Q Society of Petroleum Engineers
SPE 36504
Practical Applications of a New Multichannel and Fully Digital
Spectrum Induction System
Dave Beard, Qiang Zhou, and Ed Bigelow, SPE, Western
Copyright 1996, SOc!ety of Petroleum EnglnBOrS,Inc
Ths peper was prepared for presenlahon at the 1996 SPE Annual Tachmcal Conference and
Exhlbmoo held m Denver, Colorado, US A., 6-9 October 1996
Thts paper was adecwd for prasentatlon by an SPE Program Committee tdlmwng revmw of
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mgs are subject to pubhcatton rewew by Edtlonal Commbf eos of the Society of Petroleum.
Permmsmn 10 copy IS restrmted to an abstracl of not more than 3JY3words. Illustrations may
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750W3-3836 U.S A. Fax 01.214-952-9435
Abstract
The performance of the high-definition induction logging tool
is demonstrated with practical examples and synthetic models.
For improved formation evaluation, this newly developed
multichannel and fully digital spectrum induction system
acquires a complete data set at multiple receiver coils over a
broad band of frequencies. The broad range of investigation
depths defines invasion profiles in reservoir rocks with superi-
or quality over other tools. The improved evaluation of the
flushed and transition zones allows for a better prediction of
hydrocarbon mobility. The more reliably determined true for-
mation resistivity leads to more accurate log analyses and
reserve estimates.
Based on the abundance of information in the data set, flexi-
ble processing methods are developed. The tool responses are
processed to achieve optimized resolution with minimal sensi-
tivity to undesirable effects such as those caused by irregular
borehole size and conductive invasion. Matched-resolution
curves are also available for enhanced and uniform vertical
resolution at all depths of investigation.
Because of the complete set of data, the new tool allows for
synthesis of the measurements from other existing induction
tools. This is advantageous for comparison to offset logs or
performing field studies. In addition, the system uses data
redundancy to supply self-consistency and data-quality checks
as well as noise reduction. The redundancy also makes the tool
tolerant to situations such as the loss of one receiver channel.
With more wells being drilled at large angles, the accurate
estimation of formation resistivity in deviated boreholes, or
wells penetrating formations with appreciable apparent dip,
Atlas Logging Services, Houston, Texas
becomes more important. The multitude of receivers and wide
band of frequencies makes it possible to reliably focus the tool
measurements in such an environment. The processed log will
have a response similar to that of logging a well penetrating
the same formation perpendicularly.
The data completeness ensures future developments in other
processing techniques. Integrated with other logs and reservoir
information, the new induction measurements will significantly
enhance the reservoir evaluation capability.
Introduction
Induction log technology has evolved significantly since its
introduction by Doll.’ [n recent years, induction devices con-
sisting of one or two complex coil combinations have been
replaced by tools with multiple, but simpler. coil configura-
tions,’ 4These new induction devices are commonly referred to
as array-type induction tools. The older style tools attempt to
focus the tool response using carefully selected coil arrange-
ments. The focusing is therefore fixed by the tool design. In
array-type tools, the signals from the various coils are com-
bined in software to achieve focusing. This software focusing
is more flexible than hardware focusing in that it can be adjust-
ed to suit a particular situation. Software focusing can also cre-
ate curves that are free of artifacts, such as the cave effect,
which cannot be eliminated in hardware-focused devices.
The high-definition induction log takes full advantage of the
flexibility and improved performance of software focusing. In
addition to the features shared by other array-type tools, this
tool offers several additional features. By providing a deeper
investigating measurement, the user can establish Ri in the
presence of deep invasion. The instrument acquires a complete
data set; i.e., the formation conductivity information is fully
sampled spatially and in the frequency domain. This ensures
the measurements’ usefulness for advanced processing tech-
