STEADY-STATE PERFORMANCE AND DYNAMIC STABILITY OF A SELF-
:EXCITEDINDUCTION GENERATOR FEEDING AN INDUCTION MOTOR
Sung-Chun Kuo
Department of Electncal Engineenng
National Cheng Kung University
Tainan, Taiwan 70101, R. 0. C.
Abstract: This paper presents a novel scheme on steady-state
performance of an isolated three-phase self-excited induction
generator (SEIG)supplying a loaded induction motor. An approach
based on d-q axis induction-machine model is employed to derive
steadystate equations of the studied SEIG. Eigenvalue analyses
based on synchronous reference frame are employed to determine
the critical operating conditions and dynamic stability of the studied
machines. The required minimum excitation capacitance of the
SEIG, the maximum torque of the induction motor load, the
combined maximum operating efficiency, etc. of the studied system
can b: easily investigated. Experimental results obtained from a
laboratory I . 1 kW induction machine driven by a dc motor and a
300 W induction motor with a dc generator as its shaft load are also
performed to confirm the feasibility of the proposed method.
Keywords: self-excited induction generator, steady-state
performance, dynamic stability, induction motor load.
NOMENCLATURE
per-phase resistance, inductance, and reactance r
per-phase magnetizing reactance and inductance
magnetizing current
voltage and current
angular speeds of reference fiame and rotor
per-phase excitation capacitance
differentiation operator with respect to time t
induction generator and motor quantities
d-axis and q-axis quantities
stator and rotor quantities
magnetization quantities
base quantities
I. INTRODUCTION
It is well known that an extemally driven induction
machine can maintain self excitation when an appropriate
value of a capacitor bank is appropriately connected across
the twminals of the induction machine [l]. Such induction
machine is called a self-excited induction generator (SEIG).
The primary advantages of a SEIG over conventional
synchronous generator are brushless construction with
squirrel-cage rotor, reduced size, without DC supply for
excit;3tion, reduced maintenance cost, and better transient
(c) 2000 IEEE
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Li Wang
characteristics. In recent years, SEIGs have received
increased attention and they have been widely employed as
suitable isolated power sources in small hydroelectric and
wind energy applications [2-4].
According to the analyzed results of available references,
the studies of an SEIG feeding static loads have been
reported. Performances of an SEIG feeding a dynamic load
such as an induction motor need to be further investigated.
Shridhar, et al. [ 5 ] reported a method to predict the steady-
state behavior of a SEIG feeding an induction motor. The
per-phase equivalent circuit model was obtained from a
steady-state condition and it can not be used for analyzing
SEIG’s transient characteristics. The author employed a
novel eigenvalue sensitivity technique to analyze parallel
operated SEIG feeding an induction motor load [6]
In this paper, the authors propose an eigenavlue
analysis based on synchronous reference frame to determine
dynamic stability of a SEIG feeding a loaded induction motor.
Experimental results obtained from a laboratory 1.1 kW
induction generator supplying a 300 W induction machine
load are also employed to validate the proposed method.
11. MACHINE MODELS
Fig. I One-line diagram of the studied S E E feeding an IM load
Fig. 1 shows the one-line diagram of a self-excited
induction generator (SEIG) feeding an induction motor load.
The excitation capacitor C provides the required reactive
power for the SEIG. Fig. 2 shows the d-q axis equivalent-
circuit model of a three-phase symmetrical induction
machine with arbitrary reference frame. The excitation
capacitance C is connected to the induction machine’s stator
terminals. The voltage equations of Fig. 2 can be written as
below [7].
211
 The torque equation of the induction motor load is given by

PMg <%g - N i g 4g'PL.g

where T, is the load torque. If the q-axis is aligned with the
The d-q axis equivalent-circuit model of the induction motor stator terminal voltage phasor by setting vdp= 0 and p(vdl)= 0
in (1)-(3), the studied machine can be referred to as the
load is similar to Fig. 2 except that the currents in Fig. 2 are
synchronous reference frame. The system synchronous
in the opposite direction. Connecting the induction motor
frequency is given by
load to the common bus, the voltage equations can be written
as below.

c'
I2O
I10 1 7
I - I -I

I + - " I
, +I 70

X: experimental result
\. i
I - I - I

Fig. 2 D-qaxis equivalentcircuit of an induction generator. I I I 1 I

00 0.5 IO 1.5 2.0 25 30
Im (A)

