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Chap 1b EXPo and LOG FN Integrals
Chap 1b EXPo and LOG FN Integrals
EXPONENTIAL AND
LOGARITHMIC
INTEGRALS
NM Espartinez, MSAEn
Faculty, DABE, BUCAF, Guinobatan, Albay
2020
CHAPTER 1b
DATA ANALYSIS
Integration: Exponential and Logarithmic Functions
“No one ever escapes without enduring strain from the struggle of integration ...” Daniel Keys Moran
So, in this lesson we discover and learn how to obtain the integrals of
exponential and logarithmic functions.
understand the mathematical concepts that provide a foundation for the mathematics
encountered in this course.
integrate exponential and logarithmic functions
work at their own level thereby developing confidence in mathematics and general problem
solving.
interpret and solve application-based integration problems about exponential and logarithmic
integrals
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Expo and Log Functions Integrals
Lesson 1b: Integrals: Logarithmic and Exponential Functions
Hence, in this lesson integration of transcendental and rational function are discussed. These
integrations will form part of the basic tools that will be needed in applying techniques of integration
that will be studied in the succeeding lessons.
Integrating functions of the form 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 −1 result in the absolute value of the natural log
function, as shown in the following rules. Integral formulas for other logarithmic functions, such
as 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑙𝑛𝑥 and 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑎 𝑥, are also included in the rule.
𝒅𝒖
න = න 𝒖−𝟏 𝒅𝒖 = 𝒍𝒏 𝒖 + 𝑪
𝒖
න 𝒍𝒏 𝒖 𝒅𝒖 = 𝒖 𝒍𝒏 𝒖 − 𝒖 + 𝑪
𝒖
න 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒂 𝒖 𝒅𝒖 = (𝒍𝒏 𝒖 − 𝟏) + 𝑪
𝒍𝒏 𝒂
𝑑 𝑑𝑢 1
Recall that the derivative of the function: (ln 𝑢) = 𝑜𝑟 (𝑢) 𝑑𝑢
𝑑𝑥 𝑢
1 𝒅𝒖
This shows that 𝑙𝑛 𝑢 is an antiderivative of
𝑢
or simply: ∫
𝒖
= ∫ 𝒖−𝟏𝒅𝒖 = 𝒍𝒏 𝒖 + 𝑪
But, does the formula only valid for 𝑢 > 0 (where 𝑙𝑛 𝑢 is defined). How can we have an
antiderivative on its full domain?
If 𝑢 ≠ 0, then integration formula above is valid because we have proven the following result:
𝒅 𝒈′(𝒙)
𝒅𝒙
𝐥𝐧|𝒈(𝒙)| = 𝒈(𝒙)
.
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Expo and Log Functions Integrals
𝒅𝒙
Illustrative Example 1: Find the integral of: ∫
𝒙 𝒍𝒏 𝒙
SOL:
𝑑𝑥 1 𝑑𝑥
Rearrange the integrand: ∫ 𝑥 ln 𝑥 = ∫ ( )
ln 𝑥 𝑥
𝑑 𝑑𝑢
Define 𝑢 and 𝑑𝑢: 𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝑢 = ln 𝑥 (here recall derivative of:
𝑑𝑥
(ln 𝑢) =
𝑢
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑢 =
𝑥
𝒅𝒖
Since there’s no unwanted factor, proceed to integration using: ∫ = ∫ 𝒖−𝟏 𝒅𝒖 = 𝒍𝒏 𝒖 + 𝑪
𝒖
𝑑𝑥 1 𝑑𝑥
න = න ( ) = 𝒍𝒏 𝒙 + 𝑪
𝑥 ln 𝑥 ln 𝑥 𝑥
Rearrange the integrand: ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛 3𝑥 𝑙𝑛 (𝑐𝑜𝑠 3𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = ∫ [𝑙𝑛 (𝑐𝑜𝑠 3𝑥)] (sin 3𝑥 𝑑𝑥)
