MODULE 1- INTRODUCTION TO TECHNICAL (POLICE) REPORT WRITING

BACKGROUND

Writing is one of the most indispensable skills that a learner should

develop to be able to express his or her ideas effectively. It is a skill that
every student should master for efficient expression of ideas. Similarly,
this skill is needed in all types of professions and jobs especially because
communication is a vital component of any endeavour.
Proficiency in writing is required not only of civilians but also of
uniformed personnel such as police officers who are considered the
premier law enforcers in the country. They write police reports during
their day-to-day activity. It is imperative then that they master writing to
come up with an effective police report considered the life blood of
police work.
Police report writing is a regular part of an officer’s job. Complete,
factual accurate, and detailed reports can speed up an investigation
while incomplete, opinionated, inaccurate, distorted, or misleading
reports can impede it or even get it dismissed in the court on the basis
of a technicality, regardless of the facts. Police reports can make the
difference between conviction and acquittal. Just like any other skill in
police work, writing effective police reports is a skill that must be
learned and practiced.
During the Test Construction and Development Seminar held at the
Institute Training Group, Police National Training Institute, Camp Gen.
Vicente Lim, Calamba City on November 7, 2013, the Vice Presidents for
Academics, PSUPT AMADOR B. NAVARROZA(Ret), MAED of the
Philippine Public Safety College revealed that police report wrting ion
the Pnp is problematic. Police officers write ungrammatical, incorrect,
incomplete, in accurate and distorted police reports. To be able to
address this concern in the PNP and other public safety agencies and
become instrumental in improving the writing proficiency of police
officers and public safety officers in the country, a study was conducted
by the author in March 2015 at the Institute Training Group entitled “
Process Writing and Writing Performance of Police Trainees in a Large
Class Setting” . Hence, this Technical Report Writing 1 ( A Handbook for
Criminology and Public Safety Students) was conceptualized based on
the result of the said study.
 Since not all police officers and trainees who are accepted in the PNP
are criminology graduates and because even criminology graduates lack
writing proficiency, it is imperative that they are provided training on
how to write effective police works. Language professors of the
Philippine Public Safety College (PPSC) including higher education
institutons (HEIs) should take this as a challenge. However, for them to
be successful in helping police officers and trainees become effective
police report writers, these language teachers should choose an
effective writing strategy that will cover the major steps in writing and
provide learners with ample opportunities to write the various types of
police reports. It is also important to enrich their writing repertoire by
providing them comprehensive lectures on what police report writing is,
its different types, elements, characteristics and uses, among others and
provide them with different types of actual police report writing
activities to harness their writing skills to the fullest.

DEFINITIONS OF POLICE REPORT WRITING

According to the Webster’s New Collegiate Dictionary ( as cited

by Gammage, 1961), a report is an account of some subject specially
investigated or official statement of facts. A police report is a
chronological or step-by-step account of an incident that transpired
in a given time ( Soriano, 2005).

Police reports may be written or oral; detailed or brief; simple or

complex. They may be prepared by anyone in the department from
the chief to the patrolman on the beat. In any event, police reporting
has become one of the most significant processes in modern police
operations. Report result from the fact that someone has asked for
them and needs them for immediate of future use. They are made to
be read and used.( Gammage,1961).

Among the several methods of writing, narrative report writing is

effective in writing police reports where it presents the facts what
actually occured. The chronology of action is properly arranged
according to the order of events. The report writer should follow the
standard format prescribed by the PNP.
 Criminology and public safety students should exposed to the
different types of police report writing to become abreast with the
required competencies and standards of the PNP. Aside from the
usual police reports which they usually write, they should also learn
other challenging forms of police reports writing which will allow
them to analyze pieces of evidence and validate authenticity of
information in order to prosecute criminals. One type of writing
which allows criminology and public safety students to use higher-
order thinking skills to transmit information is police report writing.

PURPOSES OF POLICE WRITING

Just like other written public documents, police reports should be
written efficiently because it has the following purposes( PNP
Standard Operating Procedure No. 2012-01).
1. To serve as the official document and permanent record of
incidents in the community;
2. To compile statistical information and identify problems in the
community;
3. To facilitate investigators, prepare and defend court cases
including prosecution of offenders;
4. To identify training needs of the members of the Philippine
National Police.

IMPORTANT USES OF POLICE REPORT WRITING

Just like other forms of writing , police report writing has the
following important uses( Soriano, 2005):
1. Serve as records of police administrators in planning,
directing, and organizing the unit’s duties and functions;
2. Use as legal documents in the prosecution of offenders;
3. Use as basis by law enforcement agencies and other
government and private organizations;
4. Provide information to the media which needs access to
public documents;
5. Be a basis for research;
6. Reflect the competence and personality of police writer
regarding his written work.

CHARACTERISTICS OF AN EFFECTIVE POLICE REPORT WRITING

1. Accurate and Specific
 Police reports should be accurate and specific. Accurate
means not only being exact, but also non-commission of errors.
Word presented must be precise and correct. The report must be
free from mistakes of errors.
Akin to accuracy is specificity. The use of specific words in
conveying ideas most clearly to the readers is very important.
In order to achieve accuracy and specificit, all forms of
correspondences and reports should be thoroughly edited in
spelling, punctuation, standard format, sentence structure,
mechanics, and grammar, among others.

2. Brief and Concise

Police reports should be brief and concise. This means that
reports should be short or economy of words. Use necessary words
only as you retain the natural tone of your sentence. Superiors are
always busy and they do not have the luxury of time reading wordy
and long reports. Conversely, being brief and concise does not mean
deleting important words to make your report short, but write
forcefully when using three or more words where only word is
sufficient. Good writers impress their readers with ideas, not words.
In order to make your reports brief and concise, avoid the use of
redundant or superfluity, jargon, triteness and misleading
euphemisms, among others( See module 2 for reference).

