PRESENT CONTINUOUS TENSE

1.1 THE USE OF PRESENT CONTINOUS TENSE

We use The Present Continuous Tense when we talk about something which is
happening at the time of speaking.We also use The Present Continuous Tense when
we talk about something which is happening around the time of speaking, but not
necessarily exactly at the time of speaking.We often use the Present Continuous
when we talk about a period around the present.We use the present continuous when
we talk about the changing situation.

1.2. THE ADVERBS OF TIME USED

The adverbs of time used in Present Continous tense are “NOW, RIGHT NOW,
TOMORROW,ETC
1.3. THE PATTERN OF PRESENT CONTINOUS TENSE
The patterns of Present continous tense consist of :

1.3.A. Positive Pattern

S + am/is/are + Verb 4+object+complement+Now

S + sedang + 4……………………………………..sekarang

1.3.b The Negative Pattern

S + am/is/are + Not + Verb 4+object+complement+Now

S + tidak sedang + 4 …………………………………….sekarang
1.3.c. The Interrogative Pattern

Am/Is/Are + S + Verb 4+object+complement+Now?

Apakah + S + sedang + 4…………………………sekarang ?

1.3.d. Question-word Pattern

QW + Am/Is/Are + S + Verb 4+object+complement+Now?

QW + yang + S + 4……………………………………..sekarang?

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 PAST TENSE

2.1. The Use of Simple Past Tense

We use the past simple to talk about actions or situations in the past.

2.2. The Adverbs of time used

The adverbs of time used in this tense are Yesterday, last….., a week ago, this
morning , last night, yesterday morning, yesterweek, yestermonth, yesteryear,
etc.

2.3. The Patterns of Simple Past Tense

2.3.1. The Positive Pattern

S + Verb 2+object+complement+Yesterday
S + 2…………………………………………………..

2.3.2. The Negative Pattern

S + didn’t + Verb 1+object+complement+Yesterday

S + tidak + 1…………………………………kemarin

2.3.3. The Interrogative Pattern

Did + S + Verb 1+object+complement+Yesterday?

Apakah + S + 1…………………………………………kemarin?

2.3.4. The Question-word Pattern

QW + did + S + Verb 1+object+complement+Yesterday?

Qw + yang + S + 1…………………………………….?

QW + Verb 2+object+complement+Yesterday? S + did

QW + 2……………………………..?

3
 PRESENT FUTURE TENSE

We often use will in this situation:

Offering to do something:
Agreeing and refusing to do something:
Promising to do something.
Asking someone to do something.

A. The positive pattern of Present Future tense is as follows:

S + will/shall + Verb 1+object+complement+Tomorrow
S + akan + 1 …………………….

B. The negative pattern of Present Future tense is as follows:

S + won’t/shan’t + Verb 1+object+complement+Tomorrow

S + tidak akan + 1 ………………………………..

C. The Interrogative pattern of Present Future tense is as follows

Will/Shall + S + Verb 1+object+complement+Tomorrow?

Apakah + S + akan + 1…………………………..?
D. The QW pattern of Present Future tense is as follows

QW + will/shall + S + Verb 1+object+complement+Tomorrow?

QW + yang + S + akan + 1……………………….?

Am/is/are + S + going to + Verb 1………………………………….. .?

QW + am/is/are + S + going to + verb 1…………………………… ..?

 4. PRESENT TENSE
Present Tense is used to talk about something in general. And it is also used to talk
about something which is happened repeatedly or habituallly activities.
The pattern :
Positive
S + Verb 1 (s/es) +object+complement+Everyday/today
Negative

S + don’t/doesn’t + Verb 1+object+complement+Everyday/today

Interrogative

Do/Does + S + Verb 1+object+complement+Everyday/today?

Question word

QW + Do/does + S + Verb 1…………………….…Everyday/today?