niques that may be developed in the future. This feature also
allows for synthesizing the response of other induction instru-
ments; a useful capability when well-to-well comparisons are
important, such as in equity negotiations. Finally, redundancy
is also built into the system. This redundancy is used to reduce
the uncertainty and the noise level in the data, and more
imporian[ly to provide some quality controls based on (he self
99
2 PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS OF A NEW MULTICHANNEL
consistency of the raw data. These features offer more accu-
rate and reliable estimates of true formation resistivity, espe-
cially in thin beds or zones with deep invasion. The multiple
measurements also provide more useful invasion profile infor-
mation. This invasion information is useful in identifying per-
meable regions, especially regions with movable oil.
To optimize the tool design, thorough theoretical investiga-
tions were carried out and the response was modeled in
numerous formation environments. From these studies, the
resolution was found to be a function of depth of investigation.
In this context, resolution means the ability to accurately mea-
sure conductivity of a section of formation a finite distance
from the borehole, As the measurement depth increases, the
resolution degrades in both the radial and depth directions.sh
Theoretical investigations also show that coil spacings with a
geometrical progression achieve optimal sampling of the radi-
al information. f
A wider range of frequencies (i.e., the simultaneous use of
multiple operating frequencies) also increases the resolution.$ In
order to excite the formation with a wide spectrum of operating
frequencies, a square waveform is used for the voltage applied
to the transmitter coil.’ This waveform excites the formation
with frequencies equal to the fundamental frequency of the
square wave; i.e., 10 kHz and its odd harmonics up to 150 kHz.
The wide frequency range also makes a new skin-effect cor-
rection algorithm possible.’ This skin-effect correction tech-
nique uses the spectrum of apparent conductivity; i.e., the
apparent conductivity as a function of frequency, to provide a
skin-effect corrected conductivity with significantly reduced
noise level. The technique also avoids the sensitivity to magnet-
ic permeability variation inherent in skin-effect correction tech-
niques using the quadrature component of the received signal!
An illustration of the tool’s coil configuration is given in Fig.
1. The simplest practical induction unit, or subarray, consists
of three coils; one transmitter coil, one main receiver coil, and
one bucking coil (Fig. 1A). The bucking coil helps to cancel
the direct coupling between the transmitter and the main
receiver coils. The full coil system (Fig. lB) consists of a
series of three-coil basic units with coil spacings of geometri-
cal progression. Seven subarrays are chosen with coil spacings
from 6 in, to 94 in. The subarrays share a common transmitter
for power efficiency. All receiver pairs are on the same side of
the transmitter coil for shorter tool length and to reduce cross-
talk between the transmitter and receiver circuitry. The typical
responses of the system will be shown for various formation
environments with both numerical modeling data and field logs.
Focusing for Best Resolution
Numerical focusing algorithms were developed to extract the
formation information from the large volume of raw data col-
lected by the induction system.” One set of curves was
designed to minimize the sensitivity of the deeper reading
curves in regions near the borehole. The purpose of this focus-
ing is to eliminate the tendency for the existence of spikes and
100
AND FULLY DIGITAL SPECTRUM INDUCTION SYSTEM SPE 36504
artifacts that can be caused by such sensitivity. These curves
exhibit resolutions (radial and vertical) that decrease with depth
of investigation. This resolution variation is an inevitable con-
sequence of the resolution and depth of investigation depen-
dence that was concluded in the theoretical studies. These
“true-resolution focused’’(TRF) curves have median depths of
investigation of 10, 20, 30, 60, 90, and 120 in, , respectively.
In some cases, curves with matched vertical resolution are
desirable to facilitate interpretation in thinly laminated struc-
tures. For this reason, vertical resolution matched (VRM)
curves are generated, also through focusing. These curves