3. Clear and Complete

Police reports should be clear and complete. This means that the
report is free from confusion and ambiguity, and is easily
understood. The report should include all necessary information
such as the 5Ws and 1H( Who, What, When, Where, Why and
How).All the elements of the crime are also included in the report
including attachments, enclosures, and result of medico-legal and
other examinations released by the PNP Crime Laboratory and other
PNP recognized hospitals and organizations.
Moreover, this also means that the idea in the mind of the
sender should correspond to the idea formed in the mind of the
message receiver. Any in congruence in the interpretation of the
message between the sender and the receiver results to
miscommunication.
In order to achieve clarity and completeness, use simple words to
assure understanding. Avoid also the use of general words, abstract
words, weak phrases, gender-biased words, unwittingly language
transference, colloquialism, and slang, among others. Finally, provide
the necessary information and pertinent documents required to
support the facts.

4. Factual and Objective

Police reports should be factual and objective. The report
contains only facts, not hearsay. A fact is a thing that has actually
happened or that is really true. Being objective is not injecting
his/her own bias or prejudice into the report. The police writer
should be fair and impartial in conducting investigation and
gathering facts and pieces of evidence. To do this, the police writer
may properly quote statements from sources without adding
prejudices and conclusions.
In order to be factual and objective, focus on the facts. Avoid
getting opinions and personal judgments in order not to be partial
and subjective.

5. Well- organized and Grammatically Correct

Police reports should be well-organized and grammatically
correct. Chronological order is usually used in organizing and writing
the facts in police reports. It is also important to follow the standard
format and required specifications prescribed by the PNP such as
official font style which is Arial and font size is 12 including quality
paper, proper and clean printing, format, spacing,margin, and
indention, among others.
Police reports, on the other hand, should also be grammatically
correct. Aside from the fact that the report is written using the
proper form and arrangements of words and sentence structures, it
should be also edited before submitting to higher authorities. Avoid
also the use of full uppercase or full lowercase all throughout the
document especially if it is not necessary to do so.
In order to achieve that, follow proper rules in police report
writing including the standard format specifications. Before you
submit your report, you let someone check the grammar, sentence
structures, spelling, punctuation, capitalization, and content of the
report, among others.
 TYPES OF POLICE REPORTS
This provides the most common types of police reports used
in the PNP.
Police Blotter
Police blotter refers to a logbook that contains the daily
registry of all crime incident reports, official summaries of arrest,
and other significant events reported in a police station( PNP
Police Operational Procedures 2013).
Spot Report
Spot report refers to the initial report written by a police
officer after an important incident and submitted immediately to
higher authorities for further investigation and appropriate
action.
Progress Report
Progress report refers to follow-up report submitted by a
police officer after conducting further investigation of a particular
incident. Progress report can simply be an accomplishment
report which may be analytical and may be comparatively longer
than a spot report.
Final Report
Final report refers to an accomplishment report written by a
police officer after the investigation is completed and the case
has been filled against the suspect/s. In some cases, progress
report can also be the final report especially if the investigation
has been terminated at that level.
After Operation Report
After operation report refers to a report that may be rendered
after any successful police operation that leads to the arrest of any
member or some members of syndicated crime group( PNP DIDM
Criminal Investigation Manual 2011).
Investigation Report
Investigation report refers to a report such as in criminal
investigations. The arrangement of the parts follows a specific
pattern to be easily found and read. The format is similar to a
memorandum format except the text or body should have the
following parts: AUTHORITY, MATTERS INVESTIGATED, FACTS OF THE
CASE, DUSCUSSIONS, CONCLUSIONS, and RECOMMENDATIONS. The
parts are capitalized followed by a colon(:) Paragraphs are numbered
consecutively using Arabic numbers such as 1,2,3 and 4, among
others.
 The investigator signs the report. On top of the letterhead and on
lower fold of the paper, the word CONFIDENTIAL is typed or stamped
( Soriano ,2005).
Situational Report
Situational report(SITREP) refers to a report which is done on a
need basis. It contains the actual situation on a particular incident or
incidents which are on public interest. This is primarily addressed to
the commander or chief for him to know the actual situation before
the media and the public is informed.
A SITREP may be done every hour, every 6 hours or every 8 hours
depending on the situation. During peaceful and ordinary days, a
SITREP is mot necessary.
Beat Patrol Report
Beat inspection report refers to a report that is submitted daily
by any duty officer after his/her routine check on foot.
After Patrol Report
After patrol report refers to a report which is submitted by
assigned sector using official vehicles and is assigned by the team
leader.

WRITING ACTIVITY- IMPORTANCE OF POLICE REPORT WRITING

Name:____________________________ Class:_____________________
Course:___________________________ Date:_____________________

As a future police officer or public safety officer, discuss the

importance of report writing in your career. Use the space provided
below and create a title for your essay.

_______________________________________

___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________

PERSONAL NOTES

___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________

PERSONAL NOTES

___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________

PERSONAL NOTES

___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________

PERSONAL NOTES

___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________

MODULE 2- GRAMMAR AND MECHANICS

STANDARD ENGLISH

Standard English is the most widely accepted form of the English

language. It is a generally used in media, business and professional
correspondence, private and government agencies including academic
institutions. It is usually described by its conventions in the language and
rules on grammar and mechanics such as agreement, antecedent,
number, correct usage, spelling, punctuation, and sentence structures,
among others.
Police report writing is like other forms of communication which
is the transmission of information and understanding from one
person or group to another. Therefore, it is not exempted from the
requirements of effectiveness which is anchored on common
understanding. Common understanding is when both the sender and
the receiver involved in the communication have a mutual
agreement not only as to the message, but also to the meaning of
the message. As a result, there is a need to use Standard English in
all police correspondence.
The examples below provide variety of examples of standard and
non-standard language being used at the different police stations. In
order to avoid the use of non standard language, the standard
version is provided.

