ISD Assignment 1 - Group 27

FACAUTY OF SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING
DEPATMENT OF CIVIL AND CONSTRUCTION ENGINEERING
STEN 4003 – Integrated Structural Design
Assignment 1
Transportable Modular House Structure Design
Semester 1, 2020
Group Number: 27
Name Student ID
Loo Jia Jin 19220677
Ong Ee Fang 19220392
Nelson Lee Kuan Ming 19214366
STEN4003: Integrated Structural Design – ASSIGNMENT ONE Group Number: _27_
MARKING of GROUP WORK
Activity Excellent Moderate Could do better
(≥ 80%) (60-79%) (< 60%)

Design Concept
Project Overview (scope of work,
design assumptions, loading
criteria, structural system, load
paths, etc.)
An executive one-page
summary (Sound structural
system, Accuracy of load paths,
Feasible outcome and
Completeness)
Design Detail
Analysis and Design processes
Referencing
Drawings
Clear, Consistent and Complete
Teamwork & self-
management
Evidence of teamwork & self-
management
Well-constructed report
Professionally presented
Good and consistent format
Well written
Total
MARKER TOTAL GROUP MARK_______________
COMMENTS:_______________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
MARKS OF INDIVIDUALS (out of 100% perceived contribution)

Surname, Given Name Student ID Group Mark Comments deemed appropriate
Out of 33.3%
Loo, Jia Jin 19220677
Ong, Ee Fang 19220392
Lee, Kuan Ming Nelson 19214366
ii
Executive Summary STRUCTURAL SYSTEM
The three main components of the structural system are joists, beams,
and columns. The roof joists will transfer loading from roof to the
beam through pinned connection, then the roof beam will transfer the
loading to the supporting column. Floor joists and beams do the
similar job transferring loads from the floor to column.
The column proposed by our project is relatively small to become part

of the house’s furniture such as wardrobes and bookshelves, which
help to save a lot of space of the modular house.
INTERFACES
Bolts are used as the connector to connects between volumetric units

horizontally to resist the shear and tension force. Custom steel I-beam
is used as the connector to connect volumetric units vertically at the
column. The steel I-beam will be bolted through the top column of
then lower floor and the bottom column of the upper floor to connect
each other.
Building cross section with load path @ 1:100
CONSTRUCTION SEQUENCE
1. Bolt the custom steel I-beam to the foundation, or bolt at the top
column of the lower floor unit.
2. Secure the modular unit with sling and lift the unit with cranes
according to the proposed rigging system.
3. Place the volumetric on top of the foundation or stack on top of
other units, while workers need to adjust the placement of unit.
4. Bolt the steel I-beam to the bottom column of the unit
5. Check the stability of each connector before removing the rigging
system.
MATERIAL CHOICE
Timber is the material used for this project, because it can provide
roughly a 20% higher strength-to-weight ratio compare to structural
steel. This is a crucial criterion for constructing a lightweight
volumetric unit.
Laminated Veneer Lumber (LVL) is used for the design of joists.

Glu-laminated timber (GLT) is used for the design of beams.
Cross-laminated timber (CLT) is used for the design of columns.
SUBMISSION BY:
Group27:
Nelson Lee Kuan Ming
Loo Jia Jin
Ong Ee Fang
04/05/2020
Plan view and elevated view @ 1:100 Detail of key connection/buildup @ 1:10
Table of Contents
Executive Summary................................................................................................................................ iii
1.0 Introduction ....................................................................................................................................... 1
2.0 Conceptual Design............................................................................................................................. 2
2.1 Roof Structure Design ................................................................................................................... 2
2.2 Floor Structure Design .................................................................................................................. 2
2.3 Column Design .............................................................................................................................. 2
2.4 Connections Design ....................................................................................................................... 2
2.5 Principle of Building Acoustics..................................................................................................... 3
2.6 Principle of Fire Design................................................................................................................. 3
2.7 Lifting of Module .......................................................................................................................... 3
3.0 Design Actions .................................................................................................................................. 4
3.1 Evaluation of Permanent Loads (G) .............................................................................................. 4
3.2 Evaluation of Imposed Loads (Q) ................................................................................................. 6
3.3 Evaluation of Wind Loads ............................................................................................................. 6
3.4 Design Load Combination ............................................................................................................. 9
4.0 Ultimate Strength Limit State Design ............................................................................................. 10
4.1 Design of Roof Joists................................................................................................................... 10
4.2 Design of Roof Beam .................................................................................................................. 12
4.3 Design of Floor Joists .................................................................................................................. 13
4.4 Design of Floor Beams ................................................................................................................ 14
4.5 Design of Columns ...................................................................................................................... 15
5.0 Serviceability Limit State Design .................................................................................................... 16
5.1 Serviceability Check for Roof Joist ............................................................................................. 16
5.2 Serviceability Check for Roof Beam ........................................................................................... 16
5.3 Serviceability Check for Floor Joist ............................................................................................ 16
5.4 Serviceability Check for Floor Beam .......................................................................................... 16
5.5 Serviceability Check for Column ................................................................................................ 16
6.0 Connection Design .......................................................................................................................... 17
6.1 Connection between roof and roof joists ..................................................................................... 17
6.2 Connection between Roof Joist and Roof Beam ......................................................................... 17
6.3 Connection between Roof Beam and Column ............................................................................ 17
6.4 Connection between Floor and floor joist ................................................................................... 18
6.5 Connection between Floor Joist and Floor Beam ........................................................................ 18
6.6 Connection between Floor Beam and Column ............................................................................ 19
6.7 Connection between Upper Column and Lower Column............................................................ 19
6.8 Connection between Modules ..................................................................................................... 20
7.0 Conclusion ....................................................................................................................................... 21
8.0 Detailed Drawings ........................................................................................................................... 21
9.0 References ....................................................................................................................................... 21
10.0 Appendix ....................................................................................................................................... 22
List of Figure:
Figure A1 Rigging system to lift the modular at site (Hercules SLR n.d.) ........................................... 22
Figure E2.1 Bending moment diagram with load combination of 1.35G.............................................. 29
Figure E1.3 Bending moment diagram with load combination of 1.2G + 1.5Q ................................... 29
Figure E1.4 Bending moment diagram with load combination of 1.2G + 1.5ψlQ ................................ 29
Figure E1.5 Bending moment diagram with load combination of 1.2G + Wu + ψcQ .......................... 30
Figure E1.6 Bending moment diagram with load combination of 0.9G + Wu...................................... 30
Figure E1.7 Shear force diagram with load combination of 1.35G ....................................................... 30
Figure E1.8 Shear force diagram with load combination of 1.2G + 1.5Q ............................................. 31
Figure E1.9 Shear force diagram with load combination of 1.2G + 1.5ψlQ ......................................... 31
Figure E1.10 Shear force diagram with load combination of 1.2G + Wu + ψcQ ................................. 31
Figure E1.11 Shear force diagram with load combination of 0.9G + Wu ............................................. 32
Figure E2.12Bending moment diagram with load combination of 1.35G ............................................ 32
Figure 13 Bending moment diagram with load combination of 1.2G + 1.5Q ....................................... 32
Figure 14 Bending moment diagram with load combination of 1.2G + 1.5ψlQ ................................... 33
Figure 15 Bending moment diagram with load combination of 1.2G + Wu + ψcQ.............................. 33
Figure 16 Bending moment diagram with load combination of 0.9G + Wu ......................................... 33
Figure 17 Shear Force diagram with load combination of 1.35G ......................................................... 34
Figure 18 Shear Force diagram with load combination of 1.2G + 1.5Q ............................................... 34
Figure 19 Shear Force diagram with load combination of 1.2G + 1.5ψlQ ............................................ 34
Figure 20 Shear Force diagram with load combination of 1.2G + Wu + ψcQ ...................................... 35
Figure 21 Shear Force diagram with load combination of 0.9G + Wu ................................................. 35
Figure 22 Bending moment diagram with load combination of 1.35G ................................................. 35
Figure 32Bending moment diagram with load combination of 1.35G .................................................. 39
Figure 42 Bending moment diagram with load combination of 1.35G ................................................. 42
Figure 47 Axial Force diagram with load combination of 1.35G.......................................................... 44
Figure 48 Axial Force diagram with load combination of 1.2G + 1.5Q ............................................... 44
Figure 49 Axial Force diagram with load combination of 1.2G + 1.5ψlQ ............................................ 44
Figure 50 Axial Force diagram with load combination of 1.2G + Wu + ψcQ ...................................... 45
Figure 51 Axial Force diagram with load combination of 0.9G + Wu.................................................. 45
Figure 52 Deflection diagram of roof joists .......................................................................................... 46
Figure 53 Deflection diagram of roof beam .......................................................................................... 46
Figure 54 Deflection diagram of floor joists ......................................................................................... 47
Figure 55 Deflection diagram of floor beam ......................................................................................... 47
Figure 56 Deflection diagram of columns ............................................................................................. 48
List of Table:
Table 1 Details for Roof Structure Design .............................................................................................. 2
Table 2 Details for Floor Structure Design ............................................................................................. 2
Table 3 Details for Column Design ......................................................................................................... 2
Table 4 Details for Connection Design ................................................................................................... 2
Table 5 Internal Pressure Calculation Details ......................................................................................... 7
Table 6 External Pressure Calculation Details ........................................................................................ 8
Table 7 Aerodynamic Shape Factor for External Pressure ...................................................................... 8
Table 8 Combined Values of Cfig ............................................................................................................ 8
Table 9 Design Wind Pressure ................................................................................................................ 9
Table 10 Details for Combination of Action for Serviceability Limit State ........................................... 9
Table 11 Details for Combinations of Actions for Ultimate Strength Limit State ................................ 10
Table 12 Details for Bending Strength Design Capacity....................................................................... 11
Table 13 Details for Flexural Sear Strength .......................................................................................... 11
Table 14 Bending Strength Design Capaity for Roof Beam ................................................................. 12
Table 15 Flexural Shear Strength for Rood Beam ................................................................................ 13
Table 16 Bearing Capacity for Roof Beam ........................................................................................... 13
Table 17 Bending Strength Design Capacity for Joists ......................................................................... 13
Table 18 Flexural Shear Strength for Joists........................................................................................... 14
Table 19 bendin Strength Design Capacity for Floor Beams ................................................................ 14
Table 20 Flexural Shear Strength for Floor Beams ............................................................................... 14
Table 21 Bearing Capacity for Floor Beams ......................................................................................... 15
Table 22 Compressive Strength Design for Columns ........................................................................... 16
Table 23 Design Capacity for Connection between Roof Beam and Column ...................................... 18
Table 24 Design Capacity for Connection between Floor Beam and Column...................................... 19
Table 25 Design Capacity for Connection between Upper Column and Lowwer Column................... 20
Table 26 Design Capacity for Connection between Modules ............................................................... 20
1.0 Introduction
This design report outlines the analysis of structural timber design for the superstructure of the
transportable housing project, according to a provided architectural design. The prefabricated volumetric
units are designed with sufficient robustness for transportation, lifting and handling. The units dimension
proposed by our project are 10.95m x 5.4m and 3.65m x 5.4m, with height of 3.9m, satisfying the
maximum loading dimensions for transportation of units above road. Timber is used as the main
structural material in this project, as the strength-to-weight ratio of timber products are roughly 20%
higher than of using steel design. Lightweight volumetric units are preferred for this project.
The architectural design of the modular house is inspired by the Shigeruban Furniture House, where
furniture such as wardrobes and cupboards act as part of the structural member for the structure to
minimize usage of space. Thus, the design of the modular house’s columns in this project is relatively
small to accommodate the size of furniture. Each unit are able to stack up on one another provided that
the columns are connected accordingly to the design of this report, with a maximum of four storey being
stacked together.
Few studs of 150mm x 150mm were added at the side of the unit, which is not part of any furniture, to
improve the stability of the modular house. Other engineering consideration include the local
performance requirements such as the acoustics and fire protection.
Design of the structure members are in accordance to the standards below:

AS/NZS 1170.0:2002 (Structural design actions; General principles)
AS/NZS 1170.1:2002 (Structural design actions; Permanent, imposed and other actions)
AS/NZS 1170.2:2011 (Structural design actions; Wind actions)
AS 1684.2 N1/N2 Supplement 9-2100 (Residential timber-framed construction; Non-cyclonic areas)
AS 1720.1-2010 (Timber structures; Design methods)
AS 4100 (Steel structural design)
Other design specifications are taken from the technical data sheets provided by manufacturer:
Laminated Veneer Lumber (LVL) – Wesbeam
Cross-Laminated Timber (CLT) – Woodworks, Crosslamtimber
Connections- Rothoblaas, Pryda
The structural analysis for load path of the structure are designed by using the SPACEGASS software.
1
2.0 Conceptual Design
2.1 Roof Structure Design
Structural Elements Materials Specifications
Maximum span length: 3000mm
Roof LVL Maximum span width: 1200mm
Thickness: 28mm
Height: 140mm
Joists LVL
Width: 35mm
Height: 270mm
Beam GLT
Width: 65mm
Table 1 Details for Roof Structure Design
2.2 Floor Structure Design

Maximum span length: 3000mm
Floor LVL Maximum span width: 1200mm
Thickness: 45mm
Height: 190mm
Joists LVL
Width: 35mm
Height: 270mm
Beam GLT
Width: 65mm
Table 2 Details for Floor Structure Design
2.3 Column Design

Width: 150mm
Column CLT
Depth: 150mm
Table 3 Details for Column Design
2.4 Connections Design

Connections Materials Specifications
Diameter, ø: 2.5mm
Roof to Joist Nails
Length: 50mm
Roof Joist to Diameter, ø: 3.15mm
Nails
Beam Length: 90mm
Roof Beam to Diameter, ø: 6.0mm
Bolts
Column Length: 230mm
Diameter, ø: 3.15mm
Floor to Joist Nails
Length: 90mm
Floor Joist to Diameter, ø: 3.15mm
Screw
Beam Length: 90mm
Floor Beam to Diameter, ø: 20mm
Bolts
Column Length: 230mm
Grade 250 thickness: 6mm
Column to Steel I-beam
Bolt diameter, ø: 8.0mm
Column & Bolts
Bolt length: 200mm
Module to Diameter, ø: 10mm
Bolts
module Length: 320mm
Table 4 Details for Connection Design
2
2.5 Principle of Building Acoustics
Building Code of Australia (BCA) set the acoustic ratings for residential buildings to follow. Polyester
insulation of 50mm thick are inserted above the ceiling and below the floor for sound insulations
between each unit. The purpose of sound insulation is to reduce the transmission of sound energy from
one unit to another unit, improving the accommodating tolerance when units are stacked up. Design
properties of the acoustic design may refer to GTEKTM with acoustic system tested by CSIRO
(Manufacturing & Infrastructure Technology) that complies with the requirement of BCA. On-site
insulation rating should be tested for a more accurate data.
2.6 Principle of Fire Design

Fire Engineering Guidelines introduced by the Australian Building Codes Board outlined the
engineering method and safety assessment of fire safety for buildings. One method for timber structure
to comply with the Building Code of Australia (BCA) Material Group Number Classification and
Deemed to Satisfy Provision as determined by AS/NZS 3837:1998 tests, is to cover them with fire-rated
plasterboard. Product from GTEK Fire are chosen for our project as they provide reliable accreditation,
with accredited testing laboratory used to test their fire-rated system with accordance to AS/NZS 3837
and AS/NZS 1530.4 standards. BGC fireboard with thickness of 16mm are screwed to the ceiling and
floor of each modular house, meeting with the minimum fire resistance level (FRL) of structural
adequacy, integrity and insulation of 60/60/60 according to AS1530.4.
2.7 Lifting of Module

The design of flat synthetic-webbing slings used in the rigging system to lift the module at site is based
on the Lifting Victoria company, which is a company that supplies high quality of lifting and rigging
gear at Melbourne. The company also provide height safety solutions to client based on AS1353.2- 1997.
Maximum loading of the transportable module is calculated to be 60.5kN (equivalent to 6.18 tonnes
loading). Basket hitch with 4-leg slings will be used to lift the module at site.
Safe work loading under general conditions [AS1353.2- 1997] <Table 1>
SWL = L x WLL > 6.78

Loading factor L = 2 (parallel)
WLL for the sling should be larger than 3.39tonnes
Two synthetic slings with 5 tonnes capacity each is used together to stabilise the module while lifting.
Two Dura-Lite adjustable lifting beam with standard capacity of 5 tonnes and a Modulift MOD70
Spreader beam with a maximum capacity of 70 tonnes & 14 m length are used together with the slings
to provide a 90o lifting angle to prevent the module from being damaged through the lifting process. The
spacing between slings are 6m, symmetrically 3 m away from the centre of gravity of the module.
The rigging method is visualized in the figure shown in Appendix A
3
3.0 Design Actions
The loading of the roof is transferred to the main columns supporting the beams through the roof joists.
The loading from the floor is transferred to the main columns supporting the beams through the floor
joists. To determine the suitable sizing of timber to be used for each structural element, the design actions
need to be calculated. The load path from the highest point of the structure working all the way until the
bottom of footing are analysed using SPACEGASS software. Three design actions acting on the
structures are the permanent loads, imposed loads, and wind loads.
3.1 Evaluation of Permanent Loads (G)

The permanent loading actions are based on the Australian Standard/New Zealand Standard (AS/NZS
1170.1:2002) unless otherwise stated. From our conceptual design, loads from the roof will be
transferred to the roof joists, then to the roof beams, directed into the column. Loads from the floor will
be transferred to the floor joists, then to the roof beams, directed into the column. The whole weight of
one module will be then directed into the column of another module below it. The dimensions are
estimated by referencing from <AS 1684.2 N1/N2 Supp 9 – 2010> and manufacturer availability from
Wesbeam Pty Limited.
3.1.1 Roof (LVL of Density 6.47kN/m3)

Thickness: 28mm
Force/unit area = 6.47 x 0.028 = 0.181kN/m2
3.1.2 Roof Joists (LVL of Density 6.47kN/m3)

Dimensions: 140 x 35mm spaced at 600mm centres
Force/unit length = 6.47 x 0.14 x 0.035 = 0.032kN/m
Load acting on the middle strip:

Tributary width of roof on joists = 600mm
Force/unit length of roof = 0.181 x 0.6 = 0.109 kN/m
Total permanent force/length acting on joists = 0.032 + 0.109 = 0.141 kN/m
Load acting on the edge strip:

3.1.3 Roof Beam (Glulam of Density 6.377kN/m3)

Dimensions: 270 x 65mm
Force/unit length = 6.377 x 0.27 x 0.065 = 0.112 kN/m
Point load of joists acting on the beams:

At beam 1:
Tributary length of joists on beam = 3650/2 = 1825mm
Point load acting on beam at 600 centres = (0.141 x 1.825) = 0.257kN
Point load acting on beam at edge = 0.086 x 1.825 = 0.157kN
Calculation of loading for other beams are shown in Appendix B1.
4
3.1.4 Glass Wall
Density = 15 kg/m2 (Double R Glass & Roofing Systems Ltd, 2020)
Thickness = 6mm
Height = 2500m
15𝑥9.81
Line load = 1000
𝑥2.5 = 0.368 kN/m
3.1.5 Floor (LVL of Density 6.47kN/m3)

