A JUVENILE DETENTION CENTER

FOR NORTH BEXAR COUNTY

by

Joseph Wayne Bruce

A THESIS

IN

ARCHITECTURE

Submitted to the Architecture Faculty

of the College of Architecture
of Texas Tech University in
Partial Fulfillment for
the Degree of

BACHELOR OF ARCHITECTURE

Programming Instructor (ARCH 4395): Professor Michael Peters

Design Critic (ARCH 4692): Professor Michael Peters
Thesis Advisors: Professors Gary W. Smith and James T. Davis

Accepted

-T"
Dean, College of Architecture

Date
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 PREFACE
TABLE OF CONTENTS
TABLE OF CONTENTS

PREFACE:
ABSTRACT

CHAPTER I THESIS ISSUES

• PSYCHOLOGICAL TOPICS 2
• ARCHITECTURAL TOPICS 3
• ENDNOTES 13

CHAPTER II FACILITY ISSUES

• FACILITY RESPONSIBILITIES 15
• FACILITY RESPONSIBILITY RESPONSES 16
• ACTIVITY/SPACIAL ANALYSIS 19
• SPACE RELATIONSHIPS 30
• END NOTES 33

CHAPTER III CONTEXTUAL ISSUES

• FACILITY ENVIRONMENT 35
• COMMUNITY FIT 36
• SITE SURVEY 37
• END NOTES 43

CHAPTER IV SPACE SUMMARY

• SPACE SUMMARY CHART 45
• ECONOMIC ANALYSIS 48
 PREFACE
ABSTRACT

THESIS STATEMENT:
The use of architectural design to normalize the institutional setting aiding in
the treatment of aggression.

ARCHITECTURAL ISSUES:
Architectural design has the ability to aid in the treatment of juvenile
aggression. Using color, light, form, density of space, and temperature are
architectural means of supporting this idea. These five concepts have been studied
and aids the thesis that architectural design can be used in the treatment of aggression.
The key is to design a normalized physical environment while keeping the facility
secured.

FACILITY ISSUES:
A juvenile detention center is a building type that may aid the treatment of
aggression in a controlled setting. The facility consists of a combination of education
and security. The facility will hold a maximum of 108 juveniles, and is designed for
minimum and first time offenders. The overall size is 62142 gross square feet, and
the site will be 11 acres. The site is located in the northeast area of San Antonio, near
a large concentration of the metropolitan's suburbs. The area is a combination of
residential and commercial activities, located near three major arteries of circulation.
The function must be to educate troubled juveniles in a secure enviroimient. The
"next generation" detention center must blend with the urban landscape and still let
people know the function is still incarceration (Farbstein, 1986).
 CHAPTER I
THESIS ISSUES
CHAPTER I THESIS ISSUES

PSYCHOLOGY
PSYCHOLOGICAL TOPICS

AGGRESSION:
Can be defined as overt behavior involving intent to inflict noxious
stimulation or to behave destructively toward another organism. Aggressive behavior
may be direct or indirect. Under conditions of averse stimulation or frustration,
aggressive, destructive behavior may be directed toward inanimate objects. The
important variable is the intent or perception of the behaving individual (Moyer,
1976).

INTENT:
Intent is also included in this definition, in order to exclude from the concept
of aggression, those accidental acts that may result in noxious stimulation to some
organism. Intent implies goal direction, it is always a private event, and can only be
inferred from behavior (Moyer, 1976).
CHAPTER I THESIS ISSUES
ARCHITECTURE

ARCHITECTURAL TOPICS

COLOR:
In building design, color serves many functions, many of which are aesthetic.
The creation of desired atmospheres is one of these functions. Color has the ability to
express the character of materials; brown gives wood its character. Color also defines
form; if the volumes are different colors, it can contrast them from the surroundings.
Bringing out scale, and give a sense of weight provides another use for color. From a
distance, scale is hard to judge, but if the elements are of contrasting colors, the scale
is more easily conveyed. Also, elements that are dark appear heavier, but light colors
look light in weight; giving an ability to set.
Today color is all around, from television to everyday life. Because of this,
human kind is more aware, and desires color. Color needs to be used effectively
because the client is more aware of it and its meaning. Colors have been shown to
have the ability to affect blood pressure, muscular, nerves, and mental activity
(Luckiesh, 156). According to Fere, a study showed a stimulation of muscular
activity by the use of "warmer colors." This showed colors ability to affect emotion.

RESPONSE:
The response for color is to determine the hue in each room, based upon the
function and desired quality in the space. This is done by knowing each color's
associated meaning and psychological effects.

Red has been associated mostly with blood, and thus represents tragedy,
anger, and health. Along with this, it has symbolized fire, heat, war, cruelty, and
hatred (Luckiesh, 1918). It is generally signified as being a more aggressive color.
Red by itself is a warm color, but when mixed has the ability to become neutral, or
even cool.
Yellow is also a warm color, because of its tie to light. The bright hue of
yellow is symbolic of light and warmth (Luckiesh, 1918). Yellow can also have
negative coimotations, including decay, indecency, morbidity, and cowardice.
CHAPTER I THESIS ISSUES
ARCHITECTURE

Yellow's negative verbal implications do not adversely affect the positive visual
emotion the color induces.
Green is employed to signify youth and vigor. This occurs throughout the
association of green with the spring of a new year (Luckiesh, 1918). This color
expresses hope, plenty, and vigor because of the association with the new beginning.
Green's negative connotations are isolated to verbal expressions of immorality and
inexperience. This is due also to the ties of the newness of spring. Green's a tie with
newness and nature gives it the ability to have positive effects on human emotions.
Blue's most striking characteristic is that of coldness. This occurs because of
its close proximity to the color black (Luckiesh, 1918). Blue is characterized as
dignified and soothing because of its shadowy nature, and this lends to its solemn
nature. Blue is associated with melancholy, and dismal unpromismg prospects
because of its ties to coldness. Blue is many peoples' favorite color, yet the coldness
makes blue a depressant and a negative stimulant.