NON- STANDARD STANDARD

a n/o of A native of
15y/o 15 years old
a res.of A resident of
a res.at #65 A resident at no.65
OOA On or about
ICOW In connection with
KIA Killed in action
MIA Missing in action
DOA Dead on arrival
NLT Not later than
MM Metro Manila/Metropolitan Manila
can’t Cannot
isn’t Is not
ain’t Am not
it’s It is
there’s There is
in May 24,2015 On May 24, 2015
in May 24 On May 24
on 2013 In 2013
in Monday On Monday
on November In November
on November 2014 In November 2014
a resident at Rizal Street A resident on Rizal Street
a resident on #69 Rizal Street A resident at No. 69 Rizal Street
a resident at Calamba City A resident in Calamba City
a resident at Laguna A resident in Laguna
a resident at the Philippines A resident in the Philippines
Case terminated. Investigation is terminated
Case is terminated. Investigation is terminated
Disposition Disposition of the case
On case Investigator-on-Case
Investigator on Case Investigator-on-Case
trainings Training programs/training courses
evidences Pieces of evidence
informations Pieces/bits of information
equipments Pieces of equipment
 WORDY BRIEF AND CONCISE
18 years of age 18 years old
2:00 PM to 5:00PM 2:00 to 5:00 PM
In the morning AM/A.M
In the afternoon PM/P.M
In the evening PM/P.M
a native of Quezon City and a A native and a resident of Brgy.
resident of Brgy. Holy Spirit, Holy Spirit, Quezon City
Quezon City
In my political point of view…. Politically speaking,…./Politically,….

INCORRECT CORRECT
18- Years old 18-year old
one of the police officer one of the police officers
one of the police officers are one of the police officers is
one of the police officers were one of the police officers was
one of the police officers who is one of the police officers who are
one of the police officers who was one of the police officers we’re
to follows to follow
to followed to follow
to be follow to be followed
will follows will follow
Will be followed will be followed
to recieve to receive
to received to receive
a full pledged police officer a full-pledged police officer
PNP PS9 Blotter entry no.1959 PNP PS9 Blotter entry no.1959,
Page no. 942volume II series of Page no. 942,Volume II, Series of
2013 2013
along Aurora Blvd.nin front of St. Along Aurora Blvd. In front of
Mount St.Mount
School Brgy Lipa Heights Quezon School, Brgy.Lipa Heights, Quezon
City City
no. 21 Anonas road Brgy. Quirino No. 21, Anonas Road, Brgy. Quirino
2-B, Project 2 Quezon City 2-B, Project 2, Quezon City
crime lab PNP Crime Laboratory
crime laboratory PNP Crime Laboratory
Base on the initial investigation Based on the initial investigation
…was brought at the nearest … was brought to the nearest
hospital hospital.
This suspect This suspect
These suspect These suspects
A different parts of his body different parts of his body
An shooting incident a shooting incident
A honorable man an honorable man
An UP student a UP student

JARGON LAYMAN’S TERM

network security key password
regrettable eventuality of failure of war
the deterrence policy
masterpieces of complexities government pronouncements
policy of disinformation lying to the public
conflicts and collateral damage wars and civilian casualties

What is a jargon? - a jargon unintelligible word or meaningless

talk, or a special words or expressions that are used by a particular
profession or group (doctors, computer technician, photographer,
military, police, restaurant owners, lawyers, judges, beautician,
tailors, pilot, teachers and others) and are difficult for others to
understand. Examples are given above.
What is a layman’s term? - it is conversational word which
common word to every one.
What are the barriers of effective communication? - physical,
perceptual, emotional, cultural, language, gender, interpersonal,
withdrawal, use of jargon, not prepared, lack of credibility, talking
too much.
 ACTIVITY 1- JARGONS

Name:__________________________ Class/Coy:_____________
Course:_________________________ Date:_________________

The following words below are jargons. Convert them into

layman’s term so that they will be understood easily.

JARGONS LAYMAN’S TERM

1. Administrative aide ______________
2. Advance downward adjustment ______________
3. Advisory representative ______________
4. Aerodynamic personnel decelerator ______________
5. Career associate scanning professional ______________
6. Digital fever computer ______________
7. Downsized workers ______________
8. Engine redesigner ______________
9. Experienced vehicle/pre owned vehicle ______________
10. Frame supported structure ______________
11. Incomplete success ______________
12. Limited-schedule human resource ______________
13. Metal cylinder storage container ______________
14. Nail technician ______________
15. Non-goal-oriented member of society ______________
16. Philosophically disillusioned ______________
17. Portable hand-held communications inscriber _______________
18. Unauthorized withdrawal _______________
19. Uncontrolled contact with the ground _______________
20. Wooden interdental stimulator _______________
SPELLING

Spelling is a very important part of police report writing. Below

are commonly misspelled words. Study them so that you can write
these words correctly in your police reports.

Commonly Misspelled Words(Part 1)

Absence Address Argument

Accommodate Advertise Athlete
Achieve Advice Awful
Acquire Among Balance
across apparent basically
becoming Breath Category
Before Brilliant Ceiling
Beginning Business Cemetary
Believe Calendar Certain
benefit careful chief
citizen Decide Develop
Coming Definite Difference
Competition Deposit Dilemma
Convinience Describe Disappear
criticize desperate disappoint
Discipline Eitheir Excellent
Does Embarrass except
During Environment Exercise
Easily Equipped existence
eight exxagerate expect
Experience Finally Fundamental
Experiment Foreign Generally
Explanation Forty Government
Familiar Forward Grammar
fascinating friend guarantee
 Commonly Misspelled Words (Part2)
Guidance Imaginary Intelligent
Happiness Imitation Interesting
Heroes Immediately Interfere
Humurous Incidentally Interpretation
identity independent interruption
Invitation Judgment Library
Irrelevant Knowledge License
Irritable Laboratory Loneliness
Island Length Losing
jealous lesson lying
Marriage Mysterious Noticeable
Mathematics Naturally Occassion
Medicine Necessary Occured
Miniature Neighbor Official
minute neither often
Omission Paid Perform
Operate Parallel Permanent
Optimism Particularly Persevere
Original Peculiar Personally
Ought Percieve persuade
Picture Possess Presence
Piece Possible Privilege
Planning Practical Probably
Pleasant Prefer Professional
political prejudice promise