have the same depths of investigation as the TRF curves, and
are available with 1-, 2-, or 4-ft vertical resolutions. The
improved vertical resolution in the deep-focusing curves is
made possible by introducing high-resolution information
from the region close to the borehole. Because of this, the
VRM curves may be subject to the influence of borehole
rugosity and conductive invasion. Both the TRF and VRM
curves, therefore, should be examined together during inter-
pretation for best results,
Numerical examples of various formation environments are
used to contirm our theoretical analysis and processing algo-
rithms. The processed results for a one-dimensional model of a
layered formation consisting of various bed thicknesses are pre-
sented in Fig. 2. The shallow depth of investigation TRF curves
in Fig. 2A read the true formation resistivity (RJ in the thin
beds. The deeper investigating TRF curves do not read RI
because the resolution is inversely proportional to the investiga-
tion depth. The separation could be misinterpreted as invasion.
In Fig. 2B, the VRM curves for various depths of investigation
all overlay, and read R,, confirming the absence of invasion.
A twe-dimensional model is used for illustrating the response
in the presence of invasion. Fig. 3 shows a sequence of thin
beds, 1 to 10 ft in thickness, each with an 80-in. diameter inva-
sion zone. As in the 1-D example in Fig. 2, the deep TRF
curves do not read Rf in the thin beds. After VRM processing,
the deep curves read much closer to R{ and the shallower
curves give a good representation of the invasion profile. It
should be noted that the invasion zone in this case is more
resistive than the virgin formation. If the invasion zone is
more conductive, then the VRM processing may yield wrong
conclusions, as the following example will show.
In the case of conductive invasion, it is important to exam-
ine the true resolution curves, as well as the matched-resolu-
tion curves, for a reliable interpretation. The numerical exam-
ple in Fig. 4 illustrates such a situation. The formation is a 60-ft
thick bed with true resistivity of 10 ohm-m. Conductive inva-
sion has occurred, creating regions with I ohm-m resistivity of
varying depth of invasion. The TRF curves show the expected
response. The deep curves reflect the thick homogeneous
nature of the undisturbed formation with a small offset caused
by the invasion. The shallow curves reflect the varying inva-
sion profile. On the other hand, the deep curves after VRM
processing show incorrect features because the resolution-
SPE 36504 D. BEARD, Q, ZHOU,
matched curves use the near-borehole information to enhance
the deep curves. This could lead to an erroneous interpretation
of the structure as being Lrminated. The TRF curves are much
less sensitive to borehole rugosity or conductive invasion than
the VRM curves.
A field example is used in Fig. 5 [o further illustrate the use-
fulness of the TRF and VRM processed curves. In [he depth
interval from x400 to x456, the shallower TRF curves (10, 20,
and 30 in. depths of investigation) read higher resistivity than
the deeper ones, which shows a typical invasion profile.
However, the TRF curves show some separation in the thin
beds between x456 and x500. This is caused by the different
resolution capability of the curves with different depths of
investigation. It does not necessarily indicate invasion. After
applying VRM processing, the curves for all depths of investi-
gation read the same in tbe laminated region within x456 and
x500, while the thick invaded bed in the x400 to x456 interval
still shows the characteristics of an invasion profile.
Invasion Profiles in Oil-Based Mud
Beciurse of the wide range of investigation depths, the muhi-
chirnnel system is able to characterize invasion profiles, even
in oil-based muds, In most cases, the profiles are irs expected
and can be used to infer fluid mobility properties. Typically,
oil-based mud will show no apparent invasion in the hydrocitr-
bon-bearing zones and resistive invasion in the wa[er-bearing
~ones. The presence of resis[ive invasion can be used to infer
that the zone is not a[ irreducible water saturation. It is there-
fore either water bearing or a [riinsition zone. However, occtr-
sionally irn unexpected profile may be encountered. In one
case, a hydrocarbon-bearing zone with about 157Gporosity in
a North Sea well showed conductive invasion even though the
well was drilled with oil-based mud. The mud used in this