5. PAST CONTINUOUS TENSE

We use past continuous Tense to say that someone was in the middle of doing
something at a certain time. The action or situation had already started before this
time but hadn’t finished:
The pattern :
Positive
S + was/were + verb 4………………….When + s + Verb 2…….……
Negative
S + was/were + not + Verb 4…………….When + s + Verb 2…………
Interrogative
Was/were + S + verb 4…………………. When + s + Verb 2 ……. ….?
QW
QW + was/were + S + verb 4……………When + s + Verb 2 …………?
 6. PRESENT PERFECT TENSE

We often use the present perfect Tense to give new information or to announce recent
happening.We can use the Present Perfect Tense with already to say that something
has happened sooner than expected.We can use the Present Perfect Tense with just
We talk about a period of time that continuous up to the present.we use the present
perfect.We often use ever and never with the present perfect.We have to use present
perfect Tense with This is the first time.We often use the present perfect with yet. Yet
shows that the speaker is expecting something to happen. Use yet only in questions
and negative sentences: The pattern:
Positive
S + have/has + verb 3……………………….etc
Negative
S + haven’t/hasn’t + Verb 3…………….….etc
Interrogative
Have/has + S + verb 3………………….. ….etc?
QW
QW + have/has + S + verb 3………………..etc?

7. PAST PERFECT TENSE

We use the Past perfect to say that something had already happened before this time :

The pattern:
Positive
S + had + verb 3…………when/before S + V2
Negative
S + hadn’t + Verb 3……… when/before S + V2
Interrogative
Had + S + verb 3………… when/before S + V2 ?
QW
QW + had + S + verb 3……… when/before S + V2 ?
 8. PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE

Positive
S + have/has + been + verb 4…………etc
Negative
S + haven’t/hasn’t + been + verb 4……etc
Interrogative
Have/has + S + been + verb 4……….etc ?
QW
QW + have/has + S + been + verb 4…etc ?

9. PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE

Positive
S + had been + verb 4…………when S + V2
Negative
S + hadn’t been + Verb 4……… when S + V2
Interrogative
Had + S + been + verb 4………… when S + V2 ?
QW
QW + had + S + been + verb 4……… when S + V2 ?

10. PRESENT FUTURE CONTINUOUS TENSE

Positive
S + will be + Verb 4 + O + at…………..o’clock
Negative
S + won’t be + Verb 4 + O + at………..o’clock
Interrogative
Will + S + be + Verb 4 + O + at……….o’clock ?
QW
QW + will + S + be +Verb 4…………o’clock ?
 11. PRESENT FUTURE PERFECT TENSE

Positive
S + will have + verb 3 + ……….by the end……
Negative
S + won’t have + Verb 3 + ………..by the end….
Interrogative
Will + S + have + Verb 3 + ………by the end…. ?
QW
QW + will + S + have +Verb 3 +…………by the end… ?

12. PRESENT FUTURE PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE

Positive
S + will have been + verb 4………since……….
Negative
S + won’t have been + verb 4…….since……….
Interrogative
Will + S + have been + verb 4……since……….?
QW
QW + will + S + have been + verb 4….since…..?

13. PAST FUTURE TENSE

Positive
S + would + V1…IF + S + verb 2………….etc
Negative
S + wouldn’t + verb 1….+ object…………..etc
Interrogative
Would + S + verb 1 ….+ object ……….…..etc ?

14. PAST FUTURE CINTINUOUS TENSE

Positive
S + would be + Verb 4……when S + verb 2……….etc
Negative
S + wouldn’t + be + verb 4….when S + verb 2………etc
Interrogative
Would + S + be + verb 4 ….. when S + verb 2……etc ?
 15. PAST FUTURE PERFECT TENSE

Positive
S + would have + verb 3…..IF + S + had + verb 3…….
Negative
S + wouldn’t have + verb 3 ……object………..etc
Interrogative
Would + S + have + verb 3 …….object………..etc ?

16. PAST FUTURE PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE

Positive
S + would have + been + verb 4…..IF + S + had + verb 3…….
Negative
S + wouldn’t have been + verb 4…….object…………etc
Interrogative
Would + S + have been + verb 4.. …….object………..etc ?

