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Fractional Slot Paper3 PDF
Fractional Slot Paper3 PDF
Abstract: The coil-emf vectors in flux-switching permanent magnet (PM) brushless ac machines are
analyzed, the corresponding phase coil connections and winding factors are determined when the
machines have all poles and alternate poles wound, different number of phases, and different
combination of stator and rotor pole numbers. The differences from analyzing the conventional
fractional-slot PM machines with concentrated non-overlapping windings are highlighted, while the
conditions for symmetrical back-emf waveforms are obtained. The analysis is validated by finite
element analyses.
9 11
10
9 11
10
2´,
6´,
'
11
5,
9 11
10´
(b) Emf vectors (elec.deg.) and sectors (dash lines) (c) Phase coils
for determining phase coils
(d) Illustration of coil connections In order to obtain the largest winding factor, the
Fig. 3. 12/13 stator/rotor pole FSPM machine. coil vectors or their opposite vectors for the
same phase should be as close as possible, i.e.
with minimum phase angle difference. Hence,
(II) Alternate poles
(I) All poles wound the coils for one phase can be determined by
wound
4
drawing two opposite sectors which contain
5 3 2π/m radians, viz. each of the sectors contains
π/m radians. Fig. 1(c) and Figs. 2-4(b) show the
sectors in dash lines in 3-phase, 12/10, 12/11,
12/13, and 12/14 stator/rotor pole machines
with all and alternate poles wound. The coil-
emf vectors within the sectors belong to the
9
10
11
same phase, and the vectors in the opposite
sector should be connected with opposite
(a) Stator coils (mech. deg.) polarity. For other phases, two opposite sectors
are rotated by 2nπ/m (n=1, 2, …, m-1) radians,
and the corresponding phase coils can also be
determined, Fig. 1(d) and Figs.2-4(c). It should
be mentioned that each coil-emf vector has an
opposite vector in the same phase for the
machines with all poles wound and the 12/11
and 12/13 stator/rotor pole machines with (I) Emf vectors (II) Phase coils
alternate poles wound, Figs. 2(b) and 3(b),
while it has no opposite vector in the 12/10 and
11
11
15
15
12/14 stator/rotor pole machines with alternate
16'
10'
poles wound. Since the back-emf waveform of
A
1
9
individual coil exhibits even order harmonics in
2'
8'
the FSPM machines [18], the even order
harmonics are cancelled in the resultant back-
3
3
7
7
emf of the vector and its opposite vector. Hence,
the 12/10 and 12/14 stator/rotor pole machines (a) 4-phase, 16/15 stator/rotor poles (Q=4, α=22.5o)
with alternate poles wound exhibit asymmetric 18' 19 20' 21
17
back-emf waveform, while other machines
22
'
22
'
16
16
'
'
23
present symmetrical back-emf waveforms.
12' 13 14' 1
24' 1
Similarly, the emf vectors and phase coils of a
A
15º
2-phase 8/7 stator/rotor pole and a 5-phase
2'
20/19 stator/rotor pole machines are illustrated
11
3
F
in Fig. 5.
'
0'
10
4'
4'
1
9 5
8' 7 6'
(I) Emf vectors (II) Phase coils (b) 6-phase, 24/23 stator/rotor poles (Q=4, α=15o)
Fig. 6. Emf and phase coil vectors (elec. deg.) of 4-
and 6-phase FSPM machines.
8'
6'
6 ' 4,
2, 8' 4. Winding Factors
A. Distribution factor
The calculation method for the distribution
4'
2'
Back-emf (V)
0
-4
-8
0 60 120 180 240 300 360
Rotor position (electrical degree)
Coil 1
5
Coil 4
Coil 7
4 Coil 10
Back-emf (V)
Coils 1+7
3 Coils 4+10
Coils 1+4+7+10
2
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
(b) 11-rotor poles Orders
Fig. 8. Open-circuit field distributions and phase (b) Spectra
coils of 12-stator pole FSPM machines. Fig. 9. Back-emf of 12/10 stator/rotor pole FSPM
TABLE 2: Major Parameters of FSPM Machines machine.
8
Number of phases 3 Coil 1 Coil 2'
Coil 7' Coil 8
Outer radius of stator 45 mm Coils 1+7' Coils 2'+8
Inner radius of stator 27.5 mm 4 Coils 1+2'+7'+8
Coil 1
harmonic can be given by: 5
Coil 2'
For the 12/10 stator/rotor pole machines: Coil 7'
4
Back-emf (V)
Coil 8
θc 180 o
cos = cos =0 (8) 3
Coils 1+7'
Coils 2'+8
2 2
Coils 1+2'+7'+8
and for the 12/11 stator/rotor pole machines: 2
θc 90 o
cos = cos = 0.707 (9) 1
2 2
Hence, the 3rd harmonic back-emf is zero in the 0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
10-rotor pole machines. Orders