𝑑
Define 𝑢 and 𝑑𝑢: 𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝑢 = cos 3𝑥 (here recall derivative: 𝑑𝑥 (cos 𝑢) = −sin 𝑢 𝑑𝑢
1
∫ 𝑥 5 𝑙𝑜𝑔5 (3𝑥 6 )𝑑𝑥 = ∫[𝑙𝑜𝑔5 (3𝑥 6 )] (𝑥 5 𝑑𝑥) = 18 ∫[𝑙𝑜𝑔5 (3𝑥 6 )] (18 𝑥 5 𝑑𝑥)
𝒖
Then integrate using the formula: ∫ 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒂 𝒖 𝒅𝒖 = (𝒍𝒏 𝒖 − 𝟏) + 𝑪
𝒍𝒏 𝒂
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Expo and Log Functions Integrals
1 1 3𝑥 6
න 𝑥 5 𝑙𝑜𝑔5 (3𝑥 6 )𝑑𝑥 = න[𝑙𝑜𝑔5 (3𝑥 6 )] (𝑥 5 𝑑𝑥) = න[𝑙𝑜𝑔5 (3𝑥 6 )] (18 𝑥 5 𝑑𝑥) = ( ) (ln 3𝑥 6 − 1)
18 18 ln 5
3𝑥 6 𝒙𝟔 (𝐥𝐧 𝟑𝒙𝟔 − 𝟏)
+𝐶 = ( ) (ln 3𝑥 6 − 1) + 𝐶 = +𝑪
18 ln 5 𝟔 𝐥𝐧 𝟓
Notice the denominator of the final answer. The law on logarithm (ln 𝑥 𝑛 = 𝑛 ln 𝑥) could be applied to further simplify
your answer:
1 1 3𝑥 6
න 𝑥 5 𝑙𝑜𝑔5 (3𝑥 6 )𝑑𝑥 = න[𝑙𝑜𝑔5 (3𝑥 6 )] (𝑥 5 𝑑𝑥) = න[𝑙𝑜𝑔5 (3𝑥 6 )] (18 𝑥 5 𝑑𝑥) = ( ) (ln 3𝑥 6 − 1)
18 18 ln 5
3𝑥 6 𝒙𝟔 (𝐥𝐧 𝟑𝒙𝟔 − 𝟏) 𝑥 6 (ln 3𝑥 6 − 1)
+𝐶 = ( ) (ln 3𝑥 6 − 1) + 𝐶 = +𝑪 = +𝐶
18 ln 5 𝟔 𝐥𝐧 𝟓 ln (5)6
𝒙𝟔 (𝐥𝐧 𝟑𝒙𝟔 − 𝟏)
= +𝑪
𝐥𝐧 𝟏𝟓, 𝟔𝟐𝟓
The exponential function is perhaps the most efficient function in terms of the operations of
calculus. The exponential function, 𝒚 = 𝒆𝒙 , is its own derivative and its own integral.
න 𝒆𝒖 𝒅𝒖 = 𝒆𝒖 + 𝑪
𝒂𝒖
න 𝒂𝒖 𝒅𝒖 = +𝑪
𝐥𝐧 𝒂
A common mistake when dealing with exponential expression is treating the exponent on 𝑒 the
same way we treat exponents in polynomial expressions. We cannot use the power rule for the
exponent on 𝑒.
This can be especially confusing when we have both exponentials and polynomials in the same
expression. In these cases, we should always double-check to make sure we’re using the right
rules for the functions we’re integrating.
𝑑
Recall that the derivative of the function: (𝑎 𝑥 ) = 𝑎 𝑥 ln 𝑎
𝑑𝑥
To solve for 𝑎 𝑥 , transpose ln 𝑎 to the left, with the constant rule in reverse:
1 𝑑 𝑑 1
(𝑎𝑥 ) = 𝑎𝑥 ↔ [ (𝑎𝑥 )] = 𝑎𝑥
ln 𝑎 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 ln 𝑎
𝟏
This shows the antiderivative of 𝑎 𝑥 : (𝒂𝒙 ) = ∫ 𝒂𝒙 𝒅𝒙
𝐥𝐧 𝒂
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Expo and Log Functions Integrals
𝟏
It follows that if 𝑎 > 0, then ∫ 𝒂𝒙 𝒅𝒙 = (𝒂𝒙 ).
𝐥𝐧 𝒂
𝟏
Moreover, if 𝑎 = 𝑒, then substitute this to the formula above, it becomes: ∫ 𝒆𝒙 𝒅𝒙 = (𝒆𝒙 )
𝐥𝐧 𝒆
𝟐
Illustrative Example 4: Find the integral of: ∫ 𝒙 𝒆(𝟑𝒙 −𝟏) 𝒅𝒙
SOL:
2 −1) 2 −1)
Rearrange the integrand: ∫ 𝑥 𝑒 (3𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑒 (3𝑥 (𝑥 𝑑𝑥)
𝑑𝑢 = (6𝑥 − 0)𝑑𝑥 = 6𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Notice there is an unwanted or arbitrary factor in the differential (𝑑𝑢) which is 6. So, affix 1/6 before the integral sign
and write the corrected differential inside the integrand
Exponential functions are used in many real-life applications. Although the derivative represents
a rate of change or a growth rate, the integral represents the total change or the total growth.
