Name: CABRERA, JOHN LLOYD S.

Course / Code: AR 114 - 2034

Name of Instructor: AR. LINETH L. ANGGONG

PARTS OF ROOFING
 ROOF DEKING - This roof layer seals, strengthens,
and serves as a nailbed for the shingles or tiles.
Decking is an essential component of any roof
since it connects all of the structural elements.
Additionally, that is where waterproofing materi-
als are installed.

 RAFTERS - are support beams that run from one

end of a roof to the other. They are usually wood-
en, but some buildings like high rises and factories
use metal for extra durability. When builders need
to increase potential roof spans without increas-
ing the rafter sizes, attracting extra costs, or com-
promising wall stability, they also install purlins.
They provide additional strength and bypass the
need for thicker, heftier rafters.

 INSULATIONS - Roofing insulation can save you

thousands on energy bills. It keeps excess heat
and cold out of your home, so your temperature
control systems don't need to work as hard to
keep your interior rooms comfortable.

 FASCIA - Fasciae are the boards that run along the

edges of the roof. Builders will attach it to the
rafters, and it can serve as extra support for the
gutters. Depending on their budget, homeowners
might prefer simpler, cheaper fascia made from
treated wood.

 EAVES - Eaves are the lowest point of the roof

where water drips off to the ground. As such,
eaves are the ideal place to install gutters. It's also
the last portion of the roof with shingles,
making it a weak area prone to peeling and
deterioration.
 TRUSS - You can think of the truss as the frame-
work of the roof. It has many components,
Including rafters, joists, and purlins. It supports
the roof's sheathing, decking, underlayment,
insulation, and other parts added on top of a
roof.

 SOFFITS - Soffits are the finishing material (like

wood or fiber cement) that covers the roof
overhang's underside to conceal the ceiling
joists and rafters. Aside from aesthetic appeal,
soffits help insulate your home and keep out
the elements.

 BATTENS - Battens or roofing laths are

wooden or metal strips that hold the shingles
and tiles in place. Builders need to account for
the type of roof when spacing the battens
correctly. Otherwise, the tiles and shingles will
be more prone to damage.

 CEILING JOISTS - Ceiling joists are beams, often

made from wood, that run along the roof's
interior. They connect the diagonal rafters that
define the shape of a roof and provide extra
support for the soffits, eaves, and balconies.

 ROOF VALLEYS - are a relatively common roof

component that connects the ends of two
pitched roofs to form a right angle. This portion
of the roof is prone to accumulating rainwater
and debris, so it's necessary to equip it with
gutters.
 RIDGE - Ridges or keystones connect the
highest point of intersected roof sides. You can
find them used in various roof types like gable,
gambrel, mansard, and pitched. Most roofs
that have ridges form an upside-down "V"
shape.

 RIDGE TILE - Ridges connect two continuous

roof sections, but they leave an opening for
outdoor elements like rain, snow, or even
pests.

 UNDERLEYMENT - You can find the

underlayment between the roof's shingles and
substructure. It helps insulate the interior
against the weather and keep water out. As
such, most underlayments use waterproof
materials like rubber strips or synthetic sheets.

 FELT UNDERLAYMENT - As an added

precaution, builders will add an extra layer to
the underlayment made of felt for extra
insulation. This might be a necessary feature if
you live in a colder climate. Felt underlayments
are commonly underneath the main one
because it's not water-resistant.

 GUTTER - Gutters are the basins that run

around the edge of the roof (often connected
to the eaves) to collect rain and melted snow.
Most are made of plastic or water-resistant
metal. These basins need regular maintenance
because it's easy for debris to accumulate and
clog up the system.
 DOWNSPOUT - Downspouts are the pipes
connected to the gutter that run vertically from
the roof to the ground to protect the sides of
your home from water damage.

 SPLASH BLOCK - Right below the downspout is

a splash block that channels the water away
from a house's foundation. They are typically
manufactured from plastic or concrete and
have a rectangular shape with a close-ended
side.

 SKYLIGHT - Skylights are essentially windows

built directly on the roof. Many consider these a
luxury feature because the process of installing
one is complicated and costly.

 CHIMNEY FLASHING - Chimney flashings are

metallic sheets situated between the roof and
the chimney to insulate the heat. Without one,
your roof might accumulate excess heat and
eventually catch on fire. If you're planning on
having a chimney for your home, always choose
a reliable contractor who can do the job
correctly.

 ROOF TILES - roof tiles or shingles are your

roof's first defense against the elements, so
they need to be durable and weather-resistant.
It also helps to choose lightweight roofing tiles.
Lighter tiles are easier to install, replace, and
maintain, making them the most cost-effective
option in the long run.
 TYPES OF
ROOFING DESIGNS

 BONNET ROOF - Bonnet roofs are essentially a mansard roof in

reverse. Also known as kicked eaves, a bonnet roof has four
sides with a steep upper slope, and a more gentle lower slope,
providing cover around the edges of the house for a porch.

