NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF FASHION TECHNOLOGY-KANGRA

TYPES OF ROOF,COLUMN AND PILLAR

Assignment 1
Plant Layout

SUBMITTED TO: SUBMITTED BY:

Mr. Mohammad Umar Karma Negi (BFT/17/1377)
(Assistant Professor) Khushboo Mishra (BFT/17/324)
Varsha Singh (BFT/17/2351)

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INDEX

S. N0. TOPIC PAGE-

NO
1 Introduction to Roof

 introduction 3-5
 types

2 Introduction to Column

 introduction
 types classified into - 5-11
1. Based on Shape
2. Based on a type of reinforcement
3. Based on type of loading
4. Based on slenderness ratio

3 Function of Beam and its types

 introduction
 types classified into – 11-18

1. Based on Shape
2. Based on a type of reinforcement
3. Based on type of loading

4 Bibliography
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Intoroduction to types of Roof:

When you need a new roof for your industrial building, you’ll find that you have a lot of options
to choose from. In addition to style, you’ll need to choose from a range of material options and
application methods. The kind of roofing that’s best for you depends on a number of factors.
Here are the different types of indust r ial roofing and the benefits of each kind:

1. Thermoplastic Polyolefin
Thermoplastic polyolefin (TPO) is a type of single-ply membrane roofing. It’s made up of a
blend of ethylene, propylene, rubber, and fiberglass. TPO has several benefits which make it a
favorite choice for many commercial buildings. Some of the benefits include:
 High durability
 Fire resistance
 Wind resistance
 UV resistance
 Resistance to chemical exposure
 Puncture resistance
 20+ year lifespan

TPO roofs are usually white and so reflect some sunlight, which keeps your building’s interior
cooler. Because of their high resistance to oils and fats, they’re a great choice for roofs over
restaurants or other places that emit oils from their ventilation systems.

2. Thermoset Roof Membrane

Thermostat roofing – also known as EPDM roofing – is another kind of single-ply membrane
roofing. It’s constructed from a rubber material and has been considered a reliable roofing option
for many years. The benefits of EPDM roofing include:
 Fire resistance
 Cold resistance
 UV resistance
 Acid resistance
 Alcohol and solvent resistance
 Easy installation, maintenance, and repair
 EDPM is generally black, but it can still be made to be a “cool roof,” meaning it helps
deflect the sun’s rays and keeps your building cooler.

3. Metal Roofs
Metal is often what people think of when they imagine an industrial building’s roof. Its high
level of durability makes it an obvious choice for buildings that need to be protected against
damage. People often worry about rust and dents when it comes to metal roofs, but metal roofing
is not really susceptible to denting, and many are built to resist rust for 40 years. Benefits that
draw people to met al roofs include:
High fire resistance

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 Versatility
 High durability
 Wind resistance
 Hold up well under snow

Choosing to go with a metal roof won’t be the last of your decisions, however. There are many
types of metal that may be used as roofing materials – each with the benefits listed above. Some
of the most common types include corrugated galvanized steel, st one-coat ed st eel, aluminum,
copper, tin, and stainless steel. Each kind has its own look and its own level of resistance to
different kinds of damage.

4. Built-Up Roofing
Built-up roofs (BUR) are named after their application method rather than the materials used to
make them. These kinds of roofs have been used for decades, and will likely be found on any old
building that you purchase. If you’ve ever stood upon a roof with a gravelly appearance, it’s a
BUR.
The materials in a BUR are applied in multiple layers, hence the name. The base layers will
generally be tar or asphalt, and the top layer is usually gravel. Built-up roofs can only be applied
to a roof with little-to-no slope. Benefits of a BUR include:
 Waterproof seal
 UV resistance
 Low maintenance
 High durability
 Low cost
 While a BUR doesn’t have as many benefits as a lot of the other roofing types, it’s a
dependable roof that will often cost the least amount of money.

5. Modified Bitumen
Modified bitumen roofs are sometimes regarded as built-up roofs due to their similar application
method. They also can only be applied to roofs with little-to-no slope. Unlike a BUR, however,
the layers in a modified bitumen roof are solid when they’re applied, not liquid. The layers of a
modified bitumen roof are made up of bitumen (naturally-occurring solid petroleum) mixed with
another material such as fiberglass. Benefits of modified bitumen include:
 Resistance to severe weather conditions
 High durability
 Resistance to cracking during freezing temperatures
 Low maintenance
 Durable under heavy foot traffic

6. Green Roof
A green roof can last from 30 to 50 years. They consist of a tough waterproof membrane covered
completely by green plants. These sustainable masterpieces improve air quality and often add a
green space for relaxation and rest for employees.

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Advantages include protection from the elements, possible utility and government
incentives and improved aesthetics. Often they have sophisticated water and drainage
management, climate control and sensor capabilities.
Downside: Green roofs do require ongoing maintenance and monitoring.