well did contain a significant amount of seawater in [he non-
continuous phase. Tbe conclusion, therefore, is that this phase
may have come out of suspension in the invasion process and
formed a continuous conducive phase in the formation. In this
case, the response was consistent with about 3 to 4 in. of inva-
sion beyond the borehole wall by a fluid with a resistivity of
approximately 0.08 ohm-m.
Fig. 6 shows a log from another North Sea well drilled with
oil-based mud, Invasion is indicated in zones that might other-
wise be expected to be impermeable. We can see that the bore-
hole correction is good by examining the zone above XX985.
which is tit irreducible water satumtion. No invasion profile is
shown on the cur~es as expected since there is no contrast
between the formation and borehole fluid conductivities, The
region from XX()15 - xx 100 is the transition zone; core antilysis
showed reasonable permeability; i.e., in the I - IO md range.
The log data show some resistive invasion as expected.
Interpretation of the region from XX985 - XXO15 is less
straightforward. The gamma ray and density /neutrrm cross-
phm show increased siltiness in the sand to a level where per-
meability would be expected to be very low. This was con-
101
AND E. BIGELOW 3
firmed by formation tests that showed no permeability, and 10
core plugs that showed air permeabilities less than 0.1 md. A
radial inversion of the data shows that there is probably oil-
based mud invasion out to about 4 in. beyond the borehole
wall It is feasible that some invasion did occur in this zone
although the overbalance (270 psi) was small. Alternatively,
some drilling-induced damage may have increased the perme-
ability of the formation close to the borehole. The clearest
example of invasion is in an impermeable zone shown
between xx 140 to xx 168. This region is clearly a shale from
all log and core analyses, Oil-based mud invasion is shown to
exist to a radius of 15 in. Our interpretation is that the shale
has been altered or damaged by the drilling process and has
fractures around the borehole, which allows the borehole fluid
to penetrate into the formation.
The logs made with a conventional tool would not reveal
these details because of the lack of a shallow depth of investi-
gation curve. These responses do not appear to be common,
but the possibility of such responses should be remembered
when interpreting array-type induction data.
Response Synthesis of Other Induction Tools
The data can be processed in fi variety of wirys to provide togs
with desirable characteristics as previously demonstrated. In
addition, if the data are [ruly complete, they can be used to
synthesize the other induction instrument responses such as
the conventional deep and medium induction logs, even
though the coil spacings between the tools are totally different
and the opera[ing frequencies may not be exactly the same,
Besides being a convincing demonstration of the data com-
pleteness of the system, this capability is useful when it is nec-
essary to compare logs with logs from other wells acquired
with earlier generations of induction tools.
A filtering approach is used to perform the synthesis. The
method synthesizes conventional tool responses through a
combination of measurements from different channels or sub-
arrays. The full-frequency spectrum acquisition allows us to
derive measurements from each channel at a frequency match-
ing that of the instrument to be synthesized; e.g., 20 kHz for a
conventional induction tool, The focusing matches the geomet-
ric response functions of the original and synthesized measure-
ments throughout the conductivity range of the tool operation.
Fig. 7 shows a comparison of the deep induction and the
corresponding synthesized log. The 1-D formation model con-
sists of layered beds with 10 resistive Iiiyers of 100 ohm-m
resistivity and thicknesses varying from I ft [o 10 ft. These
resistive layers are in a somewhat conductive environment of
10 ohm-m resislivity. A second example with a 2-D model is
shown in Fig. 8 for deep-induction response and the corre-
sponding synthesized log, The formation consists of 10 layers
(Rl = 80 ohm-m) and each layer has a 40-in. diame[er invasion
zone (RX,,= 250 ohm-m) in an otherwise 10 ohm-m formation.
Excellent agreement between the original and the synthesized
logs is obtained in both cases
4 PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS OF A NEW MULTICHANNEL AND FULLY DIGITAL SPECTRUM INDUCTION SYSTEM SPE 36504