Thickness: 45mm
Force/unit area = 6.47 x 0.045 = 0.291kN/m2
3.1.6 Floor Joists (LVL of Density 6.47kN/m3)

Dimensions: 190 x 35mm spaced at 600mm centres
Force/unit length = 6.47 x 0.19 x 0.035 = 0.043kN/m

Tributary width of floor on joists = 600mm
Force/unit length of floor = 0.291 x 0.6 = 0.175 kN/m

Tributary width of floor on joists = 300mm
Force/unit length of floor = 0.291 x 0.3 = 0.087 kN/m
Force/unit length of glass wall = 0.368
Total permanent force/length acting on joists = 0.043 + 0.087 + 0.368 = 0.372 kN/m
3.1.7 Floor Beams (Glulam of Density 6.377kN/m3)

Dimensions: 270 x 65mm
Force/unit length = 6.377 x 0.27 x 0.065 = 0.112 kN/m
Point load of joists acting on the beams:

At beam 1:
Tributary length of joists on beam = 3650/2 = 1825mm
Point load acting on beam at 600 centres (Floor joists with glass wall at side)
= (0.218 x 1.825) + (0.368 x 0.6) = 0.619kN
Point load acting on beam at edge = (0.372 x 1.825) + (0.368 x 0.3) = 0.789kN
Calculation of loading for the rest of the beam are shown in Appendix B1.
3.1.8 Columns (CLT of Density 4.905kN/m3)

Dimensions: 150 x 150mm x 3900mm
Force = 4.905 x 0.15 x 0.15 x 3.9 = 0.43kN
Calculation of loading for the rest of the column are shown in Appendix B3
5
3.2 Evaluation of Imposed Loads (Q)
The imposed loading actions are calculated according to Australian Standard/New Zealand Standard
(AS/NZS 1170.1:2002) unless otherwise stated.
3.2.1 Imposed Load on Roof Joists

Imposed action for activity type R2 (other roofs): < Table 3.2>
Specific uses: Structural element

Uniformly distributed actions = 0.25 kN/m2


3.2.2 Imposed Load on Floor Joists due to Floor Activity

A1 Self-contained dwellings:
Balconies, and roof used for floor type activities (b)
Uniformly distributed actions = 2.0 kN/m2 <Table 3.1>


3.2.3 Imposed Load on Other Structural Member
The load path of imposed load from roof and floor joists to other structural members of the module are
analysed using SPACEGASS software. The final imposed loads acting on those members is shown in
figures from Appendix E.
3.3 Evaluation of Wind Loads

Wind load acting on the module are calculated according to Australian Standard/New Zealand Standard
(AS/NZS 1170.2:2002) unless otherwise stated.
3.3.1 Design Wind Speed:
Vsit, β = VR Md (Mz, cat Ms Mt) <Clause 2.2>

VR = 39 (V50, Region A) <Table 3.1>
Md = 1 (Any direction) <Table 3.2>
Mz,cat = TC 3 (Suburban housing), height = 12m <Clause 4.2.1>
= 0.854 <Table 4.1>
Ms = 1.0 (Conservative, no shielding) <Table 4.3>
Mt = 1.0 (Green field site) <Clause 4.4>
Vsit, β = 39 x 1 x 0.854 x 1 x 1 = 33.306 m/s
6
3.3.2 Design Wind Pressure:
P (pascal) = (0.5ρair) [Vdes,θ]2 Cfig Cdyn <Clause 2.4.1>

ρair = density of air 1.2kg/m3
Vdes,θ = 33.306 m/s (building orthogonal wind speed) <Clause 2.3>

Cdyn = 1.0 (dynamic response factor, assume structure
is not dynamically wind sensitive) <Clause 6>
Cfig = aerodynamic shape factor <Clause 5>
Design wind pressure, ρ = (0.5) (1.2) (33.306)2 (1) Cfig

= 665.57Cfig
= 0.666Cfig (kN/m2)
Where,
Cfig,i = Cp,i Kc,i (internal pressure)
Cfig,e = Cp,e Ka Kc,e K𝓵 Kp (external pressure)
Cfig = Cf Ka Kp (frictional drag forces) <Clause 5.2>
3.3.3 Aerodynamic Shape Factor, Cfig for Largest Opening on Windward Wall (Transverse
Wind Case)
Internal Pressure
Cp,i = -0.3, 0.0 (Largest opening on windward wall) <Table 5.1(B)>

The design is expected to be enclosed except for the door opening at the main door and the balcony.
2𝑥(0.925 𝑥 3)
Ratio of opening on windward wall to total area = = 0.169 > 0.5%
10.95 𝑥 3
Ratio of area of opening on one surface to the sum of total open area = 1.0
Largest opening on windward wall
Kc,i = 0.8 <Table 5.5>
Cp,i Kc,i Most positive Cfig,i Most negative Cfig,i

-0.1, 0.2 0.8 0.16 -0.08
Table 5 Internal Pressure Calculation Details
External Pressure
Cp,e (Windward wall) = 0.8 (h ≤ 25m, elevated building) <Table 5.2 (A)>
Cp,e (Leeward wall) = -0.5 (α<10, d/b ≤ 1) <Table 5.2 (B)>
Cp,e (Side wall) = -0.65 (0 to 3m from leeward wall)
= -0.5 (3 to 5.4m from leeward wall) <Table 5.2 (C)>
Cp,e (Roof) = -0.9, -0.4 (0 to 1.5m from leeward wall, h/d ≤ 0.5)
= -0.9, -0.4 (1.5 to 3m from leeward wall)
= -0.5, 0 (3 to 5.4m from leeward wall) <Table 5.3 (A)>
7
Area Reduction Factor, Ka <Clause 5.4.2>:
Surface Area, sq.m. Ka

Windward wall 3 x 10.95 = 32.85 0.890
Leeward wall 3 x 10.95 = 32.85 0.890
Side wall 3 x 5.4 = 16.2 0.959
Roof 115.94 0.8
Table 6 External Pressure Calculation Details
Action Combination factors Kc,e and Kc,i <Table 5.5>

Local Pressure factor, K𝓵 for cladding = 1.0 <Table 5.6>
Local Permeable cladding reduction factor, Kp = 1.0 (assume impermeable) <Table 5.8>
Location Cp,e Ka Kc,e K𝓵 Kp Most positive Cfig,e Most negative Cfig,e

Windward 0.8 0.890 0.9 1.0 1.0 0.641 0.641
Leeward -0.5 0.890 0.9 1.0 1.0 -0.401 -0.401
Side
0-3m -0.65 0.959 0.9 1.0 1.0 -0.561 -0.561
3-5.4m -0.5 0.959 0.9 1.0 1.0 -0.432 -0.432
Roof
0-1.5m -0.9, -0.4 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.0 -0.288 -0.648
1.5-3m -0.9, -0.4 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.0 -0.288 -0.648
3-5.4m -0.5, 0 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.0 0 -0.36
Table 7 Aerodynamic Shape Factor for External Pressure
Combined values of Cfig
Location Most Most Most Most Downward wind Uplift wind

positive negative positive negative (most negative Cfig,i (most positive
Cfig,i Cfig,i Cfig,e Cfig,e + most positive Cfig,i + most
Cfig,e) negative Cfig,e)
Windward 0.16 -0.08 0.641 0.641 0.721 -0.481
Leeward 0.16 -0.08 -0.401 -0.401 -0.321 0.561
Side
0-3m 0.16 -0.08 -0.561 -0.561 -0.481 0.721
3-5.4m 0.16 -0.08 -0.432 -0.432 -0.352 0.592
Roof
0-1.5m 0.16 -0.08 -0.288 -0.648 -0.208 0.808
1.5-3m 0.16 -0.08 -0.288 -0.648 -0.208 0.808
3-5.4m 0.16 -0.08 0 -0.36 0.08 0.52
Table 8 Combined Values of Cfig
8
Design Wind Pressure = 0.666Cfig (kN/m2)
Location Downward wind Uplift wind Downward wind Uplift wind

(most negative Cfig,i + (most positive Cfig,i + (kN/m2) (kN/m2)
most positive Cfig,e) most negative Cfig,e)
Windward 0.721 -0.481 0.480 -0.320
Leeward -0.321 0.561 -0.214 0.374
Side -0.481 0.721 -0.320 0.480
-0.352 0.592 -0.234 0.394
-0.208 0.808 -0.139 0.538
Roof -0.208 0.808 -0.139 0.538
0.08 0.52 0.053 0.346
Table 9 Design Wind Pressure
3.3.4 Aerodynamic Shape Factor, Cfig for Largest Opening on Side Wall (Longitudinal Wind
Case)
This wind load case is proven not critical, calculation shown in Appendix C.
3.3.5 Summary of Wind Load
We only do the most critical wind load acting on the member

Roof: Wu = 0.064 kN/m2 (downward wind)
Wu = 0.538 kN/m2 (uplift wind)
Wall: Wu = 0.619 kN/m2 (downward wind)
Wu = 0.480 kN/m2 (uplift wind)
3.4 Design Load Combination

The load combination of actions is calculated according to AS/NZS 1170.0:2002 and AS1720.1-2010.
According to AS 1720.1-2010 Clause 1.4.1.2, timber structures have different load duration factor, k1
that need to be considered when determining the critical combination of actions under strength limit
state thus, all the five load combinations are compared during the member capacity calculation.
3.4.1 Combinations of Actions for Serviceability Limit State
<Table B1> Load combination

Criteria Long-term effect Short-term effect
Timber roof systems i. G + ψ𝓵Q (ψ𝓵=0) i. Ws
and members ii. Ψs Q (Ψs =0.7)
Wall systems and i. G + ψ𝓵Q (ψ𝓵=0.33) i. Ws
members ii. Ψs Q (Ψs =0.7)
iii. G + Ψs Q
Timber floor systems i. G + ψ𝓵Q (ψ𝓵=0.4) i. Ψs Q (Ψs =1.0)
and members ii. G + Ψs Q (Ψs =0.7)
Table 10 Details for Combination of Action for Serviceability Limit State
9
3.4.2 Combinations of Actions for Ultimate Strength Limit State
Duration of load factor k1

