 Adverbial: word (an adverb) or a group of words (an adverbial phrase or

an adverbial clause) that modifies or more closely defines the sentence

or the verb. (The word adverbial itself is also used as an adjective,
meaning "having the same function as an adverb".)
 Grammatical aspect: simple, progressive or perfect.
 Aspectual meaning: imperfective or perfective.
 Indicative mood: factual mood.
 Imperative mood: non-factual. Used to issue directives (commands,
offers, requests, invitations, advice, instructions).
 Subjunctive mood: hypothetical situations. Refers to wishes, desires,
suggestions. Two types: present subjunctive (mandative and formulaic)
and past subjunctive.
 Mandative subjunctive: used in that clause. It involves the base form of
the verb.
 Formulaic subjunctive: used in clauses in certain set expressions that
usually express whish or hope.
 Past subjunctive: “were”. Unreal meaning, used in adverbial clauses
introduced by conjunctions.
 Finite verb: makes a group of words into a sentence. (shows tense,
mood, aspect and voice). It is always the first verb of the phrase.
 Non-finite verb: a verb that do not show tense or mood.
 Stative verb: describes states or situations that we do not expect to
change. (permanent situations)
 Dynamic verb: a verb that describes a temporal situation, expected to
change.
 Subject: represents the topic, the entity the clause is about.
 Existential there or grammatical subject: asserts that someone or
something exists or doesn’t exists. (anticipatory subject)
 Notional subject: the subject of the existential (there) sentence.
 It: anticipatory subject that introduces the real/extraposed/postponed
subject.
 Dummy/non-referential/empty subject: “it” which doesn’t carry
information.
 Object: a NP, only occurs with transitive verbs. 2 patterns:
monotransitive and ditransitive.
 Predicative: adjectival or noun phrase, characterizing the NP. 2 types:
subject or object complement.
 Obligatory adverbial: necessary to complete the meaning of the verb. 2
patterns: complex transitive and copular pattern.
 Optional adverbial: add extra information. It doesn’t change the
meaning of the clause.
 Direct object (Od): a person or thing directly affected by the action
described in the sentence.
 Indirect object (Oi): a second object that indicates “who” or
“what” benefits from the action or gets some something as a result of it. It
means, a person indirectly affected.
 Cognate object: allows us to make a verb which is usually intransitive,
transitive. Adds more information. When it is used, the focus is on the
type of object rather than the action. It is a verb 's object that is
etymologically related to the verb (ex: smiled-smile, lived-life). It is in fact
a direct object.
 Intransitive verb (Vi): when the action denoted by the verb doesn’t pass
over from the subject to anything else. Only involves the subject, don’t
takes any object.
 Transitive verb: the verb involves a direct object; a person performs an
action that that affects some person or thing. 2 types.
 Monotransitive verb (Vmt): the verb only takes the direct object.
 Ditransitive verb (Vdt): the verb takes both direct and indirect object.
 Complex transitive verb (Vct): takes a direct object but also an object
complement that completes the predication by giving some information
about the object.
 Linking verb (Vl): link the subject and the complement of a clause.
 Subject complement (Cs): completes the predication after a linking
verb.
 Object complement (Co): provides information about the object. It tells
us what the object is, is called or is thought to be.