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CHAPTER I THESIS ISSUES
ARCHITECTURE

LIGHTING

NATURAL LIGHTING:
Natural lighting is both qualitative and quantitative. Natural lighting gives the
occupants a real-time connection to the outside world. Also, the distant view for the
eye muscles gives relaxation (Phillips, 1965). According to Jay Farbstein, twice as
many patients in a windowless enviroimient suffered from post-surgical depression
than those with windows. The author then theorized that the natural lighting provided
some kind of necessary psychological escape from the grim realities of surgery.
Another obvious advantage is that natural lighting is free and has the ability to set.

RESPONSE:
Natural lighting is not perfect. If it is not controlled properly it can cause
problems. The greatest problems it can cause are glare and transient adaptation. Only
with the appropriate orientation, shading control, and room surface finishes can
occupant-effective natural lighting occur. The proper orientation depends upon the
geographic and topographic location (Steffy, 1990). In places with large amounts of
natural lighting, such as San Antonio, shading devices are needed to control excessive
sunlight and heat gain. Problems of natural lighting can be easily controlled if the
architect defines the desired quality and quantity.

ARTIFICIAL LIGHTING:
Artificial lighting is a tool that allows internal flexibility and elimination of
dead or second class space within a building. Artificial light allows a choice of mood
by variations in intensity and light distributions. Jnterior lighting to be well designed,
can not be solely based on the quantity, but more on the quality. The function of the
room sets the amount of illuminance needed. It is then up to the architect to set the
quality of light based upon the desired impressions to be given.
CHAPTER I THESIS ISSUES
ARCHITECTURE

RESPONSES TO QUALITY OF LIGHT:

First, a visually clear environment is used in work spaces where the occupants
will be present for long periods (Steffy, 1990). It can be defined as the overall
impression of a given environment according to architectural lighting design. This
quality is reinforced by higher luminance in the central part of the room, with
emphasis on the ceiling and the work plane. The use of wall luminance, along with
cooler toned light sources, aid in a rooms visual clarity. Crisp and distinct
impressions are needed in a work setting to prevent haziness that can be associated
with blandness.

Reinforced by
•higher luminance on horizontal
plane (emphasis on workplane
and ceiling plane)
•higher luminance in the central
part of the room
•wall luminance
•cooler toned continuous spectrum
light sources
CHAPTER I THESIS ISSUES
ARCHITECTURE

Spaciousness is quality that can be influenced by the lighting. This quality is

key in circulation and assembly spaces, where large numbers of people gather and/or
where the space is small (Steffy, 1990). In order to achieve this, the wall and ceiling
surfaces should be uniformly well lit. This, in turn, gives a more open or spacious
appearance. The spacious quality should be used in office areas where small work
stations or private offices exist.

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Reinforced by
•uniform lighting
•uniform wall lighting
CHAPTER I THESIS ISSUES
ARCHITECTURE

Next the quality of relaxation is important in spaces such as: waiting rooms,
lounges, conference rooms, and living areas (Steffy, 1990). The relaxation quality
sets a more comfortable space, and should not be disregarded in work places. This
characteristic is reinforced by using non-uniformed wall lighting, and warm toned
light sources. A relaxed quality is primarily used in casual spaces, but should not be
overiooked in being used in work areas, with the aid of task lighting.

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Reinforced by
•non-uniform lighting
•non-uniform wall fighting
• warm-toned sources

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CHAPTER I THESIS ISSUES
ARCHITECTURE

Finally, the impression of privacy is particularly important in intimate casual

spaces, such as residential, lounges, or restaurants (Steffy, 1990). The emphasis of
the lighting should be away from the occupant's area. This can be achieved by the use
of non-uniform lighting, and low luminance in the user's zone. The lighting should
then remain in the wall and have higher luminance zones surrounding the user.

Reinforced by
•non-uniform lighting
•low luminance in zone of user
•higher luminance in zones
surrounding user
•wall lighting
CHAPTER I THESIS ISSUES
ARCHITECTURE

DENSITY OF SPACE:
Next the affects of density, and how this can affect aggression. Density can be
defined as the number of people in a given space (Feimer, 1983). It is measured
either by focusing on the amount of space available or by the number of people
present. Many confuse density with crowding as having the same meaning, instead
they parallel the relationship of light intensity and brightness. Density of space goes
through a transmission process, and upon this perception of crowding may occur
(Altman, 1975). According to Introduction to Architecture, crowding is a
psychological or an environmental concept, which refers to the experience of being
fhistrated by the presence of too many people. Crowding is characterized by the
perception of density, and may be affected by many variables, including culture,
mood, personality, and physical context. Density may cause interference with
behavior, threaten intimacy, or cause excessive and unwanted interaction (Feimer,
1983).

RESPONSE:
A way to lessen the stress of density in highly institutional settings is the
ability to design areas of privacy. Privacy is a claim by an individual to control
access to themselves, and control when, how, and to what extent the information will
be given. Altman said humans use defense mechanisms and territorial behavior in
order to prevent stress in crowded situations. But, if a person has a private area, they
will be less likely to have stress, and not feel the need to use these defense
mechanisms. A door is the most basic way of ensuring privacy, and giving the ability
of separation from social interaction. The individual can then control when, how, and
to what extent the information will be given. This will give a private zone in the most
simplest form, and aid in lowering the perception of crowding.

10
CHAPTER I THESIS ISSUES
ARCHITECTURE

ENVIRONMENTAL PERCEPTION:
Visual imagery plays an important role in the architect's desired reaction.
Images are forms associated with past experiences, and then remembered generally by
their overall dominant characteristics (Cantanese, 1979). Images serve the function of
simplifying the world into manageable chunks of memory; giving meaning to the
world. It then sets a framework for groups to commimicate based upon these shared
experiences. People have memory images of the environment, and their behavior is
strongly affected by these images (Cantanese, 1979). No matter what the architect
designs, the building will be remembered for their significant use. In order to control
stress associated with incarceration, the architect must be aware of the related
negative images with jails. An example is steel bars and barbed wire that gives
images of incarceration and raises levels of stress in an already stressful situation.