Load Combination Load factors Cumulative duration
Members Connections
Permanent Load Action 1.35G Years 0.57 0.57
Permanent and short- 1.2G + 1.5Q
term imposed load Construction loads Days 0.94 0.77
Floor loads Months 0.8 0.69
Permanent and long- 1.2G + 1.5 ψl Q Years 0.57 0.57
term imposed load
Permanent, wind and 1.2G + Wu + ψcQ Seconds 1.0 1.14
imposed action
Permanent and wind 0.9G + Wu Seconds 1.0 1.14
action reversal
Table 11 Details for Combinations of Actions for Ultimate Strength Limit State
4.0 Ultimate Strength Limit State Design

The load combinations for strength limit state design are calculated in part 4.0 of this report. All values
are inserted into SPACEGASS software to obtain the data of bending moment diagrams (M*), shear
force diagrams(V*) and axial force diagrams (N*), which is shown under the figures in Appendix E.
The design capacity of the timber structure is in accordance to AS1720.1-2010 unless otherwise stated.
4.1 Design of Roof Joists

According to [AS 1684.2 N1/N2 Supp 9 -2010] <Table 21>, the maximum spacing joist span for size
140×35mm spaced at 600mm centres is 5000mm. The maximum joist span in design is 3650mm. So,
the design span is satisfied. Load analysis taken from SPACEGASS shown in Appendix E1.
4.1.1 Bending Strength Design Capacity
ϕMd = ϕk1 k4 k6 k9 k12 f’b Z <Clause 3.2.1.1>
ϕ = 0.95 (Structural LVL – Category 1) <Table 2.1>

Duration of load factor, k1 from [AS1720.1-2010] <Table G1>
Partial seasoning factor, k4 = 1.0 (Equilibrium moisture content ≤ 15%) <Table 8.1>
Temperature factor, k6 = 1.0 <Clause 2.4.3>
Strength sharing factor, k9 = 1.0 <Clause 8.4.6>
Stability factor, k12 <Clause 3.2.4>
−0.480
𝐸
ρb =14.71 (𝑓′ ) 𝑟 −0.061 for beams <Clause 8.4.7>
𝑏
E = 14000 MPa (Wesbeam)
f’b = 59 MPa (Wesbeam)
r=1
14000 −0.480 −0.061
ρb =14.71 ( 59
) 1 = 1.0653
S1 = 2.25 (d/b) = 2.25 (140/35) = 9
d = 140 mm b = 35 mm
10
ρbS1 = 1.0653 × 9 = 9.5877 ≤ 10
k12 = 1.0 <Clause 3.2.4 (a)>
Bending strength, f’b = 59 MPa (Wesbeam)
𝑏𝑥 𝑑 2 35 𝑥 1402
Section modulus, Z = = =114.33 x 103 mm3
6 6
Load Combination k1 k4 k6 k9 k12 f’b Z ϕMd M* +ve M* -ve

(MPa) 3
(mm ) (kNm) (kNm) (kNm)
1.35G 0.57 1 1 1 1 59 114333 3.653 0.15 -0.22
1.2G + 1.5Q 0.94 1 1 1 1 59 114333 6.024 0.42 -0.59
1.2G + 1.5ψlQ 0.57 1 1 1 1 59 114333 3.653 0.14 -0.19
1.2G + Wu + ψcQ 1 1 1 1 1 59 114333 6.408 0.18 -0.25
0.9G + Wu 1 1 1 1 1 59 114333 6.408 0.33 -0.23
Table 12 Details for Bending Strength Design Capacity
ϕMd >M* [OK]
4.1.2 Flexural Shear Strength
ϕVd = ϕk1 k4 k6 f’s As <Clause 3.2.5>

Temperature factor, k6 = 1.0 <Clause2.4.3>
Shear strength, f’s = 5.3 MPa (Wesbeam)
2 2
Shear plane area, As = (𝑏𝑑) = (35 × 140) = 3266.67 𝑚𝑚2
3 3
Load k1 k4 k6 f’s As (mm2) ϕVd (kN) V* (kN)

Combination (MPa)
1.35G 0.57 1 1 5.3 3266.67 9.375 0.34
1.2G + 1.5Q 0.94 1 1 5.3 3266.67 15.461 0.92
1.2G + 1.5ψlQ 0.57 1 1 5.3 3266.67 9.375 0.3
1.2G + Wu + ψcQ 1 1 1 5.3 3266.67 16.448 0.39
0.9G + Wu 1 1 1 5.3 3266.67 16.448 0.52
Table 13 Details for Flexural Sear Strength
ϕVd > V* [OK]
11
4.2 Design of Roof Beam
Glued-laminated timber is used for the roof beam. The stress grade is GL18 with size of 270×65 mm
and the spacing as below. The reason that choosing 270mm for the beam depth is to provide the enough
space for the wiring and piping on ceiling. Load analysis taken from SPACEGASS shown in Appendix
E2.
ϕMd = ϕk1 k4 k6 k9 k12 f’b Z <Clause 3.2.1.1>
ϕ = 0.95 (Glue-laminated timber – Category 1) <Table 2.1>

Partial seasoning factor, k4 = 1.0 <Clause 2.4.2.3>
Strength sharing factor, k9 = 1.0 <Clause 7.4.3>
Stability factor, k12 from [AS1720.1-2010] <3.2.4>
For stress grade GL18, r = 1, ρb = 0.82 <Table 7.2(A)>
S1 = 2.25 (d/b) = 2.25 (270/65) = 9.35
d = 270 mm
b = 65 mm
ρbS1 = 0.82 × 9.35 = 7.66 ≤ 10
k12 = 1.0 <Clause 3.2.4 (a)>
Bending strength, f’b = 45 MPa (for GL18) <Table 7.1>
𝑏× 𝑑 2 65 × 2702
Section modulus, Z = 6
= 6
=789.75 x 103 mm3
f’b Z ϕMd M* +ve Max -ve

Load Combination k1 k4 k6 k9 k12 (kNm) (kNm)
(MPa) (mm3) (kNm)
1.35G 0.57 1 1 1 1 45 789750 19.244 2.38 -2.41
1.2G + 1.5Q 0.94 1 1 1 1 45 789750 31.736 4.36 -4.63
1.2G + 1.5ψlQ 0.57 1 1 1 1 45 789750 19.244 2.12 -2.14
1.2G + Wu + ψcQ 1 1 1 1 1 45 789750 33.762 2.4 -2.57
0.9G + Wu 1 1 1 1 1 45 789750 33.762 1.96 -1.75
Table 14 Bending Strength Design Capaity for Roof Beam
ϕMd >M* [OK]
ϕVd = ϕk1 k4 k6 f’s As <Clause 3.2.5>
ϕ = 0.95 (Glue-Laminated Timber – Category 1) <Table 2.1>

Shear strength, f’s = 5 MPa (for GL18) <Table 7.1>
2 2
Shear plane area, As = 3 (𝑏𝑑) = 3 (65 × 270) = 11700 𝑚𝑚2
12
Combination (MPa)
1.35G 0.57 1 1 5 11700 31.678 3.09
1.2G + 1.5Q 0.94 1 1 5 11700 52.241 5.93
1.2G + 1.5ψlQ 0.57 1 1 5 11700 31.678 2.75
1.2G + Wu + ψcQ 1 1 1 5 11700 55.575 3.29
0.9G + Wu 1 1 1 5 11700 55.575 2.56
Table 15 Flexural Shear Strength for Rood Beam
ϕVd > V* [OK]
4.2.3 Bearing Capacity
ϕNd,p = ϕ k1 k4 k6 k7 f’p Ap
Length of bearing factor, k7 = 1.0 (length of bearing member > 150) <Table 2.6>
Bearing strength, f’p = 19 MPa
Bearing area, Ap = 65×35 = 2275 mm2
Load k1 k4 k6 k7 f’p Ap (mm2) ϕNd,p (kN) Np* (kN)

Combination (MPa)
1.35G 0.57 1 1 1 19 2275 23.406 0.652
1.2G + 1.5Q 0.94 1 1 1 19 2275 38.600 1.353
1.2G + 1.5ψlQ 0.57 1 1 1 19 2275 23.406 0.579
1.2G + Wu + ψcQ 1 1 1 1 19 2275 41.064 0.711
0.9G + Wu 1 1 1 1 19 2275 41.064 0.675
Table 16 Bearing Capacity for Roof Beam
ϕNd > N* [OK]
4.3 Design of Floor Joists

Method of design for floor joists is same as the design of roof joists presented in part 4.1 of this report.
Load analysis taken from SPACEGASS shown in Appendix E3. The detailed calculation is shown in
Appendix D1, summary of the results is shown below:
Load k1 k4 k6 k9 k12 f’b Z ϕMd M* +ve M* -ve

Combination (MPa) (mm3) (kNm) (kNm) (kNm)
1.35G 0.57 1 1 1 1 59 216750 7.289 0.33 -0.68
1.2G + 1.5Q 0.94 1 1 1 1 59 216750 12.021 2.28 -2.89
1.2G + 1.5ψlQ 0.57 1 1 1 1 59 216750 7.289 1.09 -1.19
1.2G + Wu + ψcQ 1 1 1 1 1 59 216750 12.788 0.98 -0.87
0.9G + Wu 1 1 1 1 1 59 216750 12.788 0.51 -0.46
Table 17 Bending Strength Design Capacity for Joists
ϕMd >M* [OK]
13

