Holger Svensson

CABLE-STAYED BRIDGES
40 Years of Experience
Worldwide

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 Holger Svensson

CABLE-STAYED
BRIDGES
40 Years of Experience
Worldwide

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 Prof. Dipl.-Ing. Holger Svensson
Consulting Engineer
Niederlausitzstraße 22
15738 Zeuthen
Germany
holger.svensson@gmx.de

Translated by: Prof. Dipl.-Ing. Holger Svensson, Zeuthen, Germany

Prof. Dr. Guido Morgenthal, Weimar, Germany
(sections on dynamics)
Review and Improvement: Paul Beverley, U. K.

Cover: Helgeland Bridge over Leirfjord, Sandnessjøen, Norway

© Helga Rutzen, Düsseldorf, Germany

© 2012 Wilhelm Ernst & Sohn, Verlag für Architektur Library of Congress Card No.: applied for
und technische Wissenschaften GmbH & Co. KG,
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A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.

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 Dedicated to my revered Mentor Prof. Fritz Leonhardt
and my dear wife Meg in appreciation of their support

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Introduction
Cable-stayed bridges are currently in a fast development, worldwide.
While in 1986 about 150 major cable-stayed bridges were known,
their number has increased to more than 1000 today. Their spans
have also increased by leaps. From 1975, when the span record was
404 m, it jumped to 856 m in 1995 and today has reached 1104 m. A
span limit is not yet in sight, and there are already designs for cable-
stayed bridges with main spans up to 1800 m. As the economic range
for suspension bridges is limited for very long spans, cable-stayed
bridges are a focus of interest for bridge engineers worldwide.
This book addresses experienced engineers as well as students. It
has been developed from the scripts of the ‘Lectures on cable-stayed
bridges’, which have been given by the author at the University of
Dresden for the 7th and 8th semester for bridge engineering students
since 2009.
It aims to cover all aspects of the design, construction planning
and execution on site, dealing with principles that appear important
to the author, based on his 40-year experience as a bridge engineer.
Additional details are given in the nearly 350 references.
Key aspects of the book are:
– the historical development from precursors up to the present day,
– the structural details of beams, towers and especially the stay
cables which are a crucial component of cable-stayed bridges,
– the preliminary design of cable-stayed bridges which provides the
best understanding of the flow of forces and permits initial sizing
and independent checking of a design, and
– the erection of cable-stayed bridges, which is equally as important
as their final stage.
With the exception of the cable sizing, codes are consciously not
referred to. The investigated bridges are from all over the world and
Cable-Stayed Bridges. 40 Years of Experience Worldwide. First Edition. Holger Svensson.
© 2012 Ernst & Sohn GmbH & Co. KG. Published 2012 by Ernst & Sohn GmbH & Co. KG.
ESvensson 00_S001-015_Korr2_mz_bp.indd 5
5
have been designed in accordance with various codes, including DIN,
Eurocode, AASHTO, British Standard and others. The governing
factor for the designs are ultimately the laws of nature which are
identical worldwide.
The selection of the cable-stayed bridges highlighted here is quite
subjective and consists of:
– bridges in which the author participated or in which at least
Leonhardt, Andrä and Partners (LAP) were involved,
– bridges with unusual structural details, and
– bridges with record spans.
In general only completed bridges are treated. The discussion of pro-
posals, as interesting as they may be, would go beyond the scope of
this book.
The book contains nearly 1300 figures, mainly in color, in accord-
ance with the conviction of the author that a good picture is more
meaningful than any description. This is especially true for the ap-
pearance and for the construction.
The author has named the engineers involved in as many bridges
as possible. This should help to improve the public standing of engin-
eers which is otherwise often neglected. The responsible engineers
are also recognized as authors of the given references. A bridge is, of
course, never the work of an individual – a whole design team is re-
quired, which works in mutual trust with the engineers of the client
and with the engineers on site in order to successfully complete a
bridge project.
At the end of the book two DVDs are included, which record the
30 lectures that the author gives at Dresden University.
Holger Svensson, Zeuthen, 2012
16.04.2012 9:59:07 Uhr