RESPONSE:
The response is to break the mold of the building type and attempt to
normalize stressful environments. Instead of the steel bars and barbed wire an
architect may use less institutional materials to normalize the environment and aid in
the lowering of stress.
Today's architecture has gone to stark and brutal simplicity, with subtle
geometric configurations. Many people in today's society do not prefer this style and
can not perceive these subtleties. According to Cantanese these type envirormients
can be detrimental and may lead to arrested development (Cantanese, 1979). Varied
use of forms and shapes aid in peoples perception of spaces and can stimulate human
development, play, and exploratory behavior. Variety also leads to active commerce,
and development and can, depending on the building's function, lower stress that may
occur. Architects continue to search for the most appropriate forms for their designs;
this has shown varying forms and shapes can aid in human development, key in the
design of certain building types.

11

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CHAPTER I THESIS ISSUES
ARCHITECTURE

TEMPERATURE:
The temperature of a building is key to design spaces both comfortable and
functional. The codes for specific building types regulate the number of air changes
and temperature for the spaces. This only sets the minimum requirements, and even
with these codes the space my still have poor thermal comfort. Poor air circulation
leads to this problem, and may cause increased irritability, leading to an increase
likelihood of aggressive behavior (Farbstein, 1986).

RESPONSE:
A response is placing the supply of the conditioned air in a raised foundation
and placing the return duct-work in the ceiling above creating increased air cfrculation
through the space. This has shown if the architect controls thermal comfort in a
facility the likelihood of aggressive behavior can be lowered.

12

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CHAPTER I THESIS ISSUES
END NOTES

END NOTES:

Altman, Irwin. (1975^ The Environment and Social Behavior. Monterey, CA.
Brooks/Cole Publishing Company.

Cantanese, Anthony, and Snyder, James. (1979) Introduction to Architecture. New

York: Pergamon Press.

Christopherson, J. et al. (1973) Temperature and Life. New York: Springer-Verlag.

Farbstein, Jay. ri986^ Correcfional Facility Planning and Design. New York:
Academic Press.

Geen, Russell, and O'Neil, Edgar. (1976) Perspectives on Aggression. New York:
Academic Press.

Luckiesh, M. (1918) The Language of Color. New York: Dodd, Mead, and
Company.

Phillips, Derek. (1965) Lighting in Architectural Design. New York: McGraw-Hill

Book Company.

Steffy, Gary. (1990) Architectural Lighting Design. New York: VanNostrand

Reinhold Company.

13

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 CHAPTER II
FACILITY ISSUES

14
 CHAPTER II FACILITY ISSUES
FACILITY RESPONSIBILITIES

FACILITY RESPONSIBILITIES
• SECURITY'S issue is to make sure the juveniles remain incarcerated until legally
released (Farbstein, 1986).

• SAFETY must make sure the staff, inmates, and visitors are not subjected to
physical emotional, or psychological abuse or danger within a facility (Farbstein,
1986).

• SERVICE providing for the basic human needs of the inmate population, and
providing program opportunities for those inmates who participate (Farbstein, 1986).

Staff

Nonobtrusive Security

Surveillance

Normalized Physical Environrnent

15
CHAPTER II FACILITY ISSUES
FACILITY RESPONSIBILITIES RESPONSES

FACILITY RESPONSIBILITY RESPONSES

SECURITY:
The key issue in any detention center is security. It should be present, but not
oppressive and make as normal an environment as possible.

RESPONSES:
The security should be a combination of this normalized environment with
secured zones. In an environment less institutionalized, the inmates were more
active, had a more favorable attitude towards the facility, and experienced less
violence and vandalism. The design techniques, to achieve the normalized
environment, include natural light offering views; the use of bright, stimulated colors,
textured materials, limiting the size and volume of spaces; and providing spatial
variety (Farbstein, 1986). These design choices, along with other details ~ including
doors in place of grilled gates, non institutional furniture, and security glazing in
place of bars, result in a secure facility while remaining humane in appearance.
A recent design advance includes the implementation of unobtrusive
surveillance, while observing the irmiates, the surveillance should be direct without
any physical barriers. According to Jay Farbstein, "living and activity spaces, for
example, are arranged so that they be observed easily from a central point, rather than
encircling them with guard walks" (Farbstein, 1986). All of the "next generation
jails" in the case studies used a double height dayroom with a guard station directly
visible to all the inmates. The Suffolk County Jail used this approach, except the
architect placed two pods off each control booth, which helped lower the number of
staff members. All centers use closed circuit television, and soimd detection devices
aiding in overall security.

SAFETY:
Safety is another important aspect in a correctional facility. The safety
responsibilities of an architect is to design spaces with no visual obstructions, no
places to hide, and no ways to harm themselves or others.

16
CHAPTER II FACILITY ISSUES
FACILITY RESPONSIBILITIES RESPONSES

RESPONSES:
Choices to improve the safety include the use of a smaller separate dining
halls directly off a main kitchen. This concept is used in the Philadelphia Industrial
Correctional Center. The reason is to lessen the chances of any type of organized
aggression. Also, in the dayrooms, classrooms, gym, etc. there should be no
obstructions for the staffs direct visual contact of the juveniles. A problem occurred
in the Lubbock Youth Detention Facility. The architect placed partial partition walls
to break large rooms into smaller zones, a good idea in concept but it created blind
sports for the staff. All artificial lighting must be recessed or covered, so the
juveniles will not have anything to grab or break. This lesson was learned from the
four successful suicide attempts occurring at the Amarillo Youth Detention Facility,
according to Chris Hill. All glass should be reinforced or bullet proof according to
code, to make sure the inmates can not shatter the glass and cause harm to themselves
or others. The circulation should remain as short as possible to minimize response
time in case of an emergency. The doors to each room will be solid wood with
reinforced glass openings, maintaining direct visual contact to each individuals room.
The fire safety code states there should be identifiable emergency exits m each
inmates housing area, and all interior material shall meet national fire safety codes
(Farbstein, 1986).

