NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF FASHION TECHNOLOGY-KANGRA

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Mrs Shipra Sharma Karma Negi
Roofs do a lot more than just serving the most basic practical purpose of protecting a house and
its occupants from the outside elements. For instance, a roof’s shape plays a major role in
defining the overall look and style of a house. Roofs can also provide additional living space, as
well as make your home more resilient, energy efficient, and weather-proof.

1. Gable Roof

Also known as pitched or peaked roof, gable roofs are some of the most popular roofs in the US.
They are easily recognized by their triangular shape.

Pros: Gable roofs will easily shed water and snow, provide more space for the attic or vaulted
ceilings and allow more ventilation. Their inherently simple design makes it easy to build them
and cheaper than more complex designs.

Cons: Gable roofs can be problematic in high wind and hurricane areas. If the frames are not
properly constructed with adequate supports, the roof can collapse.
2. Hip Roof

A hip roof has slopes on all four sides. The sides are all equal length and come together at the top
to form a ridge.

Pros: Hip roofs are more stable than gable roofs. The inward slope of all four sides is what
makes it more sturdy and durable.

Cons: Hip roofs are more expensive to build than a gable roof. It’s a more complex design that
requires more building materials. Also, with the addition of a dormer, additional seams can make
it easier for the water leaks to form in the valleys, if a roofing system is not properly installed.

Note: Proper construction and maintenance is a must to prevent minor

3. Flat Roof
As the name suggests, flat roofs appear to be completely flat with no pitch. However, they do
have a slight pitch to allow for water run-off and drainage.These roofs are generally used on
industrial or commercial buildings. However, they can also be installed on residential houses in
both high and low rainfall areas.

Pros: Extra living space on the roof for a patio, garden or partially enclose for a penthouse room.
Heating and cooling units can also be placed on flat roofs, keeping them out of sight. – This is
especially common practice in commercial roof designs.

Cons: The low pitch makes flat roofs more susceptible to water leakage. They are not advised
for high rainfall or high snowfall areas.

4. Skillion Roof

Skillion is also referred to as a shed roof or lean-to. It is a single, sloping roof, usually attached to
a taller wall. – It can be thought of as half of a pitched roof, or as a more angled flat roof.
Skillion roofs are mostly used for home additions, sheds and porches. However, they are also
now being used on the entire structure of more modern style homes.

Pros: Skillions are easy to assemble and use much fewer building materials than other roof
types. Their steep pitch allow snow and water to easily run off, which makes them excellent for
high rain and snow regions. Skillions can also be used purely for design purposes to add
architectural interest and aesthetic appeal.

Cons: If a roof pitch is too high it can result in ceilings being too low. Also, homes using only a
skillion roof can have problems in high wind areas.
5. Butterfly Roof

A butterfly is a V-shaped roof constructed of two tandem pieces which are angled up on the
outside. The midsection is angled downward where the two pieces meet into a valley. The
overall effect is of a butterfly’s wings in flight.
The butterfly roof is popular for modern, Eco-friendly and tropical home designs.

Pros: The upper angle of the outer edges allows larger windows to be used. This gives the home
more natural light, lower heating bills in the winter and brings an open feel to the design.

Cons: The complexity of the design makes the butterfly roof more expensive. Not only are the
upfront costs higher than with conventional roofs, but the maintenance will also be more
expensive.

6. Saltbox Roof

A salt box roof is asymmetrical in design, with one side being more of slightly sloping flat roof
and the other more of a lean to, with gables at each end.
Saltbox houses are variations of early Colonial and Cape Cod designs. They arose from the need
for more room. Early Americans realized they could add more space with less material by adding
a lean to roof to an existing gable roof. Soon homes were built with the lean to roof already
added.

Pros: The slope makes it easy for water to run off, making the saltbox roof good for areas that
receive heavy rain. The asymmetrical design makes it more durable than a simple gable roof. It
adds more living space by making a home one and a half to two stories.

Cons: The design can be tricky, which makes the building costs higher. Although more living
space is provided, it isn’t as much as a regular pitched roof. Also, some of the rooms may have
slanted ceilings.

7. Sawtooth Roof

A sawtooth roof is two or more parallel pitched roofs in

which the sloped and vertical surfaces alternate. As the name suggests, the roof resembles the
side view of a saw blade. Sawtooth roofs were once only used on commercial industrial
buildings. However, now they are also used in modern home design.

Pros: Windows are placed in the vertical spaces of the roof, allowing more natural light inside
the home.

Cons: The complex design and various building materials needed will make the sawtooth roof
much more expensive than other roof types. It’s also a high maintenance roof.

Adding windows, valleys and varying slopes creates a higher chance for water leaks. For this
reason, sawtooth roofs aren’t advisable in heavy snowfall areas.
8. Pyramid Roof

A pyramid roof is a type of hip roof. All four sides come to a point at the top of the roof. There
are no vertical sides or gables.Pyramid roofs are mostly used for smaller buildings, such as
bungalows and cabins. They are also used for auxiliary structures, such as pool houses, garages
and storage buildings.