Fig. 3 Magnetization curve between X, and I, of the studied SEIG

Due to nonlinear behavior of the magnetizing reactance

X, in the studied SEIG, previous authors intended to
The voltage-current equations of the capacitor bank can be approximate the air-gap voltage V, versus X, by a piecewise
expressed as below. linear equation [4] or to fit the air-gap flux linkage versus
1/M using a polynomial method [SI. The nonlinear
characteristic relating X, (SZ) versus I, (A) shown in Fig. 3 is
(3) determined by experimental tests. Such nonlinear
relationship can be fitted with continuous function as:
The shaft torque and the rotor speed of the SEIG are related
by thr: following equation. X, = a[arctan(pI, - y ) + 911 I,,, (9)

where magnetizing current I, is defined by:

where T, is mechanical input torque and H, is inertia
constant of the studied SEIG.The prime mover of the SEIG
is simulated by a shunt DC motor whose speed-torque
characteristic is given by
(5)
where VDC, RA, &, and $ are the DC voltage, armature
resistance, machine constant, and field flux of the DC motor,
respectively. The no-load speed of the prime is given by
0 --vDC
g o - Ka#
I
The coefficient a is employed to make the estimated X, to
match the measured reactance with respect to the measured
maximum I,. The coefficients p and y decide the maximum
value and the initial value of the magnetization reactance,
respectively. The coefficient 9 makes the flux linkages to be
zero when I, is equal to zero. The maximum value and initial
value of magnetization reactance can be derived from (9) by
using the limit theorem.
Combining (1)-(7) and replacing arbitrary angular speed
o with synchronous angular speed a,, the complete system
consists of 11 nonlinear differential equations. The major
advantage of using synchronous reference frame is that all
variables are presented as dc quantities. Under steady state

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condition, the rates of change of all state variables in (1)-(6) In the corrector procedure, the original equation (1 1) is
are identically zero. augmented by one equation that specifies the state variable
selected as the continuation parameter. The new augmented
111. THE CONTINUATION POWER-FLOW ANALYSIS equation is written as below.

To express the above equations under steady-state

power-flow analysis, the system equations with a new added
parameter h can be written as below:
where yk is a state variable selected as the continuation
parameter and q equals the predicted value of yk. This set of
where [y] denotes the state vector of the studied system, and equations can be solved using a slightly modified Newton-
Raphson power-flow method. The introduction of the
h = 0 represents the base load condition. A nontrivial
solution of (11) is called the equilibrium point or the additional equation specifying y, makes the Jacobian non-
stationary solution. The continuation power-flow method singular at the critical operating point. The continuation
belongs to a general class of methods for solving nonlinear power-flow analysis can be continued beyond the critical
algebraic equations known as the path-following methods. point and determine the unstable region where the dynamic
Such method has been utilized as a tool for analyzing power responses can not be effectively simulated.
system steady-state voltage stability [9-lo]. The continuation
power-flow method uses an iterative process involving a
predictor step and a corrector step through a known solution
Table I Eigenvalues (rads) of the studied system under three different
of (1 1 ) to obtain a series of solution branch. The stable and
unstable equilibrium points of the studied system can then be w
. . -. .
effectively determined. 0,-0.793 pu, U*= 0.793 pu, U*= 0.793 pu.
Iluring the predictor step, a linear approximation is VI = 0.726 pu, VI = 0.704 pu, V, = 0.676 pu,
employed to estimate the next solution for a change in one of TL= I ,973 Nm T, = 2 0 N m T,= 1 973 Nm
-147.726ij 1111.227 -147.7152~1111.637 -147.645k~ 1111.290
[y] or h. Taking the derivatives of both sides of (1 I), with the -190.419 kj 624.315 -190.844 kj 623.211 -191.457 kj 621 337
state variables corresponding to the initial solution, will lead -223.682kj 150.819 -228.691 kj 152.113 -233.236Itj 153 961
to the following h e a r equations: -52.138kj 177.153 -49.832 *j 177.153 -48.384kj 183.934
-48.375 -41.846 -36.378
- I 5.624 -15.657 -15.724
-1.998 0.0 +2 394
Since the parameter h is unknown, an additional equation
must be employed to solve (12). By setting one of the IV. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
components of the tangent vector to be + I or -1. This
component is referred to as the continuation parameter. Three different variables, i.e., the load torque T, of the
Equation (12) becomes: IM load, the excitation capacitance C, and no-load speed ago
of the SEIG,can be selected as the continuation parameter h
depicted in the previous section. Figs. 4-6 respectively
(13) illustrate the continuous critical points of the minimum
excitation capacitance C,,,, the minimum required reactive
power Qc, and the maximum load torque TLmaxversus
where yk is a row vector with all elements equal to zero different values of axe. It is found from Fig. 4 that the higher
except for the k-th element being equal to 1. The the value of ago, the smaller the value of C,,, is. The large the
continuation parameter is usually selected to be the state value of T, the larger the value of C,,, requires. It is seen
variable that has the greatest rate of change near the given from Fig. 5 that the higher$the value of ago,the larger the
solution. The sign of its slope determines the sign of the value of Qc is. The large the value of TL,the larger the value
corrtsponding component of the tangent vector. Once the of Qc requires. It is discovered from Fig. 6 that the higher the
tangent vector is obtained, the prediction for the next solution value of a@, the larger the value of TLma,is. The large the
is given by value of C, the larger the value of T, will be. Table 1 also
lists the associated eigenvalues (dynamic stability) of the
studied system under three different equilibrium points.
According to the eigenvalue results listed in the last row of
Table 1, the studied system is operated fiom a stable point
(equilibrium point 1) through the critical operating point
where 0 is the step length and it should be properly chosen (equilibrium point 2) to the unstable point (equilibrium point
so that a solution exists under the specified continuous 3) when the terminal voltage V, is continuously decreased.
parameter.