Combination (MPa)
1.35G 0.57 1 1 5.3 4433.33 12.723 1.3
1.2G + 1.5Q 0.94 1 1 5.3 4433.33 20.983 4.73
1.2G + 1.5ψlQ 0.57 1 1 5.3 4433.33 12.723 2.25
1.2G + Wu + ψcQ 1 1 1 5.3 4433.33 22.322 1.85
0.9G + Wu 1 1 1 5.3 4433.33 22.322 0.73
Table 18 Flexural Shear Strength for Joists
4.4 Design of Floor Beams

Method of design for floor beams is same as the design of roof beams presented in part 4.2 of this
report. Load analysis taken from SPACEGASS shown in Appendix E4. The detailed calculation is
shown in Appendix D2, summary of the results are shown below:
f’b Z ϕMd M* +ve M* -ve

Load Combination k1 k4 k6 k9 k12 3 (kNm) (kNm)
(MPa) (mm ) (kNm)
1.35G 0.57 1 1 1 1 45 789750 19.244 5.04 -3.57
1.2G + 1.5Q 0.94 1 1 1 1 45 789750 31.736 22.37 -22.24
1.2G + 1.5ψlQ 0.57 1 1 1 1 45 789750 19.244 11.64 -11.22
1.2G + Wu + ψcQ 1 1 1 1 1 45 789750 33.762 9.25 -8.58
0.9G + Wu 1 1 1 1 1 45 789750 33.762 1.98 -2.46
Table 19 bendin Strength Design Capacity for Floor Beams
ϕMd >M* [OK]

Combination (MPa)
1.35G 0.57 1 1 5 11700 31.678 4.57
1.2G + 1.5Q 0.94 1 1 5 11700 52.241 29.52
1.2G + 1.5ψlQ 0.57 1 1 5 11700 31.678 14.25
1.2G + Wu + ψcQ 1 1 1 5 11700 55.575 10.85
0.9G + Wu 1 1 1 5 11700 55.575 3.05
Table 20 Flexural Shear Strength for Floor Beams
ϕVd > V* [OK]
14
4.4.3 Bearing Capacity
Load k1 k4 k6 k7 f’p Ap (mm2) ϕNd,p (kN) Np* (kN)

Combination (MPa)
1.35G 0.57 1 1 1 19 2275 23.406 14.34
1.2G + 1.5Q 0.94 1 1 1 19 2275 38.600 29.77
1.2G + 1.5ψlQ 0.57 1 1 1 19 2275 23.406 12.74
1.2G + Wu + ψcQ 1 1 1 1 19 2275 41.064 15.64
0.9G + Wu 1 1 1 1 19 2275 41.064 14.85
Table 21 Bearing Capacity for Floor Beams
ϕNd > N* [OK]
4.5 Design of Columns

The design criteria of the column should be relatively small as it is part of the furniture. Dimension of
150mm x 150mm is used. The design action of columns is based on the modular unit at the lowest floor,
where most loading is transfer to it. Load analysis taken from SPACEGASS shown in Appendix E5.
4.5.1 Compressive Strength
ϕNd,c = ϕk1 k4 k6k12 f’c Ac <Clause 3.3.1>
ϕ = 0.90 (All other timber & stress grade – Category 1) <Table 2.1>
Stability factor, k12 = 1.5-0.05 ρc S3 = 0.82 <Clause 3.3.3>
Slenderness coefficient for buckling about the major axis <Clause 3.3.2.2(a)>
𝐿𝑎𝑥 𝑔13 𝐿
S3 = lesser of 𝑑
or 𝑑
3900
= 150
= 26
g13 = 1.0 [Restrained at both ends in position only] <Table 3.2>

𝐸 −0.480
ρc =11.39 (𝑓′𝑐) 𝑟 −0.074 <E2(C)>
11000 −0.480 −0.074

ρc =11.39 ( 18
) 1 = 0.5238
ρc S3 = 26 x 0.524 = 10 ≤ 13.624≤ 20
Characteristic value in compression parallel to grain, f’c = 21 MPa (crosslamtimber)
Cross sectional area of column, Ac = 150 x 150mm = 22.5 x 103 mm2
15
Load Combination k1 k4 k6 k9 k12 f’c Ac ϕNd,c Nc*
(MPa) (mm2) (kN) (kN)
1.35G 0.57 1 1 1 0.82 21 22500 220.85 45.25
1.2G + 1.5Q 0.94 1 1 1 0.82 21 22500 364.20 156.41
1.2G + 1.5ψlQ 0.57 1 1 1 0.82 21 22500 220.85 79.90
1.2G + Wu + ψcQ 1 1 1 1 0.82 21 22500 387.45 69.58
0.9G + Wu 1 1 1 1 0.82 21 22500 387.45 6.97
Table 22 Compressive Strength Design for Columns
ϕNd,c > Nc* [OK]
5.0 Serviceability Limit State Design

According to AS/NZS 1170.0:2002 Appendix C, serviceability design limit state for roof trusses and
floor beams/joists are both span/300. For columns, the element response is height/500. Analysis from
SPACEGASS are shown in Appendix F for deflection.
5.1 Serviceability Check for Roof Joist

Deflection limit, 𝛿critical = span/300 = 3650/300 = 12.167mm
The maximum deflection calculated in Appendix F1 is 4.26 mm < 𝛿critical [OK]
5.2 Serviceability Check for Roof Beam

Deflection limit, 𝛿critical = span/300 = 5400/300 = 18 mm
5.3 Serviceability Check for Floor Joist

Deflection limit, 𝛿critical = span/300 = 3650/300 = 12.167mm
5.4 Serviceability Check for Floor Beam
Deflection limit, 𝛿critical = span/300 = 5400/300 = 18 mm

5.5 Serviceability Check for Column

Deflection limit, 𝛿critical = span/500 = 3900/500 = 7.8 mm
16
6.0 Connection Design
The design capacity of joints shown below is according to AS 1720.1-2010 Clause 4.0 unless otherwise
stated. The more detailed analysis on the joints’ dimension selection and their relative spacing is shown
in Appendix G. Detailed drawings of each connector are shown in Appendix H.
6.1 Connection between roof and roof joists

Joint group for connector design = JD3 <Table H2.3>, <Wesbeam>
Joint type = Type 2 joint (Fastener subject to axial loads where the fastener into the side or end
grain of connected members) <Clause 4.1.3>, <Figure 4.4(c)>
Design of nails are shown in Appendix G1, detailed drawings are shown in Appendix H: Drawing 03.
Design capacity for type 2 joint ϕNd,j = ϕk13 Ip n Qk <4.2.3.4>
ϕ = 0.85 (Nails conforming to AS2334 – Category 1) <Table 2.2>
k13 = 0.6 (withdrawal from end grain for skew driven nails)
Depth of nail penetration, Ip = 22mm
Characteristic capacity, Qk = 13N/mm penetration of nail (Nail diameter 2.5mm) <Table 4.2(B)>
ϕNd,j = 0.85 x 0.6 x 22 x 1 x 13 = 0.146kN
ϕNd,j (0.146kN) > N* (0.084kN) [OK]
6.2 Connection between Roof Joist and Roof Beam

Depth of nail penetration, Ip = 53.5mm
Total number of nails in the joint, n = 4
ϕNd,j = 0.85 x 0.6 x 53.5 x 4 x 16 = 1.746kN
ϕNd,j (1.746kN) > N* (0.92kN) [OK]
6.3 Connection between Roof Beam and Column

Joint group for connector design = JD3 <Table H2.3>
Joint type = Type 1 joint (Fastener subject to shear loads where the fastener is into the side or end
grain of connected members) <Clause 4.1.3>
Design of bolts are shown in Appendix G3, detailed drawings are shown in Appendix H: Drawing 05.
Design capacity of bolted joints <Clause 4.4.3>
Design capacity for type 1 joint ϕNd,j = ϕ k1 k16 k17 n Qsk
ϕ = 0.85 (Bolts conforming to AS1111.1: M16 and smaller – Category 1) <Table 2.2>
Factor for duration of load for fasteners, k1 taken from <Table G1>
k16 = 1.0 (otherwise)
Factor for multiple bolted joint, k17 = 1.0 (Seasoned timber) <Table 4.12>
Number of bolts, n = 2
17
Characteristic capacity for bolted joint system, Qk = 3.75kN
(system load perpendicular to grain; seasoned timber; beff 150mm; M6) <Table 4.10(C)>
Load ϕ k1 k16 k17 n Qsk ϕNd,j N*

Combination (kN) (kN)
1.35G 0.85 0.57 1.0 1.0 2 3.75 3.63 3.09
1.2G + 1.5Q 0.85 0.94 1.0 1.0 2 3.75 5.99 5.93
1.2G + 1.5ψlQ 0.85 0.57 1.0 1.0 2 3.75 3.63 2.75
1.2G + Wu + 0.85 1 1.0 1.0 2 3.75 6.38 3.29
ψcQ
0.9G + Wu 0.85 1 1.0 1.0 2 3.75 6.38 2.56
Table 23 Design Capacity for Connection between Roof Beam and Column
ϕNd,j > N* [OK]
6.4 Connection between Floor and floor joist

Depth of nail penetration, Ip = 45mm
ϕNd,j = 0.85 x 0.6 x 45 x 1 x 16 = 1.746kN
ϕNd,j (0.367kN) > N* (0.301kN) [OK]
6.5 Connection between Floor Joist and Floor Beam

