Soil Mechanics II

土の力学II

Hiroyuki Tanaka
田中洋行
 Soil Mechanics
• Geotechnical Engineering
• Meaning of “Geo” The earth, or Ground
• Geology
• Geo-sciences, chemistry, graphy, so on.

• This lecture is proceeding based on “土質力学

入門”, written by Prof. 三田地利之.
Shear strength
 Evaluation of strength

Compression Bending Moment

Small tensile strength

Steel

Concrete
Page number of the text book

P 119
Vertical Force: N
Criteria for Soil
Shear Force: S C: cohesion, φ: friction angle

τ=c+σntanφ
Coulomb’s Criteria
Normal Stress: σn = N/A
A: Cross Area
Shear Stress: τ=S/A
τ
Impossible φ

Boundary Unstable

Criteria Stable
c
σ
P129
Shear and Normal Stresses

We can find α for τ = 0

When τ = 0, we call this plane “Principal” Plane.
Principal stresses: The maximum and minimum
principal stresses: σ1 and σ3

σ and τ are changed according to an angle

P121-122
 Mohr’s Stress Circle σ1
τ
σ
σ3 σ3
τ
σ3 τ σ1
σ
σ
σ1
Principal Stress

P122-123
 τ

P125
 How to draw the Mohr’s circle
300
τ 50

50
50
100 100
50

σ 300

Positive
σ: compression
τ: anti-clockwise
 Measuring parameters
c, φ
• Laboratory Test
– Sampling from a borehole
– Direct Shear Test
– Triaxial (Unconfined compression) Test
• In situ Test
– No sample
– Vane Test
– Standard Penetration Test (N value)

P129, 8-12
 Direct Shear Test
Failure envelopment
τ=c+tanφ

τ
σ

Merit: Easily understand

Demerit: stress and strain are not uniform
Control of drainage is difficult

P132
 Triaxial Test
Deviator stress (σ1-σ3)

Tri: Three
Piston Specimen Axial: Axis

σ2=σ3
Cell
No shear stress because of water
Principal plane
Lateral Pressure, Cell pressure
burette

Rubber Membrane

Pressure Gauge

P134
 σ1

σ3
α
 σ1

σ3
α Failure point
Ⅰ Ⅰ
α σ1
σ3

Plane acting the

maximum principal stress
Pole

P127
Failure criterion of Mohr and Coulomb
In stead of using σ and τ, the failure
criterion is presented by σ1 and σ3
τ

(σ1-σ3)/2

c
φ
σ3 σ1 σ
c cotφ
(σ1+σ3)/2
σ1-σ3=(σ1+σ3)sinφ+2c・cosφ
Mohr and Coulomb’s criteria P99
 Three conditions by Drainage
• Unconsolidated Undrained (UU)
Consolidation Shear
• Consolidated Undrained (CU)
• Consolidated Drained (CD)

Principle of Effective Stress

The behavior including the strength is governed by the effective stress.
σ’=σ-u σ’: Effective stress, σ: Total stress

P130-132
 Performance of UU Test
τ
Fully Saturated

σ’3 σ’1
σ’: Effective stress
Cu or Su
Apparent cohesion, or undrained shear strength
τ Failure envelop : φ=0

σ: Total stress

P135
 Unconfined Compression Test
Sometimes called Uniaxial Test
σ1: At failure, we call this strength qu
unconfined compression strength

σ3=0

τ Failure envelop : φ=0

cu
σ3 qu

Cu=qu/2 σ: Total stress

In practice, cu is called “cohesion”, or apparent cohesion. P140-142
Young Modulus, E50 and Sensitivity

Sensitivity = qu/qr

P140-141
 Performance of CU Test
φ’
τ
Undrained shear strength
su
C’
σ’

After consolidation, σ3 = σ’3

Pore pressure generated by shearing

P136-137
Incremental Undrained Shear Strength
Su/p: constant
If Normally consolidated

su

σ’, p

After consolidation, σ3 = σ’3

For Japanese clays, su/p=0.3～0.35

P136-137
 Performance of CD Test
φ’
τ

C’
σ’