An example of a section of field log where both the HDIL ration of curves in an impermeable zone next to the resistive
and (he conventional induction logs are available is shown in beds (e.g, at x304) and resistive horns around the layer inter-
Fig. 9. Both the deep- and medium-induction responses and face (e.g, at x 150 and x310 ). Note also the apparent shorrlder-
their corresponding synthesized curves are compared. The cor- bed effect on the deep curves in the thin beds around x150 and
responding curves are nearly identical and the validity of syn- x3 10. With the dip-effect correction algorithm applied before
thesizing the logs is therefore further demonstrated. focusing, the processed log (in the right column) is now free
of those artifacts.
Dip-Effect Correction
A multifrequency. multichannel data set allows a more robust Conclusion
way of performing dip-effect correction.]” Dip effect occurs A multifrequency, multichannel induction system provides a
when the borehole penetrates the formations at an angle other richer amount of formation information than previously avail-
than 90”. This difference between the actual angle of penetra- able, Theoretical studies show that a complete set of data is
tion and 90° is called the apparent dip. The goal for data pro- acquired in the induction regime for the formation region of
cessing when there is apparent dip is to process the logs such interest, including invasion profiles in oil-based muds. A vari-
that they will have the same responses as those from a well ety of focusing schemes ensure the best focusing possible to
penetrating the same formation perpendicularly. Then, the pro- match tbe situation at hand; therefore, more accurate and reli-
cessing techniques described previously for such perpendicu- able formation resistivity determination. [n addition, the sys-
k~r boreholes can be applied directly for improved resolution tem can provide information compatible with older-generation
tind better estimation of formation resistively. induction tools by being able to synthesize their responses. A
When the upparent dip is not zero, the electrical currents multi frequency, multichannel system can also provide robust
induced by the transmitter tlow across the formation interfaces, dip-effect correction; therefore, better estimation of tbe true
resulting in an electrical charge buildup on the boundary sur- formation resistivity.
faces, In addition, these currents flow along a path of varying
conductivities because of the conductivity difference between Acknowledgments
adjacent layers. The current paths are no longer perfectly circu- The authors are grateful to Western Atlas Logging Services
lar as is the case for a perpendicular borehole. Both the charge for granting permission to publish this work. We would also
buildup and the deformation of current path contribute to the like to thank our colleagues, especially J. Xiao, J. Wu, and B.
anomalous response characteristics not seen in a borehole with Codey for their assistance.
no apparent dip. The dip-effect correction algorithm uses an
a&aptive llltering technique to remove these effects. References
Fig. 10 illustrates the procedures and the processing quality 1. Doll, H. G,: “lntroduc[ion to lnduc[ion Logging and Application to
Logging of Wells Drilled with Oil Base Mud,” JPT (June 1949)
of the dip-correction processing algorithm. The model consists
148.
of u three-layer formation with tbe center layer of 1000 ohm- 2. Beard, D., Zhou, Q., and Bigclow, E. L.: “A New, Fully Digital,
m resistivity. the shoulder beds of 10 ohm-m, and a 20-ft cen- Full-Spectrum Induction Device for Determining Accurate
ter bed thickness. The skin-effect corrected responses for dif- Resist ivity with Enhanced Diagnostics irnd Data Integrity
feren[ subarrays are plotted in Fig. 10A where the borehole Verification,” poper B presented at the 1996 37th Annr,arl SPWLA
Logging Symposium.
angle is 60”10 the vertical and in Fig. 10B where the borehole
3. Elkington, P. A. S, wrd Patei, H. K.: “lnvtision Profile from the
is vertical. Both responses have been converted to deviated Digital Induction Log,” pirper L presented at the 1985 26th Annual
borehole depth for comparison purposes. The responses in a SPWLA Logging Symposium.
deviated borehole are different from those in a vertical well in 4. Burber, T. D. wrd Rosthol. R, A.: “Using ~ Multi-Army Induction
that the apparent resistivi{ies in the bed center differ si.gnifi- Tool to Achieve High-Resolution Logs with Minimum
Environmental Effects, ptsper SPE 22725 presented at the 199 I
camly. There is also “horn” on the curves from the deviated
SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition.
well near the bed boundary. Fig. 10C shows the curves after 5. Zhou, Q., Beard. D., and Tobarovsky, L. A.: “Induction Tool
the dip-effect correction, where the apparent resistivity is Radial Resolution,” paper presented at the 1994 International
almost the same as that in a vertical well. Without the dipping- Symposium on Well Logging Technology, Xiirn, China.
bed correction, the standard focusing algorithms (TRF and 6. Zhou, Q., Beard, D., and Hilliker, D. J.: “Induction Tool
Resolution,” paper presented at the 1994 SEC Annual Technical
VRM) discussed in the previous section will result in an erro-
Conference, Los Angeles.
neous conclusion. With (he dip correction, the focused results 7. Beard, D. and Zhou, Q,: “Method of Skin Effect Correction and
reflect more accurately the true formation resistivity. Datir Quality Verification for a Multi-Frequency Induction Well
A field log example from a Gulf of Mexico well is presented Logging Insirumem,” U.S. patent application ( 1996).
in Fig. 11 where the borehole is at an angle of about 45” to the 8. Barber, T. D., Anderson, “Using Induction
B,, and Mowat, G.:
Tools to Identify Magnetic Formations and Determine Relative
formation. In the center track, the focused curves without the
Magnetic Susceptibility and Dielectric Constant,” paper C present-
dip-effect correction are presented. Two typical undesirable ed at the 1992 33rd Annual SPWLA Logging Symposium
features are observed in the uncorrected log, namely the sepa-

