ENGG 3080:

Energy Resources &

Technologies
Instructor: Ryan Clemmer
Email: rclemmer@uoguelph.ca
Office: THRN 1337
 My Research Background
(Mechanical Engineer: Materials & Energy)

 Solid Oxide Fuel Cells

⚫ Energy conversion device – “Battery
with a Gas Tank”
⚫ Operates @ ~800C
⚫ Uses hydrogen or hydrocarbon
fuels
(a) Ni foam
 Investigating properties of
Ni/YSZ composites YSZ Ni
 Incorporating SOFC into
vehicles
 (Also Engineering Education)
(b) Ni/YSZ

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 For Today’s Lecture

 Course Outline
⚫ GTAs
⚫ Lecture Notes & Textbook
⚫ Labs
⚫ Marking Scheme
⚫ Course Topics
 Course Objectives
 Energy Consumption
 Sustainability & Reliability

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 ENGG*3080 GTAs

 Mohammadi Rouzbahani Hossein

⚫ (hmoham15@uoguelph.ca)
 Aidan Hickie-Bentzen
⚫ (ahickieb@uoguelph.ca)
 Dhruv Patel
⚫ (dpatel23@uoguelph.ca)

 Available during lab time or by appointment

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 Office Hours

 Ryan Clemmer
⚫ By appointment:
• Email to arrange a meeting

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 Lectures and Notes
 Lectures: Tuesdays @ 11:30 – 12:50
Thursdays @ 11:30 – 12:50
 Lectures will be synchronous (real-time) through
Zoom (can access lecture through Courselink)
 Lectures will be a combination of PowerPoint lecture
slides and written notes
 PowerPoint slides will be posted on the course
website prior to the lecture
 Lectures will be recorded and posted on Courselink

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 Reference Materials

 R.A Dunlap, “Sustainable Energy”, Cengage 2015

 F.M. Vanek, L.D. Albright, & LT. Agnenent, “Energy
Systems Engineering: Evaluation and Implementation”,
2nd edition, McGraw-Hill, 2012.
 G.J. Aubrecht, “Energy: Physical, Environmental, and
Social Impact,” 3rd edition, Pearson, 2006.
 G. Boyle, “Renewable Energy: Power for Sustainable
Future,” 3rd edition, Oxford, 2012.

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 Marking Scheme

 Energy Audit 10%

 Fuel Cell Lab 10%
 Solar & Wind Lab 20%
 Energy System Design 20%
 Final 40%

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 Passing Grade

 An overall final grade of 50% is required to pass

the course.

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 Final Exam

 Exam questions are short answer and

numeric response
 Open book
 Final exam will be cumulative
 Final is Wed. Dec 9 @ 11:30 am

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 Small Group Projects

 Energy Audit and Energy System Design

projects completed in groups of 2 or 3
 Information will be posted on CourseLink
 Due Dates:
⚫ Energy Audit – Oct 1
⚫ Energy System Design – Dec 1

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 Lab Sessions

 Each lab designed to characterize the

performance of:
⚫ PEM fuel cell
⚫ Wind turbines & solar photovoltaic cells

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 Lab Sessions

 Fuel Cell Lab (Due Oct 22)

⚫ Virtual
⚫ Demonstration and data to be provided

 Solar & Wind Lab (Due Nov 12)

⚫ Virtual with demonstration and data provided
⚫ Option to attend on-campus
⚫ Only 1 group member can attend lab – live stream
with other group members
⚫ Lab set up available Oct 5 to Nov 6
⚫ Schedule to be determined based on group
preferences
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 Lab Reports
 Work in groups of 4 or 5
 Lab manual will be posted on CourseLink
 Must submit a group lab report for each
lab electronically through CourseLink
 You complete the lab to get a mark
 Choose your group wisely to minimize
conflicts
 Work together!

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 Course Objectives
 Summarize the fundamental principles of energy conversion
from traditional energy sources such as oil, coal, natural gas,
and nuclear, and alternative energy sources such as solar,
wind, water, biomass, and geothermal.
 Recognize the merits and limitations of each energy resource in
terms of reliability and sustainability.
 Explain how the performance of photovoltaic cells, wind
turbines, and fuel cells are affected by their operating
conditions.
 Evaluate the social, economic, and environmental impacts of
energy usage and generation from various energy resources
and technologies.

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 Course Topics
Week Lecture Topics
1 Introduction: Energy Systems & Sustainability
2 Fossil Energy Technologies: Oil, Gas, Coal
3 Introduction to Thermodynamics and Energy Systems
4 Fuel Cell Technology
5 Solar Energy - Operation
6 Solar Energy - Photovoltaics
7 Wind Energy
8 Nuclear Energy
9 Hydroelectric Power
10 Biomass Energy
11 Transportation
12 Energy: Future Outlook

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 Students’ Responsibilities
 Academic misconduct, such as plagiarism, is a serious
offence at the University of Guelph. Please consult the
Undergraduate Calendar 2017-2018 and School of
Engineering programs guide, for offences, penalties and
procedures relating to academic misconduct.

http://www.uoguelph.ca/registrar/calendars/undergraduate/current/c08/c08-amisconduct.shtml

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Energy Introduction

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 What is energy?

 Energy is the ability to do work

 Energy is the ability to cause changes
 Energy helps us do things

 Thermodynamics is the branch of

science that deals with energy and
energy transformations – determines if a
transformation is possible

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 Forms of Energy

 Kinetic
 Gravitational potential
 Thermal
 Chemical
 Nuclear
 Electrical
 Electromagnetic

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How much energy do you
use daily?

