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TREATMENT
PROCESSES
Prepared By
Mr.P.Senthamaraikannan, M.E., (Ph.D).
Assistant professor,
Department of Mechanical engineering,
Kamaraj college of engineering and technology,
Virudhunagar.
Case hardening
Combination of case and core properties can be attained that are not
possible with conventional hardening treatment
.
Scaling and decarburisation are minimized during surface
Can be applied to very large parts, which due to very large mass
an exception)
Carburising Methods
Pack carburising
Salt bath Technology or Liquid
Carburising
Gas Carburising
Vacuum or Low pressure
carburising
CO2 + C ---> 2 CO
Reaction of Cementite to Carbon Monoxide:
2 CO + 3 Fe --->Fe3C + CO2
Pack carburising
This process is mostly used for producing shallow case depths in thin
sections.
The components are heated in a bath containing a suitable mix of sodium
cyanide salts and sodium carbonate.
The normal case depths for this process are about 0,25 to 0.5mm with bath
strengths of 20% to 30% NaCN. High bath strengths 40% to 50% NaCN are
required for case depths of 0,5mm and above.
Liquid Carburising
GEAR TEETH
Induction hardening
Also known as
‘disappearing filament’.
The light intensity of a
lamp, which can be
adjusted, is compared
to the light from a
furnace.
Temperature is
measured when the
filament seems to
disappear in the glow
from the furnace.
Thermo-electric pyrometer
4. Cooling cycle
Temperature v/s time diagram for vacuum hardening process
Benefits
1. Optimum hardening
2. Distortion and crack free hardening of the workload.
3. Absence of oxidation, decarburization or carburization on
the surface of work piece.
4. Reduced or no post-hardening and finished costs.
5. Prevent surface reaction such as oxidation or decarburizing
on work pieces thus retaining a clean surface intact.
6. Remove surface contaminants such as oxide films and
residual traces of lubricants resulting from other operations.
Disadvantages
2. Deformation or distortion
Vacuum furnaces
FURNACE VESSEL
HEATING ELEMENT
INSULATION
PUMPING SYSTEM
Vacuum measuring and
control
Hot filament ionization gauge
Pirani gauge
Cooling system:
The following media with increasing intensity oheat
transfer are used for the cooling of components.
1. Vacuum.
2. Stagnant gas (Ar, N2).
3. Agitated recirculating gas (Ar, N2).
4. Agitated recirculating gas at pressure
(Ar, N2, He)
Industrial Usage Of Vacuum
Furnaces
HARDENING
BRAZING
PLASMA NITRIDING
PLASMA CARBURIZING
LOW PRESSURE CARBURIZING
Plasma Nitriding
1. Introduction
In this process, carbon together with nitrogen was introduced into the metal
surface.
Molecular nitrogen is first broken into atomic nitrogen through direct plasma
dissociation.
N2 + e- → N + N + e-
Atomic nitrogen is then further converted into nitrogen ion through plasma
ionization N + e- → N+ + 2e-
The nitrogen ion, N+, will then diffuse into the metal surface as finely
dispersed nitrides, imparting high hardness to the surface.
In Plasma nitriding process, the job part and the cathode inside the furnace will be
emitting a purple glow.
This is because voltages had dropped sharply at these regions.
This provided a large amount of discharged energy, which causes the cathode and
job part to glow.
Advantages for utilizing plasma nitriding
Pack carburising
Salt bath Technology or Liquid
Carburising
Gas Carburising
Vacuum or Low pressure
carburising
Pack carburising
: This process is the simplest and earliest carburising
process.
The process involves placing the components to be
treated in metal containers with the caburising
mixture, based on powdered charcoal and 10%
barium carbonate, packed around the components.
The containers are then heated to a constant
temperature (850 oC to 950 oC)for a time period to
ensure an even temperature throughout and
sufficient to enable the carbon to diffuse into the
surface of the components to sufficient depth.
Limitations of Pack Carburising