 BOX GABLE ROOF - Box gable roofs have two sloping sides that
meet to form a ridge, with a triangular extension on either side
that is boxed off from the walls.

 BUTTERFLY ROOF- A butterfly roof, otherwise known as an

inverted pitch roof, emulates the wings of a butterfly with two
tandem pieces of roofing angled upwards to form a V-shape.

 CLERESTORY ROOF - A clerestory roof has an interior wall built

extending above one section of the roof, with this section of
wall often lined with several windows, or one long window.

 COMBINATION ROOF - A combination roof is, quite literally, a

combination of types of roofs. Often incorporating two or more
designs for aesthetics and practical reasons, combination roofs
can feature a range of styles; a clerestory and hip roof, for ex-
ample.

 CROSS GABLE ROOF - A cross gable roof is a design that con-

sists of two or more gable roof ridges that intersect at an angle,
most commonly perpendicular to one another.

 CROSS-HIPPED ROOF - A cross hipped roof is a common

roof type, with perpendicular hip sections that form an ‘
L’ or ‘T’ shape in the roof hip.
 CURVED ROOF - Modern roofs take advantage of the flexi-
bility of metal materials, creating one large curved struc-
ture. Curved roofs do help to reduce resistance to wind,
but are mainly chosen due to the stunning aesthetic look
they can add to a building.

 DOME ROOF - A dome roof, unsurprisingly, is a roof in the

shape of a dome. A complex and durable design, this type
of roof adds a beautiful aesthetic to a building, and can be
seen in many historical buildings from the Capitol Building
in Washington DC, to the iconic St Paul’s Cathedral in Lon-
don.

 DORMER - Dormers contain a window that projects verti-

cally from a traditional pitched roof, creating an extended
window in the roof. This type of roof is most popular in
loft conversions, providing an easy way of expanding the
space and natural light in the converted loft room.

 DUTCH GABLE ROOF - The Dutch gable (hip) roof is a hy-

brid of a gable and hip type of roof. A full or partial gable
can be found at the end of the ridge in the roof, allowing
for a greater amount of internal roof space.

 FLAT ROOF - Flat roofs have just a slight pitch to allow

water to run-off and drain. they are most commonly
used for industrial and commercial buildings such as
offices and warehouses.

 FRONT GABLE - Front gable roofs have the roof ridge in

line with the building’s entrance. This type of roof is com-
monly seen on Colonial-style homes.

 GABLE ROOF WITH SHED ROOF ADDITION - This is a

popular alteration to the standard gable roof, providing
more headroom and space.
 GAMBREL ROOF - Most commonly seen in barns, a gam-
brel roof is a symmetrical two-sided roof with a shallow
upper-section, and steeper lower slope on each side. This
design maximises on the space within the loft of a build-
ing, but are mostly used on outhouses and barns due to
their unsuitability in heavy wind or snowfall areas.

 HALF HIPPED ROOF - A half hipped roof is almost identi-

cal to a simple hip roof design, but instead, the two sides
of the roof are shortened, creating eaves at either side of
the house.

 HEXAGONAL GAZEBO ROOF - This complex roofing de-

sign makes any garden gazebo really stand out. Formed of
six triangular identically pitched roof panels and six sup-
porting rafters, this type of roof is most typically used for
a beautifully unique gazebo addition to a home or com-
mercial garden lawn.

 HIP AND VALLEY ROOF - Hip and valley roofs have a total
of four sloping surfaces, with two joined on a common
ridge, and the other two on either end of the central
ridge. This design is very similar to the trapezoid structure
of gable roofs, with the addition of the two triangular hip
ends the only real distinguishing factor.

 JERKINHEAD ROOF - Jerkinhead roofs, also known as

clipped gables or snub gables, are essentially a gable roof
with the two peaked ends are clipped off. The advantage
of this design is that the clipped ends reduce potential
wind damage to the home, making the roof more stable.

 MANSARD ROOF - A mansard roof is a four-sided gambrel

roof, with each side having a double slope of one steep
slope, and one shallow upper slope. Mansard roofs are a
popular option for buildings wishing to maximise the
amount of living space in the building, providing the op-
tion to use the loft as an additional living space.