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 Energy Units

 Primary unit is a joule (J)

⚫ J = Force x distance = N.m
⚫ Exajoule = 1018 J
⚫ Quadrillion = 1015

 Other Common Units:

⚫ kWh = kilowatt.hour = 3.6 MJ
⚫ Barrel of Oil Equivalent (159 L) = 6.119 GJ
⚫ British Thermal Units (BTU) = 1055 J

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Historic Energy Usage

(Aubrecht) 23
 Population & Energy Usage

Higher population
X
Higher per capita
energy use
=
Tremendous energy
demand
Need new energy resources to meet growing demand
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World Energy Growth

What will happen in 25 or 50

years from now?

(Vanek)

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 Primary vs. Secondary
Energy Sources
 Primary Energy Sources
⚫ Natural form of energy – has not been
transformed
⚫ Renewable or non-renewable

 Secondary Energy Sources

⚫ Form of energy generated by conversion of
primary energies
⚫ Referred to as energy carriers
⚫ E.g. electricity, gasoline, hydrogen
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 Renewable vs. Non-renewable

 Renewable
⚫ Energy resources that can be replenished
⚫ E.g. sunlight, biomass, wind, water,
geothermal

 Non-renewable
⚫ Energy resources that are finite
⚫ E.g. fossil fuels: oil, natural gas, coal

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 Brief History of Energy
Resources
 Until recently, almost all energy was renewable

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Current Canadian Energy Supply

Energy Fact Book 2019-2020, Natural Resources Canada

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Canadian Electricity
Generation by Source

Energy Fact Book 2019-2020, Natural Resources Canada

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Canadian Electricity Sector
GHG Emissions

Energy Fact Book 2019-2020, Natural Resources

Canada

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Ontario’s Electricity Generation
(www.ieso.ca)

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 Ontario’s Electricity Generation
(www.ieso.ca)
 11 AM Thursday, September 10th

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 Greenhouse Gas (GHG)
Emissions

 Major GHGs include

⚫ Carbon dioxide
⚫ Methane
⚫ Nitrogen oxides
⚫ Chlorofluorocarbons
(CFCs)
 Warm atmosphere
by absorbing then NOAA/ESRL (www.esrl.noaa.gov/gmd/ccgg/trends/)

emitting radiation
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Greenhouse Gas Emissions
by Canadian Sector

Agriculture: 10%

Transportation:
24%

Oil & Gas: 27%

Energy Fact Book 2019-2020, Natural Resources

Canada

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Sustainable Energy
Systems

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 Requirements of Energy Systems

 Reliability
⚫ Must deliver expected service
⚫ Be available in desired quantities
⚫ Be economical

 Sustainability
⚫ Minimize negative impact on society

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 Tragedy of the Commons –
Garret Hardin

 Example: A field open to all villagers – a village

commons
⚫ Farmers best interest to have as many animals on the
commons as possible
⚫ Eventually carrying capacity of commons reached as
more animals added
⚫ Beyond carrying capacity, commons permanently
damaged and all animals are lost
 Individuals behave in a selfish manner which
leads to societal destruction (environmental
disasters)

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 What are other village
commons?
 Air
 Water
 Forests
 Oil Sands?

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 What is Sustainability?

 The ability of humanity to ensure that it meets

the needs of the present without compromising
the ability of future generations to meet their
own needs. [Bruntland, 1987]
 Preservation of productive capacity for the
foreseeable future. [Solow, 1992]
 Biophysical sustainability means maintaining or
improving the integrity of the life support system
of earth. [Fuwa, 1995]

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 Intergenerational Principles

 Trustee:
⚫ Every generation has obligation to protect interests of
future generations
 Chain of obligation:
⚫ Primary obligation is to provide for the needs of the
living and succeeding generations
⚫ Near term concrete hazards have priority over long
term hypothetical hazards
 Precautionary Principle:
⚫ Do not pursue actions that pose a realistic threat of
irreversible harm or catastrophic consequences
unless there is some compelling or countervailing
need to benefit either current or future generations
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 Which system is sustainable?

No! Yes?
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 Sustainable Development – Brundtland
Report

 Environment
⚫ Protect the environment when developing
energy systems
 Equity
⚫ Poor nations have right to improve well-
being of its citizens to meet present needs
 Intertemporality
⚫ Future generations have right to meet basic
needs

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 Three Components of Sustainable
Development
1. Environment
The “Triple Bottom Line”
2. Economic
3. Social/Cultural

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 Sustainable Development &
Energy
 Environment
⚫ Global climate change
⚫ Water, atmospheric pollution
⚫ Waste generation and management
 Social
⚫ Energy disparities
⚫ Energy affordability
⚫ Energy accessibility
 Economic
⚫ Energy production, supply, and use
⚫ Energy price, taxation, and subsidies
⚫ Intensity of energy end-use
⚫ Energy security
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 Conserving Existing
Resources
 Conserve through personal choice
⚫ E.g. turn down the thermostat
 Conserve by replacing end-use technology
⚫ E.g. improve home insulation – reduce heat loss
 Conserve by replacing energy conversion
technology
⚫ E.g. use more efficient furnace
 Replace existing energy with alternatives
⚫ E.g. use solar water heater for in-floor heating

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 References
 F.M. Vanek, L.D. Albright, & LT. Agnenent, “Energy
Systems Engineering: Evaluation and Implementation”,
2nd edition, McGraw-Hill, 2012.
 G.J. Aubrecht, “Energy: Physical, Environmental, and
Social Impact,” 3rd edition, Pearson, 2006.

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