Acknowledgement
The author is grateful to the University of Dresden for the oppor-
tunity to hold lectures on cable-stayed bridges subsequently to his
active work, initially arranged by Professor Dr.-Ing. Jürgen Stritzke.
The continuing support by Professor Dr.-Ing. Manfred Curbach,
Head of the Institute for Concrete Structures, and by Professor
Dr.-Ing. Richard Stroetmann, Head of the Institute for Steel and
Timber Structures, as well as Dipl.-Ing. Peter Deepe and Dr.-Ing.
Uwe Reuter for the preparation of the video records of the lectures is
highly appreciated.
The author is indebted to the following colleagues who generous-
ly provided him with information: Dr. Charles Birnstiel, USA, on the
Nienburg Bridge, M. Jacques Combault on the Rion-Antirion Bridge,
M. Jean-Marie Crémer on the Ben Ahin and Millau Bridges, Profes-
sor Dr. Guido Morgenthal on the Stonecutters and Sutong Bridges,
Dr.-Ing. Herbert Schambeck on the Metten and Flößer Bridges,
Dr.-Ing. Klaus Stiglat on early cable-stayed bridges in France and
M. Michel Virlogeux on the Normandy Bridge. Information on stay
cables was provided by Dipl.-Ing. Werner Brand (DYWIDAG-Sys-
tems International, Germany), Mr W. S. Cheung (Cabletek, South-
Korea), Dr. Hans Rudolf Ganz (VSL, Switzerland), M. Erik Mellier
Cable-Stayed Bridges. 40 Years of Experience Worldwide. First Edition. Holger Svensson.
© 2012 Ernst & Sohn GmbH & Co. KG. Published 2012 by Ernst & Sohn GmbH & Co. KG.
ESvensson 00_S001-015_Korr2_mz_bp.indd 7
7
(Freyssinet, France), Dr. Christian Braun (Maurer, Germany),
Dr. Marcel Poser (BBR, Switzerland), Mr Friedhelm Rentmeister
(Bridon, UK) and Dr. Yoshito Tanaka (Shinko, Japan). The other
material used, especially drawings and photographies, originates
from the archives of the author and LAP.
Special thanks go to the author’s long-term colleagues and friends
Dr.-Ing. Imre Kovacs for the preparation of the sections on dynam-
ics and Dr.-Ing. E. h. Dipl.-Ing. Reiner Saul for the section on cable
sizing.
The publishers Wilhelm Ernst & Sohn and Wiley-Blackwell pro-
vided helpful support through the editor, Dipl.-Ing. Claudia Ozimek,
supported by Ms. Sophie Bleifuß for the layout and Ms. Uta-Beate
Mutz for preparing the print.
The author translated the book into English himself with the ex-
ception of the sections on dynamics, which were done by Professor
Dr. Guido Morgenthal. The translation was reviewed and improved
by Mr Paul Beverley, UK. The complete German and English text
was typed by Ms. Eva Gassmann and all graphics and their conver-
sion into English was done by Ms. Mirela Beutel-Anistoroaiei; to all
these the author is grateful for their indispensable skill and patience.
16.04.2012 9:59:07 Uhr
 9