102
SPE 36504 D. BEARD, Q. ZHOU, AND E, BIGELOW 5

9. Zhou, Q,, Beard, D., and Totmrovsky, L. A.: “Numerical Focusing

of Induction Logging Mcisw]rcments,” 1994 12th Workshop in
Electromagnetic Induction in Earth, International Union of
Geodesy wrd Geophysics,
10. Xix), J., Beord, D., and Zhou, Q.: “A Practical Dipping-Effect
Correction for Multiurray Induction Tools jn Deviated Wells,”
puper R prcscntml at the 199fI 37th Annual SPWLA Logging
Symposium.
I I. Beard, D., Yonzig, C,, turd Lester, R, A.: %ynchrrrnizerf Digital
Stxking Method and Application to Induction Logging Tools,”
U.S. P~tcnt No. 5.452,761 ( 1995).

103
 Tx —

1
-c

Tx

E I
2
+

I
I 3

I L {

Rx

(a)

Fig. 1— Induction coil systems — (A) A 3-coil basic unit or subarray; (B) An array induction system consisting of a series
of subarrays.

104
 Resistively (ohm-m) Resistively (ohm-m)
1 10 100 1000
0

1 1

J I ‘~
—- 10m

50- :“
2oln

60 in
.CJJ(n 50
I--z
–
20 N1
30m
60m
go, ”
5

— 120 m — 120m
g — Rt -= — RI

& ~
a a
: 5

100. Icul
‘ s’

Fig. 2 — A 1-D example showing the results of data processing with TRF and VRM. (a) The TRF curves at various depths of inves-
tigation show some separation even though there is no invasion in the thin beds because of the difference in resolution between the
curves. (b) The VRM curves all stack, providing an easier way to interpret the log,

“Y
Diameter (in.)
1
Resistivity
10

-,>
..-.
(ohm-m)
100 lCKO

—
1

/,
Resishvily (ohm-m)
10 103 1000

—
‘~

5== I
E
10m
1 ——10m
20 m 20 m
-- 30m --- 30in.
-– ~i” –– 60m.
50 –.-~i”
--- Win,
— 120m — 120 m.

[
1 —
—
RI
Rxo
g
&
—
—
RI
Rxo
c1
t 1

I F=
6
/

.—
..:.=
103

F
[

Fig. 3 — A 2-D example showing the processed data using TRF and VRM. Similar to the Fig. 2 example, VRM processed results
help to better define the invasion profile. The resistive invasion zone does not have much adverse affect on the VRM quality

105
 —
Radius (in. ] Resisriwty (ohm-m) ResMvity (ohm-m)

o 10 20 30 1 10 100 1000 1 10 100 1000

.—-— —. — -.. .— —--1

&
:1
R,= 1 O-m

;
-.
“h ---mln
––

““
en,.

L“-32!!!-J
loin.
m In

*
tom
20 m
30m
w m
eoln

E
E=-*

&
Rt= 10 ilrr

Rxo= 1 Q.m

= .— 110

1 I

(a) Formation model (b) True-resolution focusing (c) Matched vertical resolution

Fig. 4 — TRF and VRM performance in a resistive zone with conductive finger type invasion — After VRM processing, the deep curves
show significant variation in resistivity in the thick layer while the deep TRF curves do not. Caution should be excised in using VRM
curves in the case of conductive invasion antior rugose borehole with salty mud.

