints are
economic significance. As ecological also too many. Lack of trained manpower
medicinal flora in India is quite enormous characters of plants like highly aromatic,
because of the enormous diversity in edible, poisonous and other unique
medicinal plants, enormous habitat morphological traits. But the
variation resulting in vast infra-specific constraints for Bioprospection are also too
diversity in medicinal and aromatic plants. many. Lack of much required cooperation
Therefore Bioprospection of the diversity between taxonomists and molecular
in high Himalayas, cold deserts and biologists; ( some of the excellent field
Western Ghats could be rewarding. botanists are poor in biotechnology and
Added to this, we have excellent good biotechnologists are poor in field
biotechnologists, field taxonomists and knowledge), shortage of required
well equipped laboratory facilities. The number of good taxonomists / field
Field botanaists or ethnobotanists have a botanists, vast array of flora with
great role in Bioprospection at the species enormous infra-specific variation in taxa
level. Ethnobotanists can scan the entire spread over vast extension of the
biodiversity and shortlist medicinal geographical boundaries of the country,
species for bioprospection at molecular incomplete knowledge of our medicinal
level (anti-cancer, anti-diabetic, anti- flora, lack of comprehensive
malarial, neutraceutical). Field ethnobotanical databases among
botanists can also help in correct biodiversity rich developing nations for
identification and in collection of required comparative ethnobotanical study and
plant material, Field botanists can suggest huge cost involved in bioprospection work
species for bioprospection based on field are some of them.
knowledge about species (some unique
Table-12: Raw Material Imported by Pharmaceutical Industries in India:
Name of the Species Part used Source
Rheum emodi Root N. Africa, Algeria, Arabia
Swertia chirayita Whole plant Nepal, Bhutan
Cinnamomum zeylanicum Bark Sri Lanka, Singapore
Commiphora myrrha Exudate Africa, Arabia
Commiphora mukul Gum, resin Pakistan
Myristica fragrans Kernel, seed, aril Sumatra, Singapore, Sri Lanka
Nardostachys jatamansi Rhizome Nepal
Valeriana wallichi Root, rhizome Nepal
Gentiana kurrooa Rhizome Nepal
Paeonia officinalis Root, rhizome Nepal
Carum carvi Seed, fruit Europe, W. Asia, Afghanistan
Crocus sativus Style + stigma Iran, Egypt, Spain
Syzygium aromaticum Flower bud Indonesia, Tanzania, Sri Lanka
Rubia cordifolia Root Nepal, Bhutan, Afghanistan
Ephedra gerardiana Stem Nepal
In India, only a few medicinal plants are reported to occur in Indian region with
are cultivated. More than 90% of the tremendous amount of biodiversity in
medicinal plants are gathered directly them, the medicinal plants sector largely
from the wild. Agro-technology packages remains neglected. Several medicinal
are developed for some medicinal plants plants, though occur in Indian region, are
mainly by Central Institute of Medicinal imported from other countries including
and Aromatic Plants and other CSIR adjacent Nepal and China as shown in
institutes (table-10). Recently, with the Table 12. On the other end of the
establishment of a separate board for spectrum, a number of reputed medicinal
medicinal plants this activity has been plants such as Aquilaria malaccensis,
strengthened. Aconitum spp. Dioscorea deltoidea,
Podophyllum hexandrum, Pterocarpus
PRODUCTION PROCEDURES OF
santalinus, Rauvolfia serpentina,
DRUGS:
Saussurea lappa and Taxus wallichiana
Just like selection of a superior and many more as discussed above have
variety of medicinal plants for cultivation already become critically endangered
is important for high content of active calling the attention of biologists for
principles (alkaloids), adoption of proper conservation. There is a great need for a
production procedures of drugs is also thorough holistic study of medicinal
crucial for production of quality drugs. plants involving botanists, agronomists,
Production procedures of medicinal plants biotechnologists, medicinal plant traders,
includes all those steps like a) Harvesting economists, etc. for developing medicinal
the material during proper season, b) plants trade in the country. Among many
Proper handling of the harvest, c) Proper others (1) conservation of medicinal
drying: either shade/sun drying to avoid plants, (2) systematic evaluation and
infection of Aspergillus fungus, d) Proper
identification of elite populations of
grading of the material (based on size,
medicinal plants for large scale
quality, etc.), e) Proper storage conditions:
cultivation, (3) development of
under light or away from the light, dry or
agrotechnologies, (4) production practices
moist conditions, f) Destoning, g)
of the drugs and (5) co-operative farming
Pulverizing / grinding, h) Labeling as
organically grown or otherwise, i) Proper of selected demand-oriented medicinal
labeling and packing for export. plants in different biogeographic regions,
etc are some urgent issues. The author
CONCLUDING REMARKS also recommends the development of
During the last few decades there has standard pharmacopoeias for several of
been a greater interest in scientific study the drugs already developed from
and wider application of medicinal plants Himalayan plants. Cultivation practices of
to alleviate human suffering. Although medicinal plants require the development
more than 7500 medicinal plant species of agrotechnologies as developed by
Gogoi, R. & S.K. Borthakur. 2001. Notes on Nath ,S.C. and D.N. Bordoloi. 1993. Diversity of
herbal recipes of Bodo tribe in Kamrup economic flora in Arunachal Pradesh: Plant
district, Assam. Ethnobotany. 13: 15-23. folk medicines among the Chakma, Singpho
Hegde, S.N. & R.S. Ingalhalli, 1988. A note on the and Tangsa tribals. In (Ed.) U. Dhar.
medicinal usage of some orchids. Arunachal Himalayan Biodiversity Conservation
Forest News 6(1): 11-18. strategies. G.B. Pant Institute of Himalayan
Husain, Akhtar. (1983). Conservation of genetic Environment & development, Kosi. 179-189.
resources of medicinal plants in India. In Jain, Nautiyal, M.C., B.P. Nautiyal and Ninay Prakash.
S.K. and K.L. Mehra (eds.) Conservation of 2001. Phenology and growth form distribution
Tropical Plant Resources. Botanical Survey of in an alpine pasture at Tungnath, Garhwal
India, Howrah. Himalaya, India. Mountain Res. Dev., 22(2):
Jain, S.K. & C.R. Tarafder. 1970. Medicinal 168-174.
Plantlore of the Santals (a revival of P.O. Nautiyal, B.P. Vinay Prakash, R. Bahuguna and
Bodding work). Econ.Bot. 24:241-278. M.C. Nautiyal. 2002. Key Factors of Agro-
Jain, S.K. 1965. Medicinal Plantlore of the Tribals technology for the cultivation of High Altitude
of Bastar. Econ.Bot. 19: 94-105. Medicinal and Aromatic Plants. Annals of
Jain, S.K., D.K. Banerjii and P.C. Pal. 1973. Forestry 10 (1): 85-98.
Medicinal Plants among certain adibasis of Nautiyal, M.C. 1995. Agro-techniques of some
India. Bull.Bot.Surv.India 15:81-91. High Altitude Medicinal Plants. Cultivation of
Kotoky, J and P.N. Das. 2000. Ethno-medico- Medicinal Plants and Orchids in Sikkim
botanical study in some tribal dominated areas Himalaya. Bishen Singh Mahendra Pal Singh,
of Kamrup district of Assam. J. Med. Arom. Dehra Dun. 53-64.
Pl. Sci. 22 (Suppl. 1): 10. Neogi, B., M.N.V. Prasad and R.R. Rao. 1989.
Megoneitso and R.R. Rao. 1983. Ethnobotanical Ethnobotany of some Weeds of Khasi and
studies in Nagaland – 4. Sixty two medicinal Garo hills, Meghalaya, North eastern India.
plants used by the Angami Econ.Bot. 43:471-479.
Nagas.J.Econ.tax.Bot.4:167-172. Pal, D.C. and S.K. Jain. 1989. Notes on Lodha
Myers, N. (Ed.) (1988). Threatened Biotas: "hot medicine in Midnapur district, west Bengal,
spots" in tropical forests. The India. Econ.Bot.43:464-470.
Environmentalist. 81-20. Rao, A.S. 1974. Vegetation and Phytogeography
Myers, N, Mittermeir, R.A, C.G. Mittermeir, of Assam-Burma . In (Ed.) M.S. Mani
G.A.B, Da Fonesca and J. Kent. Biodiversity Ecology and Biogeography in India, pp. 204-
and hotspots for conservation priorities. 246. The Hague.
Nature 2000; 403: 853-858. Rao, R.R. 1981a. Ethnobotany of Meghalaya:
Pandey, H.C. (1988). Scope for commercial Medicinal plants used by Khasi and Garo
exploitation of herbal drugs of Arunachal tribes. Econ.Bot. 35:4-9.
Pradesh, Arunachal Pradesh Forest News, Rao, R.R. 1981b. Ethnobotanical studies on the
6(2): 70-82. flora of Meghalaya – some interesting reports
Natesh. S. (2001). The changing Scenario of Herbal of herbal medicines. In (Ed.) S.K. Jain.
Drugs: Role of Botanists. Phytomorphology Glimpses of Indian Ethnobotany. Oxford &
Golden Jubilee Issue: 75-96. IBH Publishing Co. New Delhi. 137 – 148.
Nautiyal, M.C. (1995). Agro-techniques of some Rao, R.R. 1990. Ethnobotanical studies of some
High Altitude Medicinal Plants. Cultivation of Adivasi tribes of Northeast India with special
Medicinal Plants and Orchids in Sikkim reference to the Naga people. In (Ed.) S.K.
Himalaya. Pp. 53-64. Bishen Singh Mahendra Jain. Contribution to Indian Ethnobotany.
Pal Singh, Dehra Dun. 215-230.
Rao, R.R. (1994). Biodiversity in India: Floristic Sarma, S.K., D.K. Bhattacharjya and B. Devi.
Aspects. Bishen Singh Mahendra Pal Singh, 2002. Traditional use of herbal medicines by
Dehra Dun. Madahi tribe of Nalbari district of Assam.
Rao, R.R. and N.S. Jamir. 1990. Ethnobotany of Ethnobotany. 14: 103-111.
the Ao and Angami Nagas of Nagaland. Siddique, B., M.M. Alam and W. Husain. 1989.
J.Econ.Tax.Bot. 14 (3): 593-604. Traditional treatment of skin diseases on Uttar
Rao, R.R. and N.S. Jamir.1982a. Ethnobotanical Pradesh, India. Econ.Bot. 43:480-486.
studies in Nagaland, 1. Medicinal Plants. Takhtajan, A. 1969. Flowering Plants: Origin &
Econ.Bot. 36:176-181. Dispersal (Tr. Jeffrey). Edinburgh
Rao, R.R. and N.S. Jamir.1982b. Ethnobotanical Tripathi, S. and A.K. Goel. 2001. Ethnobotanical
studies in Nagaland–2. Fifty four medicinal diversity of Zingiberaceae in Northeastern
plants used by the Nagas.J.Econ. India. Ethnobotany. 13: 67-79.
Tax.Bot.3:11-17. Ved, D.K., G.A. Kinhal, K. Haridasan, K.
Rao, R. R. and P.K. Hajra. 1986. Floristic diversity Ravikumar, Utkarsh Ghate, R. Vijaya Sankar
of the eastern Himalaya – in a conservation and J.H. Indresha. 2003. Conservation
perspective. Proc. Indian Acad. Sci. Suppl. Assessment and Management Prioritization
pp.103-125. for the medicinal plants of Arunachal Pradesh,
Sarma, S.K., D.K. Bhattacharjya and B. Devi. Assam, Meghalaya and Sikkim. FRLHT,
2001. Medicinal plants used by Bodo tribe of Bangalore.
Nalbari district of Assam. Ethnobotany. 13:
135-139.
Chemistry, Biochemistry and Ayurveda of Indian Medicinal Plants, 2013, pp. 41-49
Ed : Prof. I.P. Tripathi
Publisher : M.G.C.G.V.,Chitrakoot, Satna (M.P.) 485780
ABSTRACT
India is bestowed with unique diversity of ethnic culture, natural resources and bio-
edaphic and topographical features. Owing to the rich plant biodiversity, particularly the
medicinal plants and ancient cultural background, India ranks one of the few countries in
the world which is utilizing the enormous indigenous medicinal wealth in a big way since
Vedic era. The importance of herbals both as medicine, cosmetics, dyes etc. has been
overlooked for quite some time. However, in the recent past, the medicinal plants are
looked upon not only as a source of affordable health care but also as a source of income
developing in to an industry itself. The extensive use of medicinal plants from wild has
brought about its serious depletion in nature. Medicinal plant sector in India is vast and
complex. Utilization and Conservation of medicinal plants are most important
components of medicinal plants sector. Consumption of medicinal plants is more than its
production. In the present communication various aspects of consumption & data related
to utilization & conservation of medicinal plants in India have been discussed in detail.
Conservation strategies & Conservation measures have also been given.
serious matter of concern for the Indian plants, information on propagation and
System of Medicine, which mainly rely on seed storage is globally available for less
rich medicinal plant biodiversity and bio - than 10% species only.
resources. The unregulated harvesting,
The extent of threat to medicinal
trade, fluctuating prices etc. has largely plants species is not so far known,
affected the medicinal plants sector in the
however, estimations are there. According
country. This sector has direct impact on to IUCN- ‘Threatened Plants Database’
the manufacture of the life saving drugs,
(Walter & Gillett 1998) approx. 32000
health care system and also economy of Spp. of plants are threatened with
our country. Under the circumstances the
extinction i.e. 13% of estimated 2.5 lacs
natural resource is depleting day by day including higher plants & Bryophytes on
because of the excessive utilization of
the earth. Nearly 28 % of plants are
natural resources. Hence, it is necessary to estimated to be used in ethno-medicine
conserve our medicinal wealth. In the (Farnsworth & Soejarto 1991). Putting
present paper an attempt has been made to together the above two estimates, out of the
present an overview of the Utilization and 2.5 lakhs species, roughly 9000 species of
Conservation strategies in the country. medicinal plants are threatened globally.
Let us know in brief the status of
medicinal plant wealth at global and DOMESTIC SCENARIO OF
domestic level. MEDICINAL PLANTS
GLOBAL SCENARIO OF India is one of the Mega biodiversity
MEDICINAL PLANT Countries in the world with two
biodiversity Hot Spots out of 18 Hot Spots
There are an estimated 30000 Spp. of in the world.. It is rich in all the three
Med. Plants Worldwide. Of these, 1/3rd levels of Biodiversity i.e. Species, Genetic
are tree species with 5000 genera and Habitat diversities. All the known
distributed in1000 families, while shrubs, types of Ecosystems - Ranging from Area
climber and herbs constitute two third of with - 57°C to temperate, evergreen
the total species. Nearly 90 % of Med. forests with high rainfall, tropical forests,
Plants species obtained from wild are used arid to dry deserts and coastal conditions.
by ‘eco-system people' living in the forest It is a Habitat paradise for the growth of
areas. Only 10% of the World’s known varieties of Medicinal Plants distributed in
medicinal plants are in national and global ± 17000 flowering plants. Nearly 5000-
trade. It is indicative of vast repository of 8000 species are used in Local Health
knowledge of plant medicine available for Tradition (LHT) and codified systems.
Global use, before it is lost. About70% of About 25000 plant based formulations are
World’s known medicinal plants occur in used in rural folk medicine. India with
Tropical forests while remaining 30% such a unique biodiversity has great
occur in temperate and Alpine areas. Out potential for medicinal plants as we have
of world’s estimated 30000 medicinal yet to explore and exploit medicinal
properties of unexplored species. Rich Govt. are the stakeholders. Following are
bio-resource of the country represents 7 % some of the stakeholders in NGOs:
of world Bio-diversity.
1. Traders and Manufacturers.
The 16 forest types distributed in Consumers: Commercial and non-
varied conditions is the main ‘source’ of commercial.
Medicinal plants covering 23 % (76
2. Forest dwellers, Adivasis, Collectors
million ha) of Geographical area.70% of
/ Middle men and Cultivators /
Medicinal Plants are found in Tropical
Growers of Medicinal plants.
Areas in deciduous/ scrub areas, while
30% are found in high altitude areas with 3. Relevant NGOs engaged in various
high medicinal value. Quality of Source activities of the sector.
material depends on origin, period, growth 4. Scientists / Researchers and Research
and maturity of the plant collection. 80 - Institutions and Laboratories.
95 % of medicinal plants collected are
from wild which is 61% of the total 5. Ecosystem dependent communities –
resource. Medicinal plants are collected Traditional / Folk healers.
mostly by unskilled Tribals / lcoal people 6. National, International organizational
unsustainably as destructive harvesting to networks related with Medicinal plant
earn more and more through various sector.
agencies. Other main source of Medicinal
Plants is from Cultivation. Quality of The manufacturing sector consumes
Cultivated Material is usually better, the highest volume of medicinal plants,
though costly. Organic farming is preferred apart from the practitioners and other
users of ISM&H.. There is also a large
UTILIZATION OF MEDICINAL segment of non commercial users
PLANTS generally based on regional ecosystems.
The medicinal plants are utilized There is,' however, no reliable data
variously by different agencies/ stakeholders available on the extent of consumption of
in various ways not only for manufacturing specific raw materials. The estimation of
medicines or as drugs but also in various actual or even fairly estimated demand of
industries like Cosmetics, Toiletries, Dying raw material is a difficult task because the
& Tanning etc. There is a large sector of basic data on source, consumption and the
people almost everyone all over the world demand per annum of the raw drugs is
use medicinal plants or are associated with usually not provided by the traders and
medicinal plants, directly or indirectly. manufacturers. If at all it is provided, it is
Medicinal Plant Sector in the country has to far from realistic.
address diverse issues to a large number of
varied stakeholders comprising of GOs & In order to assess the raw material
NGOs. In Government sector the relevant requirement of medicinal plants by
Depts. & organizations of central / State domestic commercial users three sources
Chemistry, Biochemistry and Ayurveda of Indian Medicinal Plants, 2013, pp. 50-60
Ed : Prof. I.P. Tripathi
Publisher : M.G.C.G.V.,Chitrakoot, Satna (M.P.) 485780
ABSTRACT
Indian medicinal plants could be well defined as the herbs used in Indigenous system of
Medicine in India like; Ayurveda, Unani –Tibb, Tibetan Medicine, and in Cosmeceuticals,
and nutraceuticals, etc. and also in the folk-medicine in the tribal areas. In this paper only
the Ayurvedic and & Unani drug plants are taken for discussion.
THE AYURVEDIC & UNANI the Table-1. However, the number of Indian
MEDICINAL PLANTS Medicinal plants at present used in India in
At the Vedic times, the plants used in the indigenous system of medicine and in
Rig-veda and Atharva veda were folk medicine are about 5000 above.
numbered only 168, Sharma (1969). THE MIGRATION OF ARYANS
However, there are no records of plants AND THE HISTORY OF RIG-VEDA :
used in Mohanjodaro (Indus civilization)
It is stated about 2500 B.C. the
except, Peepal, Ficus religiosa, found as Aryans migrated from Central Asia
an emblem in the excavation. towards South-West under two flanks, one
Fly Agaric, Amanita muscaria?, went to Iran, known as Indo-Iranian
stated to be used as Soma by the Aryans Aryans and other came to Afghanistan
before coming and reaching India, (Aryan) about 2000BC and they reached
Wasson (1971). (present) India about 1500 BC.
The number of plants used in Vedic It is mentioned by Wasson (1982) that
age and by Caraka, Sushruta and up to Hindukush and Afghanistan ‘Fly
Vagbhatta, etc and the plants used in Agaric’ was available possibly, for some
Unani-Tibb system of medicine, in time and then it gradually depleted and was
different period of time have been shown in not available to Aryans to be used as Soma.
Later, due to its scarcity the Aryans remains of ‘Sacrificed’ horses were also
used its surrogates or substitutes in their found (The Ashwamedhh Yaggya). And,
religious functions, rites and drink and for the first time, the chariot remains with
also in their sacrificial-fire, ”Homa’. They horses were also recorded.
began to use Ephedra sp., Tamarix sp. Big vessels were also uncovered, in
and Peganum harmala, in their first home
which ‘soma’ drink were kept. A
Iran (Damania (2004) and in their second
pounding-hole was found in which the
home India, they used, a number of
ingredients of ‘soma’ drink were pounded.
plants like Ephedra, Sarcostemma sp.
According to Prof Sarianidi, the
Periploca aphylla etc. in different periods,
ingredients were the poppy (possibly
and in different parts of the country.
seeds), cannabis and ephedra for making
According to Wasson (1968, 1971), the
the Soma-Haoma drinks, were used.
following hymn clarifies this fact:
(They abandoned the use Amanita
lksea eU;rs ifiokU;Rlafia"kUR;ks"kf/ke~A muscaria as it was not readily available.)
lkse;
a a czãk.kks fonquZ rL;k'ukfr d'puAA Further, thickets of these plants were also
¼_-
¼_-os-ea- 9 v-
v- 7 lw- 3½ found in excess in the vicinity of the
excavated temples of Margiana, Sarianidi
The Soma, which the Brahmans (the (2003). And on basis of an interview by
priest) know, no other person knows and Victor Sarindini in Discovery Channel,
the people think that they have drunk (2010 November).
‘Soma’ actually, they are not drinking the
true ‘Soma". (Further, the present ‘soma’ is Possibly, when the Aryans left for the
being ground and then prepared, however, Hindu-Kush Mountains, access to cannabis
earlier one was first squeezed with fingers and poppy became difficult and possibly
by the ladies then processed. It means they later, when poppy and cannabis plants
were not available, only ephedra were used
had changed the plant, which was being
as a surrogate or substitute. It also depicts,
ground and not being squeezed.)
possibly, the use of Fly Agaric, was
The Findings of the Russian abandoned due to non availability of the
Archaeologists: According to Russian material, when they had reached the site of
archeologist Sarianidi (2003), for the excavation during their migration.
first time, the monumental temples of Eventually, when they reached Indian
Aryans, were excavated and discovered, plains availability of Ephedra was also not
in which intoxicating beverages of the possible then they continued to use other
Soma-Haoma type were prepared for cult substitutes, just a formality, in different
ceremonies. The Soviet archeologists parts of the country and in different periods
further uncovered, a massive shrine of the of times. The plants they used as Soma in
migrating Aryans of about the size of a their ritual consecrations as surrogates and
football field, in this a sacred-fire place, a substitutes are discussed in the text and also
‘Havan kunda’ was also found, in which Tabulated, in chronological order.
The Sanskrit language: Before our attention but does not do any thing
reaching India, the Aryans used to more. Now, Soma in India is only
remember their poetic hymns of Rig-veda venerated in our religious rites and
orally known as ‘shruti’ as they did not ceremonies being in the 'Mantras'.
have any script to jot down their hymns. The Modern system of Medicine:
After reaching India, they brought a script When the Britishers came to India they
from the Middle- East, where, many studied the Indian medicinal plants so that
scripts were emerging, and coined one, as they could adopt these in their own
in its original language the roots and medicines as such many were adopted in
shoots of the languages of Greek and the early British Pharmacopeias.
Latin, Kelt, Teuton and Slavonian, and
thus developed the Vedic Sanskrit. The modern system of medicine,
actually began with the work of William
After Rigveda, the other Vedas such Withering with Foxglove, who very
as Atharva veda, Yajur veda and Samveda, meticulously identified the drug from a
and other texts like Brahmanas, Puranas, complex folk-botanicals and clinically
Samihita, etc. were composed and written
studied the plant on his patients. In
by the Aryans in their new home land. So,
1869,Nativelle, a French chemist isolated
whenever, we read Rigveda, actually we a glycoside, Digitoxin from foxglove and
read about the life of the people in Central in 1890,Killani studied all the glycosides
Asia and seldom we find the references of of Digitalis in detail and from 1925, the
geographic locations of present India or digitoxin, was used and as such the
any present deities and if there is any, modern medicine emerged. Then, the
possibly these were incorporated leading pharmaceutical companies started
afterwards. It is always questioned that looking out for new drugs from the herbal
why the Indians have not come forward to plants throughout the world for a potential
probe into the ‘Soma’ issue, Nene(2004) chemicals, which could pass the FDA
and others. Actually, it is the complete norms and work out efficiently. The
ignorance of the knowledge of Sanskrit survey also began in India and all the
available to the researcher. The westerners, Ayurvedic and Unani and other wild
who had written on ‘soma’ were Vedists growing plants were screened. But, except
themselves or person like Wasson took the Sarpagandha, (Rauvolfia serpentina),
help of such a Vedist to assist, while in Kutki, (Picrorhiza kurroa), and Guggul,
India no botanist had ever taken any help (Commiphora mukul) , no other plant
from the Vedist, in tackling the matter. could pass the test to be used in modern
medicine. No doubt, Sarpagandha’s
The most recent theory is by Spess
alkaloids reserpine, for some years
(2000), who proposed that the Soma plant reigned the world as a cure for high blood
is Nymphaea and Nelumbo (water lilies pressure(hypertension) but due to short
and the lotus plant), which attracts only of material and discovery of other
synthetic chemical drugs, now antagonistic ones cause the side effects or
Sarpagandha is very seldom used in toxic effects. While, in modern system a
modern medicine. However, it is used in single synergistic chemical is separated
manufacture of Ayurvedic and Unani and extracted and the antagonistic ones
medicine in a big way. are discarded. So, it was or still difficult
Later wards, the modern system of to find a single synergistic chemical
medicine emerged and in place of crude constituent in any Ayurvedic or Unani
drugs, their active chemical constituents herbal plant with potential of curing with
were used, after testing pharmacologically least side effects.
and clinically approved by the Food & The Hypothesis of action of herbs or
Drug Authority of each country. Efforts herbal medicine : How a herb or a mixture
were conducted to find out any plant from of herbs and mineral constituents or herbal
India which could be adopted in the or phytomedicine act in treatment in the
modern system of medicine. But, except traditional system of medicine ? A
Rauwolfia no other plant could be adopted hypothesis was propounded by Takagi et al,
in the modern system of medicine. And, to (1965) according to them in oriental system
understand why ? We have to study the of medicine (which includes, Chinese,
working of the Ayurvedic , Unani and Ayurveda, Unani, Tibetan or Amchi, etc),
other oriental systems of medicine. the herbs are used in combination with other
No doubt,there are many effective herbs and minerals or zoological drugs.
Indian Medicinal Plants, which are used in Each herb or constituent bears a number of
our indigenous system of medicine but individual active or inactive chemical
they could not pass the norms of the ingredients and the active chemical
modern drugs. ingredients of each herb, may have different
pharmacological actions or activities such
The Oriental systems of medicine, as : (i) The synergistic ingredients, which
which includes Ayurvedic, Unani, have similar pharmacological activity. (ii)
Chinese, Tibetan etc., are actually based The antagonistic ingredients, which have
on the “Theory of Synergism & opposite pharmacological activity such as
Antagonism” promulgated by Takagi et al toxicity and side effects. (iii) The protecting
(1965) and later Williamson (2001). It is ingredients, that protects the synergistic
known that in this system of medicine, ingredients physically & chemically.
seldom a single drug is used, these are
used in combination of more than three In traditional system of medicine, the
and even many. This theory explains that use of a single herbal product is very rare
how a single herbal drug or more, work and several units of plant products with
collectively, with two types of chemical various ingredient contained in one
constituents, the synergistic and prescription exhibit, synergistic &
antagonistic . The synergistic ones, work antagonistic effect according to
for curing the diseases, while the physiological condition of patients. The
same ingredient exhibit quite the opposite Kava), Glycyrrhiza glabra, Hypericum
action, when the associates of the perforatum, Valeriana officinalis,
combination changed. The concept of Cannabis sativa, Salix alba, etc., which
synergistic interactions are regarded of vital are used now a days in the western
importance in herbal or phyto-medicines, to countries as phytomedicine.
explain difficulties in isolating a single
Synergistic component from two
active ingredient and explain the efficacy of
plants if combined then it is not certain
apparently low doses of active constituents
that their action would be more
in a herbal product.
synergistic after combination, it may act
This concept, as a whole or partially as an antagonistic which is evinced from
purified extract of a plant offers the following example in which the
advantages over a single isolated combination of Bergenia ligulata and
ingredient, also support the philosophy of Dolichos biflorus extracts did not
action of herbal medicine. The whole increased the synergistic effects but it
philosophy of action is diagrammatically slowed down the action in vitro
shown as under : antilithiatic / anticalcification activity by
the homogenous precipitation method.
Thematic Diagram based On TAKAGI
Also a combination of the extracts of the
et al, (1965) Hypothesis and
two plants was tested while Bergenia
Modified into a diagrammatic re-
ligulata showed less activity and the
presentation By N.C. Shah (2003)
combination was not as active as the
individual extracts, (Garimella et al,
2001).