18. PASSIVE VOICE (IN POSITIVE FORM)

1. Present Future Tense: S + will be + V3…by…
2. Present Future Continuous Tense: S + will be + being + V3…by…
3. Present Future Perfect Tense: S + will have been + V3
4. Present Future Perfect Continuous Tense: S + will have been + being + V3….
5. Simple Present Tense: S + am/is/are + V3…
6. Present Continuous Tense: S + am/is/are + being +V3…
7. Present Perfect Tense: S + have/has + been + V3
8. Present Perfect Continuous Tense: S + have been/has been +being +V3…
9. Past Perfect Tense: S + had been +V3…
10. Past Perfect Continuous Tense: S + had been + being + V3…
11. Simple Past Tense: S + Was/were + V3…
12. Past Continuous Tense: S + was/were + being + V3…
13. Past Future Tense: S + would be + V3…
14. Past Future Continuous Tense: S + would be being +V3…
15. Past Future Perfect Tense: S + would have been + V3…
16. Past Future Perfect Continuous Tense: S + would have been + being + V3…
 19. PASSIVE – VOICE IN NEGATIVE FORM

Present Future Tense

S + Won’t be + V3……….(by him)………

Present Future Continuous Tense

S + Won’t be + being + V3…(by them)….
.
Present Future Perfect Tense
S + Won’t have been + V3….(by her)

Present Future Perfect Continuous Tense

S + Won’t have been + V3….(by the Bank)………

Simple Present Tense

S + (am not/isn’t/aren’t) + V3….(by the Judge)
Exam
Present Continuous Tense
S + (am not/isn’t/aren’t) + being + V3… (by……)

Present Perfect Tense

S + (hasn’t/haven’t) + been + V3….(by ……..)
Present Perfect Continuous Tense
S + (hasn’t/haven’t) + been + being + V3…by…..

Past Perfect Tense

S + hadn’t been + V3…by…..

Past Perfect Continuous Tense

S + hadn’t been + being + V3…(by……….)
Simple Past Tense
S + (wasn’t/weren’t) + V3…(by……….)
 20. PASSIVE VOICE IN INTERROGATIVE

1. Present Future Tense

Will + S + be + V3…(by..) few years from now ?

Present Future Continuous Tense

Will + S + have been + V3…………… ?

Present Future Perfect Tense

Will + S + have been + V3……………?
.

2. Present Future Perfect Continuous Tense

Will + S + have been + being + V3………… ?
.
3. Simple Present Tense
(Am /Is/Are) + S + V3……………. ?

4. Present Continuous Tense

(Am/Is/Are ) + S + being + V3………. ?

Present Perfect Tense

(Has/Have) + S + been + V3 ………… ?

Present Perfect Continuous Tense

(Has/Have) + S + been + being + V3………. ?

5. Past Perfect Tense

Had + S + been + V3………. ?

Past Perfect Continuous Tense

Had + S + been + being + V3……………. ?
3 year.
6. Simple Past Tense
(Were/Was) + S + V3 …………. ?
7. Past Continuous Tense
(Were/Was) + S + being + V3………… ?

21. CAUSATIVE Dengan HAVE Dan GET

Fungsi : I. Menyuruh sesorang untuk mengerjakan sesuatu.

II. Menyuruh agar sesuatu dikerjakan oleh orang lain.

Rumus-Rumus Causative:

A. S + to have + someone + V1 + … etc

B. S + to have + something +
V3
Note : Perubahan Tenses hanya terjadi pada kata kerja to have.
(have (has) – had – had – having)

C. S + to get + someone + to + V1 + … etc

D. S + to get + somthing + to + V3 + … etc

 NARRATIVE

Purpose:
To amuse/entertain the readers and to tell a story

Generic Structure:
1. Orientation
2. Complication
3. Resolution
4. Reorientation

Note:
1. Using Past Tense
2. Using action verb
3. Chronologically arranged
4. Use of temporal conjuctions
 RECOUNT

Purpose:
to retell something that happened in the past and to tell a series of past event

Generic Structure:
1. Orientation
2. Event(s)
3. Reorientation

Note
1. Using Past Tense
2. Using action verb
3. Using adjectives
 DESCRIPTIVE

Purpose:
to describe a particular person, place or thing in detail.