Design of screw are shown in Appendix G5, detailed drawings are shown in Appendix H: Drawing 07.
Design capacity for type 2 joint ϕNd,j = lesser [ϕk13 Ip n Qk or nNd,s] <4.3.3.4>
ϕ = 0.85 (Screw conforming to AS3566 series – Category 1) <Table 2.2>
k13 = 1.0 (withdrawal from side grain)
Depth of screw penetration, Ip = 72.03mm
Total number of screws in the joint, n = 4
Characteristic capacity, Qk = 48N/mm penetration of thread (Shank diameter 5mm) <Table 4.6(B)>
ϕNd,j = 0.85 x 1.0 x 38.5 x 4 x 48 = 6.28 kN
ϕNd,j (6.28kN) > N* (4.73kN) [OK]
18
6.6 Connection between Floor Beam and Column
Design capacity of bolted joints <Clause 4.4.3>
Design capacity for type 1 joint ϕNd,j = ϕ k1 k16 k17 n Qsk
ϕ = 0.85 (Bolts conforming to AS1111.1: M16 and smaller – Category 1) <Table 2.2>
Factor for multiple bolted joint, k17 = 1.0 (Seasoned timber) <Table 4.12>
Characteristic capacity for bolted joint system, Qk = 20.4kN
(system load perpendicular to grain; seasoned timber; beff 150mm; M20) <Table 4.10(C)>
Load ϕ k1 k16 k17 n Qsk ϕNd,j N*

Combination (kN) (kN)
1.35G 0.85 0.57 1.0 1.0 2 20.4 19.77 4.57
1.2G + 1.5Q 0.85 0.94 1.0 1.0 2 20.4 32.60 29.52
1.2G + 1.5ψlQ 0.85 0.57 1.0 1.0 2 20.4 19.77 14.25
1.2G + Wu + 0.85 1 1.0 1.0 2 20.4 34.68 10.85
ψcQ
0.9G + Wu 0.85 1 1.0 1.0 2 20.4 34.68 3.05
Table 24 Design Capacity for Connection between Floor Beam and Column
ϕNd,j > N* [OK]
6.7 Connection between Upper Column and Lower Column

grain of connected members) <Clause 4.1.3>, <Figure 4.6(b)>
The design is a three members shear-plate joint with steel side plates
Use plate with steel grade 250.
Design capacity for bolted type 1 joint ϕNd,j = ϕ k1 k16 k17 n Qsk <4.4.3.2>
ϕ = 0.85 (Bolts conforming to AS1111.1; M16 and smaller – Category 1) <Table 2.2>
k16 = 1.2 (bolts that transfer load through metal side plates
k17 = 1.0 (seasoned timber) <Table 4.12>
Assumed usage of M8 bolts with 150mm length.
Qsk > 3870N (beff = 150mm, seasoned timber) <Table 4.10(C)>
19
Load Combination ϕ k1 k16 k17 n Qsk ϕNd,j N*
(kN) (kN) (kN)
1.35G 0.85 0.57 1.2 1.0 2 3.87 4.50 3.09
1.2G + 1.5Q 0.85 0.94 1.2 1.0 2 3.87 7.42 5.93
1.2G + 1.5ψlQ 0.85 0.57 1.2 1.0 2 3.87 4.50 2.75
1.2G + Wu + ψcQ 0.85 1 1.2 1.0 2 3.87 7.89 3.29
0.9G + Wu 0.85 1 1.2 1.0 2 3.87 7.89 2.56
Table 25 Design Capacity for Connection between Upper Column and Lowwer Column
ϕNd,j > N* [OK]
Check for plate bearing design capacity
fup = 410 MPa; fy = 280MPa (t ≤ 8mm) [DCT]<Table 2.1>

Plate crushing, Vb = 3.2(df)(tp)(fup) [AS 4100 – 1998]<Clause 9.3.2.4(1)>
ϕVb= 0.85(3.2)(8)( tp)(410) > V* (4kN)
tp > 0.45mm (adopt 6mm)
Plate tearing, Vb = (ae)(tp)(fup) [AS 4100 – 1998]<Clause 9.3.2.4(2)>
Vb = (40)(6)(410) = 98.4kN > V* (4kN) [OK]
6.8 Connection between Modules

grain of connected members) <Clause 4.1.3>, <Figure 4.6(b)>
Design capacity for bolted type 1 joint ϕNd,j = ϕ k1 k16 k17 n Qsk <4.4.3.2>
ϕ = 0.85 (Bolts conforming to AS1111.1; M16 and smaller – Category 1) <Table 2.2>
k17 = 1.0 (seasoned timber) <Table 4.12>
Assumed usage of M10 bolts with 320mm length.
Qsk > 5400N (beff = 150mm, seasoned timber) <Table 4.10(C)>
Load Combination ϕ k1 k16 k17 n Qsk ϕNd,j N*

(kN) (kN) (kN)
1.35G 0.85 0.57 1.0 1.0 2 5.40 5.23 3.60
1.2G + 1.5Q 0.85 0.94 1.0 1.0 2 5.40 8.63 5.72
1.2G + 1.5ψlQ 0.85 0.57 1.0 1.0 2 5.40 5.23 3.20
1.2G + Wu + ψcQ 0.85 1 1.0 1.0 2 5.40 9.27 3.6
0.9G + Wu 0.85 1 1.0 1.0 2 5.40 9.27 2.32
Table 26 Design Capacity for Connection between Modules
ϕNd,j > N* [OK]
20
7.0 Conclusion
In conclusion, all the members size and connections proposed in this report are analysed and calculated
to have complied with the design capacity in accordance to AS 1720.1-2010. Thus, the members are
confident to be used as the design of structural system for the modular house.
8.0 Detailed Drawings

All detailed drawings available for the project are shown in Appendix H.
01. Detail of Module 1

02. Detail of Module 2
03. Connection between Roof and Roof Joist
04. Connection between Roof Joist and Roof Beam
05. Connection between Roof Beam and Column
06. Connection between Floor and Floor Joist
07. Connection between Floor Joist and Floor Beam
08. Connection between Floor Beam and Column
09. Connection between Upper Column and Lower Column
10. Connection between Modules
9.0 References
Hercules SLR. n.d. Lifting and Spreader Beams
Pryda. 2018. Pryda Timber Connector Catalogue

https://www.pryda.com.au/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/Timber-Connectors-Catalogue-April-2018.pdf
Rotho Blaas. 2017. Handbook for CLT Buildings.

https://www.rothoblaas.com.au/products/fastening
The SHAPE Group. 2019 GTEK Fire & Acoustic Guide

https://gtekplasterboard.com.au/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/GTEK-Fire-and-Acoustic-Guide-July-
2019.pdf
Wesbeam. 2018. Wesbeam e-beam+ [F17] LVL Characteristic Values & Design Criteria.
https://wesbeam.com/Wesbeam/media/Documents/WESB0229_Design-Criteria-%E2%80%93-e-
beam-_WEB.pdf
WoodSolutions. n.d. Forest and Wood Products Australia Ltd

https://www.woodsolutions.com.au/wood-products
WoodWorks, Wood Product Council. n.d. CLT Floor Design: Strength, Deflection and Vibrations.
https://www.woodworks.org/design-and-tools/building-systems/#tabs-1-2
21
10.0 Appendix
Appendix A: Conceptual Design Drawings
Figure A1 Rigging system to lift the modular at site (Hercules SLR n.d.)
22
Appendix B: Permanent load
B1: Permanent load acting on roof beam
At beam 2:
Tributary length of joists on beam = (3650/2) + (3225/2) = 3438mm
At beam 3:
Tributary length of joist on beam = 3225/2 = 1613mm
At beam 4:
Tributary length of joist on beam = (2175/2) + (3225/2) = 2700mm
At beam 5:
B2: Permanent load acting on floor beam
At beam 2:
Tributary length of joists on beam = (3650/2) + (3225/2) = 3438mm
At beam 3:
= (0.218 x 1.613) + (0.368 x 0.6) = 0.572kN
Point load acting on beam at edge =(0.372 x 1.613) + (0.368 x 0.3) = 0.710kN
At beam 4:
Tributary length of joist on beam = (2175/2) + (3225/2) = 2700mm
At beam 5:
= (0.218 x 1.088) + (0.368 x 0.6) = 0.458kN
Point load acting on beam at edge =(0.372 x 1.088) + (0.368 x 0.3) = 0.515kN
23
B3: Permanent load acting on column
Permanent load of a structural members of a single unit:

-roof: 0.181 x 10.95 x 5.4 = 10.70 kN
-roof joists = 0.032 x 5.4 x 20 = 3.456 kN
-roof beam = 0.112 x 10.95 x 3 = 3.68 kN
-glass wall = 0.368 x 32.7 = 12.03 kN
-floor = 0.291 x 10.95 x 5.4 = 17.21 kN
-floor joist = 0.043 x 5.4 x 20 = 4.64 kN
-floor beam = 0.112 x 10.95 x 3 = 3.68 kN
-column = 0.43 x 12 = 5.16
Total = 60.56kN per unit
Force acting on the lowest level = 60.56 x 4 = 242.24kN
Appendix C: Wind Load
Aerodynamic shape factor, Cfig for largest opening on side wall (Longitudinal Wind Case)
Internal Pressure
Cp,i = -0.3, 0.0 (Largest opening on windward wall) <Table 5.1(B)>
The design is expected to be enclosed except for the door opening at the main door and the balcony.
2𝑥(0.925 𝑥 3)
Ratio of opening on windward wall to total area = 10.95 𝑥 3
= 0.169 > 0.5%
Ratio of area of opening on one surface to the sum of total open area = 1.0
Largest opening on side wall
Kc,i = 0.8 <Table 5.5>
Cp,i Kc,i Most positive Cfig,i Most negative Cfig,i