The synergistic and antagonistic
action could be explained from the
SYNERGISTIC ANTAGONISTIC example that when single alkaloid from
Chemical CHEMICAL
Compounds COMPOUNDS Rauvolfia serpentina is used, it has 16 side
PROTECTOR-CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS
(CHEMICALLY OR PHYSICALLY) effects but if crude drug is taken it has no
Williamson (2001) has documented side effect. It explains that in the crude
the synergistic interactions for drugs there are number of protective
constituents within a total extract of a chemical constituents which protect from
single herb, as well as between different the antagonistic ones.
herbs in a formulations and has identified However, now a days, there are number
and measure of synergy. The Positive and of products in the market which are
negative aspects of interactions evidence formulated by mixing different plants having
is divided into experimental, in vitro same pharmacological action and these are
instances, as well as clinical examples sold under Ayurvedic brand. Though, it
where available. Herbs discussed include sound well but plants with similar action
Ginkgo biloba, Piper methysticum (Kava- may not turn in synergistic way but may turn
Table 1.Showing the number of medicinal plants used in different period of time by
different physicians
1.Pre-Vedic period or 2600-1900 BCA ‘Peepal’
Indus Civilization - Ficus religiosa
“Soma’
2.Vedic period: Rigveda & Atharvaveda 1000 BCA Amanita muscaria ?168
3 Post-Vedic period:
Caraka Samhita Caraka 125-150 A.D. 400-450
Bower’s mss (Navanitakam) ? 350-375 A.D. -
Amar Kosh Amarsimha 600-700 ?
Sushruta Samhita Sushruta 800-900 A.D. 573
Ashtanga Hridiyam Samhita Vagbhatta Ca 700 A.D. 700-800
Ratnamala Madhava 700 A.D. -
Dravyaguna Sangrah Chakrapani Dutt 1060 A.D -
Dhanwantri Nighantu Mahendra Bhogick .? 373
Shodal Nighantu Shodal 1200 A.D. 499
Madan Pal Nighantu Madan Pal 1374 A.D. -
Raj Nighantu Narhari 1600 A.D. 750
Bhava Prakash Nighantu Bhava Misra 1600 A.D. -
Rajballabh Nighantu Rajballabh 1760 A.D. -
4. Unani & Unani Tibb. Medicine
Period : Ibn-sena (Avicena) 980-1033 A.D. 719
Al-Qanoon Abdul Ariz-ibn-ark-Qaj 1252-1307 A.D. 212
Kitabu-umdafil-Jirahat Taj Kiratul Hind Sayd 20th century 1500 herbs growing in
Makh-janul-adiva Mohd.Husain Late 20th century South India
Muhete Azam’or Azam Khan 1915 Above 1000 drug.
Qurabuddine-Azam Najmul Ghani Khan 1957 2500
Khazan-etul- Adiva Wahid & Aziz 88. Unani drugs included
Survey of Drugs in Unani Tibb.
of Bergenia ligulata Wall. Phytotherapy Padhy, S. and Dash, S. K. The Soma Drinker of
Research. 15(4) : pp. 351-355. Ancient India: An Ethno-Botanical
Grotenhermen,Franjo and Russo, Ethan 2002. Retrospection. J. Hum. Ecol., 15(1): 19-26
Cannbis and Cannabinoids pharmacology. (2004).
Toxicology and therapeutic potential.The Sarianidi, Victor 2003 Margiana and Soma-
Haworth Integrative healing Press. New Haoma,, Electronic Journal of Vedic Studies,
York.pp.1-439. Vol 9,(1) (May 2003) & Discovery channel.
Hillebrandt, A 1891. Vedic Mythology (English Shah,N.C. Ephedra: The Ancient herb of India &
Translation of Vedisha Mythologie, ( China. Herbal Tech Industry.1. 8(2005):29-32.
Reprinted1980) 2nd revised Ed., Motilal Shah,N.C. & Badola, D.P. 1977.‘Som ka Sahitiyak
Banarasi Dass, Delhi-Patna-Varanasi. vivechan’. Sachitra Ayurveda. Sept. 207-
Honigberger, John Martin. 1852. Thirty five years 214.(in Hindi).
in the East. Bailliere, London.& R.L.Lepage Shah,N.C. 1973. Rigveda ka som: Kya bharat
& Co. Calcutta. mein milta hai ? Dharmayuga. June:3rd pp 23-
Madanmohan 1975 Bharat mein som ki khoj honi 24.( In Hindi).
chahiye. Pathako ke patra. Dharmayug Shah,N.C.& Singh,S.C. 1990 Ethno-medico
26(1):1.(in Hindi) botanical Studies in Madhya Pradesh, India-
Mahadihasan, S. 1963 Pakistan Identifying Ephedra An Appraisal Current Researches on Medicinal
as soma. Journal of Forestry Oct.370-372. and Aromatic Plants. Vol. 12 (4): pp 201-217,
Manilal,K.S. (1980) An Ethnobotanical connection Shah,N.C 2005.Ephedra: The ancient herb of India &
between Mushrooms and Dolmas.In China. Herbal Tech Industry vol. 1(8) pp.29-32.
S.K.Jain(Ed) Glimses of Indian Shah, N.C. 2007. Cannabis : a source of useful
Ethnobotany.Oxford & IBH Publishing Co. pharmaceutical compounds and its industrial
new Delhi. pp.321-326. uses in the developed countries- Herbal Tech
Mitra, R., Kapoor, S. L. and Kapoor, L.D. (19730 Industry vol.3 (5) pp 14-18, 2007.
On the identity and pharmacognosy of Shah,N.C. 2010. My experiences with the herbal
Kamraj. Journ. Res. Indian.Medicine 8(1): 40-56 plants & drugs I knew: Building of herbarium
at ICMR (CCRAS) Unit at (NBG)
Mukhoupadhyay, G.M. 1923. History of Indian
NBRI,Lucknows Part XVIII Herbal Tech
Medicine. University of Calcutta,
Industry. July.5(9): 25-31.
Calcutta.p.189.
Sharma, D.C. 1969. Vedon men Dravya gun
Mukerjee, B.L. 1921-1922. The Soma Plant. J. of
Shastra (in Hindi) (The Science of Medicines
the Royal Asiatic Soc. p. 241 Calcutta.
in Vedas). Pub. Gujrat Ayurveda University,
Nene,Y.L. - .2004. Soma. Asian Agri-History Jamnagar. p. 309.
8(3):159.
Sinha,B.K. and R.D.Dixit 2001.Ethnobotanical studies
Nene,Y.L. – Putoo, B.L.2004. Soma. Asian Agri- on Sarcostemma acidium (Asclepipiadaceae)
History 8(3):159- 160. from Khargaon district, Madhya Pradesh.
Nene,Y.L. – Shadhale Nalini.1997. Agriculture Ethnobotany 13(1-2) :116-117.
and Biology in Rigveda. Asian Agri-History Sithole, R.V. 1976. Plants represented in ancient
1(3):177-190. Indian sculpture. Geophytology.6(1): 15-26.
Nene,Y.L. – Shadhale Nalini.2004. Origin of Spess, David L. 2000. Soma : The Divine
Soma. Asian Agri-History 8(4):1247-248. Hallucinogen. Rochester, Vermont: Park
Padhy, S.N., Dash, S.K. and Mohapatra, R.: The Street Press.(Not seen in original)
Vedic Soma Plant, how much Ethnobotanical Swami,BGL 2010. Sources for a History of plant
? An Introspective Review, Ethnobotany, 13: Sciences in India: The Rg-vedic ( rigvedic)
45-59 (2001). Soma plant. Asian Agri-History 14(1):7-30.
Takagi, K. Watan be, K. & Ishi, Y. 1965. Peptic Wasson, R.G. 1971. The Soma of the Rigveda:
Ulcer in inhibiting activity of Licorice root. In What was it ? ‘Journal of the American
Proceedings of the Second International Oriental Society’ vol.91(2): 169-191.
Pharmacological Meeting Pharmacology of Wasson, (Rejoinder) 1972. ‘Soma and the Fly-
Oriental Plants. Pub. Czechoslavak Medicinal Agaric’ Botanical Museum of Harvard
Plant Press. p. 1-15. University, Cambridge.Mass. P.1-58.
Usman Ali and Narayanswam V. (1970) SOMA. Wasson, R.G. 1982. The Last Meal of the Buddha.
J. of Research in Ind. Med. 3:1, 106-110. ‘Journal of the American Oriental Society’
vol.102(4): 591-603.
Wasson, R.G. 1968 . SOMA : Divine Mushroom
Williamson, E.M. 2001. Synergy and other
of Iimmortality. Harcourt Brace.&
interactions in phytomedicines. Phytomedicine.
World,New York. 8(5) : pp. 401-409.
Chemistry, Biochemistry and Ayurveda of Indian Medicinal Plants, 2013, pp. 61-66
Ed : Prof. I.P. Tripathi
Publisher : M.G.C.G.V.,Chitrakoot, Satna (M.P.) 485780
ABSTRACT
Identification and the quest to know the name of a Medicinal plants is a natural instinct. It
is the basic requirement in general and for any study or research studies in particular.
Herbarium provides identity of medicinal plants and authentic preserved voucher
specimens for Medico -botanical Research. In the present communication the importance
& methodology of Identifying Specimens of Medicinal plants and also the Importance of
Herbarium in Medico-botany have been discussed.
based on the taxonomic characters and then In some cases, when the plant
placed in the suitable Families as per the specimen do not match with the existing
accepted system of Classification for further specimens of the herbarium and do not fit
taking up identification at generic and in the keys & description in the floras /
specific level. The plant specimen is then literature, in such cases it scrutinized at
further studied based on generic characters regional & national Herbaria, together
to determine the Genus under the families. with more national and international
Floras / literatures and the opinion of the
The prerequisite for identification is
experts in the field. With such process of
the general knowledge of the geographic
elimination it may turn out to be a new
location, topography of the area and field
distributional record or may be
observations and information of the
determined to be a new species. The
regional floras. Observations in the field
specimen is further studied in detail with
and notes with regards to habitat, altitude
reference to the characters of closely
of area, habit, plant’s association, local
allied taxa and detailed notes &
uses, if any, and record of such characters comparison is noted. For the final scrutiny
of the plant like aroma, color of flower, & of the specimen it is sent to Britain, the
other plant parts, which are likely to Royal Botanical Garden, and Kew
change or vanish on drying or poisoning Herbarium which has collections from all
of the plant specimen. Field observations over the World or may be sent to any
and experience in the field and herbarium other international herbaria. The
facilitates identification. authorities of Kew herbarium give their
Identification of a plant specimen opinion & determine the identity or
involves determination and giving correct declare as new species. Such species can
scientific name to a plant as per be given a suitable name and published
validly as per the guidelines of the ICBN.
International Code of Botanical
Nomenclature (ICBN). Usually Nomenclature is concerned with the
identification is considered to be the process determination of correct botanical name of
through which a specimen whose name is a known plant as per a designated code /
not known is recognized by its characters, to system i.e. International Code of
be similar to some known plant, and Botanical Nomenclature. The code has
accordingly given a name. Or in other certain Principles, Rules and
words Identification is the determination of recommendations. Six Principles broadly
a taxon as being identical with or similar to forms the basis of Systems of
another already known element. The nomenclature. The rules provide detailed
determination may or may not be arrived at provisions of the system, and are laid out
by the aid of literature or by comparison in 75 Articles. The aim of rules of
with plants of known identity. It involves Nomenclature is that one name can be
keen and critical observation. rightly applied
For the purpose of identification the “Nighantu period”, which resulted in great
step by step scientific method is to: i) number of Synonyms. Due to this many
First study the characters of the plant, ii) medicinal plants were known by one name
Check them with flora(s) of the area and vice versa. It was difficult to identify
(region) iii) Work through the family, genus based on texts (Shastra). According to
and species keys and iv) Compare with full some Nighantus forest dwellers, shepherds
description and illustrations. v) It is then living and wandering in forests are best
compared carefully with the earlier identified source for identifying drugs. Even now we
specimens of that species (taxon). vi) If have and we are acquiring knowledge from
specimen does not fit in the key or match in them. In earlier days the identity of a plant
herbarium. vii) Efforts are made to consult drug was based on their ‘names’ & ‘guna’.
floras of adjacent areas and other regional The names in ‘Shashtra’ (texts) and those
/national herbaria. The elimination process derived and used by local people
may lead to discovery of new Taxon as (Apabhransh) created difficulty is
described in earlier para. viii) The next identification. There were confusion due to
important task in the process of communication gap and geological barrier:
identification is the use of correct
Not only names but their ‘Guna’ were
nomenclature as per International code
over-lapping being similar to one another i.e.
(rules) of Botanical nomenclature (ICBN)
Sadaphal – This name is used for 1) Bilva 2)
as narrated above.
Narikal, Shankhapushpi, Rasana etc. Two
TRADITIONAL METHOD OF different plants under the name
IDENTIFICATION Shankhapushpi are described, one from
During Vedic period medicinal plants were North India & other from South India.
identified and named based on their origin, Likewise many Plants in different regions are
morphological characters, smell, therapeutic known by the name ‘Rasana’ in Ayurveda.
action, properties etc. as follows: Modern system adopted: In earlier
i) Origin (Udhbhavbhodahak) – exp. period 18th or mid of 18th century, plants
Ashwattha, Sarpgandha, Varshabhu. were named by using many words and
thereby confusing their identity. This
ii) Properties (Gunbhodhak) – exp. problem was solved when Binomial
Ashwagandha. Nomenclature system was introduced by the
iii) Action (Karmabhodahak) – exp. scientist ‘Rivinus’ which was further
Apamarg. developed and adopted by Linnaeus, who
established this system in his monumental
iv) Morphology or Appearance -
work “Species Plantarum” (1753).
(Swarupbhodhak)- exp Ajashrungi.
According to this system every plant name
Seven parameters were used. Based will have two names i.e. i) Generic name ii)
on these parameters The plants were species name, for example Ocimum sanctum
described using adjectives during Linn. etc.This System also brought clarity in
2) Kakoli (i) Roscoea procera Wall. E. M.Y. Ansari and R.S. Rao (1973)
(ii) R. Alpina Royle identified a new indigenous source of the
drugs colchicine’ in 6 species of Iphigenia
3) Meda Maha Meda : (i) Polygonartum based on field / herbarium and chemical
verticillatum All. (ii) P.Cirricifolium studies. This biosystematic study
Royle indicated that out of 6 species, Iphigenia
4) Ridhi -Vridhi Habenaria intermedia stellata has maximum percentage of active
D.Don. principle.
F. S. N. Yoganarsimhan, V.S.
* This group was further chemically
Togunashi, Z. mary and R.C. Nayar
studied by V. Shanker et al (1970) for
(1979) studied a crude market sample and
Polygonatum verticillatum (Meda -
found that Nymphoides macrospermum
Mahameda)
Vasu is used as “Tagara” in south Indian
* Habenaria & Microstylis spp. (Ridhi- Pharmacies. However, actually Valeriana
vridhi) V. Shanker et al (1972) . jatamansi is the Tagara in Ayurveda.
Chemistry, Biochemistry and Ayurveda of Indian Medicinal Plants, 2013, pp. 67-78
Ed : Prof. I.P. Tripathi
Publisher : M.G.C.G.V.,Chitrakoot, Satna (M.P.) 485780
Table 2: Crop wise improved varieties and their characters (NMPB, 2009)
S. Name of varieties Main characters Breeders seed Region suitable for
N. production cultivation
sites
1. Aswagandha (Withania somnifera)
Poshita Tall green leaves & long roots. CIMAP Northern Indian Plains
Average yield of roots. Lucknow
Jawahar Asgandh – Dry root yield (6-8 q/ ha), Total JNKVV Northern-Central Plains,
20 (JA-20) alkaloid content (1.20-1.28%) Mandsaur Madhya Pradesh and
Chhattisgarh
Jawahar Asgandh- Dry root yield (8-10 q/ha) Total JNKVV Central Indian Plains and
134 (JA-134) alkaloid yield (1.02-1.09%) Mandsaur Madhya Pradesh
Ashwagandha Dry root yield (8-10 q/ha) IIIM, Jammu J&K
Quality parameters: Withaferin
A, Withanolide A, Withnine
2. Senna (Cassia angustifolia syn. Cassia senna)
Sona High leaf yield and high CIMAP Northern Indian plains,
sennoside content Lucknow Rajasthan, Gujarat and
south India.
Anand Late Late flowering type, high foliage AAU, Anand Gujarat, Rajasthan,
Selection yield with 75% higher dry matter Maharashtra & M.P.
AFLT-2 Late flowering, 2.3% sennoside AAU Northern Indian plains,
content in leaves, leaf and pod Anand Rajasthan, Gujarat and
yield 1.2–1.5 t/ha. south India.
KKM-1 High leaf yielding variety suited TNAU Trinnel valley &
for rainfed cultivation with Killikulum Ramnathpuram district,
higher dry leaf yield (918 kg/ha), unit, Tamilnadu, Karnataka,
sennoside content is 2.5%. Tamilnadu Gujarat, Rajasthan & Delhi
3. Isabgol (Plantago ovata)
Niharika Long panicle, 120 days maturity CIMAP Northern Indian plains,
period, high seed yield. Lucknow Gujarat & Rajasthan
Jawahar Isabgol-4 High seed yield-1300-1500 JNKVV Gujarat, Maharashtra, some
(JI -4) kg/ha Mandsaur parts of M.P. & Rajasthan
Gujarat Isabgol-1 Dwarf and erect plant, 1 ton/ ha GAU Gujarat, Maharashtra,
(GI-1) seed yield and early maturing, Gujarat parts of M.P. & Rajasthan
Gujarat Isabgol-2 1 ton/ha seed yield, moderately GAU Gujarat
(GI-2) resistant to downy mildew Gujarat
Haryana Isabgol-5 1-1.2 ton/ha seed yield, maturity CCS-HAU, South western Haryana, some
(HI-5) period 140-145 days Hissar parts of M.P., Maharshtra,
Gujarat & Rajasthan
Chetak 17 High latex yield- 65-70 kg/ha; RAU, Central eastern U.P,
(UO 285) High Morphine content (12- Udaipur Rajasthan
13%)
5. Tulsi (Ocimum tenueflorum syn. O. sanctum)
CIM-Ayu Tall with green leaves CIMAP Northern Indian Plains
Lucknow M.P., Rajasthan, Gujarat,
Haryana and Punjab
CIM-Angana Tall with purple leaves CIMAP -do-
Lucknow
CIM-Kanchan Tall plants with light green CIMAP Lower Himalayan Region
leaves, high herbage yield Lucknow
6. Mulhatti (Glycyrrhiza glabra L.)
Hariyana Mulhati Root yield 60-75 q/ha after 2.5-3 HAU, Hissar Northern Central Plains,
No.1 (HM-1) years, Glycyrrhizin content 6- Haryana & Punjab
7% in rest at 30m age
7. Brahmi (Bacopa monerii)
CIM-Jagarti Creeping/floating type plants CIMAP Northern Indian plains,
with light green leaves & purple Lucknow Gujarat, Haryana,
flowers. Karnataka, Rajsthan, MP,
Punjab & Central-eastern
India.
8. Mandukparni (Centella asiatica Syn. Hydrocotyl asiatica)
Zandu Brahmi Creeping herb, preferably Zandu Gujarat (Proper moist
(Sel.) cultivated as under crop in Foundation climate in high rainfed
orchid produces 1.0 to 1.2 t/ha., for Health tracts)
leaf crop in 3 harvests in a year. Care, Vapi,
Tri-terpinoid content (1.0%) Gujarat
9. Periwinkle (Catharanthus roseus syn. Vinca rosea)
Prabhat Dry root yield- 15-18q/ha) Dry CCS-HAU, Northern Central Plains
leaf yield- 20-25 q/ha after 2-3 Hissar
cuts
IC- 49581 High biomass yield & high NBPGR, Central plains
alkaloid content; serpentine New Delhi
(0.41% more)
EC-120835 Total alkaloid content is 1.2% NBPGR, Central plains
more in leaves. New Delhi
EC-120837 Alkaloids are 2.49% more in NBPGR, Central plains
root New Delhi
10. Kalmegh (Andrographis paniculata)
Anand Kalmegh-1 High biomass yield- 3.5 t/ha, AAU Anand & Middle Gujarat
(AK-1) Andrographolide content- 1.20% ZFHC, Vapi
RLAV-18 Average leaf yield: 50t/ha IIIM, Jammu Sub-tropical & arid areas.
Aloin 0.02%
The medicinal plants are valued for divided into smaller sections and replanted.
the content of secondary metabolites, and Some plants can be sown directly in
hence, their content and composition are the field, while others are first sown in
often more important than the total yield of nursery-beds where seedlings are raised and
the economic part(s). In this context, then transplanted. Proper nursery
cultivation of seeds/planting material of management for raising seedlings and
known genetic origin, with higher transplanting them is important. It is
productivity and optimum quality in a advisable to have soil sterilization of the
particular edapho-climatic condition is nursery bed before sowing. The soil can be
very important. sterilized through the process of solarization.
When seeds are sown in extremely cold
PROPAGATION AND NURSERY weather, rainy season or hot weather, a low
MANAGEMENT tunnel of semi-circular shape may be erected
Medicinal and aromatic plants are over the seed beds to protect the seedlings
propagated by a wide variety of methods. from adverse weather conditions.
For propagation, the most suited method for FIELD PREPARATION
the plant should be selected. For
multiplication through seed, healthy and The soil of the field should be prepared
vigorous seeds may be sown either in thoroughly before transplanting. The root
containers or in prepared soil in open crops and small seeded crops require fine
ground. Some seeds require special tilth. The field should be leveled properly
treatment for breaking their dormancy or and beds of convenient size shall be prepared
improving germination. Propagation through with ease in irrigation and drainage. Deep
cuttings is another popular method of ploughing in summers and green manuring
propagation, suitable for woody perennial are beneficial before the final field
herbs. Some plants that form clump can be preparation.
and hoeing which increases aeration for the collected at one time and the harvested
plant roots. Use of herbicides should be plant material should not be mixed to
strictly avoided, using alternative weed avoid mistakes in identification. The herbs
management techniques leading to should be harvested in dry weather,
minimum loss in crop production and least preferably on a sunny morning after the
disturbance to the ecosystem. Use of dew has evaporated. Herbs can be
mulches smother perennial weeds and preserved in a number of ways, the most
prevent the germination of annual weeds. common and simple being air or oven
Mulches also conserve moisture and lower drying. A warm, dry place is ideal for
the surface temperature. storage and processing. Plain paper should
be used for drying herbs and not the
INSECT- PEST AND DISEASE
printed newspaper. Dried herbs can be
Use of synthetic chemicals for the stored for many months in a dark glass jar
control of insects and diseases should be or a brown paper bag. The underground
avoided due to their great hazard to humans, parts of the plant are usually collected in
lower forms of the animal life and also to the January when the plants become inactive.
active principle of the medicinal herb. Non- After removing the required amount, the
chemical, biological methods should be used remaining underground part should be
to control insects-pests and diseases. These replanted.
include conservation and augmentation of Medicinal plants should be harvested
natural enemies of insect-pests and adoption during the optimal season or time period to
of all cultural, physical, mechanical and ensure the production of medicinal plant
biological methods. Oils and soaps and materials and finished herbal products of
botanical pesticides are fast emerging tools the best possible quality. The time of
for the control of insect pests. harvest depends on the plant part to be
used. Detailed information concerning the
HARVESTING AND PROCESSING
appropriate timing of harvest is often
Harvesting of herbs requires careful available in national pharmacopoeias,
planning so as to retain their active published standards, official monographs
ingredients. To prevent the crushing and and major reference books. However, it is
deterioration of the plant material, wooden well known that the concentration of
tray or an open basket should be used for biologically active constituents varies with
collecting herbs. The cuts should be made the stage of plant growth and development.
with a sharp knife or scissors to minimize This also applies to non-targeted toxic or
damage. The material should be collected poisonous indigenous plant ingredients.
from healthy plants that are free from The best time for harvest (quality peak
disease and insect damage. It is important season/time of day) should be determined
to discard any damaged plants as they can according to the quality and quantity of
lead to disease or decay in dried plant biologically active constituents rather than
material. Only single herb should be the total vegetative yield of the targeted
medicinal plant parts. During harvest, care deleterious effects due to increased
should be taken to ensure that no foreign moisture levels, which promote microbial
matter, weeds or toxic plants are mixed fermentation and mould. Cutting devices,
with the harvested medicinal plant harvesters, and other machines should be
materials. Medicinal plants should be kept clean and adjusted to reduce damage
harvested under the best possible and contamination from soil and other
conditions, avoiding dew, rain or materials. They should be stored in an
exceptionally high humidity. If harvesting uncontaminated, dry place or facility free
occurs in wet conditions, the harvested from insects, rodents, birds and other pests,
material should be transported immediately and inaccessible to livestock and domestic
to an indoor drying facility to expedite animals.
drying so as to prevent any possible
Chemistry, Biochemistry and Ayurveda of Indian Medicinal Plants, 2013, pp. 79-86
Ed : Prof. I.P. Tripathi
Publisher : M.G.C.G.V.,Chitrakoot, Satna (M.P.) 485780
ABSTRACT
As the knowledge increases the quest for safe medication also increases. The era of
scientific advancement and achievements will also be regarded as era of side effects of
modern drugs. In fact this has brought the scientist and researchers to revisit traditional
medicines, which are supposed to be safer. These drugs are having their roots in botanical
source rather than the chemical moiety. Though primarily seems to be having tall and
anecdotal claims, but are used since many centuries, either in the form of culinary or
alone. These have been got place into the culture, many time also called as Hindu
Medicine. Charaka quotes: “Nān aushdhibhutam jagat kinchit” there by meening –
“Nothing in this world is devoid of medicinal properties”
Herbs and spices such as garlic, cloves, cinnamon and cardamom, ginger, garlic, pepper
turmeric, and cumin are have been used for centuries for culinary purposes and are the
foundation of many traditional medicinal practices. Great Indian sages noted the potential
benefit of herbal remedies, Some of spices of current interest are curcumin (found in
turmeric), capsaicin (found in red pepper), cinnamon, and ginger.
Ayurvedic norms for standard drug reveals that it should be efficacious in small quantity,
great potency, kills various disorders, provides relief, easy to digest, tastes good,
energizer, Disease killer, neither side effects and nor harmful, with soothing smell, colour
– consistency and taste, given in proper dose is known as oushadham.
Ayurveda is the Knowledge that describes or indicates the four states of life, the
appropriate and inappropriate, happy or sorrowful conditions along with what is good
and bad for longevity as well as measurement of life itself. Charaka says: “Nān
aushdhibhutam jagat kinchit” ie: “Nothing in this world is devoid of medicinal
properties”. In Charak Samhita - approx . 600 plants are described, where as in Shushrut
Samhita –approx. 700 and in Bhav Prakash Nighantoo –approx. 350 plants are described.
Herbal drugs in the form of formulation(s) have been used in India for more than 4000
years.
with taste and potency, replenished with Norms are basically of two types viz:
the sun, air, shade and water in respective Generalised norms & Specified norms. The
seasons according to need, and which are generalised and specified norms for basic
uneaten, unpurified, uninjured and and derived forms of drugs have been
nontoxic. (I) Will explain further the practiced long back.
excellent actions and use of these fruits.
Specialties of the Sharangdhar samhita
As mentioned in Charak Samhita:-
1. It is devoted to Lord Shiva, Though
Buddhism was at the peak.
2. It has given a new thought regarding
ayurvedic drug manufacturing ie :
Pharmaceutics.
3. Got place in Laghutrayie, amongst
others predominant in Nidan
(Etiopathogenesis) & Dravyaguna
(Pharmacognosy).
4. The disease is caused by 4 factors :-
RELEVENCE OF SHARANGDHAR
SAMHITA • Natural- Like Hunger,Thirst, Old age,
Sleep etc.