Generic Structure:
1. Identification
2. Description

Note
1. Using Simple Present Tense
2. Using action verb
3. Using adverb
4. Using special technical terms
 REPORT

Purpose:
to presents information about something, as it is.

Generic Structure
1. General classification
2. Description

Note
1. Introducing group or general aspect
2. Using conditional logical connection
3. Using Simple Present Tense
 EXPLANATION

Purpose:
To explain the processes involved in the formation or working of natural or socio-
cultural phenomena.

Generic Structure:
1. General statement
2. Explanation
3. Closing

Note:
1. Using Simple Present Tense
2. Using action verbs
3. Using passive voice
4. Using noun phrase
5. Using adverbial phrase
6. Using technical terms
7. Using general and abstract noun
8. Using conjunction of time and cause-effect.
 ANALYTICAL EXPOSITION

Purpose:
To reveal the readers that something is the important case

Generic Structure:
1. Thesis
2. Arguments
3. Reiteration/Conclusion

Note:
1. Using modals
2. Using action verbs
3. Using thinking verbs
4. Using adverbs
5. Using adjective
6. Using technical terms
7. Using general and abstract noun
8. Using connectives/transition
 HORTATORY EXPOSITION

Purpose:
to persuade the readers that something should or should not be the case or be done

Generic Structure:
1. Thesis
2. Arguments
3. Recommendation
Note:
1. Using Simple Present Tense
2. Using modals
3. Using action verbs
4. Using thinking verbs
5. Using adverbs
6. Using adjective
7. Using technical terms
8. Using general and abstract noun
9. Using connectives/transition

PROCEDURE

Purpose:
to help readers how to do or make something completely

Generic Structure:
1. Goal/Aim
2. Materials/Equipments
3. Steps/Methods

Note:
1. Using Simple Present Tense
2. Using Imperatives sentence
3. Using adverb
4. Using technical terms
 DISCUSSION

Purpose:
to present information and opinions about issues in more one side of an issue
(‘For/Pros’ and ‘Against/Cons’)

Generic Structure:
1. Issue
2. Arguments for and against
3. Conclusion

Note:
1. Using Simple Present Tense
2. Use of relating verb/to be
3. Using thinking verb
4. Using general and abstract noun
5. Using conjunction/transition
6. Using modality
7. Using adverb of manner
 REVIEW

Purpose:
to critique or evaluate an art work or event for a public audience
dominant

Generic Structure:
1. Orientation
2. Evaluation
3. Interpretative Recount
4. Evaluation
5. Evaluative Summation

Note:
1. Focus on specific participants
2. Using adjectives
3. Using long and complex clauses
4. Using metaphor
 SPOOF

Purpose:
to tell an event with a humorous twist and entertain the readers

Generic Structure:
1. Orientation
2. Event(s)
3. Twist

Note:
1. Using Past Tense
2. Using action verb
3. Using adverb
4. Chronologically arranged
 NEWS ITEM

Purpose:
to inform readers about events of the day which are considered newsworthy or
important

Generic Structure:
1. Newsworthy event(s)
2. Background event(s)
3. Sources

Note:
1. Short, telegraphic information about story captured in headline
2. Using action verbs
3. Using saying verbs
4. Using adverbs : time, place and manner.
 Functional Text

 Announcement
 Advertisement
 Message
 Poster
 Brochure
 Job application
 Pamflet
 English Task

Name : Bayu Aditia

Class : XII IPA 2

SMA NEGERI 2 BUKITTINGGI

TP.2010/2011