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 V. CONCLUSIONS

This paper has presented a novel scheme on steady-state

performance of an isolated three-phase self-excited induction
generator (SEIG) supplying a loaded induction motor,
3*0
2.5 1
Eigenvalue analyses based on synchronous reference frame 2.0
has been employed to determine the critical operating
conditions and dynamic stability of the studied machines. 1.5
Experimental results obtained from a laboratory 1.1 kW /+ /
induction machine driven by a dc motor and a 300 W 1.o
induction motor with a dc generator as its shaft load are also
performed to confirm the feasibility of the proposed method.
OS
0.0
1I I I I I I

0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9

Speed of SEIG (pu)
Fig. 6 Characteristics of maximum load torque versus speed of SEIG and C

h
VI. REFERENCES
LL
I
v [l] E. D. Basset and F. M. Potter, “Capacitive excitation of induction
generators.” Tram. Americon Institute Electrical Engineering, vol. 54,
G 125
.-
0
E 100 , 1935, pp 540-545.
[2] D. B. Watson. J. Amlaga and T. Densem. “Controllable d. c. power
supply from wind-driven self-excited induction machines,” IEE
Proceedrngs. vol. 126. no. 12, 1979, pp. 1245-1248.
[3] J. B Patton and D. Curtice, “Analysis of utility protection problems
associated with small wind turbine interconnections,” IEEE Truns.
Power ApparatusondSystems,vol. 101, no. 10, 1982, pp. 3957-3966.
TL=1 Nm [4] S. S. Murthy, 0. P. Malik and A. K. Tandon, *Analysis of self excited
induction generators,” IEE Proceedings, Pt.C . vol. 129, no. 6, 1982. pp,
260-265
I I I I I I I I
[ 5 ] L. Shndhar, Bhim Singh, C. S.Jha and B. P. Singh, “Analysis of self
0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.1 1.2 excited induchon generator feeding induction motor,” IEEE Trans.
EnergVConversron, vol. 9, no. 2, 1994. pp. 390-396.
Speed of SEIG (P.u.) [a] L. Wang and C. -H. Lee. “Dynamic analyses of parallel operated self-
excited induction generators feeding an induction motor load,” Paper
Fig 4 ?Characteristicsof C,,,,,, versus different values of rotor speed of S E E PE-337-EC-0-12-1997, IEEWPES 1997 Summer Meeting, Berlin,
and TL. Germany, 1997.
[7] P. C. Krause, Analysis ojElectric Mochineiy, New York: McGraw-Hill
0.8
0.7
0.6
1i
1 Book Co., 1987.
[8] 0. Ojo, “Minimum airgap flux linkage requirement for self-excitation
in stand-alone induction generators,” IEEE Trans. Energy Conversion.
vol. 10. no. 3, 1995, pp. 484492.
[9] V. Aljarapu and C. Christy, “The continuation power flow: A tool for
steady state voltage stability analysis,” ]E€€ Tmns Power Systems. vol

- 10.5 -
7. no. 1. 1992, pp. 416423.
[IO] P. Kundur, Power system Stabili4 and Control. New York: McGraw-

-7
a
U
10.4 -
TL=1 Nm Hill Book Company, 1993.

VII. BIOGRAPHIES
= 0.3 -
TL=O Nm Sung-Chun Kuo was bom on July\9, 1957 in Tainan, Taiwan. He obtained
his M. Sc. degree from Department of Electrical Engineering, National
11.2 - Cheng Kung University. He is now a Ph. D. candidate at the Department of
Electrical Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.
He is currently pursuing his Ph. D degree at the Department of Electrical
0.1 - Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan. His interest
includes AC electric machines and power electronics
0.0 1 ,
Ll Wang (S’87-M‘88) Dr. Wang was in Changhua, Taiwan, on bom
0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.1 1.2 December 20, 1963 He received a Ph. D. degree from Department of
Electrical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan, i n June
Speed of SEIG (pu) 1988. Since August 1995, he has been a professor at the Department of
Electrical Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan. Taiwan. At
Fig. 5 Characteristics of minimum reactive power versus various values of present, his interests include the science research of power engineering such
rotor speed of SEIG and T,. as power systems, electric machinery, and power electronics.

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