For the first time in the history of hindu
medicine certain norms or guidelines has • External(Environmental
been laid for the preparation of Ayurvedic &Accidental)
drugs. Codified by grand son of Royal • Internal (Bodily Disturbances )
Physician to Hammir Deo, the king of
Ranathambore (Now located in Rajasthan) • and Mental (Psychological)
in 13-14 century AD. This master piece of Pharmaceutical ABC of the
work got place among the three subsets Sharangdhar samhita
(Laghutrayei). It is regarded as basic book
for Ayurvedic Pharmaceutics. It is Amongst 7 chapters of the first
composed in three subdivisions with total section following are the Pharmaceutics
32 chapters and 2600 verses in Sanskrit. Its related topics:-
speciality lies in the basic preparations and A. 1st chapt - About Definitions and
their derived forms with examples. It has measurements.
brought the turning point in the history of
B. 2nd chapt - Basic principles of
hindu medicine as proper preparation of
Pharmacy.
drug is mentioned for the first time
specifically. It is simple and easy to C. 4rth Chapt - Classification of drugs
understand and gives further insight for according to their specific action, eg;
regulatory norms for drug manufacturing. Deepan,Pachan, etc.
lebbeck by HPLC
Spectrophotometer Curcuma Turmeric Curcuminoids by
Asparagus Shatavari Shatavarin by longa Spectrophotometer
racemosus HPTLC Emblica Amla Gallic acid by
Azadirachta Neem Total bitters by officinalis HPLC & Total
indica Gravimetry Tannins by
Bacopa Nir Total Bacosides by Spectrophotometer
monnieri Brahmi HPLC/HPTLC. Eclipta alba Bhringaraja Total
Berberis Berberis Berberine by HPLC Wedelolactone by
aristata HPLC
Chemistry, Biochemistry and Ayurveda of Indian Medicinal Plants, 2013, pp. 87-93
Ed : Prof. I.P. Tripathi
Publisher : M.G.C.G.V.,Chitrakoot, Satna (M.P.) 485780
R.L.S. Sikarwar
Arogyadham (J.R.D. Tata Foundation for Research in Ayurveda and Yoga Sciences),
Deendayal Research Institute, Chitrakoot, Dist. Satna (M.P.)- 485 780
Email: rlssikarwar@rediffmail.com
ABSTRACT
Chitrakoot (The Hill of many wonders) is a most holy place for the pilgrimage of Hindus
and has been very rich cultural and biological diversity since ancient times. The richness
of biodiversity is described in various ancient literatures. There are several tribal
communities like Kol, Gond, Mawasi and Khairwar inhabit in Chitrakoot region and
utilize wide variety of plant resources for food, fodder, fibre, medicine etc. The
biodiversity of Chitrakoot is reduced to a great extent due to unsustainable human
activities. A detailed study on plant biodiversity, threat assessment, conservation and
ethno botanical study on tribal communities has been carried during 2003-2011. In the
present paper the work carried out during the aforesaid period is illustrated.
The Mandakini (a offshoots of the Ganga) The first known mention of the place is in
is Holy River that is also known as the Valmiki Ramayana, which is believed
Payasuni. The forest of the Chitrakoot to be the first ever Mahakavya (epic)
predominantly consists of tropical dry composed by the first ever poet. As
mixed deciduous type. The climate of the Valmiki is said to be contemporaneous
Chitrakoot is dry and the maximum with (or even earlier than) Rama and is
temperature goes up to 49.50c in the month believed to have composed the Ramayana
of May and minimum up to 5 0c in the before the birth of Rama, the antiquity of
month of January. Chitrakoot is a one of its fame can well be gauged.
the famous place of pilgrimage of Hindus
Valmiki speaks of Chitrakoot as an
in India and surrounded by lush green hills
eminently holy place inhabited by the
of legendary Vindhyachal range. Since
great sages, abounding in monkeys, bears
times immemorial, it is famous for its
and various other kinds of fauna and flora.
religious importance, elegant environment
Both the sages Bharadwaja and Valmiki
and spiritual peace. Chitrakoot is also well
speak of Chitrakoot in glowing terms and
known for its beautiful hill ranges, advise Rama to make it his abode during
historical caves, perennial streams and the period of his exile. Lord Rama himself
varied flora and fauna. Therefore, the admits this bewitching impact of this
Chitrakoot has been sacred place of place. In the 'Ramopakhyana' and
worship for sages and hermits since descriptions of holy places at various
antiquity. Chitrakoot’s spiritual legacy places in the Mahabharata, Chitrakoot
stretches back to legendary ages: It was in finds a favoured place. In 'Adhyatma
these deep forests that Rama, Sita and his Ramayana' and 'Brihat Ramayana' testify
brother Lakshmana spent eleven and half to the throbbing spiritually and natural
years of their fourteen years of exile. The beauty of Chitrakoot. Various Sanskrit
great sage Atri, Sati Anusuya, Dattatreya, and Hindi poets also have paid similar
Maharshi Markandeya, Sarbhanga, tributes to Chitrakoot. Mahakavi Kalidas
Sutikshna and various other sages, seers, has described this place beautifully in his
devotees and thinkers meditated; and here epic 'Raghuvansha'. He was so much
the principal trinity of the Hindu pantheon, impressed with its charms that he made
Brahma, Vishnu and Shiva, took their Chitrakoot (which he calls Ramgiri
incarnations. because of its time-honoured associations
with lord Rama) the place of exile of his
It has been the centre of devotion,
yaksha in Meghdoot.
dedication and faith of devout persons of
Lord Rama. Lord Rama, the most Tulsidas, the saint-poet of Hindi has spoken
dignified and the best among the men, very reverently of this place in all his major
excels as an ideal role model in every works- Ramcharit Manas, Kavitawali,
respect and remains a timeless source of Dohawali and Vinaya Patrika. The last-
inspiration for mankind since an eon. mentioned work contains many verses
which show a deep personal bond between their epics Ramayana and Ramcharit
Tulsidas and Chitrakoot. He spent quite Manas respectively. According to Valmiki
some part of his life here worshipping Rama Ramayana, Chitrakoot is a beautiful and
and craving his darshan. It was here that he sacred place where different types of
had what he must have considered the herbs, shrubs, trees and climbers bearing
crowning moment of his achievements—i.e. variety of fruits, flowers and roots are
the darshan of his beloved deity Lord Ram available. The richness of biodiversity of
at the intercession of Hanumanji. His Chitrakoot is described four chapters of
eminent friend, the noted Hindi poet Rahim Ramayana. Names of several trees found
(i.e. Abdur Rahim Khankhana, the soldier- on Kamadgiri are also mentioned. He has
statesmen-saint-scholar-poet who was also described varied fauna of Chitrakoot.
among the Nav-Ratnas of Akbar) also spent He has mentioned the names of different
some time here, when he had fallen from variety of birds, animals and movements
favour with Akbar's son Emperor Jahangir. of elephants and deers in the forests.
Kamadgiri, the original Chitrakoot, is a Goswami Tulsidas has also described
place of prime religious significance. A similarly the beauty and diversity of flora
forested hill, it is skirted all along its base and fauna of Chitrakoot in Ramcharit
by a chain of temples and is venerated Manas “Chitrakoot hill has luxuriant
today as the holy embodiment of Rama. vegetation of herbs, shrubs, trees and
Lord Rama is also known as Kamadnathji climbers. He has also mentioned the names
which literally means fulfiller of all wishes. of different variety of birds like blue jays,
The Kamadgiri (Chitrakoot hill) is a sacred koels, parrots, cuckoos, kakavas, partridges,
grove, it is clearly mentioned in Ramcharit and animals like elephants, lions, monkeys,
Manas as “all the forests of Gods existing boars and deer’s etc”.
in the universe were filled with envy at the Chitrakoot was very rich in respect of
sight of Rama’s hill forest”. medicinal plants too. It is mentioned in
This holy place has provided spiritual Valmiki Ramayana that “there are
inspiration and energy to many sages and thousand kinds of medicinal plants are
dignitaries and changed their attitude of available in Chitrakoot region that express
life like Maharishi Valmiki, Goswami them at night like flame of the lamp”.
Tulsidas, Abdul Raheem Khankhana, MATERIAL AND METHOD
Tansen and even Aurangajeb etc.
A comprehensive study on floristic
BIODIVERSITY IN ANCIENT diversity was carried out in Chitrakoot
LITERATURE forest area of Madhya Pradesh region
In ancient time, Chitrakoot was very rich during the year 2003-2011 and covered
in biodiversity. Maharishi Valmiki and almost all seasons. Detailed data of each
Goswami Tulsidas illustrated a plant was recorded with the help of
comprehensive account of biodiversity in prescribed field book. The data includes
date of collection, name of locality, local types are Mixed forest, Bamboo forest,
name, botanical name, family, altitude, Khair (Acacia catechu) forest, Salai
habit and habitat, type of leaves, colour of (Boswellia serrata) forest and Kardhawai
flowers, type of fruits, flowering and (Anogeissus pendula) forest. The
fruiting, distribution, population status, percentage of these forests is given below.
threats etc. The voucher specimens were
collected, pressed, dried, mounted and 11% Mixed forest
3%
identified with the help of flora and Bamboo forest
herbarium specimens and preserved in the 24%
58% Khair forest
herbarium of Arogyadham, Deendayal
Salai forest
Research Institute, Chitrakoot. The flora
4% Kardhawai forest
of Madhya Pradesh has been published in
three volumes and one supplement
((Verma et al., 1993; Mudgal et al., 1997; RESULT
Singh et al., 2001 and Khanna et al., A detailed floristic study of Chitrakoot
2001) and no work on floristic diversity region has been carried out by the author
of Chitrakoot has so far been carried out. during the year 2003-2011 and found that
Sharma and Mamgain (1982) published a there are over 730 species of flowering plants
paper on flora of Satna district and listed excluding cultivated and ornamental plants
392 species of Satna district in which are found in Chitrakoot. These 730 species
Chitrakoot was very poorly represented. belongs to 445 genera and 111 families.
Similarly an ethno botanical survey was Table-1
conducted in tribal areas of Chitrakoot region
and the first hand information on medicinal Taxa Monocots Dicots Total
uses of plants viz. local name of the plant, Families 89 22 111
part used, mode of preparation, mode of
administration/application, dose, duration Genera 344 101 445
etc. was collected from old and experienced Species 558 172 730
tribal medicine man and women with the
help of a standard questionnaire. The The life analysis shows that out of 730
voucher specimens of the plants collected species, trees are 112, shrubs are 71,
during the survey were properly identified climbers are 81 and herbs are 466.
with the help of floras and preserved in the
herbarium of Arogyadham, Deendayal 466
Research Institute, Chitrakoot.
FORESTS OF CHITRAKOOT 112 71 81
(2000) not only for Chitrakoot but also for Trees Shrubs Climbers Herbs
Madhya Pradesh and Chhatisgarh. (Ved
et.al. 2003). Therefore it is an urgent need
to save the natural habitats and conserve TRIBAL COMMUNITIES OF
the in valuable medicinal plants diversity CHITRAKOOT
of Chitrakoot region. Yet certain areas like There are several tribal communities like
Ansuiya forest, Guptagodawari forest, Kol, Gond, Mawasi, and Khairwar etc. as
Mohkamgarh forest, Bagdaraghati forest mentioned in Ramcharitmanas still reside
and Kamadgiri hill have rich collection of in Chitrakoot forest area. These tribal
plants and animals. These areas can be communities have their own culture,
proposed for in situ conservation. traditions, beliefs, customs etc. They are
CONSERVATION OF PLANT very poor and illiterate. They inhabit in
DIVERSITY and around forest area and utilize a wide
variety of plants for food, fodder, fuel,
The Deendayal Research Institute,
medicine, dye, gum, tannin, thatching,
Chitrakoot trying to conserve the
household and farming implements etc.
medicinal plants diversity of Chitrakoot in
Their total population is about 0.16
their herbal garden, situated in
Arogyadham campus. There are about 500 million as per 2001 census which
medicinal plants collected from different constitute 19.14% of the total population.
forest areas of Chitrakoot are conserved They have small patches of land which are
through ex situ method. Out of which insufficient food requirements therefore;
about 70 plants are of threatened forest and its product play an important
categories. The plants are divided in role in their daily life fulfilling a large
different groups like herbs, shrubs, trees, number of their routine requirements. This
climbers, and tuberous plants. area is largely excluded from urban
culture and the people of this region still
Some doubtful plants in Ayurvedic point of retain many originalities of their culture.
view are planted in adjacent beds for easy
identification. The life form analysis This region is unique in having some
indicates that out of 500 species, 118 interesting ways of life and beliefs such as
species are trees, 78 shrubs, 65 climbers taboos, tattoos, magico-religious-beliefs
and 220 herbs. The herbal garden is known etc. related to plants. The surrounding
plants are an important part of tribal culture extensive ethnobotanical study on various
and information about the plants get passed tribal communities of Chitrakoot and found
on from one generation to another that they have utilize a wide variety of plant
generation only through oral folklore and species for the various purposes such as
many kept secret. It is also seen that the age- human medicine, veterinary medicine, food,
old cultural heritage of tribal is fast dye, gum, fibre, fodder, fish poison,
changing due to rapid urbanization, agriculture implements, house hold
interference of outsiders in the tribal areas implements and megico-religious beliefs etc.
and changes in economic patterns. The
197
habitats and environment where these 200
primitive people experienced and learnt 150
50 38 50
100 17 12 7 30 3 19 13 1 15 21 16 32
useful plant lore through generations are 50
0
also disappearing day by day due to reckless
deforestation and overexploitation of natural
resources. Therefore, it is necessary that
before this knowledge is lost forever it must
be documented properly. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The collection of minor forest produces The authors are grateful to Dr. Bharat
from the forest and selling these produces Pathak, General Secretary, Deendayal
in nearby local markets is the main source Research Institute, Chitrakoot for
of their economy. The tribal people inhabit providing all necessary facilities.
in remote and far distant areas of the
REFERENCES
forests where no organized modern
medical facilities are available. Besides Khanna, K.K., Kumar, Anand, Dixit, R.D. &
Singh, N.P. 2001. Supplements to the Flora
they are very poor and of course unable to
of Madhya Pradesh. Botanical Survey of
by expensive modern medicines. India, Calcutta.
Therefore, they utilize locally available Mudgal, V., Khanna, K.K. & Hajra, P.K. 1997.
plant species for the treatment of human as Flora of Madhya Pradesh (Vol.2). Botanical
well as livestock ailments and diseases. Survey of India, Calcutta.
They are familiar about the medicinal uses Singh, N.P., Khanna, K.K., Mudgal, V. & Dixit,
of plants found their village surroundings R.D. 2001. Flora of Madhya Pradesh (Vol.3).
and forest areas. But during the Botanical Survey of India, Calcutta.
investigation it is observed that the young Ved, D.K., Kinhal, G.A., Ravikumar, K., Karnat,
Mohan, Vijaya Sankar, R. & Indresha, J.H.
generation is not interested to hold this (eds.) 2003. Threat assessment &
invaluable traditional knowledge Management Prioritization for Medicinal
transmitted orally from generation to plants of Chhattisgarh & Madhya Pradesh.
generation. Therefore, before this FRLHT Bangalore.
traditional knowledge is lost forever it Verma, D.M., Balakrishnan, N.P. & R.D. Dixit,
must be documented properly. For keeping R.D. 1993. Flora of Madhya Pradesh (Vol.1).
these view in mind we have carried out an Botanical Survey of India, Calcutta
PART II
Chemistry, Biochemistry and Ayurveda of Indian Medicinal Plants, 2013, pp. 94-108
Ed : Prof. I.P. Tripathi
Publisher : M.G.C.G.V.,Chitrakoot, Satna (M.P.) 485780
ABSTRACT
Biodiversity, particularly phytodiversity is the fundamental basis of human survival and
economic development as it provides food, clothing, shelter, medicine, biomass, energy
and industrial raw materials.
The medicinal plants constitute a large group of plants providing raw materials to be used
in drug formulation and related industries. Because of the availability of all types of
agroclimates, India is one of the richest centres in the world for plant genetic resources.
Amongst the twelve megabiodiversity centres, India rank 10th in the world and 4th
amongst the Asian countries in plant wealth. Out of 17000 flowering plant species in the
country, 2000 have been found medicinally important. Due to high demand, medicinal
plants have been indiscriminately extracted for short-term gain without putting any effort
towards their conservation. In addition, during recent years, revival of traditional/herbal
medicine has also led to over-exploitation of medicinal plants causing great depletion and
even extincition of many medicinally important rare, endangered and threatened (RET)
plant species worldwide. Under existing circumstances, it is warranted to explore
conservation strategie4s in case of medicinal plants throughout the world to achieve the
ultimate goal of their sustainable utilization for the welfare of mankind.
Conservation of phytodiversity is a holistic approach and involves both, in situ and ex
situ methods. Amongst ex situ methods, plant Tissue Culture, as a foremost and
extremely useful facet of Biotechnology, may play a pivotal role. Development of
reproducible regeneration protocols not only forms the basis for successful
micropropagation/clonal propagation, but also for a equally important aspect of
germplasm preservation through in vitro strategies, which will lead to achieve the
ultimate goal of conservation of phytodiversity by establishing 'Germplasm Repositories'
or 'Gene Banks'. In this context, efficient in vitro processes for rapid
micropropagation/cloning and germplasm preservation in case of four important show-
propagating RET plants of the Indo-Gengetic plains, namely, Clerodendrum serratum
L.Moon (a rare and threatened shrub), Uraria picta Jacq. DC (a rare endemic leguminous
herb), Operculina petaloidea (Choisy) Oost. (a rare perennial vine) and Embelia tsjeriam-
cottam Roem. & Schult. DC. (a vulnerable shrub) were developed for rehabilitation in
their natural habitats for conservation and sustainable utilization.
and urbanization. Over 50% of the land India is a member of many international
area is cultivated and all forests, conventions working for conservation,
particularly moist forest types are rapidly like, CBD, Convention on International
being degraded due to population pressure Trade and Endangered Species (CITES),
and shifting cultivation resulting in loss of etc. A list of about 1500 flowering and
some important wild genetic resources. non flowering plants, have been compiled
Today’s requirement is sustainable that are either very rare or are endangered
utilization of biological diversity and its and the information is being published in
conservation for future, so that our the form of "The Red Data Books of
coming generation should not be deprived Indian Plants". Amongst 28 centres,
of services and benefits provided by National Botanical Research Institute
biodiversity on which they have full right. (NBRI), Lucknow, Tropical Botanical
Garden and Research Institute (TBGRI),
Conservation of biological diversity
Trivandrum and Forest Research Institute
leads to conservation of essential
(FRI), Dehra Dun are the prominent
ecological diversity to preserve the
organizations which are the members of
continuity of food chains; therefore, it is
Botanic Gardens Conservation
important to conserve the whole
International (BGCI) in India and actively
ecosystem. This is important to understand
involved in conservation programmes.
that services provided by ecosystem,
naturally free of cost, can never be Conservation strategies
replaced by mankind. The Convention on The effects of human activities on
Biological Diversity (CBD) was the first biodiversity have increased so greatly that
legally binding international treaty to the rate of species extinction is rising to
address the conservation, sustainable use
hundreds or thousands of times the
and equitable sharing of benefits derived
background level. These losses are driven
from the utilization of biological diversity
by increasing demands on species and their
in general. In April 2002, the Parties to the
habitats. The world conservation strategy
Convention committed themselves to
achieve by 2010 (year proclaimed as the (IUCN/UNEP/WWF, 1980) defines
International Year of Biodiversity) “a conservation as “the management of human
significant reduction of the current rate of use of the biodiversity so that it may yield
biodiversity loss at the global, regional the greatest sustainable benefit to present
and national level as a contribution to generation while maintaining its potential to
poverty alleviation and to the benefit of all meet the needs and aspirations of future
life on earth”. generations”. The above definition invokes
two complementary components
Initiatives by India “conservation” and “sustainability”. The
A number of initiatives have been primary goals of biodiversity conservation
taken by our government, research as envisaged in the World Conservation
Institutions and scientists in the country. Strategy can be summarized as: (i)
International E – Publication
www.isca.co.in
have either lost the regeneration capacity strawberry has been obtained (Caswell
or get systemically infected can be and Kartha, 2009). In India, NBPGR,
rejuvenated and made disease-free by in New Delhi has a large cryopreservation
vitro methods, cloned to produce bank with holding capacity of quarter
sufficient plant material and preserved. million samples of small seeded crops. A
Thus, in this context plant tissue culture is total of over 6,000 accessions can be
the only hope for germplasm preservation. stored in the in vitro repository. Freezing
There can be five approaches to preserve and thawing injuries to membrane
germplasm through Tissue Culture for ex structure and function is a potential reason
situ conservation. behind low survival rates in
cryopreservation (Ashmore, 1997) and
i. Cryopreservation also low regrowth percentages. Besides, it
Cryopreservation is the storage of requires very sophisticated and costly
biological material such as buds, shoot facilities, which sometimes even difficult
tips, zygotic and somatic embryos, and to have in the under-developed and
cell cultures under aseptic conditions at developing countries where conservation
ultra-low temperature of -196°C in liquid appears to be most essential.
nitrogen. At cryogenic temperature, cell ii. Limited growth cultures of shoots
division, metabolic and biochemical
Limited growth cultures of multiplying/
processes are arrested and cell retain their
proliferating shoots of several important
properties unchanged for a longer period
plants, as in case of medicinal plants,
of time (Niino et al., 1995). Though it has
Rauwolfia serpentina, Atropa belladonna,
been found very successful for animal
Dioscorea deltoidea, D. floribunda, Solanum
cells and organs (Wŏlstenholme and
khasianum, S. torvum, Rosmarinus
O’Connor, 1970) is still in an
officinalis, Chrysanthemum cinerariaefolium
experimental stage in the case of plant
(Chaturvedi et al., 2003), including rare,
tissue and organs, as it has certain
endangered and threatened plants of Indo-
technical shortfalls (Withers, 1985).
gangetic plains, like, Clerodendrum
Further, this has yielded quite poor results
serratum (an endangered shrub; Sharma et
and even after 30 years of efforts, we have
al., 2009), Uraria picta (a rare endemic
few reports of successful regeneration of
leguminous herb), Operculina petaloidea (a
plant species after long-term preservation
rare perennial climber) and Embelia
through cryopreservation.
tsjeriam – cottam (a vulnerable straggling
In case of potato apices, recovery has shrub; Sharma et al., 2008) etc.; fruit trees,
been made after several years of their Citrus grandis, C. aurantifolia, C. sinensis,
storage (Mix-Wagner et al., 2003). Recent C. karna, C. jambhiri and C. limonia
reports have shown regeneration to (Chaturvedi et al., 2001) and woody trees,
complete plants from cryopreserved Mitragyna parvifolia (Sharma et al., 2007),
meristem after 28 years in case of pea and Populus deltoides (Chaturvedi et al., 2004a)
International E – Publication
www.isca.co.in
and Azadirachta indica (Arora et al., 2010) methods including incubation at reduced
kept regenerative in long-term culture under temperature and/ or low light intensity
culture room conditions, produced normal (Withers, 1991), manipulation of nutrient
plants, even after 5 to 20 years of periodic elements in the culture medium and use of
subculture in the Tissue Culture Laboratory osmotic agents (Westcott, 1981;
of NBRI, Lucknow. A high rate of Tahtamouni et al., 2001; Moges et al.,
multiplication can be achieved through this 2003) and sub-lethal levels of growth
method, as from single nodal stem segment retardants (Gupta, 2001). Some commonly
or shoot tip one can have thousands of used growth retardants are tributyl-2,4-
plantlets within a shorter period of time. A dihlorbenzylphosphonium chloride
large number of plants produced through (Phosphon D), malic hydrazide, n-dimethyl
this method can be replanted in their natural succinamic acid (B-9), triidobenzoic acid
(TIBA), 2-chloroethyl trimethylammonium
habitat providing a moderately good chloride (CCC) and ancymidol. Sucrose,
method of germplasm preservation. A mannitol and sorbitol are the osmotic
complete cycle of plants produced through agents. Sucrose and sorbitol along with
limited growth shoot culture raised from incubation at low temperature and dark
nodal stem segment of a 40-year old tree in have been used in Allium sativum to store
case of A. indica is shown in Fig. 1 (a-g). the bulblets for more than one year which
However, some disadvantages are also was accompanied with 100% survival and
associated with it, as it requires skilled recoveries thereafter (Hassan et al., 2007).
workers to maintain cultures, subculturing While, there are some examples from
has to be done within a particular optimum herbaceous plants of successful germplasm
period of time generally 25-30 days (varies preservation by this method, the earliest
from species to species). Every time transfer being of grape (Galzy, 1969) followed by
of shoot/s to new nutrient medium involves that of potato (Westcott et al., 1977). This
cost of nutrients, growth hormones and agar method, since long, is in practice at the
(costliest ingredient of the medium) besides International Potato Centre, Lima, Peru, for
regular maintenance of temperature, light germplasm preservation of potato. The
and humidity in the culture rooms. Most technique has been successfully used in
importantly one has to be cautious enough plant spp., like, apple (Hao and Deng,
to maintain infection-free cultures as 2003), Cedrus spp. (Renau-Morata et al.,
frequent subculturing could multiply the 2006), Musa spp. (Cha-um et al., 2007),
risk of infection in cultures.
Eucalyptus grandis (Watt et al., 2000), etc.
iii. Slow growth/ restricted growth shoot In this context, process of slow growth
cultures culture of Glycyrrhiza glabra developed at
In this approach the shoot apices are NBRI, Lucknow deserves special mention,
cultured on nutrient media with restricted where spectacular success was achieved in
growth. The growth rate of the in vitro preserving its shoot apices under slow
cultures can be restricted by various growth conditions for more than 7 years
International E – Publication
www.isca.co.in
root cultures at a place where they would (Sauton et al., 1982; Burger and Hackett,
otherwise not grow, safe from pathogenic 1986), Cicorium intybus (Vasseur and
infections, grown under aseptic conditions Roger, 1983), B. napus (Lazzeri and
and can easily be managed in small space Dunwell, 1984b), S. tuberosum (Espinoza
with no elaborate arrangements of air- and Dodds, 1985), Dendrobium sp.
conditioning. Thus, excised root cultures (Sagawa, 1990), P. tremula (Nadel et al.,
may constitute ‘Gene Repositories’ for 1992; Tzfira et al., 1996; Vinocur et al.,
posterity. However, it is to be evaluated as 2000), C. aurantifolia (Bhat et al., 1992),
to how many plant species, with the tomato (Joāo and Brown, 1994),
existing knowledge of morphogenesis and Cephaelis inecacuanha (Yoshimatsu and
the morphogenetic stimuli available, can Shimomura, 1994), Acacia albida (Ahée
be preserved as their excised root cultures, and Duhoux, 1994), Lotus corniculatus
how many of them can be induced to (Akashi et al., 1998), Eleuherococcus
regenerate plantlets and how long the koreanum (Park et al., 2005), etc.
regenerative potentiality of such excised With this background, an innovative
root cultures can be retained in long-term method of germplasm preservation through
cultures in vitro. long-term regenerative excised root culture
The fundamental principle underlying has been propounded in the Tissue Culture
this method of germplasm preservation is: Laboratory, NBRI, Lucknow and
more the organization level of explant successfully demonstrated for a number of
with minimum physical and chemical plant species including herbaceous annuals
stress during incubation the less are the to woody perennials as well as trees. The
chances of genetic variability. innovative method was developed
In Brassica oleracea shoot originally for S. khasianum (Normal and its
regeneration has been obtained from Spineless strain), in which case the true-to-
segments of excised roots and potentiality mother type plants were later on
of culture has been retained for five regenerated from even more than 20-year-
months (Lazzeri and Dunwell, 1984a). old cultures, tested so far, and also given
However, possibility of developing successful field trials, was further extended
regenerative excised root cultures appears to a number of other economic plants,
to exist in a number of plant species, at including trees, namely, S. torvum, S.
least in those plant species, the root surattense, A. belladonna, Kalanchoe
segments of which have been fedtschenkoi, R. serpentina, P. deltoides
demonstrated to produce regenerants in and Dalbergia latifolia (Chaturvedi et al.,
vitro, viz., Convolvulus arvensis (Bonnett 1991, 2004b; Sharma et al., 2004).
and Torrey, 1966), Elaeis guineensis Recently, success has been achieved in
(Barrett and Jones, 1974), Actinidia inducing multiple shoot bud differentiation
chinensis (Harada, 1975), Phalaenopsis in segments of roots taken from 5-year-old
amabilis (Tanaka et al., 1976), C. sinensis excised root cultures of a multipurpose tree
International E – Publication
www.isca.co.in
Arora, K., Sharma, M., Srivastava, J., Ranade, S. Chaturvedi, H. C., Singh, S. K., Sharma, A. K. and
A. and Sharma A. K. 2010. Rapid in vitro Agnihotri, S. 2001. Citrus tissue culture
cloning of a 40-year-old tree of Azadirachta employing vegetative explants. Indian J. Exp.
indica A. Juss. (Neem) employing nodal stem Biol., 39: 1080-1095.
segments. Agroforest. Syst., 78: 53-63. Chaturvedi, H. C., Sharma, M., Jain, M. and
Ashmore, S. E. 1997. Status report on the Agnihotri, S. 2003. Some biotechnological
development and application of in vitro aspects for improvement and production of
techniques for the conservation of plant medicinal plants and their active principles.
genetic resources, International Plant Genetic In: Proc. Post Harvest Technology of
Resources Institute, Rome, Italy. Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (Training
Barrett, J. N. and Jones, L. H. 1974. Development Course-Book), Eds. S. K. Tewari and P.
of plantlets from cultured tissues of oil palm Pushpangadan, NBRI, Lucknow, pp. 29-37.