Integration of an exponential function solves a common business application.
A price–demand function tells the relationship between the quantity of a product demanded
and the price of the product. In general, price decreases as quantity demanded increases. The
marginal price–demand function is the derivative of the price–demand function. It tells us how
fast the price changes at a given level of production.
These functions are used in business to determine the price–elasticity of demand, and to help
companies determine whether changing production levels would be profitable.
GIVEN: Demand = 50 tubes per week @ PhP 10 per tube Sales = 100 tubes per week
Req’d: Price to be set
SOL:
a) Finding the price-demand equation
To find the price–demand equation, integrate the marginal price–demand function. First find the antiderivative, then look
at the particulars. Thus, integrating 𝒑′(𝒙) = −𝟎. 𝟎𝟏𝟓𝒆−𝟎.𝟎𝟏𝒙 :
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Expo and Log Functions Integrals
Define 𝑢 and 𝑑𝑢: 𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝑢 = −0.01𝑥 𝑑𝑢 = 0.01 𝑑𝑥
Notice there is an unwanted or arbitrary factor in the differential (𝑑𝑢) which is –0.01. So, affix −1/0.01 before the
integral sign and write the corrected differential inside the integrand. Integrate using: ∫ 𝒆𝒖 𝒅𝒖 = 𝒆𝒖 + 𝑪
−0.015
𝑝 (𝑥) = න −0.015𝑒 −0.01𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = − 0.015 න 𝑒 −0.01𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = න 𝑒 −0.01𝑥 (−0.01𝑑𝑥)
−0.01
Solve for C. It was given that when the price is PhP 10 per tube, the demand is 50 tubes per week or: 𝑝(50) = 10
𝑝 (100) = 1.5𝑒 −0.01𝑥 + 74.09 = 1.5𝑒 −0.01(100) + 9.09 = 0.55 + 9.09 = 𝑷𝒉𝑷 𝟗. 𝟔𝟒
The supermarket should charge PhP 9.64 per tube if it is selling 100 tubes per week.
𝒂𝒖
To find 𝑄(𝑡), integrate the given function 𝒒(𝒕) = 𝟑𝒕 using the formula: ∫ 𝒂𝒖 𝒅𝒖 = +𝑪
𝐥𝐧 𝒂
So, 𝑸(𝒕) = ∫ 𝟑𝒕 𝒅𝒕
Define 𝑎, 𝑢 and 𝑑𝑢: 𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝑢 = 𝑡 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑑𝑡 𝑎= 3
Since there’s no arbitrary factor, proceed to integration:
𝟑𝒕
𝑄(𝑡) = න 3𝑡 𝑑𝑡 = +𝑪
𝐥𝐧 𝟑
3𝑡 30 1
𝑄(𝑡) = ∫ 3𝑡 𝑑𝑡 = +𝐶 ↔ 10 = +𝐶 = +𝐶
ln 3 ln 3 ln 3
Recall that any number raised to a zero exponent becomes 1. So the 30 in the above equation becomes 1.
1
Hence: 𝐶 = 10 − = 10 − 0.9102 = 9.0898
ln 3
3𝑡 𝟑𝒕
So, the function is: 𝑄(𝑡) = +𝐶 ↔ 𝑸(𝒕) = + 𝟗. 𝟎𝟖𝟗𝟖
ln 3 𝐥𝐧 𝟑
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Expo and Log Functions Integrals
b) Bacteria population at 𝑡 = 2
32 9
𝑄(2) = + 9.0898 = + 9.0898 = 8.1922 + 9.0898 = 𝟏𝟕. 𝟐𝟖𝟐
ln 3 ln 3
Remember that there are 10 of thousands bacteria in the dish when t-=0. Hence, after 2 hours, the population of
bacteria in the dish is:
𝑄(2) = 17.282 (1,000) = 𝟏𝟕, 𝟐𝟖𝟐 𝒃𝒂𝒄𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒊𝒂
◙ Helpful Tips
1. Learn your rules (Power rule, trig rules, log rules, etc.).
2. Find an integration formula that resembles the integral you are trying to solve (𝑢 -
substitution should accomplish this goal).