Commonly Misspelled Words(Part 3)

Proof Quit Recommend

Psychology Quite Reference
Quantity Realize Religious
Quarter Receive Repetition
quiet recognize restaurant
Rythm Secretary Soldier
Ridiculous Separate Speech
Sacrifice Shining Stopping
Safety Similar Strength
Scissors sincerely studying
Succeed Through Using
Successful Toward Usually
Surely Tries Village
Surprise Truly Weird
Temperature Twelfth Welcome
Temporary Until Whether
through unusual writing

Rules on Spelling
The Oxford English Corpus, an electronic collection of over 2 billion
of words of real English, provides the different rules pertaining to
spelling which is a very vital component in order to write effective police
reports.
Correct Spelling Spelling Advice Common Misspelling
Accommodate, Two cs, two ms Accommodate,
accomodation accomodation
achieve i before e achieve
across One c accross
Aggressive, aggresion Two gs Agressive, agression
Apparently -ent not -ant apparantly
appearance End with -ance Appearance
argument No e after the u arguement
assassination Two double s’s asasination
basically Ends with -ally basicly
beginning Double n before the begining
-ing
believe i before e Beleive, belive
bizzare One z, double -r bizzare
business Begins with -busi busines
Calendar -ar not -er calender
caribbean One r, two bs carribean
cemetery Ends with -ery cemetary
chauffer Ends with-eur chauffuer
colleague -ea- in the middle collegue
coming One m comming
committee Double m, doble t, comitee
double e
completely End with -ely completelly
conscious -sc- in the middle concsious
curiosity -os- in the middle curiousity
definitely -ite- not -ate- definately
dilemma -mm-not-mn- dilemna
disappear One s,two ps disapear
disappoint One s, two ps disapoint
ecstasy Ends with -sy ecstacy
embarass Two rs, two s’s embaras
environment N before m Enviromnent
existence Ends with -ence existance
fahrenheit Begin with -fahr farenheit
familiar End with -iar familliar
finally Two Is finaly
fluorescent Begins with flour- Florescent
foreign E before i foriegn
foreseeable Begins with fore- forseeable
forty Begins with for- fourty
forward Begins with for- fourward
friend i before e freind
further Begins with fur- futher
gist Begins with g jist
glamorous -mor- in the middle glamourous
government N before m govermnent
guard Begins with gua- gard
happened Ends with -ened- hapened
Harrass,harrassment One r, two s’s Harrass, harrassment
honorary -nor- in the middle honourary
humorous -mor- in the middle humourous
Idiosyncrasy Ends with -asy- idiosyncracy
immediately Ends with -ely- imediately
incidentally Ends with -ally- incidently
independent Ends with -ent- independant
interrupt Two rs interupt
irresistible Ends with ible iresistible
knowledge Remember the d knowlege
Liaise, liaison Remember the second Liase, liason
I: liais-
lollipop i in the middle lollypop
Millenium, millennia Double l, double n Millenium, millenia
neanderthal Ends with -thal neandertal
necessary One c, two s’s necesary
noticeable Remember the middle noticeble
e
occasion Two cs, one s Ocassion,occassion
Occured,occuring Two cs, two rs Occured, occuring
occurrence Two cs, two rs, -ence Occurance, occurence
not -ance
pavilion One i pavillion
persistent End with -ent persistant
pharaoh Enda with -aoh pharoh
piece I before e peice
politician Ends with -cian politican
portuguese Ends with -guese portugese
possession Two s’s in the middle posesion
and two at the end
Preferred, preferring Two rs Preferd,prefering
propaganda Begins with propa- prupaganda
publicly Ends with -cly publically
really Two Is realy
receive E before i recieve
Reffered, referring Two rs Refered, refering
religious Ends with -gious religious
Remember -mem- in the middle Rember, remeber
resistance Ends with -ance resistence
sense Ends with -se sence
separate -par- in the middle separete
siege i before e seige
successful Two cs, two s’s sucessful
supersede Ends with -sede supercede
surprise Begins with sur- surprice
tattoo Two ts, two os tatto
tendency Ends with -ency tendancy
therefore Ends with -fore therefor
threshold One h in the middle threshoold
tomorrow One m, two rs Tommorow,tommorro
w
tongue Begins with ton-,ends tounge
 with gue-
truly No e truely
unforeseen remember the e after the r unforseen
unfortunately Ends with -ely unfortunetely
until One I at the end untill
weird E before i wierd
wherever One e in the middle wherever
which Begins with wh- wich

ACTIVITY 2- SPELLING

Name:___________________________ Class/Coy:_________________
Course:__________________________ Date:_____________________

Without looking at the rules, underline the correct spelling of the

following words.