The Author
Holger Svensson has extensive experience in the design, construc-
tion engineering and on-site supervision of cable-stayed and other
long-span bridges all over the world.
In Germany he was involved in the checking of the Kocher Valley
Bridge and the detailed design of the cable-stayed Flehe Bridge.
In the USA he designed several cable-stayed bridges: Pasco-
Kennewick (concrete), East Huntington (concrete), Sunshine Skyway
(composite alternate), Burlington (composite) and the Houston Ship
Channel Crossing at Baytown (composite).
In Norway he was in charge of the design for the Helgeland
Bridge and in Scotland he advised on the design of the Leven River
Bridge, both concrete cable-stayed bridges.
In Sweden he was checking engineer for the Höga Kusten suspen-
sion bridge (main span 1210 m) and the Sunningesund and Ume Älv
Prof. Dipl.-Ing. Holger Svensson
composite cable-stayed bridges. P E, C Eng, FI Struct E,
In Australia he advised on the design of the cable-stayed Glebe
born 1945 near Hamburg, Germany
Island concrete bridge in Sidney and on the My Tuan Bridge in
1969 Dipl.-Ing., Stuttgart University
Vietnam for AusAID. 2009 – 2011 Lecturer and
For the Asian Development Bank he reviewed the design and since 2012 Professor for cable-
stayed bridges at the University
construction of the record-breaking cable-stayed composite Yang Pu
of Dresden, Germany
Bridge (main span 602 m) in Shanghai, China.
In Hong Kong he advised on the design and construction of the 1970 –1971 Contractor Grinaker
in South Africa and Botswana
Kap Shui Mun Bridge to Lantau Airport.
1972 – 2009 Leonhardt, Andrä and
He was also responsible for the design of several major girder and Partners, Consulting Engineers
arch bridges in Germany and elsewhere. Design and checking of major,
mainly cable-stayed bridges
1992 – 2009 Executive Director
Registrations 1998 – 2008 Speaker of the
Current: Member of the Chamber of Engineers in Berlin, Germany; Executive Board
2009 Chairman of the Board
PE in the USA; CEng, FIStructE in Great Britain. Since 2010 Independent Consulting
Formerly: MSAICE in South Africa; PEng in Canada; MHKIE in Engineer
Hong Kong, China; RPEQ in Australia; TPEng. in Malaysia.
Memberships
2003 to 2011 Vice-President of IABSE.
Member of the Bridge Advisory Board of the German Railways.
Member of the Jury for the German Bridge Prize.
Member of the Jury for the German Structural Engineering Prize.
Member of the German Convent for Building Culture.
Publications
More than 100 publications and 180 verbal presentations.
Author of the book ‘Cable-Stayed Bridges – 40 Years of Experience
Worldwide’, German Edition by Ernst & Sohn 2011, English Edition
by Wiley-Blackwell 2012.
Honours
1999 James Watt Medal, Institution of Civil Engineers, London.
2000 Henry Husband Prize, Institution of Structural Engineers,
London.
2011 Emil Mörsch Commemoration Medal, German Concrete
Society.

Cable-Stayed Bridges. 40 Years of Experience Worldwide. First Edition. Holger Svensson.

© 2012 Ernst & Sohn GmbH & Co. KG. Published 2012 by Ernst & Sohn GmbH & Co. KG.