-0.3, 0.0 0.8 0.0 -0.24
External Pressure
Cp,e (Windward wall) = 0.8 (h ≤ 25m, elevated building) <Table 5.2 (A)>
Cp,e (Leeward wall) = -0.3 (α<10, d/b = 2.0) <Table 5.2 (B)>
Cp,e (Side wall) = -0.65 (0 to 3m)
= -0.5 (3 to 6m)
= -0.3 (6 to 9m)
= -0.2 (9 to 10.95m) <Table 5.2 (C)>
Cp,e (Roof) = -0.9, -0.4 (0 to 1.5m from leeward wall, h/d ≤ 0.5)
= -0.9, -0.4 (1.5 to 3m from leeward wall)
= -0.5, 0 (3 to 6m from leeward wall)
= -0.3, 0.1 (6 to 9m from leeward wall)
= -0.2, 0.2 (9 to 10.95m from leeward wall) <Table 5.3 (A)>
Area Reduction Factor, Ka <Clause 5.4.2>:
Surface Area, sq.m. Ka

Windward wall 3 x 5.4 = 16.2 0.959
Leeward wall 3 x 5.4 = 16.2 0.959
Side wall 3 x 10.95 = 32.85 0.890
Roof 115.94 0.8
24
Action Combination factors Kc,e and Kc,i <Table 5.5>
Local Pressure factor, K𝓵 for cladding = 1.0 <Table 5.6>
Local Permeable cladding reduction factor, Kp = 1.0 (assume impermeable) <Table 5.8>
Location Cp,e Ka Kc,e K𝓵 Kp Most positive Most negative

Cfig,e Cfig,e
Windward 0.8 0.959 0.9 1.0 1.0 0.690 0.690
Leeward -0.5 0.959 0.9 1.0 1.0 -0.432 -0.432
Side
0-3m -0.65 0.890 0.9 1.0 1.0 -0.521 -0.521
3-6m -0.5 0.890 0.9 1.0 1.0 -0.401 -0.401
6-9m -0.3 0.890 0.9 1.0 1.0 -0.240 -0.240
9-10.95m -0.2 0.890 0.9 1.0 1.0 -0.160 -0.160
Roof
0-1.5m -0.9, -0.4 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.0 -0.648 -0.288
1.5-3m -0.9, -0.4 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.0 -0.648 -0.288
3-6m -0.5, 0 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.0 -0.36 0
6-9m -0.3, 0.1 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.0 -0.216 0.072
9-10.95m -0.2, 0.2 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.0 -0.144 0.144
Combined values of Cfig
Location Most Most Most Most Downward wind Uplift wind

positive negative positive negative (most negative Cfig,i + (most positive Cfig,i +
Cfig,i Cfig,i Cfig,e Cfig,e most positive Cfig,e) most negative Cfig,e)
Windward 0 -0.24 0.690 0.690 0.93 -0.69
Leeward 0 -0.24 -0.432 -0.432 -0.192 0.432
Side
0-3m 0 -0.24 -0.521 -0.521 -0.281 0.521
3-6m 0 -0.24 -0.401 -0.401 -0.161 0.401
6-9m 0 -0.24 -0.240 -0.240 0 0.240
9-10.95m 0 -0.24 -0.160 -0.160 0.08 0.160
Roof
0-1.5m 0 -0.24 -0.648 -0.288 -0.408 0.288
1.5-3m 0 -0.24 -0.648 -0.288 -0.408 0.288
3-6m 0 -0.24 -0.36 0 -0.12 0
6-9m 0 -0.24 -0.216 0.072 0.024 -0.072
9-10.95m 0 -0.24 -0.144 0.144 0.096 -0.144
Design Wind Pressure = 0.666Cfig (kN/m2)
25
Location Downward wind Uplift wind Downward wind Uplift wind
(most negative (most positive Cfig,i (kN/m2) (kN/m2)
Cfig,i + most + most negative
positive Cfig,e) Cfig,e)
Windward 0.93 -0.69 0.619 0.288
Leeward -0.192 0.432 -0.128 0
Side
-0.281 0.521 -0.187 0.347
-0.161 0.401 -0.107 0.267
0 0.240 0 0.160
0.08 0.160 0.053 0.107
Roof
-0.408 0.288 -0.272 0.192
-0.408 0.288 -0.272 0.192
-0.12 0 -0.080 0
0.024 -0.072 0.016 -0.048
0.096 -0.144 0.064 -0.096
Appendix D: Design Member Capacity
D1: Design of Floor Joists

D1.1: Bending Strength Design Capacity
ϕMd = ϕk1 k4 k6 k9 k12 f’b Z [AS1720.1-2010] <3.2.1.1>

Temperature factor, k6 = 1.0 [AS1720.1-2010] <2.4.3>
Strength sharing factor, k9 = 1.0 [AS1720.1-2010] <8.4.6>
−0.480
𝐸
ρb =14.71 (𝑓′ ) 𝑟 −0.061 for beams [AS1720.1-2010] <8.4.7>
𝑏
E = 14000 MPa (Wesbeam)
f’b = 59 MPa (Wesbeam)
r=1
14000 −0.480 −0.061
ρb =14.71 ( 59
) 1 = 1.0653
S1 = 2.25 (d/b) = 2.25 (170/45) = 8.5
d = 170 mm
b = 45 mm
ρbS1 = 1.0653 × 8.5 = 9.055 ≤ 10
k12 = 1.0 [AS1720.1-2010] < 3.2.4 (a)>
Bending strength, f’b = 59 MPa Wesbeam
𝑏𝑥 𝑑 2 45 𝑥 1702
= 6
= 216.75 x 103 mm3
26
D1.2: Flexural Shear Strength
ϕVd = ϕk1 k4 k6 f’s As [AS1720.1-2010] <3.2.5>

Shear strength, f’s = 5.3 MPa Wesbeam
2 2
Shear plane area, As = 3 (𝑏𝑑) = 3 (35 × 190) = 4433.333 𝑚𝑚2
D2: Design of Floor Beam

D2.1: Bending Strength Design Capacity
ϕMd = ϕk1 k4 k6 k9 k12 f’b Z [AS1720.1-2010] <3.2.1.1>
ϕ = 0.95 (Glue-laminated timber – Category 1) <Table 2.1>

Partial seasoning factor, k4 = 1.0 <Clause 2.4.2.3>
Strength sharing factor, k9 = 1.0 [AS1720.1-2010] <7.4.3>
For stress grade GL18, r = 1, ρb = 0.82 <Table 7.2(A)>
S1 = 2.25 (d/b) = 2.25 (270/65) = 9.35
d = 270 mm
b = 65 mm
ρbS1 = 0.82 × 9.35 = 7.66 ≤ 10
k12 = 1.0 [AS1720.1-2010] < 3.2.4 (a)>
Bending strength, f’b = 45 MPa (for GL18) <Table 7.1>
𝑏× 𝑑 2 65 × 2702
= 6
=789.75 x 103 mm3
D2.2: Flexural Shear Strength

ϕVd = ϕk1 k4 k6 f’s As [AS1720.1-2010] <3.2.5>

Shear strength, f’s = 5 MPa (for GL18) <Table 7.1>
2 2
Shear plane area, As = 3
(𝑏𝑑) = 3
(65 × 270) = 11700 𝑚𝑚2
27
D2.3: Bearing Capacity
ϕNd,p = ϕ k1 k4 k6 k7 f’p Ap
Length of bearing factor, k7 = 1.0 (length of bearing member > 150) <Table 2.6>
Bearing strength, f’p = 19 MPa
Bearing area, Ap = 65×35 = 2275 mm2
28
Appendix E: Design Load Effect from SPACEGASS
E1: Analysis on roof joists
Figure E2.1 Bending moment diagram with load combination of 1.35G
Figure E1.3 Bending moment diagram with load combination of 1.2G + 1.5Q
Figure E1.4 Bending moment diagram with load combination of 1.2G + 1.5ψlQ
29
Figure E1.5 Bending moment diagram with load combination of 1.2G + Wu + ψcQ
Figure E1.6 Bending moment diagram with load combination of 0.9G + Wu
Figure E1.7 Shear force diagram with load combination of 1.35G
30
Figure E1.8 Shear force diagram with load combination of 1.2G + 1.5Q
Figure E1.9 Shear force diagram with load combination of 1.2G + 1.5ψlQ
Figure E1.10 Shear force diagram with load combination of 1.2G + Wu + ψcQ
31
Figure E1.11 Shear force diagram with load combination of 0.9G + Wu
E2: Analysis on roof beam
Figure E2.12Bending moment diagram with load combination of 1.35G
Figure 13 Bending moment diagram with load combination of 1.2G + 1.5Q
32
Figure 14 Bending moment diagram with load combination of 1.2G + 1.5ψlQ
Figure 15 Bending moment diagram with load combination of 1.2G + Wu + ψcQ
Figure 16 Bending moment diagram with load combination of 0.9G + Wu
33
Figure 17 Shear Force diagram with load combination of 1.35G
Figure 18 Shear Force diagram with load combination of 1.2G + 1.5Q
Figure 19 Shear Force diagram with load combination of 1.2G + 1.5ψlQ
34
Figure 20 Shear Force diagram with load combination of 1.2G + Wu + ψcQ
Figure 21 Shear Force diagram with load combination of 0.9G + Wu
E3: Analysis on floor joists
Figure 22 Bending moment diagram with load combination of 1.35G
35
36
37
38
E4: Analysis on floor beam
Figure 32Bending moment diagram with load combination of 1.35G
39
40
41
E5: Analysis on columns
Figure 42 Bending moment diagram with load combination of 1.35G
42
43
Figure 47 Axial Force diagram with load combination of 1.35G
Figure 48 Axial Force diagram with load combination of 1.2G + 1.5Q
Figure 49 Axial Force diagram with load combination of 1.2G + 1.5ψlQ
44
Figure 50 Axial Force diagram with load combination of 1.2G + Wu + ψcQ
Figure 51 Axial Force diagram with load combination of 0.9G + Wu
45
Appendix F: Serviceability Deflection of Member from SPACEGASS
Figure 52 Deflection diagram of roof joists
Figure 53 Deflection diagram of roof beam
46
Figure 54 Deflection diagram of floor joists
Figure 55 Deflection diagram of floor beam
47
Figure 56 Deflection diagram of columns
48
Appendix G: Connection Design
The design of connections is according to AS 1720.1-2010 Clause 4.0 unless otherwise stated.
G1 Connection between roof and roof joists
Nail length and timber thickness (2-member joints) <4.2.5(a)>

