2016 2nd International Conference on Industrial Engineering, Applications and Manufacturing (ICIEAM)

Studies of Dynamic Stability of Nodes of Electric

Power Systems with Asynchronous Loading Taking
into Account Higher Harmonics
Osipov D.S., Plankov A.A., Rumyantseva E.V.
Dept. of Power Supply of Industrial Enterprises
Omsk State Technical University
Omsk, Russia
ossipovdmitriy@list.ru, a.a.plankov@mail.ru, jeka30981@mail.ru

Abstract—The article considers non-sinusoidal voltage at the
nodes of electrical power systems with asynchronous loading.
Influence of the non-sinusoidal voltage on the moment developed
by the asynchronous engine is described. Influence of value of
sliding of the asynchronous engine on possibility of its self-start is
investigated. The developed mathematical model for calculating
the self-start of the engine taking into account the non-sinusoidal
voltage is described. The influence of the weight and size
parameters of the asynchronous engine on the behavior of its
speed at self-start is investigated. It is shown that non-sinusoidal
of voltage leads to longer self-start time of the asynchronous
engine.
Keywords—power losses; the highest harmonicas; electric
power; quality indicators
I. INTRODUCTION
Electric power system (EPS) can be exposed to accidents
caused by disturbance of the system or its elements. Often the
consequence of accident transient state is instability of EPS,
and that is one of the most serious kinds of accidents. This may
result in both extensive economic damage and human losses.
For the design of new EPS and reconstruction of facilities
in operation it is necessary to analyse stability in considering
heavy loading conditions of initial normal state. The types of
heavy loading conditions can be different, namely: power
supply EMF reduction, change of EPS configuration, change of
load intensity and load type resulting in loss of quality of
electric power [1, 2].
The cause of electric power quality loss at major industrial
enterprises is the presence of power-consuming units with
nonlinear current-voltage characteristics in load nodes [3].
Power-consuming units with nonlinear current-voltage
characteristics draw current which varies from sinusoidal
current. Flow of this type of current in the elements of the
power grid causes additional supply voltage dips that result in
current and voltage wave-form distortion in power supply
systems [4, 5].
Thus, it is essential to investigate into stability of nodes of
electric power systems and some new decisions on taking into
account additional factors influencing EPS operational stability
are required.
The key factor in investigation into stability of nodes of
electric loads is the presence of rotating machine in complex
load. The part of electric power consumed by motor load at
modern industrial enterprises is 75 – 85 %.
Harmonic analysis is a steady-state study that requires a
suitable model of network, in this case the models of:
transmission lines that interconnect the collector station with
the transmission network, the transformer of the collector
station, capacitor banks and power cables. For all of previously
mentioned elements, exist well-known models for harmonic
analysis [6–8].
II. MODEL OF SYMMETRICAL INDUCTION MACHINE
A steady-state model for induction machine for harmonic
studies have been presented [6, 7].
rS jhωLS jhωL'r
ν jhωLμ r'r
sh
Fig. 1. Circuit of induction motors.
where ω=2πf – is the electric angular velocity; f – is the
frequency of the excitation source in the stator; h – is integer
and described by the circuit of Fig. 1.
We shell consider loading which distorts sinusoidal current
and voltage wave form. Fig. 2 shows the inverse-Γ type
equivalent circuit used for this study.
Fig. 2. Equivalent circuit of induction motors.

978-1-5090-1322-7/16/$31.00 ©2016 IEEE

 2016 2nd International Conference on Industrial Engineering, Applications and Manufacturing (ICIEAM)
If the frequency is high enough, the impedance of
magnetizing inductance is much higher than the rotor
resistance value, which means that the magnetizing circuit can
be omitted in the equivalent circuit. The error from not
accounting of an impedance of magnetization makes is under
0.5 [%], which is negligible in terms of practical usage [9, 10].
In the theory of electric machines it is shown that in
nonsinusoidality of supply voltage the most influence on torque
developed by induction motor (IM) in self-starting is done by
higher harmonics (HH) that cause torques coincided with
positive sequence (Fig. 3). Harmonics multiple of three do not
produce additional torques so we ignore them in this paper.
The distortion of mechanical characteristic of IM is
observed under the values of slip next to one.
However, in attaining rundown slip of IM of the value
ranging from 0.7 to 1 nonsinusoidality of supply voltage has a
significant influence on torque developed by IM in self-
starting: deviation can reach 9% excursion (Table 1). This is
an essential, but not a sufficient condition of nonsinusoidality
influence being taken into account in the calculation of self-
starting.
In order to find the resultant mechanical characteristic
produced by elementary frequency and HH group we suggest
an expression where the torque of elementary frequency will
be left unaltered and HH torques will be rewritten in the form
of separate sum of forty components, substitution of slip s for
s-(sν-scr) having been done