(Elaeis guineensis). In: Proc. 3rd Intl. Chaturvedi, H. C., Sharma, A. K., Agha, B. Q.,
Congress Plant Tissue and Cell Culture, Jain, M. and Sharma, M. 2004a. Production
Leicester, U. K. Abstr. No. 218. of cloned trees of Populus deltoides through in
Bhat, S. R., Chitralekha, P. and Chandel, K. P. S. vitro regeneration of shoots from leaf, stem
1992. Regeneration of plants from long-term and root explants and their field cultivation.
root culture of lime, Citrus aurantifolia Indian J. Biotech., 2: 203-208.
(Christm.) Swing. Plant Cell Tiss. Org. Cult., Chaturvedi, H. C., Sharma, M., Sharma, A. K.,
29: 19-25. Jain, M., Agha, B. Q. and Gupta, P. 2004b. In
Bonnett, H. T. and Torrey, J. G. 1966. Comparative vitro germplasm preservation through
anatomy of endogenous bud and lateral root regenerative excised root culture for
formation in Convolvulus arvensis roots cultured conservation of phytodiversity. Indian J.
in vitro. Amer. J. Bot., 53: 496-507. Biotech., 3: 305-315.
Bulletin of the Botanical Survey of India. 2000. Cha-um, S., Kirdmanee, C., Huyen, P. X. and
Vol. 42. Nos. 1-4. Vathany, T. 2007. Disease-free production and
minimal-growth preservation of in vitro banana
Burger, D. W. and Hackett, W. P. 1986. Gradients (Musa spp.). Acta Hort. (ISHS), 760: 233-240.
of adventitious bud formation on excised Datta, K. B., Kanjilal, B. and De Sarker, D. 1999.
epicotyl and root sections of citrus. Plant Sci., Artificial seed technology: Development of a
43: 229-232. protocol in Geodorum densiflorum (Lam)
Caswell, K. L. and Kartha, K. K. 2009. Recovery of Schltr. - An endangered orchid. Curr. Sci., 76:
plants from pea and strawberry meristems 1142-1144.
cryopreserved for 28 years. Cryolett., 30: 41-46. Espinoza, N. O. and Dodds, J. H. 1985.
Chaturvedi, H. C. and Sinha, M. 1979. Mass clonal Adventitious shoot formation on cultured
propagation of Solanum khasianum through potato roots. Plant Sci., 41: 121-124.
tissue culture. Indian J. Exp. Biol., 17: 153-157. State of Forest Report, India, (1999). 2000. Forest
Chaturvedi, H. C., Sharma, M., Sharma, A. K. and Survey of India, Ministry of Environment &
Sane, P. V. 1991. Conservation of plant genetic Forest, Govt. of India.
resources through excised root culture. In: Galzy, R. 1969. Recherches sur la criossance de
Conservation of Plant Genetic Resources Vitis rupestris Scheele sain et court nové
through In Vitro Methods. Proc. Intl. Workshop cultivé in vitro a differentes temperatures.
on Tissue Culture for the Conservation of Ann. Phytopath., 1: 149-166.
Biodiversity and Plant Genetic Resources. Kuala Gupta, S. 2001. ABA-induced growth retardation of
Lumpur Univ., Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, 28-31 kiwifruit (Actinidia chinensis) in vitro. Indian J.
May, 1990, pp. 29-41. Plant Genet. Resources, 14: 312-313.
International E – Publication
www.isca.co.in
Hao, Y.-J. and Deng, X.-X. 2003. Genetically stable Myers, N. 1990. The biodiversity challenge:
regeneration of apple plants from slow growth. Expanded hot-spots analysis. The
Plant Cell Tiss. Org. Cult., 72: 253-260. Environmentalist, 10: 243-256.
Harada, H. 1975. In vitro organ culture of Actinidia Nadel, B. L., Hazan, G., David, R., Huttermann,
chinensis PΙ. as a technique for vegetative A. and Altman, A. 1992. In vitro propagation
multiplication. J. Hort. Sci., 50: 81-83. of Populus species: Response to growth
Hassan, N. A., El-Halwagi, A. A., Gaber, A., El- regulators and media composition. Acta Hort.,
Awady, M. and Khalaf, A. 2007. Slow-growth 314: 61-68.
in vitro conservation of garlic cultivars grow in Nassar, A. H. 2003. Slow growth storage of
Egypt: Chemical characterization and molecular encapsulated germplasm of Coffea arabica L.
evaluation. Global J. Mol. Sci., 2: 65-75. Int. J. Agri. Biol., 5 (4): 517-520.
IUCN/UNEP/WWF. 1980. The World Nhut, D. T., Tien, T. N. T., Huong, M. T. N.,
Conservation Strategy: Living Resource Hien, N. T. T., Huyen, P. X., Luan, V. Q. and
Conservation for Sustainable Development. Teixeira da Silva, J. A. 2005. Artificial seeds
International Union for Conservation of for propagation and preservation of
Nature (IUCN), United Nations Environment Cymbidium spp. Propagation of Ornamental
Programme (UNEP) and World Wide Fund Plants, 5: 67-73.
for Nature (WWF), Gland, Switzerland. Niino, T., Shirata, K. and Oka, S.1995. Viability of
Jain, M., Gupta, P., Tripathi, S.B., Saxena, S. and mulberry winter buds cryopreserved for 5 years
Chaturvedi, H.C. 2006. Long-term slow at -135°C. J. Seric. Sci. Japan, 64: 370-374.
growth shoot tip culture of Glycyrrhiza glabra Park, S.-Y., Ahn, J.-K., Lee, W.-Y., Murthy, H. N.
for germplasm preservation. In: Natl. Symp. and Paek, K.-Y. 2005. Mass production of
on Plant Biotech., In Vitro Regeneration & Eleutherococcus koreanum plantlets via
Cloning Technique held at FRI, Dehradun, somatic embryogenesis from root cultures and
12-14 Oct., 2006.
accumulation of eleutherosides in regenerants.
Joāo, K. H. L. and Brown, T. A. 1994. Long-term Plant Sci., 168: 1221-1225.
stability of root cultures of tomato
transformed with Agrobacterium rhizogenes. Pattnaik, S. and Chand, P. K. 2000.
R. 1601. J. Exp. Bot., 45: 641-648. Morphogenetic response of the alginate–
encapsulated axillary buds from in vitro shoot
Lazzeri, P. A. and Dunwell, J. M. 1984a.
cultures of six mulberries. Plant Cell Tiss.
Establishment of isolated root cultures of
Org. Cult., 60: 177-185.
Brassica species and regeneration from
cultured root segments of Brassica oleracea Peterson, R. L. 1975. The initiation and development
var. italica. Ann. Bot., 54: 351-361. of root buds. In: The Development and
Functions of Roots. Eds. J. G. Torrey and D. T.
Lazzeri, P. A. and Dunwell, J. M. 1984b. In vitro Clarkson, Third Cabot Symp. Academic Press,
shoot regeneration from seedling root New York, pp. 125-161.
segments of Brassica oleracea and Brassica
Redenbaugh, K., Paasch, B. D., Nichol, J. W.,
napus cultivars. Ann. Bot., 54: 341-350. Kossler, M. E., Viss, P. R. and Walker, K. A.
Mix-Wagner, G., Schumacher, H. M. and Cross, 1986. Somatic seeds: encapsulation of asexual
R. J. 2003. Recovery of potato apices after plant embryos. Bio/Tech., 4: 797-801.
several years of storage in liquid nitrogen. Renau-Morata, B., Arrillaga, I. and Segura, J.
CryoLett., 24: 33-42. 2006. In vitro storage of cedar shoot cultures
Moges, A. D., Karam N. S. and Shibli, R. A. 2003. under minimal growth conditions. Plant Cell
Slow growth in vitro preservation of African Rep., 25 (7): 636-642.
violet (Saintpaulia ionantha Wendl.) shoot Sagawa, Y. 1990. Orchids, other considerations.
tips. Advanced HortSci., 17: 1-8. In: Handbook of Plant Cell Culture, Vol. 5.
International E – Publication
www.isca.co.in
Chemistry, Biochemistry and Ayurveda of Indian Medicinal Plants, 2013, pp. 109-116
Ed : Prof. I.P. Tripathi
Publisher : M.G.C.G.V.,Chitrakoot, Satna (M.P.) 485780
goal of plant tissue culture is to produce a formation of multiple buds. Skoog and
large number of plants in a month instead Miller (1957) proposed a concept which
of years. stated that organ differentiation in plants
The production of a large number of is regulated by an interplay of auxin and
plants from very small plant parts cytokinin. The technique of
micropropagation involves 4 steps viz.,
(explants) under aseptic conditions is
referred to as micropropagation or clonal establishment of somatic embryos or
shoots cultures, multiplication of shoot
propagation, and it is one of the best and
most successful examples of commercial cultures through periodic sub culturing,
induction of rooting and hardening of
application of plant tissue culture
technology. The potential for this work plantlets and transfer to soil.
was realized by Morel (1960) for rapid Micropropagation ensures around 10
propagation of orchids. In most cases, times multiplication per cycle of 2 weeks
clonal propagation is achieved by placing each and 26 cycles can be completed in a
sterilized shoot tips or axillary buds onto year.
culture medium that is sufficient to induce
propagated crops for improving their Banana, Paulownia, Burma dek and
yield and quality. Jojoba etc.
• Rapid spread of new varieties of Explant source
vegetatively propagated crops like Explant is material used as initial
sugarcane, potato, poplar, source of tissue culture. Tissue culture
medicinal/aromatic plants for crop
success mainly depends on the age, types
diversification. In the vegetatively
and position of explants [38] because not
propagated species, multiplication
all plant cells have the same ability to
through vegetative means is very slow.
express totipotency [10]. The most
Moreover, pathogens keep on
accumulating generation after commonly used explants are shoot tips,
generation, which cause huge losses in nodal buds and root tips. Large explants
the quantity and quality ultimately can increase chances of contamination and
causing decline of the clone or variety. small explants like meristems can
sometimes show less growth.
• Mass production of ornamental plants,
which are otherwise difficult to STERILISATION
multiply through conventional methods Microbial contamination of plant
for domestic and international markets. tissue culture is a common problem.
• Mass cloning of cross pollinated and Common bacterial contaminants are
seed propagated trees. Bacillus, Pseudomonas, Staphylococcus
and Lactobacillus. In the practice of plant
• Multiplication of male sterile lines for tissue culture, microorganisms are called
hybrid seed production or the “contaminants” because of their harmful
multiplication of F1 hybrids in field, effects on plant growth in vitro.
vegetable and floricultural crops.
Six potential sources of
• It possesses tremendous potential in contamination in the plant tissue culture
making our environment clean and green. lab are:
• Production of disease-free planting • Air
material for obtaining higher yields
with better quality for export market. • Water
releasing chemicals which can alter Nitsch (NN) [Nitsch, and Nitsch, 1969].
culture environments e.g. pH and inhibit Agar is not essential media component but
explants growth or cause death. Explants is used as gelling agent. It prevents death
are cleaned by distilled water and of cultured cells due to submerging and
sterilized using mercuric chloride, ethyl lack of oxygen in liquid medium. The pH
alcohol, and liquid bleach. Sterilization of of culture media is normally between 5.0-
laboratory instruments is carried out by 6.0, and is also very important as it affects
autoclaving, alcohol washing, baking, uptake of ions.
radiations, flaming and fumigation. CULTURE BROWNING
TISSUE CULTURE MEDIA Explants in cultures release phenol
Culture media contains vital nutrients compounds, which are oxidised by
and elements for in vitro growth of plant enzymes known as polyphenol oxidase,
tissues. Choosing the right media and cause the media to turn brown.
composition is important for successful Browning can be minimized by adding
tissue culturing. antioxidants or phenol absorbents for e.g.
ascorbic acid, glutathione, activated
Functions of medium: charcoal and polyvinylpyrrolidone or by
• Provide water transferring explants into new culture
media on regular intervals.
• Provide mineral nutritional needs
PLANT GROWTH HORMONES
• Provide vitamins
Growth hormones regulate various
• Provide growth regulators
physiological and morphological
• Access to atmosphere for gas processes in plants and are also known
exchange as plant growth regulators (PGRs) or
• Removal of plant metabolite waste phytohormone. PGRs are synthesized
by plants; therefore many plant species
Medium contains a carbon source
can grow successfully without external
(sucrose), macro and micro nutrients,
medium supplements. Hormones can
vitamins, hormones and other organic
also be added into cultures to improve
substances. A wide range of media are
available for plant tissue culture, but MS plant growth and to enhance metabolite
(Murashige & Skoog, 1962) medium is synthesis. In vitro growth and shoot
commonly used Other media used are formation was not achieved without
Linsmaier-Skoog (LS) [Linsmier & adequate concentrations exogenous
Skoog, 1965], Schenk and Hilderbrandt hormones. However, inadequate or
(SH) [Schenk and Hilderbrandt, 1972], excessive amount of growth hormones
WPM (Woody plant medium) [Lloyd and can cause morphological and
McCown, 1980], and the Nitsch and physioloical abnormalities .
International E – Publication
www.isca.co.in
root. Stage 4 is acclimatization The and those which are in demand by the
growing, rooted plants are removed from industry, but cannot easily be multiplied
tissue culture and planted in soil. The by commercial methods of propagation. It
humidity must be slowly reduced over a is the last category of plants, which has to
period of time to allow the plants stomata be given priority for propagation by tissue
to adjust to an open air environment. culture strategy. There are many
Stomata's are like little mouths on the important medicinal plants required by the
cells of the leaf surface that open and Drug India, but are not cultivated in the
close according to environmental real sense of the term. Some important
conditions. one’s are Angelica officinalis, A. sinensis,
Gymnema sylvestre, Picrorhiza kurroa
Micropropagation of medicinal plants and Garcinia indica.
is mainly carried with following
objectives: - Micropropagtaion in Stevia: Stevia
rebaudiana Bertoni (Bertoni) is a
• In some plants, seed production is perennial herbaceous plant and is part of
difficult and many a times seeds do the Asteraceae family. It’s the only zero
not show proper germination and calorie sugar substitute with a fresh, clean,
seedling growth. green image. It comes from the leaves of
• Micropropagation is mainly used in the bushy stevia plant, a native of
individual plants having elite Paraguay. Stevia is currently considered
as the “green gold”, as natural sweetener
characters and protect them against
used to reduce sugar and synthetic
segregation or mutation.
sweetener as aspartame or sucralose.
• In many medicinal pants, planting Besides, Stevia is considered to be
material is becoming endangered so hypoglycemic, hypertensive, diuretic,
necessary to develop micro cardiotonic. Heavy exploitation, low
propagation protocols to preserve propagation response and meagre
germplasm and for distribution during systematic cultivation resulted in the
cultivation in new areas. important medicinal plants becoming
extinct and endangered. Very limited
• Production of medicinal plant
seedlings can be carried continuously scientific studies have been carried out on
without seasonal variation and in vitro conservation of the medicinal
environmental factors. plants Handa and Kaul (1996).
propagated from vegetative parts has The genus Plantago comprises 200
created global trading area, benefited species, ten of which occur in India
growers, farmers, nursery owners and (Anonymous, 1969). Isabgol, the common
improved rural employment. However, name in India for P.ovata, comes from the
there are still major opportunities to produce Persian words “isap” and “ghol” that means
and distribute high quality medicinal plant horse ear, which is descriptive of shape of
Chlorophytum borivilianum. The main the seed. India dominates the world market
advantage of tissue culture technology lies in in the production and export of psyllum.
the production of high quality planting
material that can be multiplied round the
season basis under disease-free conditions.
There is thus an immediate need for Journal of the Tissue Culture Association, 12,
assessing the natural populations, 473-478.
developing protocols for micro propagation, Handa, S.S., Kaul, M. K. (1996) Supplement to
cultivation and utilization of medicinal plants.
regeneration and agronomical practices. The Regional Research Laboratory, CSIR, Jammu
characteristics of rapid vegetative growth, Tawi 819.
available morphological variation and short Lloyd, G.B. and B.H. McCown, 1980.
sexual life cycle raise the possibility of Commercially feasible micropropagation of
using Bacopa monnieri in the mountain laurel (Kalamia latifolia) by use of
developmental studies related to shoot tip culture. Proc. Int. Plant Propagators
Soc. 30, 421-437.
bioprospection, morphogenesis and
secondary metabolism. Morel G. 1960. Producing virus-free Cymbidium.
Am. Orchid Soc. Bull. 29: 495-97.
Bacopa monnieri L. Penn., commonly Murashige T (1974) Plant propagation through
known as Brahmi, has been used in Indian tissue cultures. Ann. Rev. Plant Physiol.
System of Medicine for centuries for 25:135-166.
everything from snakebite to headache. It Murashige T and Skoog F. 1962. A revised
is used most often as a brain tonic and a medium for rapid growth and bioassays with
tobacco tissue cultures. Physiologia Plantarum
memory enhancer. The demand of Bacopa 15: 473-97.
is met from natural population, which leads Nitsch, J.P. and C. Nitsch, 1969. Haploid plants
to put heavy strain on existing natural from pollen grains. Science, 163, 85-87.
population and hence slow depletion of this Rajendra K and D’Souza L (1999) In vitro
important herb. Tissue culture techniques propagation of Ayurvedic plants. In : Khan I A
can be used to attain rapid multiplication of and Khanum A (eds) Role of Biotechnology
the elite clones and germplasm in Medicinal and Aromatic plants Vol 2: 207-
237.Ukaaz Publication Hyderabad
conservation of Bacopa monnieri
Ramachandra Rao, S. and G.A. Ravishankar,
REFERENCES 2002. Plant cell cultures: Chemical factories of
Ahmad R U (1993) Medicinal plants used in ISM secondary metabolites. Biotechnology
– Their procurement, cultivation, regeneration, Advances, 20, 101-153.
and import/export aspect: a review. In: Govil J Linsmaier, E.M. and F. Skoog, 1965. Organic
N, Singh VK and Hashmi S (eds) Medicinal growth factor requirement of tobacco tissue
Plants: New Vistas of Research, Part 1 (pp 221- cultures. Physiol. Plant, 18, 100-127.
258). Today and Tomorrow Printers and Schenk, R.V. and A.C. Hilderbrandt, 1972.
Publishers, New Delhi. Medium and techniques for induction and
Anonymous (1998) In The Wealth of India: A growth of monocotyledonous dicotyledonous
Dictionary of Indian Raw Materials and plant cell cultures. Canadian Journal of
Industrial Products. Vol. 2, CSIR: 116-118. Botany. 50, 199-204.
New Delhi, India Skoog F and Miller C. O. 1957 Chemical
Gamborg, O.L., T. Murashige, T.A. Thorpe and regulation of growth and organ formation in
I.K. Vasil. 1976. Plant-tissue culture media. plant tissue cultured In Vitro. Symp. Soc. Exp.
Biol.11: 118-31.
International E – Publication
www.isca.co.in
Chemistry, Biochemistry and Ayurveda of Indian Medicinal Plants, 2013, pp. 117-122
Ed : Prof. I.P. Tripathi
Publisher : M.G.C.G.V.,Chitrakoot, Satna (M.P.) 485780
ABSTRACT
Medicinal plants continue to be an important therapeutic aid for alleviating ailments of
humankind. Advancements made in synthetic chemistry along with the discovery of
antibiotics and cortico-steroids and their artificial synthetics caused rapid decline of plant
based medicines particularly in the developed nations during the century. The developing
nations depend on the other hand mostly on plants for their medicine. In recent times,
however, due to the increasing realization of the health hazards and toxicity associated
with the indiscriminate use of synthetic drugs and antibiotics, there has been a renewal of
interest in the use of plants and plants based drugs throughout the world. The preventive
and promotive aspects of the Eastern traditional systems of medicine particularly that of
India and China are finding increased popularity and acceptance through out the world
and scope for developing plant based drugs assumes greater significance at a time when
modern medicine has failed to provide cure for a number of dreadful diseases.
Considering the rapid loss of medicinal plants various measures has been initiated in
India for conserving and sustainably utilizing the medicinal plant genetic resources.
According to the Red List of threatened species 44 plant species are critically
endangered, 113 endangered and 87 vulnerable (IUCN, 2000). Many medicinal plants are
also in trouble from over harvesting and destruction of habitat. Population growth,
urbanization and the unrestricted collection of medicinal plants from the wild is resulting
in an over-exploitation of natural resources. Therefore, the management of traditional
medicinal plant resources has become a matter of urgency. An ever increasing demand of
uniform medicinal plants based medicines warrants their mass propagation through
plant tissue culture strategy. Tissue culture technology is potent and has opened extensive
areas of research for biodiversity conservation. Tissue culture protocols have been
developed for a wide range of medicinal plants, which includes endangered, rare and
threatened plant species.
Key words : Red list, Endangered, Medicinal Plants, Plant Tissue Culture
plant species of India. Millions of rural segments are must for mass-scale
mass use medicinal plants. In recent years multiplication and conservation of
the growing demand for herbal products endangered or threatened medicinally
has led to a quantum jump in volume of important species within short period and
plant material traded within and outside limited space. The plants produced from
the country. Very small proportions of the this method are true to type. Propagation
medicinal plants are lichens, ferns, algae through tissue culture provides solution for
etc; the majority of the medicinal plants mass propagation of plants in general and
are higher plants. Though India has rich threatened plants in particular. There is a
biodiversity and one among the twelve need to conserve plants with medicinal
mega diversity centers, the growing values. Due to ever growing demand, the
demand is putting a heavy strain on the availability of medicinal plants to the
existing resources causing a number of pharmaceutical companies is not enough to
species to be either threatened or manufacture herbal medicines. The
endangered category. About 90% of powerful techniques of plant cell and tissue
medicinal plants used by industries are culture, recombinant DNA and
collected from the wild. While over 800 bioprocessing technologies have offered
species are used in production by mankind a great opportunity to exploit the
industry, less than 20 species of plants are medicinal plants under in vitro conditions.
under commercial cultivation. Over 70%
Micropropagation: In clonal
of the plant collections involve destructive
propagation, plants are multiplied using
harvesting because of the use of parts like
nodal segments and shoot meristems as
roots, bark, wood, stem and the whole
explants. For rapid in vitro clonal
plant in case of herbs. This poses a definite
threat to the genetic stocks and to the propagation of plants, normally dormant
diversity of medicinal plants. Recently axillary buds are induced to grow into
some rapid assessment of the threat status multiple shoots by judicious use of
of medicinal plants using IUCN designed growth regulators cytokinins and or auxin
CAMP methodology revealed that about and cytokinin combinations. Shoot
112 species in southern India, 74 species in number increases logarithmically with
Northern and Central India and 42 species each subculture to give greatly enhanced
in the high altitude of Himalayas are multiplication rates. As this method
threatened in the wild. involves only organized meristems, hence
it allows recovery of genetically stable
IN VITRO CONSERVATION and true to type progenies (Murashige,
STRATEGIES USED FOR THE 1974; Hu and Wang, 1983).
PROPAGATION OF MEDICINAL
PLANTS Organogenesis: For the regeneration
of a whole plant from a cell or from a
Micropropagation/Clonal propagation callus mass cytodiffrentiation is not
techniques using shoot tip and nodal enough and there should be differentiation
International E – Publication
www.isca.co.in
leading to organogenesis. This may occur produced either directly on the explant or
through shoot bud differentiation indirectly from callus or cell suspension
(organogenesis) or through somatic culture. For the first time, Haccius (1978)
embryogenesis. In the former, shoot buds defined somatic embryogenesis as a non-
(monopolar structures) are formed while in sexual developmental process, which
the later, somatic embryos (bipolar produces a bipolar embryo from somatic
structures) are formed both leading to tissue. The first report of plantlet
regeneration of whole plant. Callus regeneration via in vitro somatic
mediated organogenesis depends on embryogenesis was in Daucus carota
various factors. The type of callus, growth (Reinert, 1958; Steward et al., 1958). This
regulators used for induction of callus and pathway has offered a great potential for
also callus developed from the type of the production of plantlets and its
explant. The cells, although biotechnological manipulation. In
undifferentiated, contain all the genetic addition to the development of somatic
information present in parent plant. By embryos from sporophytic cells, embryos
suitable manipulation of growth regulators have been induced from generative cells
and contents of the medium, it is possible such as in the classic work of Guha and
to initiate the development of roots, shoots Maheshwari (1964) with Datura innoxia
and complete plant from callus cultures. microspores. Tissue culture technique
Somatic Embryogenesis: Somatic has been used successfully for in vitro
embryogenesis is the process of formation mass propagation of various medicinal
of embryo like structure from somatic plants.
tissue. The somatic embryo may be
Table-: In vitro cultured important medicinal plants.
Plant species Explants Nature of Response Reference
Bacopa monnieri Leaf explants & Mass propagation Mohapatra and Rath (2005)
Nodal Segments
Calastrus paniculatus Nodal segments Shoot culture Sood & Chouhan (2009)
Clitoria ternatea Linn Nodal segments Shoot culture G.R. Rout (2005)
Ginkgo biloba Apical & Shoot culture Tommasi & Scaramuzzi (2004)
Nodal segments
Glycyrrhiza glabra Nodal segments Axillary bud culture Vadodaria et al (2007)
Gymnema sylvestre Seeds Seed culture Komalavalli & Rao (2000)
Holostemma ada-kodien Nodal segments Bud culture Martin (2002)
Oroxylum indicum Nodal segments Shoot culture Dalal & Rai (2004)
Picrorhiza kurroa Nodal segments Mass propagation Martin et al (2006)
International E – Publication
www.isca.co.in
Plants for food and medicine. Proc. Joint The Research Foundation for Science,
Conference of the Society for Economic Technology and Natural Resources Policy,
Botany and the International Society for Ethno New Delhi, India.
pharmacology, London, 1-6 July 1996, Royal Sood, H. and Chauhan, H. S. (2009) Development
Botanic Gardens, Kew, UK, pp. 69-74. of a low cost micropropagation technology for
Mohapatra, H. P. and Rath, S. P. (2005) In vitro an endangered medicinal herb (Picorhiza
studies of Bacopa monnieri: An important kurroa) of North-Western Himalayas. Journal
medicinal plant with reference toits of Plant Sciences, 1-11.
biochemical variations. Indian Journal of Steward, F.C., Maper, M.O. and Smith, J. (1958).
Experimental Biology. 43(4): 373-376. Growth and organized development of
Murashige, T. (1974) Plant propagation through cultured cell 11. Organization in culture grown
tissue cultures. Ann. Rev. Plant Physiol. 25: from freely suspended cells. Amer. J. Bot. 45:
135−166. 705-708.
Pei Shengji. (2002) A brief review of ethnobotany Thorpe, T.A. and Patel, K.R. (1984) Clonal
and its curriculum development in China. In : propagation: Adventitious buds. In : Vasil,
Shinwari, Z.K., Hamilton, A. and Khan, A.A I.K.(Ed.). Cell Culture and Somatic Cell
(Eds.). Proceedings of a workshop on Genetic in Plants. Vol. 1. Academic Press,
Curriculum Development in Applied New York, pp.49-60.
Ethnobotany, Nathiagali, 2-4 May. W.W.F. Toledo, V. M. (1995) New paradigms for a new
Pakistan, Lahore, Pakistan, pp. 41. ethnobotany: reflections on the case of
Reinert, J. (1958) Uber die Kontrolle der Mexico. In: Schultes, R. E. and. Von Reis, S.
Morphogenese and die Induktion Von (Eds.). Ethnobotany: evolution of a discipline.
Adventivembryonen and Gewebek Ulturen aus Chapman and Hall, London, UK. pp. 75-88.
Korotten. Planta. 53: 318-333. Tommasi, F. and Scaramuzzi, F. (2004) In vitro
Rout, G. R. (2005) Micropropagation of Clitoria propagation of Ginkgo biloba by using various
ternatea Linn. In vitro Cellular & bud cultures. Biologia Plantarum. 48(2): 297-
Developmental Biology Biology- Plant, 41(4): 300.
516-519. Vadodaria, H. K., Samantaray, S. and Maiti, S.
Schippmann, U., Leaman, D.J. and Cunningham, (2007) Micropropagation of Glycyrrhiza
A.B. (2002) Impact of cultivation and glabra Linn. An important medicinal plant.
gathering of medicinal plants on biodiversity: Journal of Cell and Tissue Research. 7(1):
global trends and issues. Inter- Department 921-926.
