Def Etiology Symptoms Physical exam Lab/instrumental Complication

Hyperthroidism-  Family predisposition  Rapid weight loss  Reduced weight  Decreased cholesterol Thyrotoxic crisis
Classification  Female sex  Sweating  Muscle waste and and increased Thyrotoxic
 Stress  Increased HR with decreased muscle triglycerides cardiomyopathy
 infection premature beads or strength  Slightly increased Toxic hepatitis
arrythmia  Possible subfebrile glucose
 Systolic arterial hypertension temp  Increased FT3
 Weakness  + signs of Grefe  Decreased TSH and
 Faitigue  Bilateral TTH
 Easy tiredness exophthalmos with  Ultrasound of thyroid
 Sexual impotence in men- hyperthyroid stare gland
loss of hair  Thyroid gland is  ECG
 Menstrual disturbances enlarged with
 In some cases secondary tenderness during
diabetes mellitus palpitation
Hypothroidism  Autoimmune-  Fatigue  Obesity  Increased cholesterol Pericarditis
 Reduced intake of iodine  Exhausation  Loss of scalp hair, and low blood glucose Ischemic Heart disease
Primary  Infections  Weight gain axillary hair, pubin  Increased TSH and Myxedema coma
Secondary  Total or partial resection  Bradycardia hair TTH
of gland  Amenorrhea  Macroglossia  Decreased FT3 and
 Drugs- amiodarone,  Decreased libido  Low HR and systolic FT4
interferon alpha  Coarse voice BP  Ultrasound-
 Idiopathic  Bradycardia  Periorbital puffiness  Fine needle aspiration
Predisposition  Bradypsychia biopsy
Female sex, family predis, endemic  Bradylalia- slowness  Secondary- MRI of
region with lack pf iodide in speech pituitary gland
 ECG bradycardia with
low QRS complexes
GOUT  Crystallisation of uric acid-  A red, hot, tender, swollen  Obsese  Synovial fluid analysis-
Form of inflammatory occur because of genetic, joint  Skin looks red and  Blood test-
arthritis characterised by diet or decreased  MTP joint at base of toe is shiny hyperuricemia, blood
recurrent attacks of a red, excretion of urate most often affected  Tophi may appear plasma level
tender, hot, swollen joint  Diet- consumption of  Can affect ankle, knees , around joints, pinna >420micromols, 360 in
alcohol, fructose wrist and elbow of ear females
sweetened drink, meat  Fever  RF
and seafood  Fatigue  ANA
  PRPS- mutation  Malaise  Ultrasound- to detect
 Medical condition= Gout  Hyperuricemia urate crystal in a joint
frequently occurs in  Limited range of motion  X-ray- joint X-ray can
combo with other medial be used in ruling out
problem, metabolic other causes of joints
syndrome, kidney  CT/MRI
failure,hemolytic anaemia
 Medication- diuretics
 Obesity and diabetes= risk
factor
Rheumatoid arthritis Cause is unknown, it is an  Swollen, tender and warm  Persistent  RF is increased about • Eyes = episcleritis or
autoimmune disease-some genetic joints-MCPA, PIP, MTP symmetric 80% of people with RA scleritis. More
and environmental factors  Joint stiffness-usually worse polyarthritis that  APCA common is the indirect
in morning and after affects hands and  Antinuclear B- effect of
Etiology inactivity feet  Blood- sedimentation keratoconjunctivitis
 Rheumatoid nodule in skin  Pain upon walking rate, CRP, kidney sicca, which is a
 Genetic predisposition-  Fatigue  Ulnar deviation function dryness of eyes and
family history of RA- HLA-  Fever  Buttonhole  X-ray- decreased bone mouth caused by
DR1 and HLADR4  Local osteoporosis around deformity density, bone erosion, lymphocyte infiltration
 Environmental- Smoking, inflamed joints  Swan neck narrowing of joint of lacrimal and salivary
silica exposure, infections  Periodontitis and tooth loss deformity space glands.
 Obesity  Pericarditis  Ultrasound MRI
 F sex  Carpal tunnel syndrome • Heart = endocarditis,
pericarditis, L ventricle
failure,

• Renal amyloidosis as
a consequence of
untreated chronic
inflammation

• Joint damage, joint

deformity]

DMARD

Ankylosing spondylitis- type
of arthritis where there is
long term inflammation of
the joints of the spine.
Autoimmune connective
disorders
Systemic lupus
erythematosus
ANTIFLARES
 Idiopathic  Chronic dull pain in the  Schober test-  CRP Vertebral fractures
 Combination of genetic lower back or gluteal region measure degree of  Sedimentation rate
and environmental factors  Pain often severe at rest may lumbar forward  HLAB27 Ag test
>90 of those affecting improve during physical flexion as the  Increase ESR
have HLA-B27 activity patients bends over  X-ray
 Worse at nigh w morning as though touching  MRI
stiffness toes  Ultrasound
 Loss of spinal mobility  Gaenslen test.
 Loss of chest expansion w/a  Chin brown
limitation of ant. Flexion, measurement- AS
lat.flexion and extension of often have necks
lumbar spine that angle forward
 Fatigue shaprply as the
 Fever spine stiffens
 Malaise  Chest expansion-
 Enthesitis- achilles comprimised
tendonitis, plantar fasciitis
SLE is presumably caused by  Systemic- low grade fever,
genetic susceptibility coupled w/an photosensitivity
environmental trigger which  Mouth and nose- ulcers
results in defects in immune  Face- butterfly rash
system  Fatigue
 Loss of appetite
One of the factors associated with  Poor circulation
SLE is vit D def 
Risk factors- smoking, direct
sunlight, F sex, black Asian and
ethinicity