(2 + q )bm 40 2bm
mIM ( s ) = ⋅U 2 +  ⋅U 2
s scr * ν = 2 s − ( sν − scr ) scr ν*
+ +q +
scr s scr s − ( sν − scr )
(1)
where bm – multiplicity of maximum torque of IM; s – slip
of IM; scr – critical slip of IM; U* – elementary frequency
voltage; Uν* – voltage in HH frequencies; sν – slip of HH.
As the result of substitution HH torque characteristic moves
to the value sν, available from the theory of electric machines
and it projects to the axis of elementary frequency (Fig. 4).

Fig. 3. Occurrence of additional torques in nonsinusoidality of supply

voltage.
Calculation of mechanical characteristic in sinusoidal
voltage and HH voltage with different coefficients of n
harmonic component has shown that in effective range of
characteristic sn≤s≤scr the deviation (distortion) of torque is
inessential.
TABLE I. TORQUE DEVIATION DEVELOPED BY IM WITH MULTIPLICITY
OF MAXIMUM TORQUE 2.5

s, pu mIM, pu mIM', pu mν, pu mΣ, pu Δm, %

0.7 1.631 1.590 -0.093 1.497 8.19
0.75 1.588 1.548 -0.094 1.454 8.45 Fig. 4. Mechanical characterictics of IM and additional torques from HH,
calculated from the refined Kloss`s formula.
0.8 1.546 1.485 0.016 1.501 2.91

0.9 1.47 1.411 0.089 1.500 -2.04

Thus, we have the expression that permits us to calculate
mechanical characteristic of IM considering nonsinusoidality
1 1.4 1.344 0.057 1.401 -0.07 of supple voltage.
 2016 2nd International Conference on Industrial Engineering, Applications and Manufacturing (ICIEAM)
Multiplicity of maximum torque of IM and the value of In the presence of HH the values of resistance are
elementary torque of the effective part of machine tool (EPMT)
increasing proportionate to ν , and X – reactance-
can have a substantial effect on the possibility of IM self-
starting: in voltage reduction of supply line and in availability proportionate to v (where v – HH number).
of HH the values oftorques of IM mechanical
characteristicwith some slip levels become less than EPMT
torques values (Fig. 5) [12].  Xν =ν X 1

 Rν = ν R1
 X μν → ∞

 ν + (1 − sn) (2)
 sν = , for ν = 6n − 1, n ∈ N
 ν
 ν − (1 − sn)
 sν = , for ν = 6n + 1, n ∈ N
 ν
where R1, Х1 – resistance and X-reactance on elementary
frequency; Rν, Хν – resistance and X-reactance on HH
frequency; Хμν – inductance of magnetization branch on HH
frequency.

III. DYNAMIC MODEL OF SYMMETRICAL INDUCTION MACHINE

It is necessary to use the system of equations in the
Fig. 5. Influence of ETMT elementary torque value on IM self-starting
coordinate system α, β, 0 to investigate the influence of HH on
ability. the nature of electromagnetic transient phenomenon in starting
(self-starting) of IM.
The afore-said suggests the conclusion that if in calculation
of rundown slip of rotor IM attains the value of s≥0,7, and
 d Ψ1α 40
x μΨ 2α − x1Ψ1α
under the condition of voltage slump nonsinusoidality can  = Un sin(ω nt ) +  U ν i sin(ων it ) − r 2
become a factor which defines the condition of self-starting  dt n=2 xμ2 − x1 x 2
ability.  d Ψ 1β 40
x μΨ 2 β − x1Ψ1β
 = Un cos(ω nt ) +  U ν i cos(ων it ) − r 2
 dt n=2 xμ2 − x1 x 2
Mechanical characteristics of IM in voltage supply with 
different nonsinusoidality coefficients were constructed and the  d Ψ 2α x μΨ1α − x1Ψ 2α
= Ψ 2 βω − r 1
comparison with mechanical characteristics of ETMT was  dt xμ2 − x1 x 2
made (Table 2). 
 d Ψ 2β x μΨ1β − x1Ψ 2 β
 = Ψ 2αω − r1
dt xμ2 − x1 x 2
TABLE II. MINIMAL VOLTAGE WHEREBY IM SELF-STARTING IS 
POSSIBLE 
ω = (
x μ xμ2 Ψ1βΨ 2α + x1 x 2Ψ 2 βΨ1α − xμ2 Ψ 2 βΨ1α − x1 x 2 Ψ1βΨ 2α ) −
mt
mt, p.u.