Working Group on Biology Diversity for Food Xiao, P.G. and Yong, P. (1998)
and Agriculture, Food and Agricultural Ethnopharmacology and research on medicinal
Organisation of the United Nations, Rome, plants in China. In : Prendergast, H.D.V.
Italy. Etkin, N.L. Harris, D.R. and Houghton, P.J.
Sharma, N & Chandel, K. P. S (1992) Effects of (Eds.). Plants for food and medicine. Proc.
ascorbil acid on axillary shoot induction in Joint Conference of the Society for Economic
Tylophora indica (Burm.F.) Merill, Plant Cell Botany and the International Society for
Tissue Organ Culture, 29: 109. Ethnopharmacology, London, 1-6 July 1996,
Shiva, V. (1996) Protecting our biological and Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, UK. pp. 31-39.
intellectual heritage in the age of biopiracy.
International E – Publication
www.isca.co.in
Chemistry, Biochemistry and Ayurveda of Indian Medicinal Plants, 2013, pp. 123-129
Ed : Prof. I.P. Tripathi
Publisher : M.G.C.G.V.,Chitrakoot, Satna (M.P.) 485780
ABSTRACT
Amaranthus, a dietary plant, rich in natural polyphenols specially anthocyanins, has been
the focus of interest of scientific investigators for its antioxidant and chemopreventive
properties. However. its applicability in various forms for clinical use is an area which is
still unexplored. Here we present a review of literature along with our work on two
Amaranthus sps .for possible clinical use.
Cai YZ, Sun M, Corke H. Antioxidant activity of Jayaprakasam B, Zhang Y, Nair MG. Tumor cell
betalains from plants of the Amaranthaceae. proliferation and cyclooxygenase enzyme
Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry inhibitory compounds in Amaranthus tricolor.
2003; 51: 2288–2294 J Agric Food Chem 2004; 52: 6939-43
Chávez-Jáuregui RN, Santos RD, Macedo A, Jerz G, Arrey TN, Wray V, Du Q and
Chacra AP, Martinez TL, Arêas JA. Effects of Winterhalter P. Structural characterization of
defatted amaranth (Amaranthus caudatus L.) 132- hydroxy-(132- S) – phaeophytin - a from
snacks on lipid metabolism of patients with leaves and stems of Amaranthus tricolor
moderate hypercholesterolemia. Food Sci and isolated by high speed countercurrent
Techno (Campinas) 2010; 30: 1007-1010 chromatography. Innovat Food Sci Emerg
Clemente AC and Desai PV. Evaluation of the Tech 2007; 8: 413-418
hematological, hypoglycemic, hypolipidemic Kasera R, Niphadkar PV, Saran A, Mathur C,
and antioxidant properties of Amaranthus Singh AB. First case report of anaphylaxis
tricolor leaf extract in rat. Trop J Of Pharma caused by Rajgira seed flour (Amaranthus
Res 2011; 10: 595-602 paniculatus) from India: A clinico-
Conforti F, Statti G, Loizzo MR, Sacchetti G, Poli immunologic evaluation. Asian Pac J Allergy
F, Menichini F. In Vitro antioxidant effect Immunol 2013; 31:79-83
and inhibition of alpha-amylase of two Larson R. A. The antioxidants o f higher plants.
varieties of Amaranthus caudatus seeds. Biol Phytochemistry 1988; 27: 969-978
Pharm Bull 2005; 28:1098-102. Maharwal J, Samarth RM, Saini MR.
Cotelle N, Bernier JL, Catteau, JP, Pommery J, Radiomodulatory influence of Rajgira
Wallet JC, Gaydou EM. Antioxidant (Amaranthus paniculatus) in Swiss Albino
properties o f hydroxy flavones. Free Rad Bio mice. Phytother Res 2003; 17: 1150-1154
and Med 1996; 20: 35–43 Maharwal J, Samarth RM, Saini MR.
Escudero NL, Albarracín GJ, López RVL, Antioxidative effect of Rajgira leaf extract in
Giménez MS. Antioxidant activity and liver of Swiss Albino Mice after exposure to
phenolic content of flour and protein different doses of gamma radiation. Phytother
concentrate of Amaranthus cruentus seeds. J Res2005; 19: 717-720
of Food Biochem 2011; 35: 1327–1341 Malick MA, Roy RM, Sternberg J. Effect of
Gandhi P, Khan Z, Niraj K. In vitro assay of anti- Vitamin E on post-irradiation death in mice.
proliferative potential of Amaranthus cruentus Experientia 1978; 34: 1216
aqueous extract on human peripheral blood
Marx M. Speaking of Science: Amaranth: A
lymphocytes. Cur trends in Biotech and Chem
Res 2011; 1: 42-48 Comeback for the Food of the Aztecs?
Science 2007; 198: 40-49
Gandhi P, Maudar KK. Eds. Combating the
Cytotoxic Insult: A Pharmacognostic Mburu MW, Gikonyo NK, Kenji GM, Mwasaru
Approach. 2010 www.amazon.com. AM. Properties of a Complementary Food
Gopalan C, Ramashastri BV, Balasubramanian. based on Amaranth Grain (Amaranthus
Food composition tables. In Nutritive Values cruentus) Grown in Kenya. J Agric Food
of Indian Food, Narasinga Rao BS, Deosthale Tech 2011; 1153-178
YG, Pant KS (eds). 2000 National Institute of Park HJ, Kim MJ, Ha E, Chung GH. Apoptotic
Nutrition, Indian Council of Medical effect of hesperidin through caspase-3
Research: Hyderabad, 45–91 activation in human colon cancer cell SNU-
Han X, Shen T & Lou H. Dietary polyphenols and C4. Phytomedicine 2008; 15:147-151
their biological significance. Int J Mol Sci Pasko P, Barton H, Zagrodzki P, Gorinstein S,
2007; 8: 950-988 Fołta M, Zachwieja Z. Anthocyanins, total
PART III
Chemistry, Biochemistry and Ayurveda of Indian Medicinal Plants, 2013, pp. 130-133
Ed : Prof. I.P. Tripathi
Publisher : M.G.C.G.V.,Chitrakoot, Satna (M.P.) 485780
ANTI-DIABETIC PLANTS
Dr Prakash L Hegde
Professor and Head, Dept of Dravyaguna
SDM College of Ayurveda, Hassan, Karnataka
drprakashhegde@yahoo.com
Chemistry, Biochemistry and Ayurveda of Indian Medicinal Plants, 2013, pp. 134-139
Ed : Prof. I.P. Tripathi
Publisher : M.G.C.G.V.,Chitrakoot, Satna (M.P.) 485780
any untoward effects because they are ChaukhambhaBharati Sanskrit Series office,
having similar biomorphic constitution, so Varanasi(2001)
these are accepted in our body very easily. SushrutaSamhita : Edited by Prof P.V.Sharma,
ChaukhambhaVishwabharati, 1st Ed (2001)
REFERENCES
Puri, H.S: Rasayana: Ayurvedic herbs for
AshtangaHridaya : Edited by ArunDutt, longevity and rejuvenation. London, Taylor &
NirnaySagar Press(1936) Francis(2003)
CharakaSamhita : English translation and critical
exposition by R.K. Sharma & B. Das,
Chemistry, Biochemistry and Ayurveda of Indian Medicinal Plants, 2013, pp. 140-144
Ed : Prof. I.P. Tripathi
Publisher : M.G.C.G.V.,Chitrakoot, Satna (M.P.) 485780
The Moringa plant contains the alkaloid Table -1, Showing the concentration of
called “Moringine” which exerts ephedrine Nutrients (source FDA data base for
like effect. Two isomers of 4-Benzyle nutrition USA)
isothiocynnate [4-(4'-O-acetyl-α-L-
Perticular 100 Gms of 100 Gms of
rhamnopyranosyloxy) benzyl isothiocyanate Leaves & % of Pauds & % of
& 4-(α-L-rhamnopyranosyloxy) benzyl RDA RDA
isothiocyanate] have been extracted from all Energy 64 kcal 37 kcal
the parts of Moringa plant. 4-Benzyle (270 kJ) (150 kJ)
isothiocynnate has been proved to contain Carbohydrates 8.28 gm 8.53 g
antimicrobial (bacteriostatic & bacteriocidal, Dietary fiber 2.0 g 3.2 g
antifungal and anti-helminthic activity) and Fat 1.40 g 0.20 g
anti-inflammatory activity. Pterygospermin Protein 9.40 g 2.10 g
& 4-glucosinolate have antibiotic activity Water 78.66 g 88.20 g
against Helicobacter pylori. Pterygospermin Vitamin A Equiv 0.378 µg 4 µg
was discovered early 1950’s by a team from (47%) (1%)
Thiamine (vit. 0.257 mg 0.0530 mg
the University of Bombay (BR Das),
B 1) (22%) (5%)
Travancore University (PA Kurup), and the Riboflavin 0.660 mg 0.074 mg
Department of Biochemistry at the Indian (vit. B2) (55%) (6%)
Institute of Science in Bangalore (PLN Rao). Niacin (vit. 2.220 mg 0.620 mg
Helicobacter pylori are the main culprit in B 3) (15%) (4%)
Pantothenic 0.125 mg 0.794 mg
the occurrence of Peptic ulcer. The
acid (B5) (3%) (16%)
importance of this research could be Vitamin B6 1.200 mg 0.120 mg
understood by the fact that discoverer of (92%) (9%)
Helicobacter pylori get Nobel Prize of Foliate (vit. 40 µg 44 µg
medicine in year 2005. The presence of B 9) (10%) (11%)
Vitamin C 51.7 mg 141.0 mg
nitrile glucosides like niazirin and niazirinine
(62%) (170%)
produces dose dependent positive and Calcium 185 mg 30 mg
negative ionotropic effect on heart. (19%) (3%)
Iron 4.00 mg .36 mg
Shigru or Moringa is a highly nutritive (31%) (3%)
plant. Leaves pods and seeds are edible Magnesium 147 mg 45 mg
and consumed at very large scale in tribal (41%) (13%)
community. Shigru is very rich in a Manganese 0.36 mg 0.259 mg
number of vitamins and minerals as well as (17%) (12%)
Phosphorus 112 mg 50 mg
other phytochemicals such as the (16%) (7%)
carotenoids (including β-carotene or pro- Potassium 337 mg 461 mg
vitamin A). The leaves of moringa alone (7%) (10%)
are sufficient enough to fulfill the Sodium 9 mg 42 mg
recommended daily requirement of (1%) (3%)
Zinc 0.6 mg 0.45 mg
Vitamin A, B1, B2, B6, C, Calcium, & (6%) (5%)
Magnesium (Table 1).
A clinical study was conducted in year respect to the developing and undeveloped
2004 by department of Shalakya Tantra , countries Shihru or Moringa plant can
Govt Aurvedic college Handia, Allahabad change the health scenario of society at the
to evaluate the efficacy of “Shigru Patra minimum or no cost. Every part of this plant
siddha Grita” in the children suffering with is useful to mankind. With help of Shigru or
the malnutrition and specially Vitamin A Moringa or “Miracle tree” we can keep the
deficiency disorders ie conjunctival individual healthy thus society healthy and
xerosis, night blindness, keratomalacia and finally building the healthy nation.
non healing ulcers. The obtained results
REFERENCES
were very promising with the very high
Carak Samhita commentary by Chakra Dutta
success rate of 83.5%. Very high Chaukhambha Publications Varanasi
nutritional value of moringa can be Sushruta Samhita Commentary by Dalhana,
understood by the fact that 100 gms of Chaukhambha Publications Varanasi
moringa leaves are equivalent to vitamin C Bhav Prakash Ninghantu Chaukhambha
provided by 7 oranges, three times more Publications Varanasi
Iron than spinach, three times more Dravya Guna Vigyan By Acharya P V Sharma,
Potassium than bananas and four times Chaukhambha Bharati Academy Varanasi
more calcium than milk. Badgett BL (1964) Part I. The mustard oil
glucoside from Moringa oleifera seed. Rice
There are also a lot of non-medicinal University PhD Thesis (student of Martin G.
or non-food uses of moringa. Leaves are Ettlinger), Houston, TX, USA.
used to produce the organic manure and Bennett RN, FA Mellon, N Foidl, JH Pratt, MS
DuPont, L Perkins and PA Kroon (2003)
bio mass for fields. In some areas bio gas Profiling glucosinolates and phenolics in
is also produced and used as alternative vegetative and reproductive tissues of the
fuel. Crushed leaves and seed powder are multi-purpose trees Moringa oleifera L.
used to remove the impurities of water by (Horseradish tree) and Moringa stenopetala L.
Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry
flocculating the impurities. Seed powder as 51: 3546-3553.
bio-insecticides is very effective and Caceres A, O Cabrera, O Morales, P Mollinedo, P
popular for organic farming. Ben oil is Mendia (1991) Pharmacological properties of
extracted from seeds which are used as Moringa oleifera. 1: Preliminary screening for
lubricant in machines, in the manufacture antimicrobial activity. Journal of
Ethnopharmacology 33: 213-216.
of perfumes and hair care products. Logs
Caceres A and S Lopez (1991) Pharmacological
for fencing can also be obtained from the properties of Moringa oleifera: 3. Effect of
plants. Ropes are manufactured from the seed extracts in the treatment of experimental
fibers of moringa. Moringa plants are also pyodermia. Fitoterapia 62(5): 449-450.
planted on the either side of roads for Dahot MU (1998) Antimicrobial activity of small
shadow and ornamental purpose. protein of Moringa oleifera leaves. Journal of
the Islamic Academy of Sciences 11(1): 6 pp.
Moringa is a nature’s gift to us. It has a Das BR, PA Kurup, and PL Narasimha Rao (1954)
good impact on the health, economy, Antibiotic principle from Moringa
environment and society. Especially in pterygosperma. Naturwissenschaften 41: 66.
Das BR, PA Kurup, PL Narasimha Rao (1957) and chemical structure of compounds related to
Antibiotic principle from Moringa pterygospermin. Indian Journal of Medical
pterygosperma. VII. Antibacterial activity and Research 45: 191-196.
chemical structure of compounds related to Das BR, PA Kurup, PL Narasimha Rao, and AS
pterygospermin. Indian Journal of Medical Ramaswamy (1957) Antibiotic principle from
Research 45: 191-196. Moringa pterygosperma. Part VIII. Some
Das BR, PA Kurup, and PL Narasimha Rao (1957) pharmacological properties and in vivo action of
Antibiotic principle from Moringa pterygospermin and related compounds. Indian
pterygosperma. Part VII. Anti-bacterial activity Journal of Medical Research 45: 197-206.
Chemistry, Biochemistry and Ayurveda of Indian Medicinal Plants, 2013, pp. 145-147
Ed : Prof. I.P. Tripathi
Publisher : M.G.C.G.V.,Chitrakoot, Satna (M.P.) 485780
the part used tuber are white in color 5. Leaf – Saptparn ( Alstonia-scholaris )
Satparvika sadgrantha (vacha) its rhizome its tree is generally with seven leave .
has many nodes . Tanutak - its bark is Petiole (dhirghvrint) its tree having leave
very thin Stem Trivrit(Operculina with long petiole . Narikale -
turpethum) -trivrit is a climber triangular Skandhaphala, sadaphala , mahaphala fruit
and three winged Raktangi and tamramula - apperars on trunk and seen round the
-root is red in fresh stage Kalmulika when year big and full of water having brush
half dried coppery when half dried and like structure at the top and three eyes .
black when dried completely
Chemistry, Biochemistry and Ayurveda of Indian Medicinal Plants, 2013, pp. 148-153
Ed : Prof. I.P. Tripathi
Publisher : M.G.C.G.V.,Chitrakoot, Satna (M.P.) 485780
used and not be exploited, and at the same Agricultural universities and other
time, conserved for the future generation. Research Organisations have a major role
to play in establishing and maintaining
RESOURCES OR MEDICINAL PLANTS
model medicinal plant gardens, in
Medicinal plants commonly used or carrying out researches, in serving as the
found in various regions, making out the reference centres, in providing technical
rough estimates of their availability are guidance, in laying down agronomic
generally classified as- Abundant, practices for farmers and in studying the
Common or Scares. However even it is of economics of medicinal plants
value in focusing attention on species productions. For plants in short supply
which were or might soon become they may use Tissue Culture techniques to
endangered and on the need for their large numbers of plants for supply to
cultivation, conservation or substitution in cultivators while at the same time
this regard a regional list of medicinal accessing the contents of active principle
plants duly completed and a number of of the plants obtained by such means for
exotic drug’s species suitable for local their proper efficacy.
cultivation be prepared and distributed
among farmers to grow them under proper The cultivation of medicinal plants
guidance making useful for both the sides. may also be encouraged under the social
forestry schemes by using abandoned land
CULTIVATION in shifting cultivation areas and also by
Considerable expansion is required in road sides planting of suitable trees.
the cultivation of medicinal plants, not In this concern many medicinal plants
only to meet the requirements of the are being used traditionally since very
health sector and commerce but also to beginning as various preparations and
counteract the harmful effects of over including products from more than one
exploitation of species in short supply. plant in proper proportion of different
At state level cultivation at large scale ingredients and processings in treatment
should be undertaken of a variety of the of ailments by local people. To maintain
most commonly used medicinal plants, this heritage and availability of such
both for demonstration purposes and as a plants need to be planted for future
source of supply as a genuine drug. generation. Some of the such plants being
Similarly, medicinal plant gardens should mentioned in short regarding their utility
be setup as district level to serve as in various disorders –
demonstration-Cum-Training Centre and 1. AMALATASA – Cassia fistula.
also as nurseries. Even at village level Linn.- Caesalpinaceae. It is a small or
small medicinal plant gardens would be of medium sized tree with compound leaves
practical and educational value and could and large, shining, dark green leaflets,
be developed simultaneously with social Flowers bright yellow, in very large,
forestry programme. hanging bunches. Fruits 50-60 cm. long,
black or shining dark brown and almost and antibacterial properties have been
cylindrical. The tree is a conspicuous sight found in roots and leaves as well.
in flowers as well as in fruits and can be
It is known as Indian Ginseng.
spotted in a forest from long distance. It
sheds it leaves during early summer 3. ANTAMULA– Tylophora indica
(March-May) with full blooming. – Burm f.
The medicinal properties have been Syn. T. asthmatica Wt.Arn. –
attributed to nearly all parts of the plant, Asclepiadaceae
the fruits are the most important. The pulp A twining plant with many long,
from the fruits, called Cassia pulp, is a fleshy roots, leaves in opposite pairs, 5 –
well known laxative. In larger quantities it 10 cm. long, ovate, usually pointed at the
causes purging, nausea and gripping. tips. Flowers large, dull yellow, purple
The timber of the tree is strong and within, in short clusters. Fruits 5-10 cm.
tough and is suitable for house and bridge long in pairs, pointed at tip, ridged with
posts and agricultural equipments. Apart many fine ridges.
from these it is much favoured for planting
The dried roots of the plant is used
in road-side avenues and in gardens.
medicinally as in treatment of dysentery.
2. ASHWAGANDHA – Withania An infusion of the drug is given in asthma
somnifera Dunal. – Solanaceae. and bronchitis. It is good for bringing
A small or middle-sized under shrub about vomiting and thus causes relief in
upto 1.5m. high, stem and branches asthma. It is considered as a best substitute
covered with minute star shaped hairs. for Ipecac. So it should be cultivated
Leaves upto 10cm. long, ovate, hairy like profusely for the alleviation of disorders of
branches. Flowers pale-green, small about respiratory system. The specific name
1cm. long, few flowers borne together in asthamatica indicates its use in asthma.
short axillary clusters. Fruits 6mm. 4. KOLAKANDA – Urginea indica
diametre, globose, smooth red, enclosed Roxb. – Alliaceae
in the inflated and membranous calyx, In
drier regions it can be successfully Traditionally known as Jangali Piaz –
cultivated. is a bulbous plant, bulb 5-10 cm., dull
white or pale, avoid. Lower basal leaves
The dried roots of the plant is used
almost flat, very long, narrow and pointed.
medicinally as in consumption, sexual and
Flowering stem erect, about 45 cm. high.
general weakness and rheumatism. It is
diuretic-promotes urination, acts as Flowers light brown, in slender long
narcotic and removes functional bunches. Fruit 1.5 – 2 cm. long, narrowed
obstructions of body. The root powder is on both ends, seeds – black.
applied locally on ulcers and The dried outer coats of the bulbs are
inflammations. Experimentally antibiotic removed. The bulbs are sliced and dried
which is used as drug. It is used in large leaf like structure called spathe.
ailments of heart and in cough and Flowers small pale-green in 5-10 cm. long
bronchitis. It promotes urination. It has cylindric spikes called spadix. Fruits
some what properties like Digitalis but its yellowish in colour.
action is very slow, so its larger doses are
It can be easily and widely cultivated
needed. Its use is recommended in those
with enough economic value.
cases which need to be treated with
Digitalis but are sensitive to the drug. The dried rhizome is used as
medicine. Due to presence of a volatile oil
This drug is efficacious as that of
it acts as a carminative, it causes relief in
European Urginea maritima Linn. Its
flatulence and feeling of overfulness of
clinical trials have confirmed the efficacy
in chronic bronchitis and bronchial stomach and increases appetite as well. It
catarrh. It should be widely cultivated for is considered as a best household remedy
the benefit of the society. for colics with flatulence. Its essential oil
contents act as an expectorant that
5. KALMEGHA - (Desi Chirayata) promote the bronchial secretions so useful
Andrographis paniculata Burm f. -Acanthaceae in asthma. On account of its tannins it is
An erect branched annual herb, useful in diarrhoea and dysentery. It also
branches sharply four-angled, leaves acts as emetic while its larger dose causes
lance-shaped. Flowers small, in large, violent vomiting. Its leaves and rhizomes
spreading and sparse bunches. Flowers are used in flavouring drinks, in
rose – coloured, about 1 cm. long. Fruit perfumery and in making insecticides.
capsular 1.5 – 2 cm. long. Powdered roots are used as vermifuge.
The whole plant excluding roots is The oil obtained from rhizomes acts
used medicinally. It is a bitter tonic and is as a good nerve-stimulent and the
useful in curing fevers, worms, dysentery, essential-oil free alcoholic extract shows
general weakness and excessive gas marked sedative and analgesic properties
formation in stomach. It is also useful for that’s why it is very much useful in
children suffering from liver and digestive mental diseases. In recent days it has been
complaints. Traditionally villagers use its proved that the rhizome contains (shows)
leaves for stomach complaints and the antibacterial activity.
itching. Recent experiments have shown 7. VASA - (ADUSA) - Adhatoda
its anti typhoid and antibiotic properties. vasica Medik
6. VACHA – (Ghoda Vacha) Acorus Syn. A. justicea Linn., A. zeylanica
calamus Linn. - Araceae Medik - Acanthaceae
A herbaceous plant with long, A tall, much branched, dense,
creeping and much branched aromatic evergreen shrub, with large, lance shaped
rhizomes. Flowers shoots supported by a leave. Flowers in dense, short spikes,
stalks of the spikes are shorter than the Fruits 30 – 60 cm. long narrow and
leaves. Leaf like structures called bracts, slender, hanging in pairs and forming
present on the spikes are copiousely dense clusters.
veined. Corolla (the whole of Petals) of
Its dried bark is of ;medicinal
the flowers are white with few yellowish
importance. The drug is considered very
and few purplish markings. Fruits
efficacious in chronic diarrhea and
capsular, 4 seeded.
dysentery. It is useful in malarial fever
The fresh and dried leaves of the and brings down the temperature
plant are used for medicinal purposes. The gradually without causing perspiration
leaves contain vasicine as an alkaloid and and exhaustion which usually follow other
some essential oil. Traditionally, it is used medicines for malaria. It is also very
as an expectorant. It is given in form of much useful in skin diseases.
juice, syrup or decoction. It softens the
In high doses it causes paralysing
thick, stichy sputum and facilitates it
effect on motor nerves and consequently
coming out so brings about the quick
there is fall in blood pressure.
relief in bronchitis. The expectorant
activity is due to stimulation of bronchial In olden days the timber of the tree
glands. It’s larger dose can however cause was used in making of wooden slates for
irritation and vomiting. school children hence, the specific name
In agricultural point of view the scholaris was originated.
leaves of the plant are utilized as green 9. KUTAJA – Holarrhena
manure and for yielding a yellow dye. antidysenterica Roth – Apocynaceae.
Due to presence of certain alkaloids, the
A tall shrub or small tree, sometimes
leaves are not easily attacked by fungi and
insects. Therefore, it is used in packaging upto 10 mtr. high leaves 10-30 cm. long,
and storing of fruits. Leaves emit an ovate, thin, nerves on the leaves are very
unpleasant smell and are spared from conspicuous. Leaf stalks very small.
browsing so, it is suitable for planting in Flowers white fragrant, 1 – 1.5 cm.
soul reclamation programmes. diameter, in large terminal bunches. Fruits
slender, cylindric, 20 – 45 cm. long, 6 – 8
8. SAPTAPARNA (Chhatima)– mm. thick, very dark grey with white
Alstonia scholaris R.Br. -Apocynaceae specks all lover, seeds about 1 cm. long,
A large evergreen tree reaching upto having a tuft of long (2 – 2.5 cm.), brown
25 mtr. High, having bitter milky juice, hairs at the top. All parts of the plant on
bark rough, dark grey, branches whorled, incision give out milky juice.
base of the tree often fluited or buttressed. The dried bark of the plant constitute
Leaves leathery, 10-20 cm. long 5-7 in a the drug “Kurchi” which is chiefly used in
whorl. Flowers small, greenish white, Amoebic dysentery. Either an extract of
spice-scented in many flowered clusters. the bark is used singly or several other
Chemistry, Biochemistry and Ayurveda of Indian Medicinal Plants, 2013, pp. 154-156
Ed : Prof. I.P. Tripathi
Publisher : M.G.C.G.V.,Chitrakoot, Satna (M.P.) 485780
Drug Review
Pharmacodynamic Properties of Brihatyadi Taila
Drug Rasa Guna Virya Vipaka Prabhava Dosakarma
Brahati Katu, Laghu, Usna Katu Sothahara,
Tikta rukshaTikshana shoolahara, Kaphavathara
krimighana
Eranda Madhura Snigdha, Usna Madhura Sothahara,
tikshana, shoolahara, Kaphavathara
sukshma krimighana
Kantakari Katu, Laghu, ruksha Usna Katu Sothahara,
Tikta Tikshana shoolahara, Kaphavathara
krimighana
Bhumi Katu, Laghu, Usna Katu Sothahara,
kadamba Tikta ruksha shoolahara, Tridoshsamaka
Kashaya krimighana
Tila Taila Madhura, Vyavai,Guru, Usna Madhura Vishaghna, Vataghna
katu,tikta, Snigdha,
kashaya Sukshma
Chemistry, Biochemistry and Ayurveda of Indian Medicinal Plants, 2013, pp. 157-160
Ed : Prof. I.P. Tripathi
Publisher : M.G.C.G.V.,Chitrakoot, Satna (M.P.) 485780
Keeping the above fact in view the herbal medicine, biological product and
Ayurvedic drug and formulation should be mineral preparation, so that 85% of the
standardised with necessary quality world population rely on herbal traditional
control and acceptable dosages. medicine for primary health care, A
he Ayurvedic drugs are Less harmful considerable percentage of people of
and more hemogenous to human body developing countres are using herbal
than chemically produced drug. medicine
Anyrvedic treatment much depend upon
PART IV
Chemistry, Biochemistry and Ayurveda of Indian Medicinal Plants, 2013, pp. 161-175
Ed : Prof. I.P. Tripathi
Publisher : M.G.C.G.V.,Chitrakoot, Satna (M.P.) 485780
ABSTRACT
A practical, one step and atom economic synthesis of 2-aryl-3-hydroxyalkyl quinolines is
disclosed during reinvestigation of Imino Diels-Alder (IDA) reaction, also called Povarov
reaction (inverse electron demanding [4 + 2]-cycloaddition) with anilines, aldehydes and
2,3-dihydrofuran/3,4-dihydro-2H-pyran using excess of iodine (mild Lewis acid) as
catalyst in methanol under reflux. Out of all catalysts screened, molecular iodine was
found best in efficiency. The mechanistic study revealed that reaction took place by [4 +
2]-cycloaddition between initially formed Schiff base (acts as electron deficient-diene)
formed from aldehyde and aniline and electron-rich dienophile, 2,3-dihydrofuran/3,4-
dihydro-2H-pyran. In one of the examples (Table 3, Entry 5), tetrahydroquinoline
intermediate was isolated from reaction mixture before the completion of reaction and
characterized. Tetrahydroquinoline intermediate underwent oxidative aromatization
(dehydrogenation) through cleavage of ether linkage to afford 2-aryl-3-hydroxyalkyl
quinolines (4a-s) in good yields (36-59 %).
a
Refers to isolated yields by column cyclization to afford tetrahydroquinoline
chromatography. intermediate III. The unexpected cleavage
On the basis of literature precedents [30] it of C-O bond by iodine results in
was thought that molecular iodine mediate dihydroquinoline V, which is further
the reaction as mild Lewis acid. The aromatised probably by I2/MeOH to give
tentatively proposed mechanism is shown 2-aryl, 3-alkyl-quinoline. Such
in Scheme 4. The Schiff base initially aromatization has earlier also been
formed by the reaction of aniline and observed by us [31]. To support the
aldehyde and reaction is activated by mechanism an isomeric mixture of
iodine. The iodine-activated Schiff base is tetrahydroquinoline formed during
attacked by electron-rich dienophile (2,3- reaction of pyridine-4-carboxaldehyde 1k,
dihydrofuran/3,4-dihydro-2H-pyran) to 2-methylaniline 2f and 2,3-dihydrofuran
give an intermediate II. The latter 3b (Table 3, Entry 5) was isolated and
undergoes intramolecular Friedel-Crafts characterised.