SERVICE:
Finally, the last main responsibility of a juvenile detention center, according to
Jay Farbstein, is service.

RESPONSE:
Recent design innovation is the incorporation of program areas into residential
areas. This provides the youth with greater internal freedom without the need of an
escort. Also, they have easier access to programs that aid the juveniles treatment
(Farbstein, 1986). Increased square footage from past detention centers is mainly due
to the use of single occupant cells. Single occupancy cells make an effort to
normalize their environment, and aid in a service oriented facility for the juveniles.

17

SaSBSBi
CHAPTER II FACILITY ISSUES
FACILITY RESPONSIBILITIES RESPONSES

Also, this increase square footage is caused by the detention center becoming more
service oriented, and not merely a place for the warehousing of juveniles (Farbstein,
1986). This service orientation has lead to clinical, spiritual, cafeteria, and training
areas put into, and used in "next generation" jails. If service areas are provided, then
the staff will be more likely to make programs available to the juveniles. Both of
these ideas are done in an attempt to normalize the environment, and create a more
service oriented center to lower stress associated with being incarcerated.

18

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CHAPTER II FACILITY ISSUES
ACTIVITY/SPATIAL ANALYSIS

ADMINISTRATION DEPARTMENT

LOBBY AND CLERICAL:

The lobby and clerical areas will be the entry and a control point for all
visitors to the facility. The entry area will consist of a lobby, clerical facilities, and
staff areas. The total area is 1860 net square feet, and is based upon the Bexar County
facility. This area should be located near the directors office and the
counseling/visitation rooms. It will have its own parking and doorway, and be
considered the main entrance. The lobby will be the waiting and the informal
counseling area for the visitors.
The lobby and clerical area sets an atmosphere, for the visitors, of the facility.
Natural lighting and view are necessary and will be used to reduce the stress of
visiting an incarcerated youth. For the lobby non-uniform lighting, with warm-toned
sources will be used in making a relaxed atmosphere (Steffy, 1990). The lighting in
the clerical area will have higher luminances on the horizontal planes, and cooler
toned light sources to aid in visual clarity. Warm and soft colors will aid in setting a
relaxed, normalized atmosphere. The clerical area will have direct physical and
visual access to the lobby to answer any questions and take the visitors to meet with
the staff or juveniles. The lobby is fairly large, to make sure no crowding will occur
causing undo stress.

STAFF LOUNGE:
The primary function of the staff lounge is to give them a place of relaxation
to discuss any extra problem in a less formal enviroimient. The staff lounge should
locate near both the administrative and educational clusters. The lounge will be 800
net square feet for at most, 30 staff members at one time.
The key to this area is relaxation and cool soothing colors should be used.
Windows and doors will bring natural light and give direct contact to the outside.
The door will lead to an outside patio, and give the staff a real cormection to the
outside, also providing a place for smokers. Forms and shapes will be varied in order
to stimulate activity and aid in relaxation. The use of non-uniformed wall lighting

19
CHAPTER II FACILITY ISSUES
ACTIVITY/SPATIAL ANALYSIS

and warm tones aid in a relaxing quality (Steffy, 1990). This space will be designed
specifically for staff needs.

COUNSELORSA^SITATION:
The primary activities of this space is to evaluate and treat the juveniles during
their incarceration. The office should be located near the clerical and processing
areas. The office should be clustered and near a large conference room to hold group
meetings. Based upon the Bexar County facility, there are 3 large offices and 3
smaller offices, that serve the duel role of counseling and visitation. The conference
room will be 600 net square feet and serve up to 10 people at one time; for any large
meetings or training sessions.
This area is important in treating aggression, and should be both comfortable
and private. Warm, soft colors will be used to create a calming affect for the users,
due to stress that may occur during visitation or counseling. Windows or even small
patios will be used to aid in the calming of the juveniles, and create a cormection with
the exterior. Artificial lighting will be lower to create softer environment with
emphasis away from the occupants, and low luminance, to create a private setting.
This space should be the best designed to make the juveniles want to attend the
counseling sessions, and feel as comfortable as possible.

RECEIVING/CONTROL/RELEASE:
The receiving area should have its own private entrance, because it will
process all incoming juveniles. According to Chris Hill, all juveniles are evaluated,
classified, and medically examined upon entry to the facility. Also, at this point the
juveniles possessions will be taken, they will change into institutional attire, and be
searched. With these functions the area should be near the clinic, and have a holding
cell for any chemically affected juveniles. The total area is 860 net square feet and
will contain; a changing area, staff office, interview room, and a central control space.
The receiving area will be the juveniles first impression. The area should try
to calm the juveniles because it is a stressful situation. No natural lighting will be
needed because this will be an area of moving juveniles into the facility. Artificial
lighting will be 75 to 100 footcandles; with higher luminances on the work surfaces,

20
CHAPTER II FACILITY ISSUES
ACTFVITY/SPATIAL ANALYSIS

and the use of cooler tones, to aid the processing of the juveniles. The colors will be
warm and soft to aid in lowering the stress. The forms will be regular to make as
normalized enviroimient as possible. This area is the first and last place the juvenile
will remember and must give a lasting impression.

21
CHAPTER II FACILITY ISSUES
ACTIVITY/SPATL\L ANALYSIS

ACADEMIC DEPARTMENT

CLASS ROOM:
The class room is one of the most important areas of this facility, because one
key in rehabilitation is education. Each class will provide space for 10 to 12 students,
the facility will provide 480 for each class, with a 40 square feet of storage adjacent to
each class, based upon the Bexar County facility. Two class rooms for the four
subjects will provide close 4000 net square feet for all the classes.
The classes will be centrally located to make circulation from the individual
rooms minimal. Windows for each class room will be provided with shading devices,
to provide natural day lighting and visual contact with the outside. The colors should
be bright to stimulate learning, and varied forms and shapes will stimulate human
development (Cantanese, 1979). The artificial lighting will remain constant at
between 50 and 100 footcandles optimum and use a combination non-uniformed
lighting with cooler tones creating a relaxed, visually clear atmosphere (Steffy, 1990).

