Semantic Net

Artificial Intelligence Presentation

Ritwik
2017UIT2542
 Definition
• Form of Knowledge Representation
• Predicate Knowledge alternative
• Labelled directed graph
• Components are :-
• Nodes - Objects or concepts
• Links - Relation between nodes.
Example:
 Types of Semantic Nets
1.Definitional Nets: Having Is-a relations
2.Assertional Nets: To assert propositions
3.Implicational Nets: Having implication relation
4.Executable Nets: Have mech. to cause change to net
5.Learning Nets: Build/extend their representations from
knowledge acquired by examples
6.Hybrid Nets: Combine two or more of the above techniques.
Bayesian network for pattern classification
F T F T
A=Exercise B=Diet
A 0.2 0.8 B 0.6 0.4

A B C=F C=T
C=Heart Disease F F 0.2 0.8
F T 0.6 0.4
T F 0.3 0.7
T T 0.5 0.5

D=Blood pressure C D=F D=T

F 0.1 0.9
T 0.9 0.1
 Q)Find the probability of getting blood pressure if you are a smoker, don’t exercise
And do not have cancer.

Ans) We need to calculate the probability, P(D=T/C=F,B=T,A=F)=

P(D=T/C=F)*P(C=F/B=T,A=F)*P(B=T)*P(A=F)=
0.9 * 0.6 * 0.4 *0.2 = 0.0432
 Semantic relations
1)Antonymy: Cold is opposite of warm
2)Holonymy: Bedroom has a bed
3)Homonymy: Bank means both a Financial instituation and a
River side.
4)Hypernymy: Animal(general) is hypernym of Dog.
5)Hyponymy/Troponymy: Dog(specific) is a hyponym of
Animal.
6)Meronymy: Engine is part of car.
7)Synonymy: Happy is synonym of blissful.
 Making a Semantic Network
• Tom is a cat
• Tom caught a bird
• Tom is owned by John
• Tom is ginger in colour
• Cats like cream
• The cat sat on the mat
• A cat is a mammal
• A bird is an animal
• All mammals are animals
• Mammals have fur
 Advantages
• Natural
• Modular
• Efficient
• Convey meaning in a transparent manner
• Simple
• Understandable
 Disadvantages
1)There is no standard definition of link names
2)Semantic are not intelligent, depends on author
3)Links are not all alike in function or form which can lead to
confusion.
4)Links on objects represent only binary relations
5)Negation , disjunction are not easily expressed.
 Frames
1)Frame is a schema .Schemata have internal structure to a
node which semantic net do not.
2)While semantic nets are basically a two-dimensional
representation of knowledge, frames add a third dimension by
allowing nodes to have structures.
3)A frame is analogous to a record structure, corresponding to
the fields and values of a record are the slots and slot fillers of
a frame.
4)A frame is basically a group of slots and fillers that defines a
stereotypical object.
 A Car Frame

The car is the object, the slot name is

the attribute, and the filler is the value.