I 1 1 I

!=z=r >,
H(WLTRUERESMUTKJN
(ohm .)
, 0,
“9,( RC50LUT,0t4MATC”CO

(0.- -)
, 0>
WIL RE51sTMT7

(..m “!)
m

h-+-l

Fig. 5 — A field example of the TRF- and VRM-processed logs — In thick permeable beds (e.g., from x400 to x450), both logs show
good-qualify invasion profiles. While in thin impermeable beds, the TRF-processed log shows separation for different depth of investiga-
tion curves due to the difference in resolution. In the same zone, the VRM-processed curves ahow good overlay for all curves and there-
fore facilitates interpretation.

106
 GAMMARAY HDIL RESOLUTIONMATCH ACOUSTIC POROSHY
9 1~ I 4k––––_–__–_–_2l.2 J
(gAPI)
I (z)
I
CALIPER
9-—-—— -— --- ---- IA

r
(in)

I I (\ 1

, I , 1, , ,
% \J\
, I

Fig. 6 — An example of resistive invasion by oil-based mud - The invasion radius is small (a few inches) but is seen irr the shallow
HDIL measurements.

107
 Reslstivity (ohm-m)

1 10 100 1000 1 10 100 1Ooil

o

[:; ,

I(

JI I
50
f.

>1 1
K
1
K> ‘
(
100 K ~
I I
r= [ J
r-. 1
v’

150 150
— m
— RI
— RUJ
--- LMeplna”cl,.” --- Deeplnd.c+o.
- S“nlhe88zed --- Syllmesus.d

—. —
Fig. 7 — comparmon of tne cfeep-maucuon and me corre- Fig. 8 — Comparison of the deepinduction response and the
sponding synthesized log from the HDIL tool — The 1-D for- corresponding synthesized log from the HDIL system for a 2-D
mation model consists of 10resistive layeraof 100 ohm-m model — The formation consists of 10 layers of Rt = 80 ohm-m.
reslstivlty and thickness varying from 1 ft to 10 ft. Good curve Each layer has a 20-in. invasion zone (Rxo = 250 ohm-m) in an
agreement is achieved. otherwise 10 ohm-m formation. Good agreement between the
original and synthesized logs is achieved.

1 1
~“--— -- 1
DEEP ,mo”cr(ou

F
WED!”. IUDUCI!ON
9,2...........................K. L_--. ---_ -_---..._iu
I*IVK-) (... ml

l---=-l
5fNTH[S1Z[0 uED#”M Tmrnrslzm NW
0,2 20 0,2
{ohm m) (.,!- -,
WIPER
L —————— J.
<,.)

..r.
\ L- ?<F-”

I
I

J \

Fig. 9 – Example from a section of field log where both the array-typO and the COIIVOntiOnalinduction logs are available. The com-
parison is shown for the deep-induction response and the corresponding synthesis from the array tool. The original and synthesized
logs show good agreement.

108
 ( Dip. 60 Degraee ) ( Dip. 60 Degreee, Corrected ) ( Dlp. ODegraee )

5-,
‘\.
\ \\,
\.*\,\
.-.

-.=
— array 1 1 ‘U-A — array 2 \,’v

J
. . . . amw3

PI
— array 2
---- array3
10
,0 --- Wray4 ! \i
——- afray4 --- ●rrey5 .) II
/
--- army s —arr5 ,/:7
,0”
— amrr
,H,.O.+’

N
/’ <. ,;<. .- “
.4

/’
/
!

420
Ml. . 1. . . I
1000 lm 1000 lW 1000 100
Apparent Conductivity (m.Ym) Apparent Conductlvhy (m$lrm) Apparent Conducthdty (mS/m)

Fig. 10 – Deviated borehole data processing for a three-layer formation — (a) The HDIL response in a 60° well. (b) The HDIL
response in a vertical borehole of same formation, (c) The dip-effect corrected measurements for the deviated well data such that
they are the same as those of a vertical well.

1 r 1 r 1

a
1’
HDIL RESOLUTION MATCHED HDIL RESC+UTION MATCHED

II
GbMAA FtAY
10 0.5 10
~
(*P() (oh”m] (Cm.”1)

CUIPER WITHOUT DIP CORRECTION AFTER DIP CORRECTION

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .M.
(“)

Fig. 11 — An log example from a deviated well of about 45” of dip angle — The center column shows the focused log without
dip-effect correction and the right column shows the processed log

109