LIBRARY:
The library, according to Chris Hill, is a space provided for: independent
study sessions, extra student projects, or students too sick to perform physical
activities. Eight-hundred net square feet will be provided to accomplish both
independent reading or studying activities. The library will be located near the class
rooms, for easy access for any research during class.
The atmosphere will again have varied shapes and form to encourage learning
with bright colors. A light scope or clear story will be used to provide natural lighting
and not take space away from necessary shelving. Again the artificial lighting will
remain at 50 to 100 footcandles, while using non-uniformed task lighting, with warm
toned sources creating a relaxed atmosphere. The area is fairly large and controlling
the number of juveniles at one time will prevent crowding.

22
CHAPTER II FACILITY ISSUES
ACTIVITY/SPATIAL ANALYSIS

PHYSICAL EDUCATION:
The physical education area will be near the out door physical activity spaces.
It is an area that should be multi-purpose in order to make optimum use, and have
muhiple activities. The gymnasium will be 5000 net square feet with lockers, and
offices located adjacent for du-ect visual contact.
The gym is appropriate for the controlled release of aggression through the use
of sports (Lorenz, 1963). The colors should be bright in order to aid in this release.
The form will be solely based on its function. Large garage type doors can be used
to: bring in natural light, lower the HVAC load, and give access to outdoor areas.
The lighting will be bright with the walls and ceiling being uniformly lit in order to
meet the needs of the physical activities, and give a spacious equality.

WORK TRAINING:
The work training area will be small, but designed for computer education and
training. It is designed for between 8 to 10 terminals and about 400 net square feet.
A small storage area of 40 net square feet will be provided directly adjacent to the
training area. This area should be located near the library and classrooms for extra
storage of manuals, and texts.
This work training area should be designed user friendly to encourage
participation. The windows for natural light should also provide the best view.
Shading devised need to be used in order to prevent glare on the monitors. The colors
and forms will provide an atmosphere to encourage the learning process. High
luminances on the work surface and ceiling with cooler toned source give visual
clarity aiding in training the juveniles (Steffy, 1990).

CENTRAL STORAGE:
Storage is imperative in a facility such as this as shown by the problem
experienced at the Lubbock Youth facility. This will be 100 net square feet and will
be used for any additional material used by the teachers. It will be centrally located
for ease of access, but remain secure at all times.

23
CHAPTER II FACILITY ISSUES
ACTIVITY/SPATIAL ANALYSIS

SERVICE

CAFETERIA:
The cafeteria should be located centrally in order to lower circulation
problems. There will be two small cafeterias off one main kitchen in order to lower
problems of large group resistance as used in the Philadelphia Industrial Correctional
Center (PA, 1990). Each small cafeteria will be about 1000 net square feet apiece,
giving room for 25 to 35 juveniles at a time.
The cafeteria should be designed specifically for the use of the juveniles.
Windows are necessary to aid in normalizing the environment. The color of the
cafeteria will start as white, giving the juveniles a place to paint murals to personalize
the space. According to Farbstein this concept gave a more positive physical
appearance, improving, morale and lessening tension. The use uniform artificial wall
lighting aids in giving a spacious atmosphere lowering possible crowding problems
(Steffy, 1990). The variety in shapes and forms are used to aid in human
development.

KITCHEN:
The kitchen should be centrally located between the two cafeterias. It will be
only 200 net square feet, and only prepare small items and heat food brought onto the
site. It will have direct access to both the food service, and food storage areas to meet
minimal needs.

FOOD SERVICE:
The food service area will be the place where the food will be kept warm and
handed. There will be two small areas of 300 net square feet, directly off the main
kitchen and storage areas. This area will serve the function of handing out food,
while keeping it warm.
The space will be functional driven in order to have best results. The form is
solely driven by the needs of the staff. The color will probably also be white, because
only minimal time will be served in this area. Windows will not be necessary
because of direct visual access to the cafeterias openings. The atmosphere will be set

24
CHAPTER II FACILITY ISSUES
ACTIVITY/SPATIAL ANALYSIS

by the cafeteria again because of direct visual and spatial connection. Lightmg
provided will be task oriented by the use of cool toned wall luminances.

FOOD STORAGE:
Again storage plays a key role in a working area. Two zones will be needed,
conditioned and unconditioned, to store the necessary supplies. It should be directly
adjacent to the kitchen, and have outdoor opening in order to bring in the supplies.
The conditioned storage will be 1500 square feet based on the needs of a small high
school. The unconditioned storage will need 500 square feet based on the Bexar
County Juvenile Facility.

CUSTODIAL OFFICE:
The custodial office must be centrally located for the entire facility, and be
close to the kitchen and cafeteria. The office is for both storage and breaks for the
staff. It will be 150 net square feet.

MEDICAL:
The medical centers function will be a treatment area of minor problems and a
diagnoses center. The spaces contained will be a: waiting room, nurses station, a
secured storage area and two treatment rooms. The waiting room will be 100 net
square feet, and adjacent will be a nurses station of 150 net square feet for controlling
access to treatment rooms. The treatment rooms each being 120 net square feet, will
share a 50 net square feet toilet and changing area. The medical area should be
located near the processing area, in case any new juveniles: need medical attention, or
to give them physicals.
The architects main concem for the medical area, is the design of waiting
room and nurses station. Both need windows to aid in lowering of stress by giving a
psychological escape as previously discussed. The colors need to be cool to aid in
soothing all juveniles needing medical attention. The forms should remain simple, to
give a reassuring affect. The aid of warm toned non-uniformed wall lighting will be
used in giving the area a relaxed quality.