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 11

Table of contents
1 Introduction .......... 16 2 The development of cable-stayed bridges .......... 46
1.1 Design fundamentals .......... 17 2.1 The precursors of cable-stayed bridges .......... 47
1.1.1 General .......... 17 2.1.1 Introduction .......... 47
1.1.2 Overall system .......... 19 2.1.2 Historical development .......... 47
1.1.2.1 Cable arrangement .......... 19 2.1.2.1 Historical designs .......... 47
1.1.2.2 Cable stiffness .......... 20 2.1.2.2 First examples and failures .......... 48
1.1.2.3 Geometry .......... 21 2.1.2.3 John Roebling and stiffened suspension bridges .......... 51
1.1.2.4 Support conditions .......... 21 2.1.2.4 Transporter bridges .......... 52
1.1.3 Tower shapes .......... 23 2.1.2.5 Approaching the modern form .......... 55
1.1.3.1 Two outer cable planes .......... 23
1.1.3.2 One central cable plane .......... 23 2.2 Steel cable-stayed bridges .......... 58
1.1.3.3 Spread central cable planes .......... 24 2.2.1 Introduction .......... 58
1.1.4 Beam cross-sections .......... 24 2.2.2 Beginnings .......... 58
1.1.4.1 Steel cross-sections .......... 24 2.2.3 The Düsseldorf Bridge Family .......... 59
1.1.4.2 Concrete cross-sections .......... 25 2.2.4 Further Rhine river bridges .......... 62
1.1.4.3 Composite cross-sections .......... 25 2.2.5 Special steel cable-stayed bridges .......... 70
1.1.4.4 Hybrid beams (steel/concrete) .......... 26 2.2.6 Cable-stayed bridges with record spans .......... 76
1.1.4.5 Double deck cross-section .......... 26
1.1.5 Stay cables .......... 26 2.3 Concrete cable-stayed bridges .......... 80
1.1.5.1 Systems .......... 26 2.3.1 General .......... 80
1.1.5.2 Cable anchorages .......... 26 2.3.2 Development of concrete cable-stayed bridges .......... 81
2.3.3 Bridges with concrete stays .......... 92
1.2 Aesthetic guidelines for bridge design .......... 30 2.3.3.1 Riccardo Morandi’s bridges .......... 92
1.2.1 Introduction .......... 30 2.3.3.2 Later examples .......... 92
1.2.2 Aesthetic guidelines .......... 30 2.3.3.3 Bridges with concrete walls .......... 94
1.2.2.1 Guideline 1: Clear structural system .......... 30 2.3.4 Cable-stayed bridges with thin concrete beams .......... 94
1.2.2.2 Guideline 2: Good proportions .......... 31 2.3.5 Record spans .......... 98
1.2.2.3 Guideline 3: Good order .......... 33
1.2.2.4 Guideline 4: Integration into the environment .......... 34 2.4 Composite cable-stayed bridges .......... 101
1.2.2.5 Guideline 5: Choice of material .......... 35 2.4.1 General .......... 101
1.2.2.6 Guideline 6: Coloring .......... 36 2.4.2 Cross-sections .......... 101
1.2.2.7 Guideline 7: Space above the bridge .......... 38 2.4.3 Special details .......... 104
1.2.2.8 Guideline 8: Recognizable flow of forces .......... 38 2.4.4 Economic span lengths .......... 104
1.2.2.9 Guideline 9: Lighting .......... 41 2.4.5 Beginnings .......... 105
1.2.2.10 Guideline 10: Simplicity .......... 41 2.4.6 Record spans .......... 105
1.2.3 Collaboration .......... 42 2.4.7 Latest examples .......... 111