σ’3 does not change during shearing

Total and effective stresses are always the same

because of no excess pore water pressure

P138-139
 Effective stress and Total stress
analysis
• The effective stress analysis (ESA) seems more
reasonable.
• Permeability is high (sandy soil), the ESA is
applicable. Sand
• For clayey soil, effective stress or pore water
pressure is unknown. Total stress analysis, in
an other word, φ=0 method Clay

P137
Shear strength for Total stress analysis
• Undrained shear strength
• For low OCR, i.e., negative dilatancy,
undrained shear strength (UC or UU test)
always is smaller than the drained shear
strength.
• For long consolidation, the increase in the
undrained shear strength can be expected (CU
test)
Su measured by in situ test
Vane test

P142
 Dilatancy
• Volume change during shearing
• Performance is changed under undrained or
drained conditions
– Undrained:
• No volume change ∆V=0
• Pore water pressure change ∆u
– Positive: Negative Negative: Positive
– Drained:
• No Pore water pressure u=0
• Volume change ∆V
– Positive: Expand Negative: Compressive

P144
 Critical Void Ratio
Void ratio, e
ecrit
small large
dense，γ: unit weight large loose，γ :small

Dilatancy
Positive Negative

Drained：Volume change
Expand Compression
Undrained：Pore water pressure
Negative Positive
P 144-147
 Pore water Pressure
σ1

σ3

Excess pore water pressure: Deviator Stress: shear

∆u=B{∆σ3+A(∆σ1-∆σ3)}

Skempton’s A and B Coefficient: B=1 for saturated soil, A: dependent on Dilatancy

P151
 Dilatancy for sand and clay
Sand
e: small, dense ecrit e: large, loose

OCR: High Clay OCR:1～2

Heavily OverConsolidated OCR: Over-Consolidation Ratio Normally
OCR=pc/pvo: pc=preconsolidation pressure Slightly
pvo= the current pressure
Skempton’s A: Low or negative
A: Hight
Dilatancy
Positive Negative

Drained：Volume change
Expand Compression
Undrained：Pore water pressure
Negative Positive
P 144-147, 150-151
 Drained and Undrained strength
φ’
τ

C’
σ’

CU: Negative Dilatancy

CD
CU: Positive Dilatancy
 Liquefaction
Liquid σ1

σ3

If σ’3=0, fully liquefied

σ’3=σ3-u
increase
constant P147-149
 Counter measurements for
liquefaction
• Densification
– Positive dilatancy. No positive water pressure
– Vibration
• Lowering the ground water table
– No water
• Stabilized with cement
– Cohesion τ=c’+(σ-u)tanφ
Earth Pressure
 Earth Pressure
Relating the movement of a wall

Earth Pressure
Earth pressure at rest Passive Earth Pressure

Active Earth Pressure

Retaining wall P160, 169

 How to calculate the earth pressure?
• Rankine’s Method
– Plastic equilibrium
– Theoretically, limitation of its application
• Coulomb’s Method
– Stability of soil mass
– Trial calculation, more extensive application

P161, 170
 Rankine method σv

φ’
τ σh

C’
σ
σa: Active σp: Passive

σv=γz: γ=unit weight of soil, z=depth

Active State
Passive State

P161
 Rankine method
φ’
τ

(σp-γz)/2
C’=0

(σp+γz)/2
σ
σa: Active σp: Passive

γz

σ p −γ z σ p 1 − sin φ φ
sin φ = K=p = = tan (45 + )
2

σ p +γ z γ z 1 + sin φ 2 Using half angle formulae

σa φ Important Value: φ=30°Ka=1/3, Kp=3.0

K=a = tan (45 − )
2

γz 2
 Earth Pressure at Rest

σv
For conventional ground

σh
σv>σh

σh
Ko = Ko: Coefficient of earth pressure at rest
σv Depending on OCR. For NC (OCR=1） Ko=1-sinφ
P169
 Earth Pressure acting on the wall

Center of Gravity

φ 1 1 φ
Total Pressure
= Pa γ tH tan 2 (45=
° − )H γ tH tan (45° − )
2 2

2 2 2 2

P166
 Rankine method φ=0
τ
C=(qu/2)

2c
2c σ
σp: Passive

σa: Active
γz
σp=γz+2c
σa=γz-2c
For Clay
With surcharge
Change in properties or
existence of water table

Earth pressure Hydraulic pressure

(Effective stress)
 Coulomb’s Method

Force Polygon

Max. Pa
δ: Friction between the ground and the wall
in Rankine’s theory, cannot take account. Pa