25
CHAPTER II FACILITY ISSUES
ACTIVITY/SPATIAL ANALYSIS

SPIRITUAL CENTER:
The spiritual center should be thought of as just that, and be multi-purpose for
use by the different religious orientations. The actual chapel is 450 net square feet,
based on the Bexar County facility, and will be located near the educational area for
possible shared storage. Along with the chapel, this area will have a chaplains office
at 120 net square feet directly adjacent to the chapel, and a secured storage room for
liturgical items.
The spiritual center be aware of the religious diversity, and meet those
demands through the use of zoning. Natural lighting is key as in any spiritual center,
to set ambiance. The density of this is about 15 square feet per person to give the
juvenile the choice in solitude or social interaction like any church. The color,
surfaces, and forms will be soft and classical, in an attempt to normalize this area.
Non-uniformed lighting and low luminance in the user's zone will give a needed
private quality to the space.

26
CHAPTER II FACILITY ISSUES
ACTIVITY/SPATIAL ANALYSIS

RESIDENTIAL

CONTROL ROOM:
This area is responsible for the observation of all juveniles while in their
individual rooms or the day room. Therefore, it should be centrally located so the
juveniles may be observed easily without any obtrusion. Each room will be 150 net
square feet, to give room for the surveillance equipment and allow space for
counseling the juveniles one on one. It will be adjacent to the dayroom and have
direct access.
The control room is driven by its function, due to its importance. The colors
will be warm, with high luminance on the horizon planes and cooler toned light
sources. This will give the room visual clarity and a normalized atmosphere.
Windows may be provided for staff members to have a psychological escape from the
monotony.

Program Area

27
CHAPTER II FACILITY ISSUES
ACTIVITY/SPATIAL ANALYSIS

INDIVIDUAL ROOMS:
The holding is the most unportant concem of an architect designing a
detention center. The choice is single occupancy cells clustered around a dayroom
and/or program area. Each room will be 80 net square feet, ten percent above the
minimum. The space will contain a: bed, table, chair, drawers, and a toilet sink
combination. The rooms are in clusters of between 15 and 20 cells, around the
dayroom.
The goal is to design as normalized enviroimient as possible. Each room will
contain windows for both view and natural light, connecting the juveniles with the
outside. The artificial lighting will be low in zone of the user with higher luminance
surrounding the user (Steffy, 1990). The lighting creates a feeling of privacy with
zones for different tasks. The colors will be warm, with varying shapes and forms to
aid in stimulating activities. The materials are softer, such as brick or wood, in order
to humanize the residential unit. This area is key in controlling aggression, and will
try to give the juveniles as much privacy as possible.

Plai
Typical Cell Interior View
CHAPTER II FACILITY ISSUES
ACTIVITY/SPATIAL ANALYSIS

DAYROOM:
The dayroom is a combination of recreation and program area. Thus it must
be as multi-use as possible, but with no visual obstructions. Each dayroom is 630 net
square feet, and serves 18 juveniles. The individual rooms will surround the space,
with a control booth between two dayrooms. It will contain 2 showers for the
juveniles.
The dayroom should be a space for the juveniles to enjoy and not be overly
oppressive, with few signs of incarceration. Natural lighting is very important, both
windows and light scoops will be used to bring as much daylight as possible. Non-
uniformed artificial lighting with warm tones will aid m creating a relaxed
atmosphere. Warm, soothing colors aid in creating a humanized environment, also
mural space will be provided to encourage care for the living area. Textured material
such as wood tile brick, wood, and carpet, will be used to obtain a more normal
environment(Farbstem, 1986). The dayroom and individual rooms should be
normalized to reduce trauma of incarceration, and encourage positive inmate and staff
attitudes.

Inmate
rcx)ms

Control
Station

Flexible Multi-
Security purpose
Barriers

29
CHAPTER II FACILITY ISSUES
SPACE RELATIONSHIPS

ADMINISTRATION

Lobby Social Interaction

Clerical Relaxation

Staff Lounge

CounselorA'^isitation

Receiving/Releasing/Control

EDUCATIONAL

Studying

Reading

Training

Work Training Storing

Storage Physical Education

Learning

Social Interaction

30
CHAPTER II FACILITY ISSUES
SPACE RELATIONSHIPS

SERVICE

Clinic Medical

Cafeteria Eating

Kitchen Social Interaction

Food Storage Food Preparing

Food Serving Food Serving

Relaxing

RESIDENTIAL

Individual Rooms Sleeping

Dayrooms Relaxing

Control Booth Talking

Social Interaction

Studying

Hygiene

Security

Thinking

Storing

31
 CHAPTER II FACILITY ISSUES
SPACE RELATIONSHIPS

ADJACENCY MATRICES

SPACES Visit/ Staff Work Cafe- Ind. Control Day

Lobby Counsel Lounge Receive Classes Library Gym Training Clinic terium Rooms Room Room

Lobby

Visitation/
Counseling

Staff Lounge
+ +
Receiving * *

Classes + + + +
Library + + +
Gym + +
Work Training + + + +
Clinic + * + +
Cafeteria + + + +
Individual + + +
Rooms

Control
Room

Dayroom

+ HIGH LEVEL OF ADJACENCY NEEDED

* SOME LEVEL OF ADJACENCY NEEDED

- NO LEVEL OF ADJACENCY NEEDED

32
CHAPTER II FACILITY ISSUES
END NOTES

END NOTES:

Architectural Record. September 1990. pp. 141-153.

Architectural Technology. Winter 1985. pp. 12-21.

Bexar County Secure Juvenile Treatment Center Program.

Farbstein, Jay. (19^6) Correctional Facility Planning and Design. New York: Van
Nostrand Reinhold Publishing.

Progressive Architecture. February 1991. pp. 51-58.

Steffy, Gary. ri99Q;^ Architectural Lighting Design. New York: VanNostrand

Reinhold Company

Interview with Chris Hill concerning the Lubbock Youth Correctional Facility.