2.5 Special systems of cable-stayed bridges .......... 118

2.5.1 Series of cable-stayed bridges .......... 118
2.5.1.1 Load transfer .......... 118
2.5.1.2 Intermediate piers .......... 118
2.5.1.3 Stiff towers .......... 118
2.5.1.4 Stayed towers .......... 118
2.5.1.5 Frames .......... 121
2.5.1.6 Accommodation of longitudinal deformations .......... 121
2.5.1.7 Examples .......... 123
2.5.2 Stayed beams .......... 130
2.5.2.1 Stayed from underneath .......... 130
2.5.2.2 Stayed from above (extradosed) .......... 130
2.5.3 Cable-stayed pedestrian bridges .......... 133
Cable-Stayed Bridges. 40 Years of Experience Worldwide. First Edition. Holger Svensson.
© 2012 Ernst & Sohn GmbH & Co. KG. Published 2012 by Ernst & Sohn GmbH & Co. KG.

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 12 Table of contents

3 Stay cables .......... 140 3.7 Cable sizing .......... 160

3.1 General .......... 141 3.7.1 General .......... 160
3.7.2 Sizing by permissible stresses .......... 160
3.2 Locked coil ropes .......... 141 3.7.2.1 Permissible stresses for static loads .......... 160
3.2.1 System .......... 141 3.7.2.2 Permissible fatigue range .......... 160
3.2.2 Fabrication .......... 142 3.7.2.3 Permissible stresses during cable exchange .......... 161
3.2.3 Modern corrosion protection systems .......... 142 3.7.3 Sizing in ultimate limit state .......... 161
3.2.3.1 General .......... 142 3.7.3.1 Ultimate limit state .......... 161
3.2.3.2 Galvanizing of the wires .......... 142 3.7.3.2 Fatigue .......... 161
3.2.3.3 Filling .......... 142 3.7.3.3 Cable exchange .......... 162
3.2.3.4 Paint .......... 143 3.7.3.4 Service limit state .......... 162
3.2.4 Inspection and maintenance .......... 143 3.7.4 Summary .......... 162
3.2.5 Damage .......... 143
3.2.5.1 Köhlbrand Bridge .......... 143 3.8 Cable dynamics .......... 163
3.2.5.2 Maracaibo Bridge, Venezuela .......... 145 3.8.1 General .......... 163
3.2.5.3 Flehe Rhine River Bridge .......... 146 3.8.2 Fundamental parameters .......... 164
3.2.5.4 Lessons from the damage .......... 146 3.8.2.1 Static wind load .......... 164
3.8.2.2 Natural frequencies .......... 165
3.3 Parallel bar cables .......... 146 3.8.3 Dynamic excitation .......... 165
3.8.3.1 Galloping oscillations .......... 165
3.4 Parallel wire cables .......... 147 3.8.3.2 Anchorage excitation .......... 166
3.4.1 System .......... 147 3.8.3.3 Parametric resonance .......... 168
3.4.2 Corrosion protection .......... 148 3.8.3.4 Buffeting .......... 168
3.4.2.1 Polyethylene (PE) pipes .......... 148 3.8.3.5 Vortex-induced vibrations .......... 169
3.4.2.2 Wrappings .......... 150 3.8.4 Countermeasures .......... 169
3.4.2.3 Grouting .......... 150 3.8.4.1 Dampers .......... 169
3.4.2.4 Damage .......... 151 3.8.4.2 Surface profiling .......... 174
3.4.2.5 Petroleum wax .......... 151 3.8.4.3 Cross ties .......... 174
3.4.3 Fabrication .......... 152
3.9 Cable installation .......... 175
3.5 Parallel strand cables .......... 153 3.9.1 General .......... 175
3.5.1 General .......... 153 3.9.2 Locked coil ropes .......... 175
3.5.2 System .......... 153 3.9.2.1 General .......... 175
3.5.3 Corrosion protection .......... 153 3.9.2.2 Example .......... 175
3.5.3.1 Traditional .......... 153 3.9.3 Parallel wire cables .......... 178
3.5.3.2 With dry air .......... 153 3.9.3.1 General .......... 178
3.5.4 Fabrication .......... 154 3.9.3.2 Example .......... 178
3.5.5 Durability tests .......... 154 3.9.4 Parallel strand cables .......... 179
3.5.5.1 Tensile strength and fatigue strength .......... 154 3.9.4.1 General .......... 179
3.5.5.2 Water tightness .......... 154 3.9.4.2 Example .......... 179
3.5.5.3 Sustainability .......... 154 3.9.5 Cable calculations .......... 184
3.5.6 Monitoring .......... 154 3.9.5.1 Cable deformations .......... 184
3.9.5.2 Measuring of cable forces .......... 184
3.6 Cable anchorages .......... 156
3.6.1 General .......... 156
3.6.2 Support of anchor heads .......... 156
3.6.3 Anchorage at the tower .......... 158
3.6.3.1 Continuous .......... 158
3.6.3.2 Composite cable anchorages at tower head .......... 158
3.6.3.3 Cable anchorage in concrete .......... 158