 M-SHAPED ROOF - An M-shaped roof is double-pitched

roof; essentially a double gable. The roof rests on two
bearing walls with two sloping walls meeting in the mid-
dle to form an ‘M’ shape. Central guttering runs between
the two pitches to stop any snow or rain building up in the
winter season.
 OPEN GABLE ROOF - An open gable roof is identical to a
box gable roof, with the only exception the boxed off sides
on either end. In this type of roof, the ends are left open to
meet the walls directly. There are no added benefits be-
tween the two, the choice is purely based on aesthetics.

 PARAPET ROOF - A parapet roof is a flat roof with the walls

of the building extending upwards past the roof by a few
feet around the edges. The addition of a parapet makes a
flat roof far safer, providing a small barrier that provides
additional security to reduce the likelihood of anyone stand-
ing the roof falling over the edge.

 PYRAMID ROOF - A pyramid hip roof is identical to a simple

hip roof, but the walls are square rather than rectangular,
making the shape of the building’s roof slope come to a
point in a pyramid shape at the top. This type of roof is ex-
tremely resistant to strong winds, so is ideal for high-wind
or hurricane prone areas.

 SALTBOX ROOF - An asymmetrical design in which one side

of the roof is a sloping flat roof, with the other side more of
a lean-to, creating a gable in the middle. More commonly
seen in older colonial-style houses, this distinctive durable
roofing style is often seen nowadays in industrial buildings
and garages.

 SHED ROOR OR SKILLION - A skillion roof has a single flat

surface pitched at a steep angle to allow water runoff. Also
known as a ‘shed roof’, skillion roofs are extremely easy and
cheap to construct as they are made of simply one piece of
roofing.

 SIMPLE HIP ROOF - The popular simple hip roof is a type of

roof where all four sides feature symmetrical gentle slopes
towards the walls, with no gables or vertical sides to the
roof. The defining feature of hip roofs is that the roof faces
are almost always identical in pitch, making them symmet-
rical from the centre point.

 SKILLION AND LEAN TO ROOF - A lean-to roof, similar to a

skillion roof, is composed of one angled pitch. The roof is
supported at one end by a wall raised higher than the other,
enabling the roof to be pitched at a steeper angle to allow
runoff in heavy rain.
 PARTS OF STRAIRS AND DETAILS

Stringer – The inclined boards in which the treads and risers are enclosed.

Tread – The top or horizontal surface of a step.

Nosing – The visible front of the treads.

Riser – The board that forms the face of the step. The maximum individual rise for domestic
flights is 220mm.

Newel – The larger vertical member, plain or decorative, is usually located on either ends of
the balustrade, or at each bend.

Newel Cap – The ornamental top of the newel post. Often carved shaped or turned.

Landing – A resting place, or wide step anywhere within the staircase or top of a flight of
stairs. Landings are often used to change the direction of a stair.

Handrail – A protective rail designed to prevent people or objects from falling into an open
stairwell. A moulded rail following the pitch, or rake of the staircase – which also forms the
top/upper edge of the balustrading.

Baluster – The vertical member, plain or decorative, that acts as the infill between the handrail
and Channel (or tread if cut string).
 TYPES OF STAIRS

 STRAIGHT - This one is straightforward

(literally). Straight stairs feature a single line-
ar flight with no change in direction.

 L - SHAPED ( quarter-turn ) - The classic

straight style, zhuzhed up a little. In this de-
sign, the stairs make a 90-degree turn at
some point, going left or right after a land-
ing.

 WINDER - The slightly more complicated sis-

ter to the L-shaped staircase. A set of wind-
ers—treads that are wider on one side than
the other—takes the place of the landing to
save space.

 U - SHAPED ( half-turn ) - If you've ever

promised yourself you'd take the stairs eve-
ry day at your office, you've seen this back-
to-basics style. The bend is taken even fur-
ther to form a full U shape, and similar to
the L-shaped staircase, a landing separates
the two parallel flights.
 SPIRAL - A compact design centered
around a single pole, so that if you looked
at it from above, it would form a perfect
circle. Something to consider: A spiral
staircase's narrow wedge-shaped treads
aren't the easiest to traverse. (Avoid them
if you're clumsy.)

 CURVED - Unlike winder or L-shaped

staircases, a curved style has no landings.
Instead, the stairs are continuous, follow-
ing the bend of the banister to make a
striking architectural statement.

 BIFURCATED - The grandest of them all—

this is the style of the icon-
ic Titanic staircase—bifurcated stairs in-
clude one sweeping set of steps that splits
off into two smaller flights going in oppo-
site directions.

 LADDER - No explanation needed here.

Small-home owners desperate for even
the tiniest extra sliver of square footage
could go this route.
 SINGLE STOREY WITH LOFT

Simple single-story architecture with a rearward-sloping

roof that can have gutters added or simply have runoff fall
off the roof naturally. complete with fiber cement
board-finished eaves and extensive spans of galvanized iron
roofing for the roof.