7. Spray-On Roofing
In short, Spray Polyurethane Foam (SPF) is a material that begins as a liquid spray that instantly
expands into a foam, which hardens into a solid layer. This particular eco-friendly roofing is
applied on top of an existing roof, and although not well-known, has been around since the early
1960’s.
An SPF roofing system waterproofs and adds an insulating factor. It can be used in any climate
and will last up to 50 years with correct installation and maintenance.
Downside: The installation window for this particular roofing type is limited to favorable
weather conditions (no snow, no ice, no water), and once installed, SPF roofing should be
inspected once or twice a year.

Introduction to types of Column:

A vertical member whose effective length is greater than 3 times Its least lateral dimension
carrying compressive loads is called as a column. Columns transfer the loads from the beams
or slabs to the footings or foundations. The inclined member carrying compressive loads as In
the case of frames and trusses is called as struts. The pedestal is a vertical compression member
whose effective length Is less than 3 times Its least lateral dimension. (different types columns)

Columns are classified into four types:-

5. Based on Shape
6. Based on a type of reinforcement
7. Based on type of loading
8. Based on slenderness ratio

Based on Shape: –

1. Square or Rectangular Column:-

They are generally used in the construction of buildings., which are common in practice;
these types of column are provided only if the shape of the room is a square or rectangular
shape.
It is way much easier to construct and cast rectangular or square columns than circular
ones. This is primarily for the ease of working with the shuttering and to support it from it
collapsing due to pressure while the concrete is still in flowable form. The square and
rectangular ones are better and less costlier to cast.

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 Figure 1: Square or Rectangular Column

2. Circular column:-
They are specially designed columns, they are mostly used in piling and elevation of the
buildings. Why we use it in elevation? In order to avoid edges, we use this type of
columns. they are also provided in sit out areas, auditoriums or fire assembly zones, where
you have enough space for them not to hinder any movement of people or look bad with
flat surfaces You can find circular columns as pillars of Bridges because there you don’t
need to flush them to anything. Also circular looks aesthetic there.

Figure 2: Circular column

3. L- Type Column:-

They are generally used in the corners of the boundary wall and has same features of a
rectangular or square column. These kind of columns are very less used.

Figure 3: L- Type Column

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4. T- Type Column:

This kind of columns is used depending on design requirements and in the construction of
bridges, etc. This has same features of a rectangular or square column.

Figure 4: T- Type Column

5. V- Type Column:-

As a name itself, it showcasing the column is in V shape and generally used if the shape of
the room is in trapezoidal. As it requires more amount of concrete when compared to the
other columns.

Figure 5 : V- Type Column

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6. Hexagon Column:-

Hexagon columns are generally modified columns. It has six sides and it gives good
pictorial view generally used in elevation. It is adopted to give a good look to the column.
It is generally provided in open verandahs, Auditoriums, Cinema halls etc.

Figure 6: Hexagon Column

7. Arch type columns:

These type of columns are used when the room has a shape of an arch. It is adopted where
there is a no chance of building square or rectangular or circular type of column. it is rarely
used as it possess very difficulty in casting.

Figure 7: Arch type columns

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 8. Y – Type Column:-

These types of columns are generally used in the construction of bridges, flyovers, etc.

Figure 8: Y – Type Column

9. Y type Column with Arch:

As it is same as Y-type Column but it has curved edges or sides. These are generally
provided below the bridges and flyovers where there is a congestion of building more
columns to withstand heavy loads on top.

Figure 9: Y type Column with Arch

Based on Type of Reinforcement:-

Depending upon the type of reinforcement used, reinforced columns are classified into following
types:-
1. Tied Column:
When the main longitudinal bars of the column are confined within closely spaced lateral
ties, it is called as tied column.
2. Spiral Column:
When the main longitudinal bars of the column are enclosed with in closely spaced and
continuously wound spiral reinforcement, it is called as a spiral column.

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 3. Composite Column:
When the longitudinal reinforcement is in the form of structural steel section or pipe with
or without longitudinal bars, it is called as a composite column.

Figure 10 : (a) Tied Column,(b) Spiral Column,(c) Composite Column

Based on the type of loading:-

Depending on the type of loading on columns are classified into three types:
1. Axially loaded Column: –
When the line of action of the compressive force coincides with the center of gravity of the
cross-section of the column, it is called axially loaded column. (The total load from top is
acted on the centroid of the column.) How to design Learn more

Figure 11: Axially loaded Column

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 2. Eccentrically loaded column (Uniaxial or Biaxial):
When the line of action of compressive force doesn’t coincide with the center of gravity of
the cross-section of the column, it is called as the eccentrically loaded column.
Uniaxial:
We know the X-Axis and Y-axis if load is acted eccentrically either on X or Y axis
(anyone) then it is called as Eccentrically loaded column (uniaxial)
Biaxial:
If load is not acting eccentrically on both the axis, that mean load won’t act on either X or
Y axis is called Eccentrically loaded column (Biaxial)

Figure 12: (a) Uniaxial,(b) Biaxial

Based on Slenderness Ratio:-

Depending upon the Slenderness ratio (ratio of effective length to least lateral dimension of the
column), the columns are classified as

1. Short Column:
If the ratio effective length of the column to the least lateral dimension is less than 12, the
column is called as the short column. A short column fails by crushing (pure compression
failure).