CONCLUSION Experimental
General
Summarily, we have developed a facile
one-pot, atom economic practical strategy to Commercially available reagent grade
access a library of substituted quinolines chemicals were used as received. All
through molecular iodine catalysed three reactions were followed by TLC on E.
component coupling/ dehydrogenation of Merck Kieselgel 60 F254, with detection
aldehydes, anilines, and 2,3- by UV light, /and or spraying a 20 %
dihydrofuran/3,4-dihydro-2H-pyran in good KMnO4 aq solution. Column
yields. Our findings constitute an advanced chromatography was performed on silica
complement to conventional Povarov gel (100-200 mesh E. Merck). IR spectra
reaction. We are focused on biological were recorded as thin films or on KBr
applications of synthesized molecules and pellets with a Perkin Elmer Spectrum RX-
further studies on reaction mechanism and 1 (4000-450 cm-1) spectrophotometer. 1H
synthetic applications are currently and 13C NMR spectra were recorded on a
underway in our group. Brucker DRX-300 in CDCl3, CD3OD or
130.1, 127.9, 123.4, 122.6, 116.5, 61.7, (s, 3H, OCH3), 3.71 (t, 2H, J = 6.5 Hz,
55.8, 33.3, 29.3; C20H18F3NO3: C, 63.66; CH2), 3.02 (t, 2H, J = 6.4 Hz, CH2), 2.04
H, 4.81; N, 3.71; found C, 63.69; H, 4.84; (bs, 1H, OH); 13C NMR (50 MHz, CDCl3)
N, 3.68; ESMS m/z = 378 (M+H)+. δ = 159.4, 157.7, 157.6, 142.6, 135.7,
General procedure for iodine 133.0, 130.5, 130.3, 130.2, 128.2, 121.8,
113.7, 104.2, 62.3, 55.3, 55.1, 36.03;
mediated synthesis of 2-aryl, 3-(2-
hydroxyethyl)-quinolines 4n-s Anal. Calcd for C19H19NO3: C, 73.77; H,
6.19; N, 4.53; found C, 73.73; H, 6.21; N,
A mixture of aldehyde 1 (1 mmol) 4.56; ESMS m/z = 310 (M+H)+.
and aryl amine 2 (1 mmol) was dissolved
2-Benzo[1, 3]-dioxol-5-yl-3-(2-
in methanol (20 ml) and stirred at room
hydroxyethyl)quinoline 4o
temperature till the formation of Schiff
base, as indicated by TLC. To this It was obtained as pale yellow solid
solution, 2,3-dihydrofuran 3b (1.5 equv) in 59 % yield; m.p. 210-213 °C; Rf 0.5
and 25 mol % of iodine were added and (30:70, EtOAc:hexane); IR (KBr) νmax cm-
1
reaction mixture was refluxed for the time : 3215, 2789, 1639, 1460, 1256, 1027,
period specified in Table 3. After 767; 1H NMR (300 MHz, CD3OD) δ =
completion of reaction (TLC), the mixture 9.10 (s, 1H, ArH), 8.30-8.20 (m, 2H,
was evaporated under vacuum. The ArH), 8.12-8.07 (m, 1H, ArH), 7.95-7.90
residual mass was extracted with ethyl (m, 1H, ArH), 7.25-7.10 (m, 3H, ArH),
acetate (2×40 mL), washed with saturated 6.16 (s, 2H, OCH2O), 3.86 (t, 2H, J = 6.1
aqueous sodium thiosulphate solution Hz, CH2), 2.87 (t, 2H, J = 6.0 Hz, CH2),
(2×10 mL), dried over anhydrous Na2SO4, 2.12; 13C NMR (50 MHz, CD3OD) δ =
and evaporated to afford crude mass of 159.1, 153.1, 151.0, 149.2, 140.3, 136.7,
4n-s. The latter was purified through silica 135.9, 132.1, 131.0, 130.6, 127.6, 126.8,
column (SiO2 60-120 mesh) 122.9, 111.8, 111.3, 104.9, 63.1, 36.9;
chromatography using ethyl Anal. Calcd for C18H15NO3: C, 73.71; H,
acetate/hexane mixture (2:8 to 3:7, v/v) as 5.15; N, 4.78; found C, 73.74; H, 5.18; N,
eluent. 4.74; ESMS m/z = 294 (M+H)+.
3-(2-Hydroxyethyl)-6-methoxy-2-(4- 6-Chloro-2-(4-chlorophenyl)-3-(2-
methoxyphenyl)quinoline 4n hydroxyethyl)quinoline 4p
It was obtained as white solid in 56 % It was obtained as light yellow solid
yield; m.p. 140-143 °C; Rf 0.5 (30:70, in 53 % yield; m.p. 134-137 °C; Rf 0.5
EtOAc:hexane); IR (KBr) νmax cm-1: 3283, (35:65, EtOAc:hexane); IR (KBr) νmax cm-
1
2936, 1616, 1451, 1238, 1027, 833; 1H : 3236, 2932, 1654, 1596, 1440, 1370,
NMR (300 MHz, CDCl3) δ = 7.98-7.94 1060, 836; 1H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl3) δ
(m, 2H, ArH), 7.44 (d, 1H, J = 8.5 Hz, = 8.01 (s, 1H, ArH), 7.98 (s, 1H, ArH),
ArH), 7.31-7.27 (m, 1H, ArH), 7.00-6.93 7.75 (d, 1H, J = 2.1 Hz, ArH), 7.62-7.58
(m, 3H, ArH), 3.93 (s, 3H, OCH3), 3.85 (m, 1H, ArH), 7.45 (s, 1H, ArH), 3.74 (t,
2H, J = 6.2 Hz, CH2), 3.01 (t, 2H, J = 6.4 CH2), 2.78 (s, 3H, CH3), 2.56 (bs, 1H,
Hz, CH2), 2.00 (bs, 1H, OH); 13C NMR OH); 13C NMR (50 MHz, CDCl3) δ =
(50 MHz, CDCl3) δ = 159.4, 144.8, 138.4, 156.0, 149.2, 149.0, 145.9, 137.5, 137.4,
136.0, 134.6, 132.5, 131.0, 130.6, 130.2, 129.4, 129.0, 127.6, 126.9, 124.9, 124.2,
128.5, 127.9, 125.6, 62.0, 35.6; 62.6, 35.8, 17.8; Anal. Calcd for
C17H13Cl2NO: C, 64.17; H, 4.12; N, 4.40; C17H16N2O: C, 77.25; H, 6.10; N, 10.60;
found C, 64.19; H, 4.15; N, 4.38; ESMS found C, 77.27; H, 6.13; N, 10.57; ESMS
m/z = 318 (M+H)+. m/z = 265 (M+H)+.
3-(2-Hydroxyethyl)-6-methoxy-2-(4- 2-(4-Fluorophenyl)-3-(2-hydroxyethyl)-6-
nitrophenyl)quinoline 4q methoxyquinoline 4s
It was obtained as white solid in 41 % It was obtained as brown solid in 58 %
yield; m.p. 205-208 °C; Rf 0.5 (30:70, yield; m.p. 135-138 °C; Rf 0.5 (35:65,
EtOAc:hexane); IR (KBr) νmax cm-1: 3450, EtOAc:hexane); IR (KBr) νmax cm-1: 3386,
3022, 1587, 1483, 1217, 1023, 768; 1H 2928, 1661, 1599, 1489, 1379, 1221, 768;
1
NMR (300 MHz, CDCl3) δ = 7.98 (d, 2H, H NMR (300 MHz, CD3OD) δ = 8.03 (s,
J = 7.0 Hz, ArH), 7.85 (s, 1H, ArH), 7.64 1H, ArH), 7.90 (d, 1H, J = 9.1 Hz, ArH),
(d, 2H, J = 7.0 Hz, ArH), 7.42 (d, 2H, J = 7.48-7.43 (m, 2H, ArH), 7.31-7.27 (m, 1H,
6.9 Hz, ArH), 7.33-7.28 (m, 2H, ArH), ArH), 7.16-7.06 (m, 3H, ArH), 3.90 (s, 3H,
7.17 (s, 1H, ArH), 7.03 (s, 1H, ArH), 3.93 OCH3), 3.66 (t, 2H, J = 6.8 Hz, CH2), 3.93
(s, 3H, OCH3), 3.56 (t, 2H, J = 6.0 Hz, (t, 2H, J = 6.7 Hz, CH2); 13C NMR (50
CH2), 2.88 (t, 2H, J = 7.2 Hz, CH2), 1.80- MHz, CD3OD) δ = 169.1, 164.1, 162.0,
1.71 (m, 2H, CH2); 13C NMR (50 MHz, 160.8, 146.0, 140.4, 140.2, 140.1, 134.7,
CDCl3) δ = 162.8, 160.2, 152.3, 152.0, 134.6, 134.5, 133.4, 132.7, 126.3, 119.3,
147.3, 140.9, 135.8, 135.5, 135.3, 133.6, 118.9, 108.3, 65.6, 59.2, 39.6; C18H16FNO2:
128.1, 127.0, 109.5, 66.3, 60.49, 40.51; C, 72.71; H, 5.42; N, 4.71; found C, 72.73;
Anal. Calcd for C18H16N2O4: C, 66.66; H, H, 5.46; N, 4.74; ESMS m/z = 298 (M+H)+.
4.97; N, 8.64; found C, 6.63; H, 4.99; N, ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
8.62; ESMS m/z = 325 (M+H)+.
V.P.P. and S.K.P. thank CSIR New
3-(2-Hydroxyethyl)-2-(4-pyridyl)-8- Delhi for the award of SRF and RAship
methylquinoline 4r respectively. We sincerely acknowledge
It was obtained as white solid in 47 % SAIF division, CDRI for providing the
yield; m.p. 145-147 °C; Rf 0.5 (30:70, spectral data and microanalyses. This is
EtOAc:hexane); IR (KBr) νmax cm-1: 3377, CDRI communication no.
3020, 1598, 1413, 1217, 1049, 767; 1H REFERENCES
NMR (300 MHz, CDCl3) δ = 8.62 (d, 2H, 1. For a review on the hetero-Diels-Alder reaction,
J = 5.1 Hz, ArH), 8.12 (s, 1H, ArH), see: (a) Buonora P, Olsen JC, Oh T (2001)
Recent developments in imino Diels-Alder
7.67-7.42 (m, 5H, ArH), 3.83 (t, 2H, J = reactions. Tetrahedron 57:6099-6138. (b)
6.7 Hz, CH2), 3.13 (t, 2H, J = 6.6 Hz, Jorgensen KA (2000) Catalytic asymmetric
Chemistry, Biochemistry and Ayurveda of Indian Medicinal Plants, 2013, pp. 176-180
Ed : Prof. I.P. Tripathi
Publisher : M.G.C.G.V.,Chitrakoot, Satna (M.P.) 485780
ABSTRACT
Ayurveda known for its holistic approach and its natural and safe methods for treatment
of diseases. It is potential medicinal system for taking care of present day health needs,
are getting recognized globally. Modern medicine systems are always efforts to
understand and interpret description pathogenesis of diabetes mellitus and its
complications as in Ayurveda, in their words. But Ayurveda needs research designed to
test and validate its fundamental concepts as well as its treatments.
An Indian physician Charaka and mHks gfjnzs rxja foMax dnEc'kkyktquZ nhIdkJoA
Susruta afterward Thomas Willis (17th nkohZ foMax [kfnjsk /oJo lqjkâdq"Bkxq#pUnukfuA
Century) describes urine of diabetic nkO;ZfXueUFkkS f=Qyk likBk ikBk p ewokZ p rFkk Jona"VªkA
patients taste like honey (madhu).
According to Charaka, he classified ;okU;q'khjk.;Hk;kxqMpw hpO;kHk;kfp=dlIri.kkZ%
diabetes in three types (tridosha system iknS% d"kk;k% dQesfguka rs n'kkksifn"Vk e/kqlEiz;ä
q k%A
Kapha, Pitta, Vata). Further he classifies &pjd lafgrk
these on basis of color, looking and smell
m'khjyks/kzkŒtupUnkuukeq'khjeqLrkeydkHk;kuke~
LrkeydkHk;kuke~A
of urine into 20 types.
iVksyfuEckeydke`rkuka eqLrkHk;ki|do`{kdk.kke~AA
1. Kapha type (again divided into 10
types). yks/kzkEcqdkyh;d/kkrdhuka fuEcktquZ kezkrfu'kksRiykuke~
2. Pitta type (again divided into 6 f'kjh"kltkZtuqZ ds'kjk.kka fiz;³xqi|ksRiyfda'kqdkuke~A
types). v'oRFkikBkluosrlkuka dVdaV;s RqZ iyeqLrdkuke~A
3. Vata type (divided into 4 types).
iSÙks"kq esg"s kq n'k izfn"Vk% iknS
iknS% d"kk;k e/kqlEiz;ä
q k%AA
ANCIENT CLASSIFICATION OF &pjd lafgrk
DIABETES IN MODERN VIEW
f=d.Vdk'eUrdlkseoYdSHkZYykrdS% lkfrfo"kS% lyks/kz%S A
Modern medicine systems are always
opkiVksyktquZ fuEceqLrSgfZ jnz;k i|dnhI;dS'oAA
efforts to understand and interpret
description pathogenesis of diabetes efŒt"B;k pkxq#pUnuS'p los%Z leLrS% dQokrts"kqA
mellitus and its complications as in esg"s kq rSya foipsn]~ /k`ra rq iSÙkS"kq] feJa f="kq y{k.ks"kqAA
Ayurveda in their words. Ayurveda
&pjd lafgrk
describes diabetic patients are two types in
this shloka and modern theory support this- Treatment of Diabetes in Modern
LFkwy% izegs h cyokfugSd% dq'kLrFkSd% ifjnqcyZ JO;A
JO;A Medical system and its Side effects
laca`g.ka r= d`'kL; dk;Z la'kkks/kua nks"kcykf/kdL;AA Diabetes mellitus is a disease as old
as humanity and is one of the major
&pjd lafgrk
problems in clinical practice even today.
Ayurveda distinguished two types of To tackle this disease, the physician
diabetes at that period, one affecting the should identify a target level of glycaemic
older and obese, and the other affecting control for each patient and provide the
thin people who did not survive long. The patient with the educational and
modern medicinal systems now subdivide pharmacologic resources necessary to
of diabetes into insulin-dependent and achieve normal sugar level in blood.
non-insulin-dependent types which are
similar as that period. The discovery of insulin in 1922
brought in a remarkable change in the
Treatment of Diabetes in Ancient outlook for both type1 and type 2 diabetic
medical system patients who started surviving for longer
gjhrdhdV~QyeeqLryks/kza ikBkfo³tquZ /kUoukJoA periods till they developed vascular
Chemistry, Biochemistry and Ayurveda of Indian Medicinal Plants, 2013, pp. 181-189
Ed : Prof. I.P. Tripathi
Publisher : M.G.C.G.V.,Chitrakoot, Satna (M.P.) 485780
ABSTRACT
Active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) nicotinamide has also been used as
pharmaceutical excipient. In this communication a bio-molecule Nicotinamide(NA) has
been treated with another pharmaceutical excipient Succinic acid(SUA) as binary drug
system. The system forms 1:2 cocrystal/addition compound/molecular complex followed
by two side by side eutectics E1(1310C) and E2(1220C) and their compositions are at
0.442 and 0.897 mole fraction of NA. Molecular interaction, ordering and stability in the
solid dispersed eutectic, non-eutectic alloys and cocrystal were discussed in the light of
the evaluated value of excess thermodynamic functions. The study covers the driving
force of nucleation during solidification (∆Gv) and critical size or radius (r*) at different
undercoolings for binary pharmaceutical materials. Using heat of fusion data the solid-
liquid interface energy and roughness parameter (α) of all the alloys are evaluated by
numerical method. Interface morphology of the alloys follows the Jackson’s surface
roughness (α) theory and predicts the faceted growth proceeds in all the alloys of
pharmaceutical materials.
Key words: Solid-liquid equilibrium data, thermodynamic excess functions, interfacial
energy, critical radius, roughness parameter
representing leukemia, melanoma, and dose for a patient is vital and challenging
cancer of the lung, colon, brain, ovary, of pharmacists and medical scientists for a
breast, prostate as well as kidney and long time and it has been grate dream to
inflammatory action6 of skin disorder with find the most effective form of drug
mild redness, swelling, etching, products with market manufacturability
discoloration, dermis etc. Nishimura has and to satisfy the safety and efficacy
demonstrated that nicotinamide exhibits requirement of pharmaceutical product.
shell opening activity against common Due to poor solubility, low dissolution
bivalve molluscs. It was first isolated from rate10, moisture uptake, lower
liveras an antipellagra factor and is also permeability, chemical stability, bio-
synthesized from tryptophan (Fig.2) in availability, least therapeutic efficacy11
intestines in tissues. It is quite obvious that and higher possibility of toxicity of the
isolated nicotinamide cannot fulfill the drug, multi-component form of drug
demand of pharmaceutical sector. Getting product, e.g. solvates, hydrates, salts,
synthesized nicotinamide can compensate esters and co-crystals are used with great
our needs. Recently solid dispersion enthusiasm to maximize the therapeutic
cocrystal of nicotinamide with efficacy of many drugs and significantly
Theophylline and Khellin has been the market value of the drug. In addition
reported for their better drug ability. these forms of the drug play important role
Theophylline8, an alkaloid found from tea design of new and better drug products
and chocolate is used as an anti-asthmatic particularly in the pharmaceutical area.
and muscle relaxing drug. Khellin, Recently, solid dispersion systems have
extracted from the fruit and seed of been demonstrated in the pharmaceutical
herbaceous/medicinal plant Ammi to improve the drug ability12 and the
Visnaga9 mainly found in Mediterranean dissolution properties of poorly water
areas in open field is usually used as drugs soluble drugs. The term solid dispersion
in angina, vitiligo, psoriasis, renal colic, represents to a group of solid products
diuretic, kidney stone, coronary and consisting of at least two different
bronchial asthma. Pharmacological activity components containing hydrophilic matrix
of Nicotinamide with drugs of different and a hydrophobic drug. The matrix can be
therapeutic classes such as tolbutamide, either crystalline or amorphous whereas
carbamazepine, Rofecoxib, Flurbiprofen, drug can be dispersed molecularly.
Halofantrine, Artemisinin, Indomethacine, Extensive research has been reported on
Diazapam, Griseofulvin, Progesterone, various solid dispersion techniques for
Testosterone, Piroxicam, Nifedipine, drug development involving poorly water
Ethylparaben, Riboflavin, Furosemide, soluble and highly permeable to biological
Naproxen, Celecoxib, Fenamic acid, membranes as with these drugs
Itraconazole, Ketoconazole, Lamotrigine, dissociation the rate limiting step to
Theophylline, Ibuprofen, Moricizine has absorption. These techniques are
recently been trialed. These days, drug particularly promising for improving the
Heat of fusion of materials was calculated by the mixture law. The value of
measured by the DTA method using heat of fusion of binary alloys A1-A12, E1
NETZSCH Simultaneous Thermal and E2 is reported in Table 1. The activity
Analyzer, STA 409 series unit. coefficient and activity of components for
the systems under investigation has been
RESULT AND DISCUSSION
calculated from the equation14 given below
Solid-liquid equilibrium
∆H i 1 1
The solid-liquid equilibrium data for - lnxi γ i = −
R Te Ti (1)
NA-SUA system indicates the formation of
1:2 cocrystal/molecular complex C, two
eutectics E1, E2 and non-eutectics A1-A12. where γ i is activity coefficient of the
The melting temperature of the cocrystal component i in the liquid phase
(1430C), E1 (1310C) and E2 (1220C) and respectively, ₄Hi is the heat of fusion of
their compositions are at 0.670, 0.442 and component i at melting point Ti and R is
0.897 mole fraction of NA. On addition of the gas constant. Te is the melting
NA in SUA the melting point of the temperature of alloy. Using the values of
mixture decreases and attains the minimum activity and activity coefficient of the
at E1 (the first eutectic of the system). On components in alloys mixing and excess
continued addition of NA the melting point thermodynamics functions have been
rises and attains the maximum at ‘C’ computed.
where the compositions of solid and liquid
phase are identical. This is the congruent EXCESS FUNCTIONS
melting point of the compound formed in In order to unfold the nature of the
the system. A further increase in interactions between the components
concentration of NA cause a decrease in forming the eutectic, non-eutectic alloys
the melting point till the minimum E2 (the and addition compound, the excess
second eutectic of the system) is attained. thermodynamic functions such as integral
A good length of the middle branch of the excess integral free energy (gE), excess
curve and the existence of a eutectic point
integral entropy (sE) and excess integral
on both side of the maximum leads the
information regarding the stability of the enthalpy (hE) were calculated using the
cocrystal formation. It is formed by the following equations15
reaction between the two components in g E
= RT ( x NA ln γ NA + x SUA ln γ SUA )
the following manner
E δlnγNA
δlnγSUA
A+B AB (liquid) AB (solid) s =−R(xNAlnγNA+xSUA
lnγSUA+xNA
T +xSUA
T
THERMODYNAMIC STUDY
δT δT
δ ln γ NA δ ln γ SUA
The values of heats of fusion of cocrystal, h E = − RT 2 x NA + x SUA
δT δT
eutectic and non-eutectic alloys are
for all the alloys and pure components are A. S. Girgis, H. M. Hosni, F. F. Barsoum, Novel
found in nano-scale and lies between 136.3 synthesis of nicotinamide derivatives of
cytotoxic properties, Bioorganic & Medicinal
to 38.95 nm. Jackson’s roughness Chemistry, 14(13), 4466-4476.
parameter (α) for all the eutectic and non- Niren N M, Pharmacological doses of nicotinamide
eutectic alloys is found greater than 2 in the tratement of inflammatory skin
which predicts the faceted growth leads in conditions: a review, Cutis, 2006, 77, 11-16.
these cases. The small molecule K. Nishimura, Japan Patent, 7053 (1977).
nicotinamide could emerge as a heralding Aitipamula S, Chow PS, Tan RB, Theophylline-
therapeutic agent of 21st century not only gentisic acid (1/1), Acta Crystallogr Sect E
Struct Rep Online. 2009 Aug 8;65(Pt
in itself but also inform of leading
9):o2126-7.
cocrystals. The nano particles of the
Gunaydın, F.B. Erim, Determination of khellin and
nicotinamide and its cocrystals may visnagin in Ammi visnaga fruits by capillary
change the face of molecular electrophoresis; Journal of Chromatography A,
pharmaceutics. 954, 2002, 291–294.
Shiraki K, Takata N, Takano R, Hayashi Y, Terada
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT K. Dissolution improvement and the
Thanks are due to the Head mechanism of the improvement from
cocrystallization of poorly water-soluble
Department of Chemistry, V K S compounds. Pharm Res 2008;25:2581-92.
University Ara 802301, India for providing Shan N, Zaworotko MJ. The role of co-crystals in
research facilities. pharmaceutical science. Drug Discovery Today
2008; 13:440-446.
REFERENCES
Sonali S. Bharate, Sandip B. Bharate and Amrita N.
N. Yamashita, K. Sakata, H. Ina and K. Ina, Bajaj, Interactions and incompatibilities of
Isolation of nicotinamide from Mallotus leaves pharmaceutical excipients with active
as an attaching repellent against the blue pharmaceutical ingredients: a comprehensive
mussel, Mytilus edulis, Agric. Biol. Chem.
review, J. Excipients and Food Chem. 1 (3)
53(12), 1989, 3351-3352.
2010, 3-26.
T. Shimai, Md. T. Islam, Y. Fukushi, Y.
H. Shekhar and Vishnu Kant, Thermodynamics of
Hashidoko, R. Yokosawa and S. Tahara,
pharmaceutical active Nicotinamide based
Nicotinamide and structurally related
binary alloys, International Research Journal of
compounds show halting activity against
Pharmacy, 3(5), 2012, 228-233.
zoospores of the phytopathogenic fungus
Aphanomyces cochlioides, Z. Naturforsch, 57, H. Shekhar, K. B. Pandey and Vishnu Kant,
2002, 323-331. Thermodynamic Characteristics of 1:2
molecular complex of Phthalic anhydride-
Michel F. Murrey, A. Srinivasan, Nicotinamide
inhibits HIV-1 in both acute and chronic in Camphene system, J. Nat. Acd. Sci. Letter 33
vitro infection, Biochem. Biophys. Res. (2010) 153-160.
Commun. 210, 1995, 954-959. H. Shekhar and S.S. Salim, Thermodynamic functions
Michel F. Murrey, Nicotinamide: An Oral in 8-Hydroxyquinoline-Cinnamic acid system, J.
Antimicrobial Agent with Activity against Int. Acad. Phy. Sci., 12, (2008) 119.
Both mycobacterium tuberculosis and Human H. Shekhar and S. S. Salim, Molecular interactions
Immunodeficiency Virus, Clinical infectious and stability in binary organic alloys, J. Nat.
Diseases, 36, 2003, 453-460. Acad. Sci Letter 34 (2011) 117-125.