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 Table of contents 13

4 Preliminary design of cable-stayed bridges ....... 186 4.4 Protection of bridges against ship
4.1 Action forces for equivalent systems .......... 187 collision .......... 248
4.1.1 General .......... 187 4.4.1 Introduction .......... 248
4.1.2 System geometry .......... 187 4.4.2 Collision forces .......... 248
4.1.3 Normal forces of articulated system .......... 188 4.4.3 Protective structures .......... 252
4.1.4 Live loads on elastic foundation .......... 189 4.4.3.1 General .......... 252
4.1.4.1 Beam on elastic foundation .......... 189 4.4.3.2 Out of reach .......... 252
4.1.4.2 Buckling – non-linear theory .......... 190 4.4.3.3 Artificial islands .......... 253
4.1.5 Permanent loads on rigid supports .......... 192 4.4.3.4 Guide structures .......... 253
4.1.5.1 Dead load .......... 192 4.4.3.5 Independent protective structures .......... 258
4.1.5.2 Post-tensioning .......... 193 4.4.3.6 Strong piers .......... 261
4.1.5.3 Shrinkage and creep .......... 193
4.1.6 Towers .......... 195 4.5 Preliminary design calculations .......... 266
4.1.6.1 In the longitudinal direction .......... 195 4.5.1 General .......... 266
4.1.6.2 In the transverse direction .......... 195 4.5.2 Typical cable-stayed concrete bridge .......... 266
4.1.7 Stay cables .......... 197 4.5.2.1 System and loads .......... 266
4.5.2.2 Normal forces for articulated system .......... 267
4.2 Action forces of actual systems .......... 197 4.5.2.3 Bending moments .......... 269
4.2.1 Permanent loads .......... 197 4.5.3 Typical cable-stayed steel bridge .......... 270
4.2.1.1 General .......... 197 4.5.3.1 General .......... 270
4.2.1.2 Concrete bridges .......... 198 4.5.3.2 System .......... 270
4.2.1.3 Steel bridges .......... 199 4.5.3.3 Section properties and loads .......... 270
4.2.1.4 Towers .......... 202 4.5.3.4 Beam moments from live load .......... 270
4.2.2 Live loads .......... 202 4.5.3.5 Permissible beam moments .......... 271
4.2.3 Kern point moments .......... 204 4.5.3.6 Moments from dead load for articulated system .......... 271
4.2.4 Non-linear theory (second order theory) .......... 206 4.5.4 Cable-stayed bridge with side spans on piers .......... 272
4.2.5 Superposition .......... 208 4.5.4.1 System and loads .......... 272
4.2.6 Temperature .......... 208 4.5.4.2 Cable forces of articulated system .......... 273
4.2.7 Eigenfrequencies .......... 210 4.5.4.3 Bending moments for beam .......... 274
4.5.5 Cable-stayed bridge with harp arrangement .......... 275
4.3 Bridge dynamics .......... 211 4.5.5.1 With regular side spans .......... 275
4.3.1 General .......... 211 4.5.5.2 With side spans on piers .......... 276
4.3.2 Overview of wind effects .......... 213 4.5.6 Cable-stayed bridge with longitudinal A-tower .......... 276
4.3.3 Wind profile, turbulence and turbulence-induced 4.5.6.1 System and loads .......... 277
oscillations .......... 214 4.5.6.2 Normal forces for articulated system .......... 277
4.3.3.1 Wind parameters .......... 214 4.5.6.3 Cable sizing .......... 278
4.3.3.2 Natural modes of vibration of structures .......... 216 4.5.6.4 Bending moments for beam .......... 278
4.3.3.3 Section forces under turbulent excitation .......... 218 4.5.6.5 Post-tensioning .......... 278
4.3.4 Vortex-induced vibrations .......... 222 4.5.7 Slender cable-stayed concrete bridge .......... 279
4.3.5 Self-excitation and other motion-induced effects ......... 224 4.5.7.1 System and loads .......... 279
4.3.5.1 General description, background .......... 224 4.5.7.2 Stay cables .......... 280
4.3.5.2 Practical examples of bending-type galloping .......... 226 4.5.7.3 Beam moments .......... 283
4.3.5.3 Practical examples of torsional galloping .......... 228 4.5.7.4 Aerodynamic stability .......... 286
4.3.5.4 Flutter .......... 232 4.5.7.5 Towers .......... 287
4.3.6 Damping measures .......... 236
4.3.7 Wind tunnel testing .......... 240
4.3.7.1 General .......... ....... 240
4.3.7.2 Overview of important types of wind tunnel
testing .......... 240
4.3.8 Earthquake .......... 244