3. If 𝑢-substitution does not work, you may need to alter the integrand (long division, factor,
multiply by the conjugate, separate the fraction, or other algebraic techniques)
◙ Key Take-Away
Exponential and logarithmic functions arise in many real-world applications, especially those
involving growth and decay.
Substitution is often used to evaluate exponential and logarithmic integrals.
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Expo and Log Functions Integrals
DIRECTION: Integrate the following:
3 (𝑥+3) 𝑑𝑥
1. ∫ 𝑥 2 +5𝑥+6
𝑧 2 −𝑧−2
2. ∫ 𝑑𝑧
𝑧−3
3. ∫( 𝑒 3𝑥 √1 + 𝑒 3𝑥 𝑑𝑥
(8𝑥 3 – 2) 𝑑𝑥
4. ∫ 𝑥 4 −𝑥+1
(𝑒 4𝑥 +𝑒 −4𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥
5. ∫ 𝑒 4𝑥 − 𝑒 −4𝑥
2𝑥+7𝑥 3 −10
6. ∫( 𝑥
) 𝑑𝑥
1
7. ∫ 3−𝑡 𝑑𝑡
1−𝑥 3
9. ∫ 𝑥
] 𝑑𝑥
2 (ln 3𝑡)2
10. ∫ 3𝑡
𝑑𝑡
𝑒 4𝑦 −2𝑒 𝑦 +6
11. ∫[ ]𝑑𝑦
𝑒𝑦
12. ∫ 4𝑏 (4−2𝑧 ) 𝑑𝑧
𝑒 1/𝑧
13. ∫ 𝑧2
𝑑𝑧
1. Suppose the bacteria grow at a rate of 𝑞(𝑡) = 2𝑡 . Assume the culture still starts
with 100,000 bacteria. Find 𝑄(𝑡). How many bacteria are in the dish after 4 hours?
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Expo and Log Functions Integrals
Please take note of the following guidelines:
2. For the lesson tasks, hand-written or encoded output or mixed output (hand written blended
with encoded output) is allowed.
Output should be written in long bond paper: font size (Arial 11), single spaced;
double spaced between paragraphs.
In solving the given problems, write first the problem before showing your solution.
Margins: 1 inch at the top, bottom, left and right side.
Footer: Font size (Arial 9); positioned at the rightmost part of the bottom page. You
can have your own design for your footer. The footer text is shown below:
Example: ESPARTINEZ: Activity 2b (Units and Measurements)
Header: For the required header, please refer to the given format below:
Output should be written in long bond paper: font size (Arial 11), single spaced;
double spaced between paragraphs.
In solving the given problems, write first the problem before showing your solution.
Margins: 1 inch at the top, bottom, left and right side. Borderline may not be shown,
simply estimate your margins following the specified measurements.
3. For the format: The contents of your encoded output should be reflected in the form shown
below:
Activity 2b
Integrals of Exponential and Logarithmic Functions
1. Problem:
SOL:
For handwritten output, you can do away with header and footer.
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Expo and Log Functions Integrals
4. In submitting your individual work, the file name should be:
Example: ESPARTINEZ Math2 Task2b
5. For the collected individual outputs, before submitting to the Class Monitor (or the
President), the group leader should name their group folder as shown:
Example: From Group 1, the folder is: G1 (Math2 Task2b)
a. For the collection of individual output by the leader: As always, in a separate word
document, the leader should create a list indicating the name of the member, the date
and time of submission. The word document should be included in the group’s file folder.
b. For submission, kindly use my BU email address... nmespartinez@bicol-u-edu.ph.
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Expo and Log Functions Integrals
Basics of Integration. From HarleyMath.com retrieved from http://hartleymath.com/calculus2/basic-
integrals
Strang, G. and Herman, E. (13 August 2020). Integrals Involving Exponential and Logarithmic
Functions. From LibreText.com, OpenStax CNX retrieved from
https://math.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Calculus/Book%3A_Calculus_(OpenStax)/05%3A_Integr
ation/5.6%3A_Integrals_Involving_Exponential_and_Logarithmic_Functions
https://ximera.osu.edu/mooculus/calculus1/firstFundamentalTheoremOfCalculus/digInFirstFundamen
talTheoremOfCalculus
https://vimeo.com/99167414
https://www.slideshare.net/JelaiAujero/indefinite-integral
http://sydney.edu.au/stuserv/documents/maths_learning_centre/chainrulereverse.pdf
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Expo and Log Functions Integrals