Table 1: Phase composition, melting temperature (MP), entropy of fusion (∆S), heat of fusion (∆H),
interfacial energy (σ), and roughness parameter (α), activity coefficient (γ)
Alloy XNA XSUA MP ∆Η ∆S α σ ⋅ 10>
10>2 λνγΝΑ λνγΣΥ
(°C) (J/mol)) (J/mol/K) (ϑ/µ2) Α
A1 0.097 0.903 169 19015.79 43.022 5.175 4.131 3.04 -0.019
A2 0.195 0.805 162 19708.65 45.307 5.450 4.237 2.23 0.016
A3 0.293 0.707 157 20401.51 47.445 5.707 4.342 1.741 0.086
A4 0.342 0.658 148 20747.94 49.283 5.928 4.394 1.435 0.049
A5 0.392 0.608 134 21101.44 51.846 6.236 4.446 1.049 -0.052
E1 0.442 0.558 131 21454.94 53.106 6.388 4.498 0.873 -0.007
A6 0.492 0.508 133 21808.44 53.715 6.461 4.549 0.803 0.114
A7 0.542 0.458 138 22161.94 53.922 6.486 4.600 0.798 0.284
A8 0.592 0.408 141 22515.44 54.385 6.541 4.650 0.763 0.438
1:2 cocrystal 0.67 0.33 143 23066.90 55.449 6.669 4.728 0.675 0.676
A9 0.713 0.287 141 23370.91 56.451 6.790 4.771 0.578 0.79
A10 0.795 0.205 135 23950.65 58.703 7.061 4.851 0.36 1.048
A11 0.876 0.124 128 24523.32 61.155 7.356 4.928 0.132 1.456
E2 0.897 0.103 122 24671.79 62.460 7.513 4.949 -0.01 1.558
A12 0.917 0.083 125 24813.19 62.345 7.499 4.968 0.029 1.816
Table 2: Value of partial and integral excess Gibbs free energy (gE), enthalpy (hE) and entropy (sE) of NA-
SUA system
Alloy gNAE gSUAE gE hNAE hSUAE hE sNAE sSUA E sE
J/mol
J/mol J/mol J/mol J/mol J/mol J/mol/K J/mol/K J/mol/K
A1 11170.45 -70.15 1020.19 -7412.67 -342.67 -1028.46 -42.04 -0.62 -4.64
A2 8065.86 56.14 1618.04 3914.60 10984.60 9605.95 -9.54 25.12 18.36
A3 6225.54 308.89 2042.47 -3656.60 3413.40 1341.89 -22.98 7.22 -1.63
A4 5022.35 170.17 1829.62 -14202.57 -7132.57 -9550.51 -45.67 -17.35 -27.03
A5 3548.96 -177.61 1283.20 -8411.44 -1341.44 -4112.88 -29.39 -2.86 -13.26
E1 2932.35 -23.17 1283.17 96192.99 103262.99 100138.05 230.84 255.66 244.69
A6 2710.86 384.34 1528.99 15065.94 22135.94 18657.50 30.43 53.58 42.19
A7 2726.33 968.86 1921.41 -868.84 6201.17 2369.23 -8.75 12.73 1.09
A8 2627.90 1507.63 2170.83 44452.27 51522.27 47336.83 101.03 120.81 109.10
1:2 cocrystal 2335.23 2337.30 2335.91 105398.87 112468.87 107731.97 247.75 264.74 253.36
A9 1987.78 2718.47 2197.49 49076.64 56146.64 51105.73 113.74 129.05 118.14
A10 1221.59 3554.77 1699.89 25233.48 32303.48 26682.83 58.85 70.46 61.23
A11 441.37 4855.35 988.71 28507.24 35577.24 29383.92 69.99 76.61 70.81
E2 -23.08 5117.80 506.43 226481.91 233551.91 227210.12 573.43 578.31 573.93
A12 96.69 6010.25 587.52 212606.78 219676.78 213193.59 533.95 536.85 534.19
Table 3: Value of volume free energy change (∆Gv) during solidification for NA - SUA system of different
undercoolings (∆T)
Alloy ∆Gv (kJ/m3)
Undercoolins 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5
A1 0.650 0.974 1.299 1.624 1.949 2.274
A2 0.651 0.976 1.301 1.626 1.952 2.277
A3 0.648 0.972 1.296 1.621 1.945 2.269
A4 0.657 0.985 1.314 1.642 1.971 2.299
A5 0.674 1.011 1.348 1.685 2.022 2.359
E1 0.673 1.010 1.347 1.683 2.020 2.357
A6 0.664 0.996 1.329 1.661 1.993 2.325
A7 0.651 0.976 1.301 1.626 1.952 2.277
A8 0.640 0.960 1.280 1.600 1.920 2.240
1:2 cocrystal 0.628 0.942 1.256 1.570 1.883 2.197
A9 0.626 0.938 1.251 1.564 1.877 2.190
A10 0.625 0.937 1.249 1.562 1.874 2.186
A11 0.625 0.938 1.250 1.563 1.875 2.188
E2 0.632 0.948 1.264 1.579 1.895 2.211
A12 0.624 0.936 1.249 1.561 1.873 2.185
NA 0.726 1.089 1.452 1.815 2.178 2.541
SUA 0.539 0.808 1.077 1.347 1.616 1.885
Chemistry, Biochemistry and Ayurveda of Indian Medicinal Plants, 2013, pp. 190-194
Ed : Prof. I.P. Tripathi
Publisher : M.G.C.G.V.,Chitrakoot, Satna (M.P.) 485780
ABSTRACT
Plants have been an integral part of Indian culture. It is evident that large population in
under developed/developing countries still depends on natural resources for food, cloth,
dyes, oil, detergent, drink, fodder and medicines. WHO’s technical reports
(Anonymous,1978) defined traditional medicines as “the sum of all the knowledge and
practices whether applicable or not, used in diagnosis prevention and elimination of
physical mental or social imbalance and relying exclusively or practical experience and
observation handed down from generation to generation whether verbally or in writing.
Traditional medicine might be considered as a solid amalgamation of dynamic medicinal
know how and ancestral experience. The traditional knowledge about the plant is also
gradually disappearing from tribal/rural population because of the impact of civilization
& modernization.
An effort has been made to identify the medicinal plants of Chitrakoot, and the area
where particular plant is present or present in abundance was enlisted in this article.
Key word- Medicinal herbs, Chitrakoot forest.
effective herbal formulations exist in the of U.P. and west byPanna district of M.P.
country (Brahmavarchasva 2005 and It lies between 800 52’ to 800 73’N
Aneesh 2009). But many of them are latitude, covering an area of 1,584 sq km.
unwrit- © Kamla-Raj 2011 Ethno Med, Lard Ram with her wife Sita and brother
5(3): 205-208 (2011) ten. Ahead to this it Lakshman resided here during their 14
can be said that each time a tribal years of exile and spent about 11.5 years
medicine man dies, it is as if a library has in Chitrakoot. Several tribal communities
burned down so there is urgent need of like Kol, Gond, Mawasi, etc. reside in
documentation of native knowledge of the Chitrakootforest area of Majhgawan block
before its extinction forever. Despite of of Satna district of M.P.
fair scope to achieve great global share in
METHODOLOGY
the market of medicinal and aromatic
plants, India is lagging behind in world The present study on Mawasi tribe of
trade and is ranked third in the herbal Chitrakoot region was carried out. The
medicine category. first hand information about the uses of
plants such as mode of preparation,
Area of study- administration, doses, duration amount
Chitrakoot is situated in the northern etc. were collected from old and
region of satna district of M.P. and experienced medicine man and women
surrounded on North, Northwest and with the help of prescribed Performa.
Northeast by Karwi (Chitrakoot) district
Name- Ikshugandha, Gokharu (Tribulus terrestris) Name- Bhunimba, Kalmegh & Kirayat
Family- Zygophyllaceae (Andrographis paniculata)
Useful part- Roots, barks, leafs, stem, flower, fruits Family- Acanthaceae
Uses- Root paste is used for treatment of Cancer Usuful part- Whole part of plants
and whole plant paste with milk is used for normal Uses- The decoction of whole plant is useful in
delivery. weakness, gastric disorders, malaria & fevers.
fofHkUu izdkj dh ouLifr;ks es ,d lcls 'kfDr'kkyh ouLifr rqylh gSA ;g ifo= vkSj
iwtuh; ds lkFk izd`fr dk lcls cM+k ojnku ekuk x;k gSA oSls rks ve`r eUFku ds mijkUr gh
ve`r dy'k ls rqylh vkSj Hkxoku /kUoUrjh ckgj vk;s bl izdkj vk;qZons fpfdRlk fo/kku dk
tUe gqvkA bZ'oj us euq"; dh lokZRs d`"V fgrdkjh bl ouLifr dk tUe dj fn;kA rqylh dk
vfLrRo ve`r eUFku ls iwoZ ekuk x;k gSA
lokZ"s kf/k jlsuSo iqjk ân;e`r eUFkusA
loZlRoksi dkjko fo" fo".kquk rqylh d`rkAA
rqylh dk xq.kxku oSfnd&dky ls pyk vk jgk gSA rqylh dh mRifRr ds lac/a k esa ukuk
izdkj dh ikSjkf.kd xkFkk,sa izpfyr gSAa rqylh dks fgUnq /keZ esa txtUuh dk in izkIr gSA bls
laLd`r es o`na k] cgqet
a jh fganh es rqylh] jkerqylh vaxzt s h es gksyh csfly dgk x;k gSA loZjksx
fuokj.k rFkk thou 'kfDr lao/kZd ds fy;s lfLr] lqyHk] lqUnj] mi;ksxh ouLifr euq"; leqnk;
ds fy, dksbZ vkSj ugha gSA
dkyh rqylh dks Js"B ekuk x;k gSA nksuksa l#id`r Ro;ks"k/kslk l:ifen d`f/k ';kek
rqylh ds xq.k leku gSAa l:i dj.kh
i`fFkO;k vR;nHkqrk bUnze~ lqizlk/k; iquk
rqylh xksys ;k xqYe ds leku ,d ls
:ik.kh dYi;kAA ¼vFkoZons 1-1-24½
rhu QqV ÅWp a k] 'kk[kk ;qDr] jksel] cSxuh
vkHkk fy, gksrk gSA i= ,d ls nks bap yEcs ';ke rqylh ekuo ds Lo:i dks
v.Mkdkj ;k vk;rkdkj gksrs gSAa izR;sd i= cukrh gSA 'kjhj dh Ropk ds lQsn nkx /kCcs
esa rhoz lqxU/k gksrh gSA iq"i] eatjh vfr vFkok vU; izdkj ds Ropk ls lac/a kh jksx dks
dksey ,oa vkB bap yach vusdksa jax dh u"V djus okyh egk vkS"k/kh gSA
NVkvksa ls eafMr gksrh gSA bl ij cSx a uh ;k fgDdkdklfo"
fgDdkdklfo"k’okl% ik’oZ’kwy fouk’ku%A
jDr lh vkHkk fy, NksVs NksVs iq"i pØksa esa fiRrd`r~ dQokr?u% lqjl% iwfrx/kgk%AA
rx/kgk%AA
yxrs gSA cht piVs ihr o.kZ ds NksVs dkys ¼pjdlafgrk½
fpUgksa ls ;qDr v.Mkdkj gksrs gSA iq"i 'khr
dky esa f[kyrs gSA rqylh fgpdh [kklh] fo"k] 'okl jksx
vkSj ik'oZ 'kwy dks u"V djrh gSA ;g fiRr
laxzg ,oa laj{k.k dkjd] dQ] okeuk'kd rFkk 'kjhj ,oa HkksT;
i=] ewy] cht mi;ksxh vax gSA laxzg inkFkZ dh nqxZU/k dks nwj djrh gSA
ds fy;s bls lq[kkdj eq[k cUn ik=ksa esa lw[ks jklk;fud laxBu
'khry LFkkuksa ij j[kk tkrk gSA loZ= ,oa
loZnk lqyHk gksus ls iRrks dk O;ogkj rkth rqylh esa vusdksa tSo lfØ; jlk;u
voLFkk esa djuk Js"B gSA ,slk 'kkL=h;ksa dk ik;s x;s gSa ftuesa VªSfue] lSoksfuu]
er gS fd iRrks dks jfookj] iwf.kZek] vekoL;k] XykbdkslkbM vkSj ,YdsykgM~l izeq[k gSAa
}kn'kh] lw;Z laØkafr ds fnu] e/;dky jkf= buds iRrksa esa ,d izdkj dk ihyk mM+u'khy
nksuksa la/;kvksa ds le; rFkk fcuk ugk;s /kks;s rsy ftldh ek=k laxBu LFkku o le; ds
u rksM+k tk;sA rktk iRrksa dks ty esa Mkyus vuqlkj cnyrs jgrs gSAa lkekU;r% 0-1 ls 0-3
ls og ty rhu fnu rd ifo= jgrk gSA izfr'kr rd rsy ik;k tkrk gS osYFk vkQ
bf.M;k ds vuqlkj bl rsy esa yxHkx 71
;g ikS/kk lkekU;r% nks ls rhu o"kksZ es izfr'kr ;wthuky] 20 izfr'kr ;wthuky
viuk thoku dky iw.kZ dj o`)koLFkk es iRrksa feFkkby bZFkj rFkk 3 izfr'kr dkckssZdksy gksrk
dh la[;k de o vkdkj Hkh NksVk gks tkrk gSA Jh rqylh esa ';ke rqylh dh vis{kk dqN
gSA e/; es lw[kh lw[kh&lw[kh M.Bysa fn[kkbZ vf/kd rsy gksrk gSA bl rsy dk lkifs{kd
nsrh gSa vr% vc bl ikS/ks dks gVkdj ml ?kuRo Hkh dqN vf/kd gksrk gSA rsy ds
LFkku ij u;k ikS/kk yxkuk pkfg,A vfrfjDr iRrks esa 83 feyhxzke izfr'kr
xq.k deZ lac/a kh fofHkUu er foVkfeu lh ,oa 2-5 feyhxzke izfr'kr
fganq /keZ laLd`fr ds fpj iqjkru osn dsjksVhu gksrk gSA
xzUFkksa esa rqylh ds xq.kksa ,oa mldh mi;ksfxrk rqylh chtksa esa gjs ihys jax dk rsy
dk o.kZu feyrk gSA 17-8 izfr'kr dh ek=k esa ik;k tkrk gS blds
?kVd dqN bl izdkj gSAa dqN lhVksLVsjky]
vusd olk vEy eq[;r% ikfefVd LVh;fjd] nSfud thou esa mi;ksx
vksfyd fyuksfed] vkSj fyuksyfs ud vEyA
rsy ds vykok chtksa esa 'ys"ed izpqj ek=k esa rqylh dk Hkjiwj ykHk mBkus ds fy,
gksrk gSA bl E;qflyst ds izeq[k ?kVd gSAa dqN ckrksa dk /;ku j[kuk vko';d gSA
isUVksl] gsDtk ;wjksfud vEy vkSj jk[kA jk[k loZizFke rqylh dk ikS/kk ?kj vkaxu esa vo'l
dh ek=k yxHkx 0-2 izfr'kr gksrh gSA yxk;k tk;s o pkjks vksj pcwrjk ;k pkSrjk
vo'; cuk;sAa ikS/ks dk lh/kk lac/a k i`Foh
oSKkfud mi;ksfxrk vFkok tehu ls gksuk vko';d gSA
oSKkfudksa us Lohdkj fd;k fd rqylh 1- dkfrZd ekg esa rqylh ds iRrksa dk
dk rsy {k; jksx ¼Vh-ch-½ ds dhVk.kqvksa dks izkr% dky lsou ls iwjs o"kZ 'kjhj
lekIr dj nsrk gSA eysfj;k mipkj dh fujksxh j[krk gSA
mRre nok rqylh gSA 2- rqylh dk ikS/kk LoHkko ls lkfRod
vesfjdk ds Mk- vksou V~;wj us vkarksa rFkk fpRr dks ,dkxz djrk gSA blds
dh lQkbZ ds fy, rqylh dk jl ¼ifRRk;kWa lehi cSBusa ;k [kM+s gksus ij eu
pck dj [kkuk½ loZJ"s B ekuk gSA vkarksa esa ,dkxz jgrk gSA
vuko';d tes rRo rqylh jl ds }kjk 'kjhj 3- lw;Z ;k pUnz xzg.k ds le; ihus ds
ds cgj gks tkrs gSAa D;ksfd vkarksa dh bl ikuh o [kk| inkFkksaZ esa rqylh i=
tek xUnxh ds dkj.k ekuo 'kjhj esa fofHkUu Mkyus ls xzg.k ds lkFk nwf"kr gks x;s
izdkj ds jksx mRiUUk gksrs gSAa bl jl ds i;kZoj.k dk izHkko ugha iM+rk gSA
iz;ksx ls vusdksa izdkj dh nokb;ks]a fVfd;ks]a
batDs 'ku esa gks jgk gSA 4- rqylh dk ikS/kk vk/;kfRed 'kfDr dk
izrhd gS blds lehi [kM+s gksu]s i<+u]s
dSyhQksfuZ;k ds Mk- fofy;e cksfjd fpUru&euu o nhi tykus o ifjØek
ds vuqlkj rqylh ls fofHkUUk izdkj ds L=h djus ls viwoZ ekufld 'kkafr feyrh gSA
jksxksa ij vR;Ur xq.kdkjh izHkko ns[kus es vk;s
gS tSls [kqtyh] 'kjhj ,oa eu dk Hkkjhiu] 5- rqylh dh xU/k jDr fodkj dks nwj
lhus esa nnZ] ;ksuh Hkz'a k] Lru ihM+k esa ykHk djrh gSA
nk;d gSA Hkxks"B dks yVdus ugha nsrk] ew= 6- eu esa xUns fopkj ugha vkrs o Øks/k
,oa iztuu {ks= dh lqj{kk djrk gSA dks de djrk gSA
7- Luku ds ty esa rqylh ds iRrs Mkyus
ls Ropk ds jksx ugha gksrAs
8- ihus ds ikuh esa rqylh i= ls mnj
lac/a kh jksx ugha gksrs gSAa
9- rqylh dh ekyk] xtjk] d/kZuh vkSj
daBh /kkj.k djus ij 'kjhj QqrhZyk
rFkk LoLFk jgrk gSA
10- rqylh iRrs pckus ls nkrksa esa dhM+s 3- rqylh ds iRrs] Nky] ydM+h dks vfXu
ugha yxrs nkar etcwr pednkj gksrs esa u Mkysa
gSa o budh vk;q c<+rh gSA
mipkj jksxksa ds uke
11- rqylh jl dks miVu ds lkFk vQjk] vfrlkj] v)kZx a ] vfr ekfld]
feykdj iz;ksx djus ij gfM~M;ka
etcwr gksrh gSAa vfunzk] vEyrk] vEyfiRr] v#fp] v.Mdks'k]
vkx ls tyus ij] vk/kk 'kh'kh] vk[k es jksg]s
fo’ks"k /;ku j[ksa vk[kks es lwtu] vkrks es ey] mUekn] mYVh]
1- rqylh ds iRrs va/kdkj esa u rksM+sa jkf= dCt] dku dk nnZ] [kkt [kqtyh] [kklh]
esa rqylh dk Li'kZ oftZr ekuk x;k gSA cq[kkj] tqdke] xHkZ Bgjko] xHkZ fu;a=.k] xHkZk';
jkf= esa va/kdkj esa rqylh dh ÅtkZ fodkj] xHkZk.kh dh [kkt] xyk cSBuk] Nkys]
vR;Ur iz[kj gks tkrh gS bl dkj.k toku jgs] >kb;k] Ropk ds jksx] frYyh dk
'kjhj ds fy, gkfudkjd gSA cBuk] nkr nnZ] utyk] iFkjh] ikpd] ik;fj;k]
ihfy;k] iznj] ckyks dk >Muk] ckyrksM]
2- rqylh ds iRrksa dk lsou i'pkr~ nw/k u ekfld /keZ] ydok] oh;Z {kh.krk] 'kjhj dh
fi;sa ;g jksxksa dks tUe nsrk gSA nw/k fxjkoV] 'kh?kz iru] flj nnZ] lQsn nkxA
ihuk gh gS rks rqylh ds lkFk 'kgn
xaxkty esa ls fdlh ,d dks feykdj rkaf=d vuq"Bku es Hkh rqylh dk
lsou djsAa iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA
Chemistry, Biochemistry and Ayurveda of Indian Medicinal Plants, 2013, pp. 199-206
Ed : Prof. I.P. Tripathi
Publisher : M.G.C.G.V.,Chitrakoot, Satna (M.P.) 485780
(long term complications) us e/kqeg s “kks/k okyh gS] vr% bls Bhd djus okyh vkS’kf/k;ksa
dk;Z dks izfrj{kk ra= foKku (Immunology) dh izcy vko”;drk gSA bl leh{kk esa ge
rFkk vkf.od tho foKku (Molecular e/kqegs dh tfVyrkvksa ds lHkh lEHko mipkjksa
biology) ds “kks/k ls Hkh vkxs dj fn;k gSA dk v/;;u djsxsa ,oa la”ysf’kr nokvksa
(Synthetic Drugs) ds fodYi [kkstus dk
2- e/kqegs ds bykt dk jksx funku& iz;kl djsxs tks de dher o de nq’izHkko
e/kqegs dh mifLFkfr dk irk fofHkUu okys gks vkSj tu lkekU; dh igq¡p esa gksA
rduhdksa }kjk] jDr rFkk ew= esa “kdZjk dh 3- e/kqegs ds bykt dh j.kuhfr%&
ek=k dks uki dj irk fd;k tk ldrk gSA e/kqegs ds bykt ds fy;s vk/kkjHkwr
bfV;ksykWth ds vk/kkj ij e/kqegs dks nks eq[; fpfdRldh; iz;kl ;g gks ldrk gS fd
Jsf.k;ksa esa ck¡Vk x;k gS& vYQk XywdkslkbMst rFkk vYQk ,ekbyst
1- izkFkfed e/kqegs ;k bUlqfyu fuHkZj tSls tBjka=h; ,Utkbeksa (Gastrointestinal
Mk;fcVht esfyVl enzymes) dh fdz;kfof/k dks /khek dj fn;k
(Insulin Dependent Diabetes tk,] ftlls Xywdkst dk vo”kks’k.k ckf/kr gks
mellitus or IDDM) tk,A D;ksfa d bl O;kf/k dh tfVyrk;sa eq[;
2- ek/;fed e/kqegs ;k xSj bUlqfyu #i ls jDr esa Xywdkst dh vR;f/kd ek=k ds
fuHkZj Mk;fcVht esfyVl (Non dkj.k “kjhj ds vU; vaxksa esa f”kfFkyrk
Insulin Dependent Diabetes (dysfunction) ds #i esa gksrh gS] vr% ge
Mellitus or NIDDM) dg ldrs gS fd izHkkoh vYQk XywdkslkbMst
izkFkfed e/kqegs uSnkfud #i ls bUlqfyu laned (alpha-glycosidase inhibitor) e/kqegs
gkeksZu ij fuHkZj gS] D;ksfd ;g ySx a j gSUl rFkk eksVkis ds mipkj ds fy;s ,d
}hi lewg esa ik;h tkus okyh chVk dheksFksjkI;wfVd ,tsUV dh rjg dk;Z djrs gSA
dksf”kdkvksa dh la[;k esa deh dk ifj.kke gS ¼ikdZ ,oa vU;] 2008½
vkSj blfy;s ;g bUlqfyu fuHkZj ;k izFke
izdkj e/kqegs ds #i esa tkuk tkrk gSA bldk 3-1 e/kqegs ds mipkj ds fy;s nok,a
izeq[k mipkj bUlqfyu gSA 3-1-1 bUlqfyu%&
ek/;fed e/kqegs ] xSj bUlqfyu fuHkZj bUlqfyu dksf”kdkvksa esa Xywdkst
e/kqegs ds #i esa tkuk tkrk gS D;kafs d blds VªkUliksVZj XywV 4 dks vr%dksf”kdh; LFkkuksa
jksxh] bUlqfyu ds izfr izfrjks/kh gksrs gSa rFkk (intracellular sites) ls dksf”kdh; lrg (Cell
bUlqfyu lzko esa gksus okyh deh bl izdkj surface) ij LFkkukarfjr djds dksf”kdkvksa
dh chekjh dk dkj.k gSA vkerkSj ij] blds }kjk Xywdkst varxzgZ .k dks c<+krk gSA
jksxh eksVkis ls xzLr gksrs gS]a bldk mipkj
vkgkj ij vk/kkfjr gksrk gS] ftles ekSf[kd bUlqfyu jDr esa Lora= bdkbZ ds #i esa
#i ls fy;s tkus okys vfrfjDr lapfjr gksrk jgrk gS vkSj jDr IykTek esa
gkbiksXykblhfed nok,a “kkfey gSA D;kafs d bldk v/kZ vk;qdky lkekU;r% 5&6 feuV
e/kqegs ds }kjk mRiUu tfVyrk,a vR;Ur gksrk gSA ;|fi euq’;ksa esa bUlqfyu lzko dk
xaHkhj rFkk fnu&izfrfnu cn~rj gksrh tkus izeq[k izsjd Xywdkst gS] ijarq ;g lEiw.kZ
izfdz;k iks’kd rRoksa ds leUo;u] tBjka= rFkk fyxSUM vkSj ladez .k /kkrqvksa ds leUo;u }kjk
vXuk”k; ds gkjeksu vkSj Lok;Rr fjiksVZ fd;k x;kA tks Hkh gks] e/kqesg dks /kkrq
U;wjkVªkUlehVjks ds }kjk n`<+rkiwod Z fu;af=r dkEIysDlksa }kjk mipkfjr djus dh
jgrh gSA fpfdRldh; j.kuhfr vHkh izkjafHkd pj.kksa esa gSa]
3-1-2 ekSf[kd gkbiksXyklhfed nok,a%& blfy;s vc rd buds dksbZ Hkh nq’izHkko Kkr
ugh gSA dqN /kkrq dkWEIysDl] e/kqegs ds bykt
;s ekSf[kd #i ls yh tkus okyh os nok,a ds fy;s ijh{k.k ds pj.k esa gSAa
gS tks jDr “kdZjk Lrj dks de djrh gSA ;s
eq[;r% la”ysf’kr rFkk tfVy dkcZfud inkFkksZa 3-1-4 gcZy MªXl %&
ds #i esa gksrh gS] vr% izHkkoh orZeku esa miyC/k e/kqegs jks/kh fpfdRlk
gkbiksXyklhfed nokvksa dh [kkst tkjh gSA ds }kjk Hkh e/kqegs iw.kZr% bykt ;ksX; ugh
la'ysf"kr nok,a e/kqesg esa mi;ksxh gS ijUrq gSA dsoy bUlqfyu fpfdRlk gh blds fy;s
dqN lhekvksa ds lkFk tSls fd lYQksfuy ;wfj;k ,d larks’ktud ek/;e gS] gkykafd blds Hkh
ds fu;fer iz;ksx ls gkbiksXykblhfe;k gks dbZ nq’ifj.kke gS] tSls fd bUlqfyu
tkrk gS ijUrq blds nq’izHkko bUlqfyu fpfdRlk izfrjks/kdrk (insulin resistance), ,uksjfs Dl;k
(Anorexia), czu s ,VªkQh brain atrophy rFkk
dh rqyuk esa de gSA
fatty liver chronic treatment. ¼okbMeSu ,oa
fpfdRldksa }kjk ;g fu/kkZfjr fd;k x;k vU;] 1993½
gS fd xqnsZ dh chekjh ls xzLr jksfx;ksa dks
ckbXokukbM dk bLrseky ugh djuk pkfg,A dbZ ikS/ks] rFkk bues mifLFkr lfdz;
nwljh vksj ,LdkcksZt dk izeq[k nq’izHkko jklk;fud inkFkksZa ds }kjk fofHkUu O;kf/k;ksa ds
gS&isV Qwyuk (Flatulence). mipkj dh xfrfof/k iznf”kZr dh tkrh gSA
,FksuksckWVfs udy lwpuk ds vuqlkj 800 ls Hkh
3-1-3 eSVys kskFs ksjis h %& T;knk ikni iztkfr;ksa dk mi;ksx] e/kqegs ds
orZeku lkfgR; ls ges ;g Hkh irk bykt gsrq ijEijkxr mipkj ds #i esa fd;k
pyrk gS fd eSVy s ksQkekZlfw VdYl c<+rh gqbZ tkrk gSA ikni O;qRiUu inkFkZ vius cgqeq[kh
#fp dk {ks= gS] vkSj ;g fo”oO;kih iSekus ij vuqi; z ksxksa ds dkj.k vkt #fp dk fo’k; cu
mu uSnkfud ijh{k.kksa (clinical trials) ls x;s gSA vkS’k/kh; ikS/ks ikjaifjd fpfdRlk
izekf.kr gksrk gS] ftles fofHkUu /kkrqvksa dk iz.kkyh] vk/kqfud nokvks]a Hkkstu dh vkiwfrZ]
mi;ksx fpfdRlk esa fd;k tk jgk gSA yksd nokvks]a QkekZL;wfVdy e/;orhZ nok,a
vkSj la”ysf’kr nokvksa ds jklk;fud rRoksa ds
loZiFz ke 1980 esa dYlu vkSj MSuMksuk ds lcls /kuh tSo lalk/ku gSA
}kjk ;g v/;;u fd;k x;k fd ftad
DyksjkbM (ZnCl2) pwgs dh ,fMikslkbV e/kqegs jks/kh xfrfof/k;ksa ij ikS/kksa ds vdZ
dksf”kdkvksa esa fyikstus fs ll dh izfdz;k dks ds izHkko ds {ks= esa mRlkgtud ifj.kke
bUlqfyu dh HkkWfr izksRlkfgr djrh gSA rhu ns[kus dks feys gSAa ijarq vHkh rd ikni
n”kdksa esa dbZ “kks/kdrkZvksa }kjk bUlqfuy txr esa mifLFkr ikS/kksa ds vYi izfr”kr dk