 (2
J xμ − x1 x 2 ) J

kU, % 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9

Umin, p.u.
whereΨ1α, Ψ1β – projections of IM stator armature linkage
on axes α and β; Ψ2α, Ψ2β – projections of IM rotor armature
0 – – – – – linkage on axes α and β; Un – voltage on elementary
frequency; Uν – voltage on HH frequencies; r1, х1 – resistance
8 – – – 0.76 0.8
and inductive impedance of IM stator windings phase; r2, x2 –
12 – 0.71 0.74 0.77 0.82 resistance and inductive impedance of IM rotor windings
phase; xμ – inductance of IM magnetization branch; J – inertia
In consideration of the foregoing the mathematical model constant of rotating mass; mt – ETMT torque.
of IM self-starting evaluation was developed, nonsinusoidality Mass and dimensions parameters of IM will have an effect
of supply voltage being taken into consideration. We shall on the nature of velocity change in self-starting: it is required
specify the minimal voltage value whereby IM self-starting is less time toreach the nominal speed of rotation in lighter IM
possible. self-starting relative to heavier IM. However, thevelocity
change will be of flactuating nature (Fig. 6).
 2016 2nd International Conference on Industrial Engineering, Applications and Manufacturing (ICIEAM)

Fig. 6. Effect of mass and dimensions parameters of IM on the nature of

velocity change in self-starting.

Fig. 8. IM self-starting time change with nonsinusoidality taken into account.

With IM having larger values of torque, rotation speed
fluctuation inertia in self-starting will be less noticeable [13],
but an increase of mass and dimensions parameters of IM will
bring to a remarkable time increase of IM self-starting (Fig. 7).
IM self-starting time for kU = 0 %: t0 = 5.18 с.
IM heating temperature for kU = 0 %: T0 = 23.7 0С.
IM self-starting time for kU = 12 %: t12 = 6.39 с.
IM heating temperature for kU = 12 %: T12 = 26.4 0С.

IV. CONCLUSION
1. It was found that the inclusion of non-sinusoidal
voltage in the calculation of the self-starting evaluation
pressure is required when the following conditions are:
1.1. If the calculation of an individual or group run-IM
value obtained slip coasting sr ≥ 0.7.
Fig. 7. Effect of mass and dimensions parameters of IM on the nature of its 1.2. If nonsinusoidality coefficients exceeds kU ≥ 8%.
velocity change in self-starting. 2. When taking into account nonsinusoidal voltage to the
possibility of self-starting can have a significant effect:
2.1. Additional rotating torque generated by HH.
ds 2.2. Multiplicity of maximum torque IM.
Tj = mIM '( s ) − mt (4) 2.3. The value of the initial moment EPMT.
dt
3. Nonsinusoidality leads to increased self-starting time,
whereupon increased IM heating. At the time change of self-
where Tj – electromechanical time constant; m’IM – torque starting affect of mass and dimensions parameters of IM: time
developed by IM taking into account of HH. of self-starting with decreasing mass are significantly reduced
Then we shell put check on the necessity of however, the change in velocity will wear oscillatory sort. In
nonsinusoidality to be taken into account in examining the AD with a large moment of inertia such variations rotation
stability of electric power systems nodes: speed will be less noticeable/
4. The expression allows the calculation of the
mechanical characteristics of IM with non-sinusoidal voltage.
It is shown that in the steady-state operation of the total torque
 mt
 ds ' r = dt , sr ∈ [ 0.7;1) IM taking into account the HH, will wear a pulsating sort.
Tj
 5. Developed mathematical model for calculating the self-
 Uν ' starting IM taking into account the nonsinusoidality voltage.
 Kν = Un ⋅100%, Kν ∉ Kν Mathematical model take into account electromechanical and

 (5) electromagnetic transients arising in the branches of IM.
 40 Mathematical model allows to specify the minimum value of
  Uν i the voltage in which the possible self-starting IM.
n=2
 Ku = ⋅100%, Ku ∉ Ku'n
 Un ACKNOWLEDGMENT
 s ' r ^ K ν ^ Ku
The paper was prepared in Omsk State Technical
In case of simultaneous application of nonsinusoidality University with financial support from Ministry of Education
tests suggested the IM torque is calculated on (1). and Science in the framework of the agreement №
14.577.21.0097 on August 22, 2014 A unique identifier of
Calculations have shown that nonsinusoidality leads to the applied research RFMEFI57714X 0097.
self-starting time increase up to 25 % (Fig. 8), with IM heating
having been increased negligibly.
 2016 2nd International Conference on Industrial Engineering, Applications and Manufacturing (ICIEAM)
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