2. Long Column:
If the ratio effective length of the column to the least lateral dimension exceeds 12, it is
called as long column. A long column fails by bending or buckling.

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Function of Beam and its types
The primary purpose of the beam is to resist the external load applied to it and distribute it to the
foundation through the column. The horizontal beam carries an only transverse load, and the
sloping beams carry both transverse and axial load.

Figure 13: Beam

The cross-sectional dimensions are generally designed based on the requirements, and the width is
fixed depending upon the wall thickness. The depth of the beam will be designed to resist the
deflections within the safe permissible limits.

The main difference between beam and column is the beam resists the transverse load, and the
column transfers the compression load to the foundation.

Types of Beams in Construction

Based on the design requirements, there are many types of beams in construction. It can be
classified.

1. Based on Loads & Supports

2. Based on Geometry
3. Based on Shape of Cross Section
4. Based on Equilibrium Conditions
5. Based on Material
6. Based on Construction Methods

Based on Loads & Supports

 Simply supported beam

 Fixed beam
 Overhanging beam
 Double overhanging beam
 Continuous beam
 Cantilever beam
 Trussed beam

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Simply Supported Beam – It is the simplest beam type in structure. It contains one end roller
support, and another end provides pinned support. So the simple beam contains support at both
ends, but it is free to rotate.

Figure 14: Simply Supported Beam

Fixed Beam – The beam has support at both ends, and it resists the rotation. Both ends of the beam
resits on either wall or column.

Figure 15: Fixed Beam

Overhanging Beam – When the beam end extends beyond the support, it is called an overhanging
beam.

Figure 16: Overhanging Beam

Double Overhanging Beam – When both ends of the beam extend beyond the support is called a
double overhanging beam.

Figure 17: Double Overhanging Beam

Continuous Beam – The continuous beams are commonly used in multi-story buildings of several
bays in perpendicular directions.

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Figure 18 : Continuous Beam

This type of beam has more than two supports. One end of the beam is fixed, and the other one will
continue.

Cantilever Beam – The cantilever beam is fixed at one end, and the other end is free from the
support.

Figure 19: Cantilever Beam

The cantilever beams are generally used to support the canopy or sunshade of a larger building
span. The cantilever beams are designed for the maximum moments, and shear forces developed at
the support section, usually a reinforced concrete column.

Trussed Beam – Beam reinforced by truss rods or cambered pieces joined together is known as a
trussed beam.

Figure 20: Trussed Beam

Based on Geometry
Straight Beam – Typical beam that you see in the construction site. Supported at two ends and
carries bending moment and shear force.

Curved Beam – Curved beam supported at two ends and carries bending moment, shear force and
torsional force.

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Curved Beam – Curved beam supported at two ends and carries bending moment, shear force and
torsional force.

Figure 21: Curved Beam

Tapered Beam – As shown in the picture, It is a straight beam. But the cross-section of one side
will be bigger than the other. It is more like an I-Beam.

Figure 22: Tapered Beam

Based on Shape Of Cross Section

Rectangular Beam – Rectangular beams carry tension at the bottom and compression at the top.

Their cross-section characterizes the following beams. They are mostly used in the structural steel
construction industry, as industrial buildings.

I-Beam

Figure 23: I-Beam

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T-Beam

Figure 24: T-Beam

C-Beam

Figure 25: C- Beam

L Beam – The edge beams which are cast monolithically with slabs on one side of the rib only are
designated as L- beams. The torsional & hogging bending moments are maximum at the support
sections.

Figure 26: L-Beam

Based on Equilibrium Conditions

 Statically determinate beam

 Statically indeterminate beam

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If the forces acting on a beam can be determined by the equilibrium equations alone, it is known as
a statically determinate beam. If not, then it is statically indeterminate.

Example of Statically determinate structures – simply supported beam, overhanging beams

Example of Statically indeterminate structures – continuous beam, U beams, fixed beans

Based on Material

Timber beam

Figure 27: Timber Beam

Steel beam

Figure 28: Steel Beam

Reinforced Concrete Beam

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Figure 29: Reinforced Concrete Beam

Composite beam – A horizontal structural element, with a combination of Steel Section &
concrete, is called an Encased or Composite beam. The composite beam mostly provided for the
truss structure to avoid the steel corroded by the chemical attack.

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Bibliography

 https://civilread.com/different-types-columns/
 https://www.britannica.com/technology/order-architecture
 https://theconstructor.org/tips/types-columns-building-
construction/24764/
 https://elevatedroofing.com/roofing-tips/roofing-types-
understanding-different-types-roofs/

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