33
 CHAPTER III
CONTEXTUAL ISSUES

34
CHAPTER III ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ CONTEXTUAL ISSUES

FACILITY ENVIRONMENT

FACILITY ENVIRONMENT

JAIL ENVIRONMENT:
The jail environment serves an important role in treating the stress that may
lead to aggressive behavior. In the past detention centers were highly secure, and
inflexible, the environment created was extremely oppressive. These institutions
created a warehousing approach to incarceration and provided little, if any, program
space and few opportunities for positive inmate-staff interaction (Farbstein, 1990).
In the past ten years the response was to let the architect make potential
positive contribution to the programs, and get away from the past warehousing
approach. This change has concentrated on two aspects. The first is an attempt to
improve operational efficiency, this can be done by better stationed post, use of non
obtrusive security, and lower circulation area. The facility then can be operated by
the staff and be built at lower costs (Farbstein, 1990). The second concept is the
designing of a more normalized environment, and make a building secure but not
oppressive. Lowering noise, boredom, stress, and violence are to achieve a
normalized environment (Farbstein, 1990). By doing this the inmate will be less
stressful, because the building will not meet the images of past jails and then can
concentrate on being reformed. Also less vandalism, and breakage can occur if they
are cormected to the spaces.
Next the detention center must be sensitive to the context of the community.
A response is to reduce barriers to gain community acceptance and participation.
Also the center should conform to the scale and appearance of its surroundings, while
not compromising security (Farbstein, 1990). According to Jay Farbstein, "the goal is
to project an appropriate image, while being a good neighbor to the community."

35

K B
CHAPTER III CONTEXTUAL ISSUES
COMMUNITY FIT

COMMUNITY FIT:
Many communities are hesitant about allowing a detention facility into their
residential or commercial sector. This feeling is reinforced by the current location of
facilities of this type. Many are outside the city limits and in areas that growth is
stagnant.
This site breaks away form the past molds of locating a facility of this type.
This is inside the city limits, and is a combination of residential and commercial
areas. Also, this area is growing the fastest of any part of San Antonio. Once these
facilities are put into areas like this, the residents will become accustomed to the
location and see the appropriateness of the site selection.

Existing Mixed Use Buildings lustice Facility

36

\ •*.'*:«• " • ^ ^ ' ' ^ ^

CHAPTER III COMMUNITY FIT
SITE SURVEY
SITE SURVEY

SITE ISSUES:
• Must be located in a commercial and residential mix uses (Chris Hill).
• Site should be centrally located in community (Farbstein, 1990).
• Site should be relatively level for ease of development (Farbstein, 1990).
• Site should be open and approachable with green spaces for public use and a
security perimeter (Farbstein, 1990).
• Site should be easily accessible both by public transportation and roads
(Farbstein, 1990).

SITE SURVEY:
The site at Loop 1604 and Nacadoches Road meets the criteria based on
interviews and reading. Chris Hill stated that the site for a minimum security facility
should be located in commercial and residential mixed-use zones. This area is one of
the fastest growing commercial areas in San Antonio. Across Nacadoches is San
Antonio's newest shopping center, and two miles north on Nacadoches will be the
Retama Horse Racing Park. South on Nacadoches and west on Loop 1604 are
multiple housing developments that continue to grow. The zoning at this point is
residential but is changing because of the growth pattem.
Next, the site is centrally located with easy access from San Antonio, and its
northern suburbs. The Loop 1604 surrounds the entire city and gives access to the
site from interstates 10 and 35, San Antonio's two largest arteries. Also, Nacadoches
is one of the busiest and longest streets in the city, connecting the site to both
commercial and residential areas. With these major thurofairs aid making public
transportation accessible for the staff and families.
FinaUy, the size of this site gives opportunity for fixture growth, and has
buildable topography. The area is also large enough to support outdoor activities
spaces, as well as to allow for adequate parking and service space (Farbstein, 1990).

37

tnmrfvattmiMJMjmiUI
 CHAPTER III CONTEXTUAL ISSUES
SITE SURVEY

IE(C
THE CROSSROADS BUILDING • SUITE 910
1 6 3 5 N. E. LOOP 4 1 0 • SAN ANTONIO. TEXAS 7 6 2 0 9
St2 - 826.9261

NACO"1604
APPROX. 50 ACRES
ADJOINING ROLLING OAKS MALL

LOCATION: Nacogdoches and Loop 160A, northeast San Antonio* 2.5 miles
from IH-35. Property adjoins Rolling Oaks Mall to the north-
west with frontage on Loop 1604 access road and on the MKT
Railroad.

PROPERTY DESCRIPTION: Highly visible property, basically rectangular in shape. There

is some land within the 100-year floodplain. Engineering drain-
age studies are available during a feasibility study period.

FRONTAGE: Loop 1604 access road. Approximately 1,000 feet.

TRAFFIC COUNT: 15,100 (1989)

UTILITIES: Water: To the property.

Electricity: To the property.
Sewer: Presently not sewered. Available through CCMA.
Lift station required.

ZONING: Temporary R-1. Rezoning is anticipated upon platting.

AREA DEVELOPMENTS Rolling Oaks Mall with 1,306,348 s.f. of G.L.A. is anchored
by Sears, Dillards, Foleys, and a multi-screen theater.
Retama Park, a "Class A" horse racing facility, has broken
ground approximately 2 miles from the subject property.
Wal-Mart has recently opened a large store across Loop 1604,
Target has a store planned for the area, as well as other
retailers. Randolph Air Force Base, City of Live Oak, Uni-
versal City, Garden Ridge, and numerous residential develop-
ments are included in the trade area of this property.

PRICE: $1.00 sq. ft.

CONTACT: Don Willoughby or Barbara Condos - (512) 828-9261

38

- '—-•- "^ ^ Y H ' Tlh» i*t I j^di^^j^Ata^'i^X^.