1. Receive recieve
2. Posesion possession
3. Arest arrest
4. Writing writting
5. Achieve acheive
6. Assasination assassination
7. Conscious concious
8. Instantanious instantaneous
9. Committee committee
10. Foriegn foreign
11. Fourty forty
12. Harass haras
13. Alleged alledged
14. Neccessary necessary
15. Noticeable noticable
16. Occassion occasion
17. Occured occurred
18. Referred refered
19. Offense offens
20. Seige siege
21. Supercede supersede
22. Succesful successful
23. Accommodate accommodate
 24. Colleague collegue
25. Embarrassment embarassment

CAPITALIZATION
In writing police reports, observe the proper rules on capitalization.
1. Capitalize the beginning of every sentence.
2. Capitalize proper nouns.
A. Persons
B. Places
3. Capitalize specific entities. (like Organization, Departments, Historical
events, special events, Days/months,Courses/subject, Nationality,
Abbreviations, Acronyms, proper adjectives)

REGULAR VERBS

English verbs follow the three basic forms: the base form (infinitive),
the simple past and the past participle. Most verb are regular verbs
where the base form to simple past are formed by adding -d or -ed while
the simple and the past past participle are spelled alike and formed by
adding - ed to the base form such as the following:

Add -ed
Base form Simple past Past participle
Cook Cooked cooked
Walk Walked walked
Kiss Kissed kissed

Add -d
Base form Simple past Past participle
participate participated participated
converse conversed conversed
contribute contributed contributed

Conversely, irregular verbs do not follow this structure. Their

transformation are unpredictable such as the one below. One of the best
things to master this is to memorize these irregular verbs.
Base form Simple past Past participle
Spring Sprang sprung
Drink Drank drunk
Blow Blew blown
 Below are examples of irregular verbs
Infinitive Simple past Past participle
A
Arise Arose arisen
Awake Awoke awoke
B
Be Was/were been
Bear Bore Borne/born
bend bent bent
bid bid bid
bind bound bound
blow blew blown
bring brought brought
broadcast broadcast broadcast
build built built
burn Burned/burnt Burned/burnt
burst burst burst
buy bought bought
C
catch caught caught
cling clung clung
dome came come
cost cost cost
creep crept crept
cut cut cut
D
deal dealt Dealt
do did done
draw drew drawn
dream Dreamed/dreamt Dreamed/dreamt
drink drank drunk
E
Eat Ate eaten
F
feed fed fed
feel felt felt
fight fought fought
 find found found
fit fit fit
fling flung flung
forbid forbade forbidden
forecast forecast forecast
foretell foretold foretold
forget forgot forgotten
forgive forgave forgiven
Forsake Forsook forsaken
G
get got gotten
give gave given
grind ground ground
grow grew grown
H
have had had
hear heard heard
hit hit hit
hold held held
K
kneel Knelt/kneeled Knelt/kneeled
knit Knit/knitted Knit/knitted
L
lean Leaned/leant Learned/learnt
leap Leaped/leapt Leaped/leapt
learn Learned/learnt Learned/learnt
lend lent lent
let let let
light Lighted/lit Lighted/lit
M
make made made
mean meant meant
meet met met
mislay mislaid mislaid
mistake mistook mistaken
O
Overtake Overtook overtaken
P
pay paid paid
 prove proved Proved/proven
put put put
Q
Quit Quit quit
R
read read read
rid Rid/ridded Rid/ridded
ring rang rung
run Ran run
S
saw sawed Sewed/sawn
say said said
set set set
sew sewed Sewn/sewed
shake shook shaken
shave shaved Shaved/shaven
shear sheared Sheared/shorn
shine shone shone
show showed Showed/shown
shrink shrank shrunk
sing sang sung
sink Sank/sunk sunk
sit sat sat
slay slew slain
sleep slept slept
slide slid slid
slit slit slit
smell Smelled/smelt Smelled/smelt
sneak Sneaked/snuck Sneaked/snuck
spell Spelled/spelt Spelled/spelt
spend spent spent
spill Spilled/spilt Spilled/spelt
spin spun spun
spit Spat/spit Spat/spit
split split split
spoil Spoiled/spoilt Spoiled/spoilt
spread spread spread
spring sprang sprung
stand stood stood
 stick Stuck stuck
sting Stung stung
stink Stank/stunk stunk
strew Strewed strewn
strike Struck Struck/stricken
string Strung strung
strive Strove striven
swear Swore sworn
sweep Swept swept
swell Swelled Swelled/swollen
swim Swam swum
swing Swung swung
T
teach Taught taught
Tear Tore torn
tell Told told
think Thought thought
throw Threw thrown
thrust Thrust thrust
U
Undergo Underwent undergone
Understand Understood understood
Undertake Undertook undertaken
Upset Upset upset
W
Wake Woke woken
Wear Wore worn
Weave Wove/weaved Woven/weaved
Weep Wept wept
Wet Wet/wetted Wet/wetted
Win Won won
Wind Wound wound
Withdraw Withdrew withdrawn
Wring Wrung wrung
Write Wrote written
 ACTIVITY 3 - IRREGULAR VERBS

NAME: ____________________________ CLASS/blk_______

COURSE:___________________________ DATE:___________

Supply the simple past & past participle of the following irregular verbs.

Base Form Simple Past Past Participle

1. Beat ___________ _____________

2. Become ___________ _____________
3. Bet ___________ _____________
4. Break ___________ _____________
5. Choose ___________ _____________
6. Is ___________ _____________
7. Fall ___________ _____________
8. Freeze ___________ _____________
9. Go ___________ _____________
10. Hide ___________ _____________
11. Keep ___________ _____________
12. Lead ___________ _____________
13. Lie ___________ _____________
14. Lose ___________ _____________
15. Rise ___________ _____________
16. Seek ___________ _____________
17. Send ___________ _____________
18. Shut ___________ _____________
19. Strike ___________ _____________
20. Steal ___________ _____________
 ACTIVITY 4 - IRREGULAR VERBS
NAME:_____________________________CLASS/BLK_______
COURSE:___________________________ DATE: __________

Supply the missing base form, simple past & past participle of the
following irregular verbs:
No. Base form Simple past Past participle
1. bit
2. begun
3. bleed
4. bred
5. cast
6. drive
7. fled
8. fly
9. hang
10. hurt
11. know
12. left
13. lay
14. ride
15. saw
16. sold
17. shot
18. speak
19. sped
20. take

REDUNDANCIES
One way to achieve effective police report writing is to eliminate the
use of repetitious expressions. We frequently encounter redundancies
such as free gifts and foreign imports among others. These expressions
are not necessary and need not to be included because it adds nothing
to what has already been stated. In some instances, efficient use of key
words and sentence structures can facilitate clear connections in writing.
Also, writers employ repetition to further emphasize and clarify their
main point.
The focus of police report writing is to remove needless repetition
such as redundant words that make writing longer and vaguer, not
better. Below are examples of common redundancies used in writing
and correspondence. In a few specific situations, some of the
expressions may provide a purpose. Nonetheless, these terms may
cause miscommunication because of unneccesary words. We may
delete the phrase in parantheses to achieve clarity in writing.