β
P170-174
 0m

Tie Rod Force ①

Water Level
3m
la
γ=20kN/m3
γ’(γsub)=10kNm3
lp
Sheet pile
②
φ=30ﾟ
Active Earth Force
9m

Embedded Depth Check for Embedded Depth

φ=30ﾟ ③ ② x la<③ x lp

Passive Earth Force

12m
 0m
la1=(2/3)x3=2m

Water Level
Pa1=(20 x 3)/2=30kN/m The embedded depth is enough?
3m ①
Active Earth Pressure

la3=3 + (2/3)x9=9m
Pa2=(20 x 9)=180kN/m
la3=3 + 9/2=7.5m Pa3=(30 x 9)/2=135kN/m
Passive Earth Pressure
9m
Center of Gravity
lp=9 + (2/3)x3=11m

Pp=(90 x 3)/2=135kN/m
③ φ=30ﾟ
12m ②
Pp x lp=135 x 11 = 1485 kN < Pa x la= 30x2+180x7.5+135x9=2625
Unstable
Stability of slope
 Evaluation of the slope
Safe or Danger?

Drive

Slip Slip
surface

Resistance

SF or Fs : Safety Factor = Resistance

Drive Force
Resistance: Shear Strength

Drive Force: Gravity, Seismic

 Stability of infinitive slope
1

S
N
W=1 x cosi x h x γt
N=W x cosi
S=W x sini Driving Force P188
R=N x tanφ Coulomb’s criteria: Resistance Force

R = cos ihγttanφ = tanφ

2
FS= FS=1, i=φ φ: angle of repose
S cosihγtsini tani
 Circle Failure method
φ=0: Short term

Resistance moment = (FE x su or cu)xR

Moment for Resistance
SF=
Moment for Drive Drive Moment=W x x
P192
 Circle Failure method
Slice method

Resistance moment = (FE x su or cu)xR

ΣMoment for Resistance
SF=
ΣMoment for Drive Drive Moment=W x x
P196
Search for the smallest SF

Critical Circle

P193
Tailor’s Chart

P194
 Stability Factor Ns
Toe Failure
Base Failure
Slope Failure

γ tHc
Stability Number Slope angle
N/m3 xm
Ns = N/m2
No dimension

c
P194
 Failure pattern

Base Failure Toe Failure Slope Failure

P192
Bearing Capacity

Shallow Foundation
Deep Foundation
 Pattern of Failure
Load
Settlement

General Failure

Local Failure

Bearing Capacity: Ultimate: Qu P209

Allowable : Qal=Qu/SF
SF: Settlement, uncertainty for soil parameters
 Theoretical Value of Prandtl
α:dependent on the roughness
of the footing.
I Active Zone
Smooth: φ
α= 45° +
2

III Passive Zone

II Transition Zone

Important value: φ=0, Qu=2bqu, qu=(2+π)c=5.14c

P210
Calculation of Q

Q=qB=?
B
 Terzaghi’s equation Qu=Bqu
B
acNc + βγ 1BN γ + γ 2 DfNq
qu = γ2

Df
Cohesion γ1
Friction Surcharge
(Cu, Su)

Factors
General Failure Local Failure

Shape Factor

Continuous Square Rectangular Circle

P211, 212
Deep Foundation
(Piles)
Types of Pile classified by support
Skin Friction
system

Point Resistance
Friction Pile
Pointed Pile

P217
 Design of Pile
• Using N value (Standard Penetration Test).
• Empirical equation
1 1
Ru = (40 NAp + NsAs + NcAc )x9.8
5 2

Ap: cross sectional area

As: surface area of the sand layer
Ac: surface area of the clay layer

P218
Standard Penetration Test (SPT)
Height = 76 cm
Hammer (Mass = 63.5 kg)

Knocking Head
Definition of N value

How many blows for

penetration of 30 cm

Raymond sampler P10

 Pile Group

Pressure Bulb

RT = E・n・Ru
RT: Bearing capacity of the pile group
Ru: Bearing capacity of the single pile
n: Number of the Pile
E: Efficiency of the pile group <1.0 P221
 Negative Skin Friction
Negative Friction

Positive Friction

Conventional case Reclaimed Ground

P223