CHAPTER III CONTEXTUAL ISSUES
SITE SURVEY

39

,v-^.'->,-,- - ,v-r-•K^yr.jjlLKfJ'T^ ^ >wJ

CHAPTER III CONTEXTUAL ISSUES
SITE SURVEY

X i^

I I • t NACO • MAA SO AOU YIACT r^"

\

40

:--T^ . . ^ . . n v ^ t ^ iyL'ii»!u^r-M
 CHAPTER III CONTEXTUAL ISSUES
SITE SURVEY

ANNUAL AVERAGE DAILY TRAFFIC COUNT

Loop 1604 west of Nacogdoches Road

Selected Annual Comparisons

VT
EH
HO
I US
0 A
LN
ED8
S

1980 1985 1989 1991

YEAR

41

l> h ^ TVfETXSKlfjXB
CHAPTER III CONTEXTUAL ISSUES
SITE SURVEY

42
CHAPTER III CONTEXTUAL ISSUES
END NOTES

END NOTES:

Farbstein, Jay. (1986) Correction Facility Planning and Design. New York: Van
Nostrand Reinhold Publishing.

Interview with Chris Hill concerning the Lubbock Youth Correctional Facility.

43

nrWAMiHii. u u t a L A >!* v%rv^nC3Rfe

 CHAPTER IV
SPACE SUMMARY

44
CHAPTER IV SPACE SUMMARY
SPACE SUMMARY CHART

#0F NET USE

SPACE SF SPACES S.F. S.F.
NJISTRATION DEP^JITM

Lobby 225 1 225 292.5

Clerical 300 1 300 390
(3 stations)
Conference Room 300 1 300 390
Director Office 150 1 150 195
Staff Lounge 800 1 800 1040
Counselor (Large) 150 3 450 585
Counselor (Small) 100 3 300 390
Meeting Room 600 1 600 780
Receiving/Releasing 860 1 860 1118
Total 3985 5180.5

ACADEMIC DEPARTMENT:

Classrooms 480 8 3840 4992

Library
Physical Education
Offices 200 1 200 260
Lockers 500 1 500 650
Gymnasium 5000 1 5000 6500
Work Training
Shop 4000 1 4000 5200
Computer Room 400 1 400 520
Total 18122 18122

45
CHAPTER IV SPACE SUMMARY
SPACE SUMMARY CHART
# OF NET USE
SPACE SF SPACES S.F. S.F.

SERVICE DEPARTMENT:

Cafeteria 1000 2 2000 2600

Kitchen 200 1 200 260
Food Service 300 2 600 780
Food Storage
Conditioned 1500 1 1500 1950
Unconditioned 500 1 500 650
Custodial 150 1 150 195
Receiving 500 1 500 650
Medical
Exam 120 2 240 312
Waiting 100 1 100 130
Nurses Station 150 1 150 195
Storage 120 1 120 156
Spiritual 820 1 820 1M6
Total 6880 8944

RESIDENTIAL DEPARTMENT:

Unit
Sleeping Room 80 18 1440 1872
Dayroom 630 1 630 819
Bathroom 120 1 120 156
Unit 2190 2847
Pod 4380 5694
Pod (2 units share)
Staff Office 120 1 120 156
Recreation/Multi use 600 1 600 819
720 973
Total 5100 6667
Total (3 pods) 15300 19539

46
CHAPTER IV SPACE SUMMARY
SPACE SUMMARY CHART

OVERALL TOTALS:
Usable SF Gross SF
DEPARTMENT:
Administration 5180.5 6216.6
Academic 18122 21746.4
Service 8944 10732.8
Residential 19539 23446.8
51785.8 62142.6

Gross square footage = 62142.6

47
CHAPTER IV SPACE SUMMARY
ECONOMIC ANALYSIS

ECONOMIC ANALYSIS:

BUILDING SF COST/SF TOTAL

Prison 62142.6 115 $7,146,399.00

TOTAL BUILDING COST % OF CONSTRUCTION TOTAL

Building Cost 7,146,399
Land 1.00 SF
Site Work 5% 357,320
Construction Loan 9% 643,176
Contingency 5% 357.320
8,504,215

48
 Thesis Summary

My thesis was to use architectural design to normalize the institutional setting

aiding in the treatment of aggression. The methods in which the architect can accomplish
this IS through the use of color, form, density of space, temperature, and light.

Colors have the ability to influence the human physce and have connotations associated
with them. I was aware of both and used brighter colors, mainly yellows and greens
because of the positive connotations associated with them. In the private areas I used
blues and greens aiding the feeling of privacy for the juveniles.

Light plays a key in any design helping give the occupants contact with the real worid. In
each room used by the juvenile natural light and view is accomplished by using windows.
This helps relax the juvenile and give them contact with the surrounding worid. Indirect
natural lighting is brought into the dryad by the use of clearstory and the vaulted roof
Artificial lighting is also key in setting the atmosphere in each room. The dayroom,
counseling rooms and the lobby cool lighting along the edges help giving the feeling of
relaxation.

Temperature can lead to aggression especially increased heat. I lowered the chance of
this occurring by having supply ducts in each cell with return in the dayroom, this helps air
circulation in the facility lowering the chance of heat related stress.

Connotations of Facility may lead to stress. If a person has had negative experiences at
a facility and the facility he/she is going to appears the same that person will have
increased anxiety. I have solved this by designing a detention center like no other. The
plan layout mimics that of a city, the government in a zone cut by a major road, then the
residential next to the educational andfinallythe recreational. This organization gives the
juveniles something to relate while at the facility. The chapel is set at the center of the
entire design. This is done because in order to be healed physically a person must first be
healed spiritually. Along the main center axis I placed a row of peach trees for the
juveniles to take care of as a reward. Privacy is key to lowering the stress at this facility.
This is accomplished by the private courtyards throughout, the extra square footage in the
individual rooms and the design of the chapel. The fence is another problem because of
the negative connotations. This has been solved by placing two rows of trees on both
sides of the fence, far enough away so not able to climb to get over the fence, to hide it.

Forms used in this facility are softer using the curves throughout. Also used a variety of
shapes to help stimulate the juveniles minds helping keep them active mentally as well as
physically.
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