A
 (absolutely) essential
 (absolutely) necessary
 (actual) facts
 Advance (forward)
 (advance) planning
 (advance) reservation
 (advance) warning
 Add (an additional)
 Add (up)
 (added) bonus
 (affirmative) yes
 (aid and) abet
 (all-time) record
B 
 Bald (headed)
 Balsa (wood)
 (basic) fundamentals
 (basic) necessities
 Best (ever)
 Biography (of his or her life)
 Blend (together)
C
 Cacophony (of sound)
 Cameo (appearance)
 Cancel (out)
 Careful (scrutiny)
 Cash (money)
 Cease (and desist)
 Circle (around)
 Circulate (around)
 Classify (into groups)
 (close) proximity
 (closed) fist
 Collaborate (together)
 Combine (together)
 Commute (back & forth)
 Compete (with each other)
 (completely) annihilate
 (completely) destroyed
D
 Depreciate (in value)
 Descend (down)
 (Desirable) benefits
 (different) kinds
E
 Each (and every
 Alternative (choice)
 A.M. (in the morning)
 (and) etc.
 (anonymous) stranger
 (annual) anniversary
 (armed) gunman
 (artificial)prosthesis
 Ascend (up)
 Ask (the question)
 Assemble (together)
 Attach (together)
 ATM (machine)
 Autobiography (of his/her own life)
(boat) marina
 Bouquet (of flowers)
 Brief (in duration)
 (brief) moment
 (brief) summary
 (burning) embers
 (completely) eliminate
 (completely) engulfed
 (completely (filled)
 (completely) surround
 (components) parts
 Confer (together)
 Connect (together)
 Connect (up)
 Confused (state)
 Consensus (of opinion)
 (constantly) maintained
 Cooperate (together)
 Could (possibly)
 Crisis (situation)
 Curative (process)
 (current) incumbent
 (current) trend
 Disappear (from sight)
 Drop (down)
 During (the course of)
 Dwindle (down)
 ACTIVITY 5 - REDUNDANCIES

NAME: _______________________________ CLASS/BLK: ____________

Course _______________________________ DATE: ________________

Improve the following expressions by omitting unnecessary words to

achieve clarity. Write it on the blank provided for.
1. Added bonus ______________
2. Advance forward ______________
3. Unique individual ______________
4. Attach together ______________
5. Enclosed herewith ______________
6. Exact replica ______________
7. Repeat it again ______________
8. The reason why … is because ______________
9. Irregardless regardless ______________
10. 8 A.M. in the morning ______________
11. Moral lesson ______________
12. A pleasant good morning ______________
13. Advance warning ______________
14. Regarding about ______________
15. If, in case ______________
16. Not unless ______________
17. If, for example ______________
18. Say, for example ______________
19. AVR room _______________
20. PIN number _______________
21. DVD disk _______________
22. ATM machine _______________
23. More simpler _______________
24. More better _______________
25. Oral recitation _______________

HOMONYMS
Homonyms are words that sound alike, but have different meanings.
They generally include two categories of word types: homophones and
homographs.
Homographs are words that are spelled the same, but have different
meanings.
Homophones are words that sound the same when you pronounce
them, but have different meanings.
Others say that homonyms are strictly words that are spelled and
sound the same, but have different meanings.
This list contains homonyms, homophones, and homographs.
A
Ade - drink type, as in lemonade Aisle - walkway
Aid - to help or assist I’ll - I will
Aide - assistant Isle - island
Affect - change Air-atmosphere (the stuff we breathe)
Effect - result or consequence Err - to make a mistake
Allowed - permitted Ant - picnic pest
Aloud - out loud Aunt - relative, as in your mom’s sister
Arc - curve Ate - chewed up and swallowed
Ark - Noah’s boat Eight - number after seven
B
Berry - fruit from a bush Base - bottom part
Bury - to put underground Bass - deep or low
Be - to exist Beach - sandy shore
Bee - buzzing insect Beech - type of tree
Beat - to pound Berth- tie up
Beet - type of edible plant Birth - to be born
Bite - nibble Blew - past of blow
Byte - 8 bits (computer data) Blue - color of ocean
Boar - pig Borough - area or district
Bore - not interesting bore - to drill Burrow - dig through
Burro - small donkey
Bough - branch Buoy - floater
Bow - bend or curtsy Boy - young man
Brake - stop pedal Bread - bakery food
Break - smash Bred - form of breed
Broach - mention Brows - y=eyebrows
Brooch -pin Browse - look around
Buy - purchase
By - beside
By - originating from BR. Bye - short for goodbye
C
Cell - compartment Cent - penny coin
Sell - vend Sent - did send
Cereal - breakfast food Chile - country in South America
Serial - sequential Chili - bean stew
Chilly - frosty
Chord - musical note Cite - quote
Cord - rope Site - location
Sight - view
Close - opposite of open Complement-enhance; go together
Clothes - clothing Compliment - praise
Council - committee Creak -squeak
Counsel - guidance Creek - stream of water
Crews - gangs
Cruise - ride on a boat
D
Dear - darling Dew - morning mist
Deer - woodland animal Do - operate
Due - payable
Die - cease to exist Doe - female deer
Dye - color Dough uncooked bread
Dual - double
Duel - battle
E and F
Ewe - female sheep Eye - sight organ
You- 2nd person personal pronoun I - me
Fair - equal Fairy - elflike creature with wings
Fare - price Ferry - boat
Faze - impact Feat - achievement
Phase - stage Feet - plural of foot
Fir - type of tree Flea - small biting insect
Fur - animal hair Flee - run
Flew - did fly Flour-powdery, ground up grain
Flu - illness Flower - blooming plant
For - on behalf of Forth - onward
Fore - front Fourth - number four
Four - one more than three