fefefVd izHkko] vYQk XywdkslkbMst rFkk gh Kku gks ik;k gSA ¼vjksfdjkt ,oa vU;]
vYQk ,ekbyst laneu izHkko dks vyx&vyx 2009½
dbZ ,sls gcZy mRikn@gcZy vdZ gSa tks ls lh/ks gh lacfa /kr gksrh gS]a ftlesa fd
e/kqegs ds mipkj esa dkjxj gSAa bUgsa budh bUlqfyu gkeksZu dh dkQh de ek=k dk Lkzko
fdz;kfof/k ds vuqlkj fuEu Hkkxksa esa oxhZd`r gksrk gSA
fd;k tk ldrk gSA ,dksjl dSyes l (Acorus calamus) ds
3-1-4-1 vdZ@nok,a tks vYQk XywdkslkbMst+ jsfMDl dk mi;ksx vesfjdk rFkk bUMksufs ”k;k
rFkk vYQk ,ekbyst+ ,Utkbekssa ds laneu dk esa e/kqegs ds mipkj gsrq ikjaifjd yksd
dk;Z djrh gSAa vkS"kf/k dh HkkWfa r fd;k tkrk gSA blds
bl izdkj ds vdZ ;k nok,a xSfLVªd bFkkbysVM s vdZ esa bUlqfyu xfrfof/k dks
,Utkbeksa dks lanfer dj jDr “kdZjk Lrj dks laons u”khy djus dh {kerk gksrh gSA
de djrh gSAa ;s xSfLVªd ,Utkbe nwljh vksj isusDl ftUlsx a dh tM+ esa ik;k
ikWyhLkSdsjkbM~l dks lk/kkj.k “kdZjk esa rksMu+ s ds tkus okyk ,d lfdz; ;kSfxd ftUlsukslkbM
fy;s vko”;d gksrs gSAa Syzgium cumini vkj ,p Vw (Ginsenoside Rh2) IykTek
¼tkequ½ rFkk Psidium guazava¼ve:n½ dh bUlqfyu ds Lrj dks c<+kus ds lkFk&lkFk
ifRr;ksa ds tyh; rFkk esFksukWfyd vdZ vYQk IykTek 'kdZjk Lrj dks de djrk gSA
,ekbyst+ laneu dk xq.k j[krs gSAa tcfd jl
ofuZflQsjk (Rhus verniciflua) ds rus ds vdZ tkequ (Syzgium cumini) dh Nky dk
esa vYQk XywdkslkbMst+ laneu dk izcy izHkko tyh; vdZ vXuk'k; okfguh esa chVk
ns[kk tkrk gSA buds vfrfjDr dbZ vkSj Hkh ikS/ks dksf”kdkvksa dh vxznwr dksf”kdkvksa (Precursor
gSa ftuesa vYQk XywdkslkbMst+ rFkk vYQk cells) ds izlkj dks izfs jr dj buds iqutZuu
,ekbyst+ ds laneu dh {kerk gksrh gS RkFkk dks c<+krk gSA
bUgsa izkFkfed vkSj ek/;fed e/kqegs ds mipkj 3-1-4-3 vdZ@nok,a tks gkbikXykblhfed]
gkbikXykblhfed] ,UVh
gsrq mi;ksx esa yk;k tkrk gSA tSls fd pk; gkbij Xykblhfed rFkk e/kqegs jks/kh (Anti
(Camellia sinensis), “kgRkwr (morus alba), diabetic) izHkko iznf'kZ
f'kZr djrh gS%a &
djat (Pongamia pinnata), Tokj (Sorghum), egkekjh foKku dk v/;;u vkSj
vaxwj (Vitis Vinifera) vkfn ikS/kksa esa vYQk uSnkfud ijh{k.k bl ckr dk tksjnkj leFkZu
XywdkslkbMst o vYQk ,ekbyst dk laneu djrs gSa fd gkbij Xykblhfe;k gh dksjksujh
djus dh {kerk gksrh gSA ogh fiLrk (Pistacia /keuh jksx] lsjcs zksoSLdqyj jksx] xqnsZ dh
vera), vYikbu (Alpinia officinarum), Msfjl foQyrk] vU/kkiu] vax foPNsnu] Luk;qfod
(Deris scanders), fufEQ;k (Nyamphaea Stellata), tfVyrkvksa vkSj le; ls iwoZ gksus okyh e`R;q
vYQk XywdkslkbMst ,atkbe dks lanfer dk dkj.k gSA
djus dk xq.k j[krs gS vkSj lks;kchu (Glycie
max) esa vYQk ,ekbyst laneu dk izHkko bl oxZ esa os nok,a vkrh gSa tks lh/ks gh
ns[kk tk ldrk gSA ¼ik.Ms; ,oa vU;] 2013½ jDr “kdZjk Lrj dks de dj nsrh gSa ;s nksuks
izdkj dh e/kqegs ds mipkj esa mi;ksxh gSAa
3-1-4-2 nok,a@vdZ tks bUlqfyu lzo.k ;k
chVk dksf'kdk
'kdk iqutZuu dks c<+krh gSAa Mangifera indica ¼vke½ e/kqeg s jks/kh
xq.k j[krk gSA bldh ifRr;ksa rFkk Nky ds
bl izdkj dh nok,a izFke izdkj e/kqegs ,FksukWfyd&tyh; lr~ esa ,UVh&
gq, ;g vko';d gks x;k gS fd dqN ikS/ks tks ,yksDlsu izfs jr vkSj Mk;csfVd kk-CAy pwgksa
e/kqegs ds mipkj gsrq izkphu le; ls iz;ksx ij fd;k rFkk fu’d’kZ fudkyk fd cDdks&dk
gksrs gS]a dks lwphc) fd;k tk,A fufUtu ds tyh; vdZ ftlesa ftUlsx a tM]+
fydksfjd tM+ ,usekjsu ,LQksMy s kWbM
5- ikjaifjd nokvksa ds ijh{k.k (Anemarrhen Asphodeloides) jkbtkse]
dqN gcZy nokvksa dks muds ,FksuksckWVuh Qkbczksle ftfIl;e (Fibrosum Gypsum),
Kku ds vk/kkj ij rS;kj fd;k x;k gSA buesa pkoy vkSj dSfYl;e vk;u dk feJ.k
mifLFkr tSo lfdz; v.kqvksa dh tkWp a dbZ ,UVhgkbijXykblhfed izHkko fn[kkrk gSA
e/kqegs ekWMyks ij dh tk pqdh gS vkSj dbZ e/kqegs izdkj II ds izc/a ku gsrq Hkkjr ds
vHkh Hkh ijh{k.k pj.k esa gSaA fofHkUu LFkkuksa ij ICMR lewg }kjk
Wendell D Winters et al.¼2003½ us ,d fot;klj isVªkd s kiZl eklwZfi;e (Pterocarpus
e/kqegs jks/kh ekml ekWMy@C57BL6J@esa marsupium) ds izHkko dk v/;;u la”ysf’kr
phuh tM+hcwfV;ksa ls rS;kj fd, x, e/kqegs nok VkWyC;wVkekbM dh rqyuk esa fd;k x;kA
jks/kd gcZy lw= dk v/;;u fd;k tks fd bl v/;;u dk ;g fu’d’kZ fudyk dh
ekud fof/k;ksa ds ek/;e ls fefJr rFkk fot;klj jDr “kdZjk dks de djus okyk
lfdz; fd;k x;k FkkA bl gcZy lw= esa 8 ,d izHkkoh ikS/kk gSA bldk Xykblhfed izHkko
izeq[k vkS"kf/k;kWa Fkh& VkWyC;wVkekbM ds lkFk rqyuh; gS] rFkk ;g
fdlh Hkh izdkj ds nq’izHkko ls LorU= gSA
• ftUlsx jsfMDl Ginseng Radix(17%)
¼vkbZlh,evkj LVMh xqzi] 2005½
• jgekfu;k jsfMDl Rehmannia Radix(17%)
• ,LVªkxyh jsfMDl Astragli Radix(10%) 6. e/kqegs ds mipkj esa dqN gcZy nok,sa
• VªkbdkslfS U;l jsfMDl Trichosanthis Radix(10%)
,oa buds dkcZfud ;kSfxd%&
• vkWfQ;ksiksxl jsfMDl Ophiopogous Radix(10%) e/kqegs ds vk/kqfud mipkj¼la”ysf’kr
nokvksa }kjk½ jDr esa “kdZjk ds Lrj dks de
• I;wjsjh jsfMDl Puerariae Radix(10%) djds lkekU; Lrj rd ykus esa /;ku dsfUnzr
• Ykblh vksfQ;ksxl jsfMDl Lycii Ophiopogous dj jgs gS]a tcfd ijEijkxr nok,s@ a vdZ
Radix(10%)
viuh izd`fr rFkk fdz;kfof/k esa tfVy gSA
• MkbLdksfj;k jkbtkse Discoreae Rizome(10%) vk;qoZfs nd nok,sa tks fd vDlj dqN
vkSj ;g ik;k x;k fd 4%&8% ADHF gcZy&[kfut rRoksa ds lkFk lwf=r gS] vPNh
ds fu;fer lsou ls jDr “kdZjk Lrj esa rjg ls of.kZr vkS’k/kh; fl)kUrksa }kjk fufeZr
egRoiw.kZ deh gksrh gSA lkFk gh ;g gksrh gSA
bUlqfyu Lrj dks c<+krk gSA bUgksus vkxs lHkh ikS/kksa ds vyx&vyx vdZ esa ik;s
ADHF dks vkgkj iwjd ds :i esa mi;ksx tkus okys ;kSfxdksa dks i`Fkd dj mUgsa
djus dk lq>ko fn;kA igpkuuk vR;f/kd Jelk/; dk;Z gSA gkykfd
fdeqjk ,oa vU;] 1999 }kjk ikjEifjd “kks/kdrkZvksa us ikS/kksa ds vdZ ls dqN ;kSfxdksa
phuh nok cDdks&dk fufUtu ds dh [kkst dj yh gS vkSj budh fdz;kfof/k dk
,UVhgkbijXykblhfed izHkko dk v/;;u v/;;u Hkh gks ldrk gSA
7- gcZy nokvksa dh mi;ksfxrk rFkk lk/kkj.k #i esa gksa ;k dzM w vdZ feJ.k
budh t#jr%& (Crude extract mixture) ds tfVy #i
esAa ikS/kksa ls izkIr nokvksa ds mi;ksx dk
tSlk fd e/kqegs ds bykt dk Åij izkFkfed ykHk ;g gS fd ;s la”ysf’kr nokvksa
vk;qosZn esa mYys[k fd;k x;k gS] fiNys 50 dh rqyuk esa vf/kd lqjf{kr gSA
o’kksZa ds nkSjku bl fo’k; ij dksbZ Hkh
mYys[kuh; “kks/k ugh gqvk gSA vkS’k/kh; ikS/kksa ds “kks/k esa ,FksuksckWVfs udy
lwpukvksa dk mi;ksx oSKkfud leqnk; ds
blds vfrfjDr vc la”ysf’kr nokvksa dk fy, dkQh egRoiw.kZ gSA tSlk fd ge tkurs
;qx vk pqdk gS ijUrq nqHkkZX; ls lYQksfuy gS fd Hkkjr esa ijEijkxr nokvksa dh izkphu
;wfj;k rFkk esVQkWfeZu dh “kq#vkr ds 50 o’kZ fojklr gS] ;gk¡ ij tgk¡ 75 izfr”kr
ckn Hkh] e/kqesg ds vkSfpR;iw.kZ mipkj dh fn”kk tula[;k nwj&njkt ds {ks=ksa ls gS rFkk 50
esa vc rd dksbZ egRoiw.kZ “kks/k ugha gqvk gSA izfr”kr ls Hkh vf/kd yksx xjhch js[kk ds
;g e/kqesg ds bykt gsrq mi;ksx esa vkus okyh uhps thou ogu dj jgs gS]a os mRlkgiwoZd
la”ysf’kr nokvksa ij ,d cM+k iz”u fpUg gSA chekfj;ksa ds bykt ds fy;s bu ijEijkxr
ikjEifjd fpfdRldksa }kjk ikS/kksa ds vdZ rjhdksa dk mi;ksx djrs gSA
;k yksd ikjEifjd ikS/kksa ds }kjk fofufeZr fiNys dqN n”kdksa esa ns”k ds fofHkUu
inkFkZ izLrkfor fd;s tkrs jgs gSa vkSj ;s dbZ Hkkxksa esa vkS’k/kh; ikS/kksa ds v/;;u rFkk buds
ns”kksa esa e/kqegs rFkk vU; chekfj;ksa ls xzLr ijEifjd mi;ksxksa ds fo’k; esa yksxksa dh #fp
mi;ksxdrkZvksa }kjk] Lohdkj fd;s tk pqds gS] esa o`f) gqbZ gSA gky ds o’kksZa esa rks tutkrh;
fo”ks’kdj rhljh nqfu;k ds ns”kksa esAa vr% bl yksxksa vkSj Hkkjr ds Lons”kh leqn;ksa }kjk
lac/a k esa mfpr oSKkfud ewY;kadu] vkS’k/kh; ikjEifjd fpfdRlk esa ikS/kksa ds mi;ksx ij
rFkk jklk;fud ijh{k.k vko”;d gSA fooj.kksa dh la[;k Hkh c<+h gSA
ikni nokvksa rFkk vdZ esa e/kqegs ds Mu-niappan Ayyanar et al. 2011 us
bykt dh vn~Hkqr {kerk gksrh gS] og Hkh fcuk Hkkjr ds if”peh ?kkV dh fr#usyosyh igkfM+;ksa
fdlh nq’ifj.kke dsA ij ,d v/;;u fd;k vkSj ;g ik;k fd ;gk¡
orekZu esa dbZ ikjEifjd phuh lwf=r dkWLVe Lisfl;l fLeFk (Costum specisus
nok,sa cktkj esa miyC/k gS ijUrq e/kqegs ds smith, Costaceae), ftEusek flYosLVªh
bykt ds lgh tokc dh izrh{kk vHkh ckdh gSA (Gymnema sylvestre linn., Apocynaceae) dk
mi;ksx e/kqegs ds bykt gsrq gksrk gSA
WHO ds vuqlkj fodkl”khy ns”kksa esa
bl leh{kk esa geus ;g fu’d’kZ fudkyk
fo”o tula[;k dk 65%&80% vius
fd e/kqegs ds mipkj ds fy, ikS/ksa OkSdfYid
izkFkfed LokLF; dh ns[kHkky rFkk vU;
nokvksa ds lcls vPNs lzksr gaS ftuds dksbZ Hkh
vko”;d iz;kstuksa ds fy,] vk/kqfud nokvksa
nq’izHkko ugha gS vkSj ;s de ykxr ds gS]a vr%
dh deh ds dkj.k ikS/kksa ij gh fuHkZj gSA
vke vkneh ds mipkj ds fy, ;g ,d
,sfrgkfld #i ls] lHkh vkS’k/kh; lk/kkj.k rjhdk gSA ijUrq vc Hkh vU;
fofufeZr inkFkZ ikS/kksa ls izkIr gksrs gS] pkgs os ikjEifjd nokvksa dh [kkst dh vko”;drk gSA
8- fu"d"
fu"d"kZ
d"kZ%& ,l-vjksfdjkt] vkj-,l-jk/kk] ,l ekfVZu] ds-
isfjUcke] 2009] ^^QkbVsfdedy ,ukfyfll
bl leh{kk esa of.kZr lHkh nok,sa rFkk ,.M ,UVhMk;csfVd ,fDVfoVh vkWQ dSMkck
mudh fdz;kfof/k e/kqegs dh fpfdRlk esa ÝwfVdkslk**] vkj-ch-vkj- bf.M;u tuZy
vR;Ur egRoiw.kZ gSAa blds foijhr ikS/kksa esa lkbUl] VsockWy] 1 ¼6½ % 1&4A
mifLFkr lfdz; tSfod QkbVks ekWyhD;wyl ih-ih-jsM~Mh] ,-ds-frokjh] vkj-vkj-jko] ds e/kqlnw u]
ds ckjs esa cgqr de Kku gS] ijUrq e/kqegs ds ch-jkl-,l- jko] ,-tsM] vyh] ds-,l-ckcw vkSj
fo#) ikS/kksa dh Hkwfedk esa dksbZ langs ugh gSA ts-,e-jko] ^^U;w ySYMsu fMVjihUl ,t
bUVsLVkbuy vYQk XywdkslkbMst bufgfcVj
fo”o esa ikS/kksa dh tSo fofo/krk dh Ýke ,UVhgkbijXykblhfed ,DlVSªDV vkWQ
tkudkjh rFkk O;kid #i ls vf/kdkf/kd tSo fgMkbf'k;e fLidsVe ¼gSe] ,Dl fLeFk½
lfdz; ;kSfxdksa dh tk¡p vko”;d gS tks jkbtksEl]** ok;ksvkxsZfud ,.M esfMfluy
e/kqegs ds mipkj esa mi;ksxh gksA nwljh vksj dsesLVªh ySVlZ] okY;we 19] ua-9] 2009] i`-
2562&2565A
e/kqegs jks/kh nokvksa ds ikjEifjd lw=ksa ij
vko”;d #i ls “kks/k fd;k tkuk pkfg;s vkSj vkj-iquhrk] ds-oklqnsou vkSj ,l-euksgju] ^^bQSDV
u;h rduhdksa rFkk fof/k;ksa }kjk bUgsa vkWQ iksxkfe;k fiUukVk ¶ykWoj vkWu CyM
Xywdkst ,.M vkWDlhMsfVo LVsªl bu ,yksDlsu
ekudhd`r fd;k tkuk pkfg;s ftlls fd bUM;wLM Mk;csfVd jSV~l] ** bfUM;u tuZy
e/kqegs dk izc/a kau gks lds vkSj lkFk gh ;s vkWQ QkesZdksykWth] okY;we] 38] ua-1] 2006] i`-
nok;sa mu yksxksa ds fy;s lqyHk gksxha tks la- 62&63A
vR;f/kd e¡gxh vkSj la”ysf’kr nok;sa [kjhnus vkbZ-fdeqj] ,u- ukdf'kek] ok;] lqfxgkjk] ,Q-ts-
esa vleFkZ gSAa vr% ge dg ldrs gSa fd psu vkSj ,e-fdeqjk] ^^fn
e/kqegs ds mipkj ds fy;s gcZy nok,¡ ,UVhgkbijXykblhfed CysUM bQsDV vkWQ
la”ysf’kr nokvksa dk ,d vPNk mHkjrk gqvk VsªfM'kuy pk;uht O;Ddks dk fufUtu vkWu
fodYi gks ldrh gSAa ,yksDlsu v Mk;csfVd dsd&s lh,ok;
ekbl]** QkbVksFksjkih fjlpZ] okY;we] 13]
lanHkZ xzUFk % ua-6] 1999] i`-la- 484&488A
,e-;w-jko] ,e-Jhfuoklyq] ch-pSx a Vs ] ds-ts-jsMh vkSj vkbZlh,evkj LVMh xqzi] ^^bfQdslh vkWQ fot;klj
lh-,e- psV~Vh] ^^gcZy esfMflu QkWj ¼VsjksdkiZl eklwZfi;e½ bu n VªhVesVa vkWQ
Mk;csfVt esfyVl % , fjO;w** bUVjus'kyu U;wyh Mk;XuksLV is'ksUV~l fon Vkbi 2
tuZy vkWQ QkeZVd s fjlpZ] okY;we 2] ua-3] Mk;csfVt esfyVl** % v ¶ysfDlcy Mkst
2010] i`-la- 1883&1892A Mcy uhYM eYVhlsUVj jS.MekbTM dUVªky s
Vªk;y]** Mk;csVksykWft;k Øksf'k;k] okY;we] 34]
ts-,p-ikdZ] ,l-dks vkSj ,p-ikdZ] ^^VqokMZ fn ua-1] 2005] i`-la- 13&20A
opZv
q y LØhfuax vkWQ vYQk XywdkslkbMst
bufgfcV~lZ fon fn gkseksykSth ekWMYl izkVs hu d`".k fcgkj ik.Ms;] bUnz izlkn f=ikBh] egsUnz
LVªDpj] cqyfs Vu vkWQ fn dksfj;u dsfedy dqekj feJk] fuys'k f}osnh] ;ksx's k ij/kh]
lkslkbVh] okY;we] 29] ua-5] 2008] i`-la- 921&927A vkjrh dey] fiz;d a k xqIrk] uwik f}osnh]
fpUe;h feJk] ^^v fØfVdy fjO;w QkWj
ih okbMeSu] ,y-,e- cksgrsu] ,e dVsZu] Mk;csVht]** bUVjus'kuy tuZy vkWQ
^^iSFkstus fs ll ,.M VªhVesVa vkWQ gkbijVsU'ku vkWxsZfud dsesLVªh] okWY;we 3] i`-la- 1&22]
,lksfl;sVM s fon Mk;csVht esfyVl** vesfjdu 2013A
gkVZ tuZy] 1993 % 125% 1498&1513A
PART V
Chemistry, Biochemistry and Ayurveda of Indian Medicinal Plants, 2013, pp. 208-211
Ed : Prof. I.P. Tripathi
Publisher : M.G.C.G.V.,Chitrakoot, Satna (M.P.) 485780
Arun K. Kukreja
Plant Biotechnology Department
Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (CSIR)
PO CIMAP, Picnic Spot Road, Lucknow-226015 INDIA
Plant species Secondary metabolite Glycyrrhiza glabra is a plant of central, south western
Asia and Mediterranean regions.
Atropa belladonna Tropane indole alkaloids
Withania somnifera Withanolides
A perennial herb of family Fabaceae
Rauvolfia species Indole alkaloids
Valeriana walichii Valpotriates
Picrorrhiza kurroa Picrosides Rhizome and roots are the plant part with
medicinal importance.
Catharanthus roseus Indole alkaloids
Duboisia myoporidis Tropane alkaloids
Commonly known as Licorice (Mulethi)
Hypericum Hypericin
Asparagus officinalis Triterpenoid saponins
Panax ginseng Ginsenosides
Glycyrrhiza glabra Glycyrrhizin The pharmaceutical and other commercial
Lycopersicon esculentum Alkaloids properties of this plant are all due to:
Coleus forskohlii Forskohlin
Hyoscyamus species Trpane alkaloids Triterpenoid saponin ‘Glycyrrhizin’
Aglycon glycyrrhitinic acid,
Plumbago zylenica Plumbagin
Various flavonoids, essential oils,
Artemisia annua Artimisnin polysaccharides, polyamines and fatty acids
Presence of these compounds attributes to the various commercial Expectorant, anti tussive, demulcent, anti-
and medicinal properties of these plants. arthritic, anti-dental caries agent and anti inflammatory
in nature.
Efficiency of Liquid System for Mass Multiplication of Glycyrrhiza Glabra Rauvolfia vomitoria…….
and Evaluation of Genetic Fidelity of Micropropagated Plants (Poison devil’s pepper)
International Journal of Biotechnology and Biochemistry Native to Nigeria, Cameroon, Democratic
ISSN 0973-2691 Volume 5 Number 2 (2009) pp. 157–169 Republic of Congo, Ghana, Liberia, Senegal,
Sudan, Uganda.
Clonal multiplication of Rauvolfia vomitoria using liquid Encapsulation and storage of axillary/apical micro cuttings
culture system and growtek bioreactor Methodology followed
a. Plant under natural conditions
in CIMAP farms
0.3 - 0.5 mm micro cuttings with Gelling mixture: MS basal
apical or axillary buds from in salts + 3% sucrose + 4 %
b. & d. In vitro growing shoots in vitro growing shoots sodium alginate
solid and liquid medium Drop wise dispensing under continuous shaking
respectively
Allowed to stand for ion exchange (15-20 minutes)
f. & g. mass multiplication in
growtek Washing with sterile distilled water
CONCLUSION
Glycyrrhiza glabra
Following 6 months of normal storage at 25 ± 2ºC
the re growth of encapsulated G. glabra micro
shoots, reached 98% within 30 days of incubation
on MS medium supplemented with 0.1 mgl-1 IAA.
60
Quality plant material of an endangered species can be
50
Multiple shoots Alginate encapsulated micro shoots and re growth of produced round the year irrespective of climatic and
encapsulated micro cuttings on semi solid MSG
40
Single shoot
geographic barriers.
30
Handling during transportation to other areas for large scale
20 plantation become easy.
10
A
Encapsulation of micro cuttings Rooting
Multiple shoot growth
2
B C D
A In vitro culture
B Encapsulated apical and
axillary buds
C & D In vitro plant in Growtek
vessel containing medium for
multiple shoot growth and for
rooting respectively (Biphasic
single step method)
E E In vitro raised synthetic seed
derived plants in glass house
Hardening of in vitro raised synthetic seed derived plants
Chemistry, Biochemistry and Ayurveda of Indian Medicinal Plants, 2013, pp. 212-213
Ed : Prof. I.P. Tripathi
Publisher : M.G.C.G.V.,Chitrakoot, Satna (M.P.) 485780
Dr. Rajesh Saxena, Dr. K.K. Tripathi & Mr. Ankit Agrawal
Prof. T. S. Murthy Science and Technology Station,
(M. P. Council of Science and Technology)
Dept. of Science &Technology, M.P. Govt.Mahavir Colony, Obaidullaganj, Raisen, (M.P.)
Thrust areas
1. Conservation of medicinal and aromatic
plants
2. Plant tissue culture
3. Mushroom Cultivation
4. Organic faming
5. Conservation of Biodiversity
6. Training activities
Mushroom Cultivation
Training Activities
1. Plant tissue culture techniques
2. Low cost mushroom cultivation
3. Organic farming as a green chemistry
4. Application of Organic farming
5. Cultivation of medicinal plants
6. Dissertation work for graduate and
Postgraduate students
Organic Farming
Chemistry, Biochemistry and Ayurveda of Indian Medicinal Plants, 2013, pp. 214-216
Ed : Prof. I.P. Tripathi
Publisher : M.G.C.G.V.,Chitrakoot, Satna (M.P.) 485780
Prof. T.R.Sahu
Dept. of Botany,
Dr. H.S.Gour Central University, Sagar (M.P.)
Hotspots in India
Sr.No HOTSPOTS AREA VEGETATION TOTAL ENDEMIC
(K m2) (km2) SPP. SPP.
“Nature can feed the Needy, but not the Greedy” Western Ghats- SriLanka
(3049 Endemic spp.)
Chemistry, Biochemistry and Ayurveda of Indian Medicinal Plants, 2013, pp. 217-221
Ed : Prof. I.P. Tripathi
Publisher : M.G.C.G.V.,Chitrakoot, Satna (M.P.) 485780
BACOPA
MONNIERI
Brahmi, Jalanimba Improve memory
Scrofulariceae Intelligence
Succulent, Creeping herb Fevers
Damp, wet, Marshy mental stress
Anxiety
Stem 10-30 cm
Epilepsy
Rooting at the nodes
Hepatoprotective
Leaves sessile, Opposite Anti-cancerous
decussate
Neuroprotective
Flowers are axillary, Antidiabetic,
solitary
Antioxidant,
Pale blue or almost white
Brahmi
The pharmacological Properties of Bacopa According to -
monnieri were attributed mainly due to the
NMPB (National Medicinal Plant board)
presence of characteristic saponins called as
TIFAC (Technology Information Forecasting and Assessment
“Bacosides”
Council),
Active constituent, identified and found to be DST (Department of Science and Technology) Govt. of India
responsible for the pharmacological benefits of
It is one among the 7 important medicinal plants
Bacopa are Bacoside- A and B, are found in all
recommended for immediate attention.
parts of the plant.
Included in the list as a highly endangered medicinal plant
Bacoside A - a mixture of saponins - Bacoside in India
A3, Bacopaside II, jujubogenin isomer of In M.P. alone –
Bacopasaponin C and Bacopasaponin. The natural cover has been reduced by 30-49% in
just one decade (FRLHT, 2006, Red Data IUCN,
2010).
Declared B. monnieri as threatened species
In vitro micropropagation
NAA IAA
IBA BAP
BAP
Germplasm maintained
in green house
Kinetin
Germplasm conservation
Kinetin
0.45
Figure-: Variation is Fresh and Dry Weight Duration of Time (in week)
of the callus with increase in the age.
0.08
Dry Weight of Callus ( in gram)
0.07
0.06
0.05
White
0.04 Red
0.03 Green
0.02 Dark
0.01
0
1 week 2 week 3 week 4 week
Duration of Time (in week)
PART VI
PHOTOGRAPHS
INAUGURAL SESSION
TECHNICAL SESSION
FIELD VISIT
PART VII
WORKSHOP DETAILS
WORKSHOP COMMITTEES
CHIEF PATRON
Prof. K.B. Pandeya
Honorable Vice Chancellor
PATRON
Dr. Bharat Pathak
General Secretary, DRI
CONVENER
Prof. I.P. Tripathi
CO-CONVENERS/SCIENTIFIC COMMITTEE
Dr. Ravindra Singh, Dr. S.P.Mishra, Dr. Vandana Pathak, Dr. S.K. Chaturvedi,
Dr. R.L.Singh Sikarwar, Dr. Reetu Sharma, Dr. Sadhana Chaurasia, Dr. Vijay Pratap Singh,
Dr. Sachin Upadhayay, Dr. Rakesh Srivastava, Dr. S.P. Pathak
MEMBERS
Dr. Ajay Kumar, Prof. O.P. Pandey, Dr. S.K. Tripathi, Dr Ravi Chaurey,
Dr. R.C. Tripathi, Dr. Bharat Mishra, Dr. Virendra Upadhya, Dr. A.K. Agrawal,
Dr. S.S. Gautam, Dr. G.S. Gupta, Dr. Umesh Shukla