Nail properties: Assume using 50 x 2.5mm nails <Pryda Collated Stick Nails (WCSN)>
Minimum spacing, edge and end distance for nails: <Table 4.4>
End distance = 20D = 20 x 2.5 = 50mm (adopt 65mm)
Edge distance = 5D = 5 x 2.5 = 12.5 (adopt 16mm)
Spacing between nails = 20D = 20 x 3.15 = 63mm (adopt 200mm)
Thickness of first member = 28mm
Depth of penetration of nail into second member = 22mm
G2: Connection between Roof joist and roof beam

Thickness of first member, t1 > 10D = 10 x 3.15 = 31.5mm (adopt 32mm)
Depth of penetration of nail into second member, tp > 37.5mm (adopt 53.5mm)
End distance = 20D = 20 x 3.15 = 63mm
Spacing between nails = 10D = 10 x 3.15 = 31.5 (adopt 33mm)
G3: Connection between Roof Beam and Column
Bolt length and timber thickness (2-member joints) <4.2.5(a)>

Bolt properties: Assume using 215 x 6mm bolts <the fastener factory>
Minimum spacing, edge and end distance for bolted joints: <Figure 4.9 (b)>
End distance = 5D = 5 x 6 = 30mm
Edge distance = 4D = 4 x 6= 24mm (adopt 80mm)
Spacing between bolt (vertically) = 5D = 30mm (adopt 100mm)
Spacing between bolt (horizontally),a = 5D = 30mm (adopt 100mm) <Clause 4.4.4.3>
b/D = 150/6 = 7.5 > 6
G4: Connection between Floor and floor joist

End distance = 20D = 20 x 3.15 = 63mm (adopt 65mm)
Spacing between nails = 20D = 20 x 3.15 = 63mm (adopt 200mm)
Thickness of first member, t1 > 10D = 10 x 3.15 = 31.5mm (adopt 45mm)
Depth of penetration of nail into second member, tp > 31.5mm (adopt 45mm)
49
G5: Connection between Floor Joist and Floor Beam
Screw length and timber thickness (2-member joints) <4.3.5(a)>

Screw properties: Assume using 125 x 5mm screw <the fastener factory>
Thickness of first member, t1 > 10D = 10 x 5 = 50mm
Depth of penetration of screw into second member, tp > 7D = 35mm (adopt 72.03mm)
Minimum spacing, edge and end distance for screws: <Table 4.8>
Edge distance = 5D = 5 x 5 = 25mm
Spacing between screws = 3D = 3 x 5 = 15mm
G6: Connection between Floor Beam and Column
Bolt length and timber thickness (2-member joints) <4.3.5(a)>

Bolt properties: Assume using 215 x 20mm bolt <the fastener factory>
Minimum spacing, edge and end distance for bolted joints: <Figure 4.9 (b)>
Edge distance = 4D = 4 x 20 = 80mm
Spacing between bolt (vertically) = 5D = 100mm
Spacing between bolt (horizontally),a = 5D = 100mm <Clause 4.4.4.3>
b/D = 150/20 = 7.5 > 6
G7: Connection between Upper Column and Lower Column

Spacing, edge and end distances for bolts <Clause 4.4.4.3>
Load applied parallel to grain: <Figure 4.9 (a)>
End distance (compression joints and joints subjected to bending moment)

= 5D = 5 x 8 = 40mm (adopt 50mm)
Edge distance = 2D = 2 x 8 = 16mm (adopt 40mm)
Spacing between screws = 5D = 5 x 8 = 40mm (adopt 70mm)
G8: Connection between modules

Spacing, edge and end distances for bolts <Clause 4.4.4.3>
Load applied parallel to grain: <Figure 4.9 (a)>

Edge distance = 2D = 2 x 10 = 20mm (adopt 50mm)
Spacing between screws = 4D = 4 x 10 = 40mm (adopt 50mm)
50
Appendix H: Detailed Drawing
Front view
Side view
Plan view
UNIT: DRAWING TITLE: DESIGN BY: DRAWN BY: Nelson Lee Kuan Ming
STEN4003 Integrated Structural Design Detail of Module 1 Nelson Lee Kuan Ming CHECK BY: Loo Jia Jin
Loo Jia Jin Ong Ee Fang
PROJECT: Ong Ee Fang DATE: 01/05/2020
Transportable Modular House DRAWING NO.: 01
51
Front view
Side view
Plan view
STEN4003 Integrated Structural Design Detail of Module 2 Nelson Lee Kuan Ming CHECK BY: Loo Jia Jin
52
Plan view Side view
Front view
STEN4003 Integrated Structural Design Connection between Roof and Roof Joist Nelson Lee Kuan Ming CHECK BY: Loo Jia Jin
1
Front view Plan view Side view
STEN4003 Integrated Structural Design Connection between Roof Joist and Roof Beam Nelson Lee Kuan Ming CHECK BY: Loo Jia Jin
2
Front view Plan view
Side view
STEN4003 Integrated Structural Design Connection between Roof Beam and Column Nelson Lee Kuan Ming CHECK BY: Loo Jia Jin
3
Plan view
Front view Side view
STEN4003 Integrated Structural Design Connection between Floor and Floor Joist Nelson Lee Kuan Ming CHECK BY: Loo Jia Jin
4
Front view
Side view
Plan view
STEN4003 Integrated Structural Design Connection between Floor Joist and Floor Beam Nelson Lee Kuan Ming CHECK BY: Loo Jia Jin
5
Front view Plan view
Side view
STEN4003 Integrated Structural Design Connection between Floor Beam and Column Nelson Lee Kuan Ming CHECK BY: Loo Jia Jin
6
Side view Front view
STEN4003 Integrated Structural Design Connection between Upper Column and Lower Nelson Lee Kuan Ming CHECK BY: Loo Jia Jin
Column Loo Jia Jin Ong Ee Fang
7
Side view
Front view
STEN4003 Integrated Structural Design Connection between Modules Nelson Lee Kuan Ming CHECK BY: Loo Jia Jin

ISD Assignment 1 - Group 27

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FACAUTY OF SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING

DEPATMENT OF CIVIL AND CONSTRUCTION ENGINEERING

STEN 4003 – Integrated Structural Design

Activity Excellent Moderate Could do better

(≥ 80%) (60-79%) (< 60%)

MARKER TOTAL GROUP MARK_______________

MARKS OF INDIVIDUALS (out of 100% perceived contribution)

The column proposed by our project is relatively small to become part

Bolts are used as the connector to connects between volumetric units

Laminated Veneer Lumber (LVL) is used for the design of joists.

Design of the structure members are in accordance to the standards below:

2.2 Floor Structure Design

2.3 Column Design

2.4 Connections Design

2.6 Principle of Fire Design

2.7 Lifting of Module

SWL = L x WLL > 6.78

The rigging method is visualized in the figure shown in Appendix A

3.1 Evaluation of Permanent Loads (G)

3.1.1 Roof (LVL of Density 6.47kN/m3)

3.1.2 Roof Joists (LVL of Density 6.47kN/m3)

Load acting on the middle strip:

Load acting on the edge strip:

3.1.3 Roof Beam (Glulam of Density 6.377kN/m3)

Point load of joists acting on the beams:

Calculation of loading for other beams are shown in Appendix B1.

3.1.5 Floor (LVL of Density 6.47kN/m3)

3.1.6 Floor Joists (LVL of Density 6.47kN/m3)

Load acting on the middle strip:

Load acting on the edge strip:

3.1.7 Floor Beams (Glulam of Density 6.377kN/m3)

Point load of joists acting on the beams:

3.1.8 Columns (CLT of Density 4.905kN/m3)

3.2.1 Imposed Load on Roof Joists

Specific uses: Structural element

Load acting on the middle strip:

Load acting on the edge strip:

3.2.2 Imposed Load on Floor Joists due to Floor Activity

Load acting on the middle strip:

Load acting on the edge strip:

3.2.3 Imposed Load on Other Structural Member

3.3 Evaluation of Wind Loads

3.3.1 Design Wind Speed:

Vsit, β = VR Md (Mz, cat Ms Mt) <Clause 2.2>

Vsit, β = 39 x 1 x 0.854 x 1 x 1 = 33.306 m/s

P (pascal) = (0.5ρair) [Vdes,θ]2 Cfig Cdyn <Clause 2.4.1>

Vdes,θ = 33.306 m/s (building orthogonal wind speed) <Clause 2.3>

Design wind pressure, ρ = (0.5) (1.2) (33.306)2 (1) Cfig

Cp,i = -0.3, 0.0 (Largest opening on windward wall) <Table 5.1(B)>

Cp,i Kc,i Most positive Cfig,i Most negative Cfig,i

= -0.9, -0.4 (1.5 to 3m from leeward wall)

= -0.5, 0 (3 to 5.4m from leeward wall) <Table 5.3 (A)>

Surface Area, sq.m. Ka

Action Combination factors Kc,e and Kc,i <Table 5.5>

Location Cp,e Ka Kc,e K𝓵 Kp Most positive Cfig,e Most negative Cfig,e

Combined values of Cfig

Location Most Most Most Most Downward wind Uplift wind

Location Downward wind Uplift wind Downward wind Uplift wind

3.3.5 Summary of Wind Load

We only do the most critical wind load acting on the member

3.4 Design Load Combination

3.4.1 Combinations of Actions for Serviceability Limit State

<Table B1> Load combination