K and G
Knew - did know Gorilla - big ape
New - not old Guerilla - warrior
Grease - fat Groan - moan
Greece - country in Europe Grown - form of grow
H
Hair - head covering Hall - passageway
Hare - rabbit-like animal Haul - tow
Halve - cut in two parts Hay - animal food
Have - possess Hey - interjection to get attention
Heal - mend Hi - hello
Heel - back of foot High - up far
Hoarse - croaky Hole - opening
Horse - riding animal Whole - entire
Holey - full of holes Hour - sixty minute
Holy - divine Our - belonging to us
Wholly - entirely
K
Knead - message Knight - feudal horseman
Need - desire Night - evening
Knot - tied rope Know - have knowledge
Not negative No - opposite of yes
L and M
Lead - metal Lessen - make smaller
Led - was the leader Lesson - class
Loan - lend Made - did make
Lone - solitary Maid - servant
Mail - postage Marry - to wed
Male - opposite of female Merry - very happy
Meat - animal protein
Meet - encounter
N and O
None - not any Oar - boat paddle
Nun- woman who takes special Or - otherwise
vows Ore - mineral
Oh-expression of surprise or awe One - single
Owe - be obligated Won - did win
Overdo - do too much
Overdue - past due date

P
Pail - bucket Pain - hurt
Pale - not bright Pane - window glass
Peace - calm Peak - highest point
Piece - segment Peek - glance
Plain - ordinary Pole - post
Plane- plight machine plane-flat Poll - survey
surface
Poor - not rich Pray - implore God
Pour - make flow Prey - quarry
Principal - most important
Principle - belief
R
Rain- water from sky Rap -tap
Rein - bride Wrap - drape around
Real - factual Right - correct; not left
Reel - roll Write - scribble
Ring - encircle Role - function
Wring - squeeze Roll - rotate
Rose - flower
Rows - lines
S
Sail - move by wind power Scene-landscape
Sale- bargain price Seen - viewed
Sea - ocean segment Seam - joining edge
See- observe with eyes Seem - appear
Sew - connect with thread Soar - ascend
So - as a result Sore -hurt place
Sow - plant
Sole - single Some - a few
Soul - essence Sum - amount
Steal - swipe tail- animal’s appendage
Steel - alloy Tale - story
T and V
Their - belonging to them To - toward
There - at that place Too - also
They’re - they are
Toe - foot appendage Vary - differ
Tow - pull along Very - much

W and Y
Waist - area below ribs Wail - howl
Waste- squander Whale - huge swimming mammal
War - battle Wait - kill time
Wore - did wear Weight - measurable load
Way - path Warn - caution
Weigh - measure mass Worn - used
Weak - not strong We - us
Week - period of seven days Wee - tiny
Which - that Weather - climate
Witch - sorcerer Whether - if
Your - belonging to you; You’re - you are
DEFINITIONS OF POLICE LINGO AND JARGON
ARBITRARY DETENTION- it begins not merely from the moment a
person is locked up in prison cell but from the moment such person is
deprived of his liberty without legal grounds. And it ends only when
such person is absolutely freed from any restraint on his person
ARREST- it is the taking of a person into custody in order that he may
be bound to answer for the commission of an offense
ARSON - it is the intentional or malicious destruction of a property
by fire. It is also defined as the criminal burning of property.
ASSAULT- in Sec. 87 (b) (2) judiciary act, on the original jurisdiction of
municipal courts, means physical injuries. It does not refer to the crime
of direct assault in Art 148 of the RPC.
BEAT PATROL - the deployment of officers in a given community,
area or locality to prevent and deter criminal activity and to provide day-
to-day services to the community
BRIBERY - bribery and robbery have little in common as regards their
essential elements. In the former, the transaction is mutual and
voluntary. In the latter case, the transaction is neither mutual nor
voluntary but is consummated by the use of force or intimidation.
BURDEN OF PROOF - is employed to signify the duty of proving the
facts in dispute on an issue raised between the parties in a cause. The
burden of proof always lies on the party who takes the affirmative in
pleading. In criminal cases, as every man is presumed to be innocent
until the contrary is proved, the burden of proof rests on the prosecutor,
unless a different provision is expressly made by statute.
BUY BUST OPERATION - is an entrapment technique employed by a
peace officer as an effective way of apprehending a criminal in then act
of the commission of the offense.
CADAVER - a corpse or a dead body
CHILD - shall refer to a person below 18 years old or one over said
age and who, upon evaluation of a qualified physician, psychologist or
psychiatrist, is found to be incapable of taking care of himself fully
because of a physical or mental disability or condition or protecting
himself from abuse.
CHILD ABUSE - infliction of physical or psychological injury, cruelty to
or neglect, sexual abuse or exploitation of a child.
CHILD TRAFFICKING- recruitment, transportation, transfer, harboring
or receipt of a child purpose of exploitation.
CIRCUMSTANCIAL EVIDENCE- which are strong enough to cast
suspicion upon the defendant and which are sufficiently strong to
overcome the presumption of innocence and to exclude every
hypothesis except that of the guilt of then defendant.
COMPLAINT- a concise statement of the ultimate facts constituting
the plaintiff’s cause or causes of action.
COMPLAINANT a party or a person who makes a complaint or files a
formal charge in the court of law.
COORDINATION REPORT is used as a means of formal coordination
to be made by the investigating agency with the police or military unit
having operational jurisdiction over the place where a police case
operation shall be conducted.
CRIME SCENE a venue or place where the crime incident/event has
been committed.
CRIMIINAL INVESTIGATION it is the collection of facts in order to
accomplish the three-fold aims- to identify the guilty party; to locate the
guilty party; and to provide evidence of his (suspect) guilt.
CRIMINAL INVESTIGATOR one who is tasked to conduct the
investigation of all criminal cases as provided for and embodied under
the RPC/criminal laws and special laws which are criminal in nature. A
well trained, disciplined and experienced professional in the field of
criminal investigation duties and responsibilities.
CRIMINAL JURISDICTION authority to hear and try a particular
offense and imposed the punishment for it
CRIMINAL LAW one that defines crime, treats of their nature and
provides for their punishment. Punishment in this sense, refers strictly
to the penalty imposed.