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 14 Table of contents

5 Construction of cable-stayed bridges .......... 290 6 Examples for typical cable-stayed bridges ......... 326
5.1 Examples .......... 291 6.1 Cable-stayed concrete bridges with
5.1.1 General .......... 291 precast beams .......... 327
5.1.2 Tower construction .......... 291 6.1.1 General .......... 327
5.1.2.1 Steel towers .......... 291 6.1.2 Pasco-Kennewick Bridge .......... 327
5.1.2.2 Concrete towers .......... 291 6.1.2.1 General layout .......... 327
5.1.2.3 Composite towers .......... 291 6.1.2.2 Construction engineering .......... 332
5.1.3 Beam construction .......... 292 6.1.2.3 Completed bridge .......... 344
5.1.3.1 General .......... 292 6.1.3 East Huntington Bridge .......... 346
5.1.3.2 Concrete beam .......... 293 6.1.3.1 General design considerations .......... 346
Free cantilevering .......... 293 6.1.3.2 Construction .......... 346
Launching .......... 299 6.1.3.3 Completed bridge .......... 349
Rotating .......... 299
Rotating on scaffolding .......... 302 6.2 CIP concrete cable-stayed bridge
5.1.3.3 Steel beams .......... 304 Helgeland Bridge .......... 352
Free cantilevering .......... 304 6.2.1 General layout .......... 352
Launching .......... 304 6.2.1.1 Introduction .......... 352
Transverse shifting .......... 305 6.2.1.2 Bridge system .......... 353
5.1.3.4 Composite beam .......... 305 6.2.2 Construction .......... 358
Free cantilevering .......... 305 6.2.2.1 Climate .......... 358
Launching .......... 309 6.2.2.2 Towers .......... 358
6.2.2.3 Beam .......... 360
5.2 Construction engineering .......... 312 6.2.2.4 Stay cables .......... 362
5.2.1 General .......... 312 6.2.2.5 Instrumentation .......... 366
5.2.2 Construction engineering by dismantling .......... 312 6.2.2.6 Completed bridge .......... 367
5.2.2.1 General .......... 312 6.2.3 Summary .......... 367
5.2.2.2 Dismantling from t = ∞ to t = 1 .......... 313
5.2.2.3 Dismantling of bridge .......... 313 6.3 Cable-stayed steel bridge
With floating crane .......... 313 Strelasund Crossing .......... 369
Dismantling with derrick .......... 314 6.3.1 Design considerations .......... 369
5.2.2.4 Aerodynamic stability .......... 315 6.3.1.1 Bridge alternates .......... 369
5.2.3 Example for construction engineering .......... 316 6.3.1.2 Optimizing the cable-stayed solution .......... 371
5.2.3.1 Forward construction .......... 316 6.3.1.3 Structural details .......... 371
5.2.3.2 Construction engineering .......... 316 6.3.2 The cable-stayed bridge .......... 371
5.2.3.3 Construction manual .......... 316 6.3.2.1 Span lengths .......... 371
5.2.3.4 Control measurements .......... 316 6.3.2.2 Beam cross-section .......... 371
5.2.4 Design of auxiliary stays .......... 320 6.3.2.3 Wind barriers .......... 372
5.2.4.1 Symmetrical auxiliary stays for towers .......... 320 6.3.2.4 Tower .......... 372
5.2.4.2 One-sided auxiliary stays for towers .......... 321 6.3.2.5 Stay cables .......... 373
5.2.4.3 Auxiliary stays for beam .......... 321 6.3.2.6 Aerodynamic investigation .......... 373
5.2.4.4 Without auxiliary stays for beam .......... 321 6.3.3 Construction .......... 375
5.2.5 Auxiliary tie-backs for travelers .......... 323 6.3.3.1 Construction engineering .......... 375
6.3.3.2 Construction of the main bridge .......... 376
6.3.3.3 Completed bridge .......... 386

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 Table of contents 15

6.4 Composite cable-stayed bridge Index .......... 428

Baytown Bridge .......... 387 Bridge Index .......... 428
6.4.1 General layout .......... 387 References .......... 431
6.4.1.1 Bridge system .......... 387 Figure Origins .......... 439
6.4.1.2 Composite beam .......... 388 List of Advertisers .......... 441
6.4.1.3 Towers .......... 390
6.4.1.4 Stay cables .......... 390 Appendix: 40 years of experience with major bridges
6.4.1.5 Aerodynamic stability .......... 391 all over the world .......... 443
6.4.2 Construction .......... 391 Beginnings .......... 443
6.4.2.1 Foundations .......... 391 Bridges in Germany .......... 443
6.4.2.2 Towers .......... 391 Cable-stayed bridges abroad .......... 445
6.4.2.3 Beam .......... 392 New developments by competition .......... 446
6.4.2.4 Stay cables .......... 398 Checking of bridges .......... 449
6.4.2.5 Completed bridge .......... 398 Participation in Code Commissions .......... 452
6.4.3 Summary .......... 401 Current projects .......... 452
Summary .......... 453
6.5 Hybrid cable-stayed bridge References .......... 454
Normandy Bridge .......... 402
6.5.1 Design considerations .......... 402 Lectures on cable-stayed bridges on DVD .......... 458
6.5.1.1 Structural design .......... 402
6.5.1.2 Cable dynamics .......... 404
6.5.2 Construction .......... 404
6.5.2.1 Tower .......... 404
6.5.2.2 Concrete approach bridges .......... 406
6.5.2.3 Steel main span .......... 408
6.5.2.4 Cable installation .......... 408
6.5.2.5 Completed bridge .......... 410

6.6 Series of cable-stayed bridges .......... 411

6.6.1 Millau Bridge .......... 411
6.6.1.1 General .......... 411
6.6.1.2 Design .......... 412
6.6.1.3 Construction .......... 412
6.6.1.4 Completed bridge .......... 416
6.6.2 Rion-Antirion Bridge .......... 418
6.6.2.1 General .......... 418
6.6.2.2 Design .......... 418
6.6.2.3 Construction .......... 421
6.6.2.4 Completed bridge .......... 425

7 Future development .......... 426

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