Pros: A pyramid roof is extremely resistant to strong winds. This makes it an excellent
architectural choice for hurricane-prone and high-wind areas.

The slope provides extra space for ventilation, attics or high ceilings. Plus, energy costs will be
reduced by the overhanging eaves.

Cons: The cost of pyramid roofs is higher due to the complexity of the design.

INTRODUCTION:
A vertical member whose effective length is greater than 3 times Its least lateral dimension
carrying compressive loads is called as a column. Columns transfer the loads from the beams
or slabs to the footings or foundations. The inclined member carrying compressive loads as In
the case of frames and trusses is called as struts. The pedestal is a vertical compression member
whose effective length Is less than 3 times Its least lateral dimension. (different types columns)
Columns are classified into four types:-
1. Based on Shape
2. Based on a type of reinforcement
3. Based on type of loading
4. Based on slenderness ratio

Based on Shape: –
1. Square or Rectangular Column:-
They are generally used in the construction of buildings., which are common in practice;
these types of column are provided only if the shape of the room is a square or rectangular
shape.
It is way much easier to construct and cast rectangular or square columns than circular
ones. This is primarily for the ease of working with the shuttering and to support it from it
collapsing due to pressure while the concrete is still in flowable form. The square and
rectangular ones are better and less costlier to cast.

2. Circular column:-
They are specially designed columns, they are mostly used in piling and elevation of the
buildings. Why we use it in elevation? In order to avoid edges, we use this type of
columns. they are also provided in sit out areas, auditoriums or fire assembly zones, where
you have enough space for them not to hinder any movement of people or look bad with
flat surfaces You can find circular columns as pillars of Bridges because there you don’t
need to flush them to anything. Also circular looks aesthetic there.
   

3. L- Type Column:-

They are generally used in the corners of the boundary wall and has same features of a
rectangular or square column. These kind of columns are very less used.

4. T- Type Column:
 This kind of columns is used depending on design requirements and in the construction of
bridges, etc. This has same features of a rectangular or square column.

5. V- Type Column:-

As a name itself, it showcasing the column is in V shape and generally used if the shape of
the room is in trapezoidal. As it requires more amount of concrete when compared to the
other columns.
6. Hexagon Column:-

Hexagon columns are generally modified columns. It has six sides and it gives good
pictorial view generally used in elevation.  It is adopted to give a good look to the column.
It is generally provided in open verandahs, Auditoriums, Cinema halls etc.

7. Arch type columns:

These type of columns are used when the room has a shape of an arch. It is adopted where
there is a no chance of building square or rectangular or circular type of column. it is rarely
 used as it possess very difficulty in casting.

8. Y – Type Column:-

These types of columns are generally used in the construction of bridges, flyovers, etc.

9. Y type Column with Arch:

As it is same as Y-type Column but it has curved edges or sides. These are generally
provided below the bridges and flyovers where there is a  congestion of building more
columns to withstand heavy loads on top.
Based on Type of Reinforcement:-
Depending upon the type of reinforcement used, reinforced columns are classified into following
types:-
1. Tied Column:
When the main longitudinal bars of the column are confined within closely spaced lateral
ties, it is called as tied column.
2. Spiral Column:
When the main longitudinal bars of the column are enclosed with in closely spaced and
continuously wound spiral reinforcement, it is called as a spiral column.
3. Composite Column:  
When the longitudinal reinforcement is in the form of structural steel section or pipe with
or without longitudinal bars, it is called as a composite column.

Based on the type of loading:-

Depending on the type of loading on columns are classified into three types:
1. Axially loaded Column: –
 When the line of action of the compressive force coincides with the center of gravity of the
cross-section of the column, it is called axially loaded column. (The  total load from top is
acted on the centroid of the column.) How to design Learn more

2. Eccentrically loaded column (Uniaxial or Biaxial):

When the line of action of compressive force doesn’t coincide with the center of gravity of
the cross-section of the column, it is called as the eccentrically loaded column.
Uniaxial:
We know the X-Axis and Y-axis if load is acted eccentrically either on X or Y axis
(anyone) then it is called as Eccentrically loaded column (uniaxial)
Biaxial:
If load is not acting eccentrically on both the axis, that mean load won’t act on either X or
Y axis is called Eccentrically loaded column (Biaxial)
 

Based on Slenderness Ratio:-

Depending upon the Slenderness ratio (ratio of effective length to least lateral dimension of the
column), the columns are classified as 

1. Short Column:
If the ratio effective length of the column to the least lateral dimension is less than 12, the
column is called as the short column. A short column fails by crushing (pure compression
failure).

2. Long Column:
If the ratio effective length of the column to the least lateral dimension exceeds 12, it is
called as long column. A long column fails by bending or buckling.