CRIMINAL LIABILITY under Art 4 par I RPC, a person may held liable
even if the injurious result be greater than that intended, provided these
requisites concur; 1) an intentional felony has been committed; and 2)
the wrong done to the victim be direct, natural, and logical consequence
of then felony committed.
CRIMINAL NEGLIGENCE it consists in the failure to take such
precautions or advance measures in the performance of an act as the
most common prudence would suggest, whereby injury is caused to
person or to property.
CUSTODIAL INVESTIGATION investigation conducted after a person
has been arrested or deprived of his freedom of action. It includes
invitation to a person who is being investigated in connection with an
offense.
 DEATH OR PHYSICAL INJURIES INFLICTED UNDER EXCEPTIONAL
CIRCUMSTANCES any legally married person who having caught his
spouse in the act of committing sexual intercourse with another, shall kill
any of them or both of them in the act or immediately thereafter or shall
inflict upon them any serious injuries, shall suffer the penalty of
destierro. (prohibiting of residing 25km from actual residence of
DETAINEE/DETENTION PRISONER refers to a person arrested due to the
commission of crime/offense by the arresting unit for custodial
investigation. I likewise includes person arrested for crimes which are
heinous in nature, against national security and high profile crimes.
DETENTION a restraint of personal liberty or deprivation of freedom
of action in any significant manner.
DETENTION/CUSTODIAL CENTER an institution secured by the PNP
units concerned for the purpose of providing short term custody of
detention prisoner thereby affording his safety and preventing escape
while awaiting the court’s disposition of the case or transfer to
appropriate penal institution.
DETENTION OFFICER PCO or PNCO directly responsible for the
administration and management of the detention facility and the
detainees housed therein.
DRAGNET OPERATION is a police operation purposely to seal off the
probable exit points of fleeing suspects from the crime scene to prevent
their escape.
DUE PROCESS OF LAW is the requirement that no person shall be
held to answer for a criminal offense without due process of law simply
requires that the procedures fully protect the life, liberty and property of
the citizen of the State.
DYING DECLARATION in order that a dying declaration may be
admissible, the following requisites must concur: 1) it must concern the
crime involved in and the circumstances surrounding the declarant’s
death; 2) at the time of the declaration the declarant must be conscious
of impending death; 3) the declarant must be competent as a witness;
and 4) the declaration must be offered in a criminal case for homicide,
murder or parricide in which the declarant was the victim.
E-BLOTTER (Electronic Blotter) is a computerized system that is now
being used. This is also known as Crime Incident Recording System (CIRS)
ELECTRONIC DATA MESSAGE information generated, sent, received
or stored by electronic, optical or similar means, but not limited to,
electronic data interchange (EDI), electronic mail; telegram, telex or
telecopy. The term shall be equivalent to and be used interchangeable
with electronic document.
ELECTRONIC DOCUMENT information or representation of
information, data, figures, symbols or other modes of written expression
described or however represented by which a right is established or an
obligation extinguished, or by which a fact be proved and affirmed,
which is received, recorded, transmitted, stored, processed, retrieved or
produced electronically. The term shall be equivalent to and be used
interchangeably with electronic data message.
ELECTRONIC SIGNATURE is any distinctive mark, characteristic and
or sound in electronic form, representing the identity of a person and
attached to or logically associated with the electronic data message or
electronic document or any methodology or procedures employed or
adopted by a person and executed or adopted by such person with the
intention of authenticating or approving an electronic data message or
electronic document.
EMINENT DOMAIN the right of the government to take and
appropriate private property to public use, whenever the public
exigency requires it; which can be done only on condition of providing a
reasonable compensation therefore.
ENTRAPMENT while instigation exempts; entrapment does not; the
difference between the two being that in entrapment the crime had
already been committed while in instigation the crime was not yet and
would not have been committed were it not for the instigation by the
peace officer.
EVIDENCE the means sanctioned by the Rules of Court, of
ascertaining in a judicial proceeding the truth respecting a matter of fact.
These include but are not limited to documentary, testimonial,
electronic and object evidence, gathered in the course of the
investigation.
EVIDENT PREMEDITATION involves in its legal sense, not only a
determination to commit the crime prior to the moment of its
execution, but that resolve to carry out the criminal intent must have
been the result of deliberation, calculation or reflection through a period
of time sufficient to dispassionately consider and accept the final
consequences thereof, thus indicating a greater perversity.
EXPLOITATION shall include, at the minimum, child prostitution,
child pornography and other forms of sexual exploitation, child labor,
force labor or services, slavery or practices similar to slavery, servitude,
removal and sale of organs, use in illicit/illegal activities, and
participation in armed conflict. The hiring, employment, persuasion,
inducement or coercion of a child to perform in obscene exhibition and
indecent shows, whether live or video or film or to pose or act as a
model in obscene publication or pornographic materials or to sell or
distribute said materials.
EXPLOSIVES any chemical compound, mixture or device, the primary
or common purpose of which is to function by explosion. The term
includes, but is not limited to, high explosives, black powder, pellet
powder, initiating explosives, detonators, safety fuses, squibs,
detonating cord, igniter cord and igniter.
EXPLOSIVE INCIDENTS any explosive-involved situation that
encompasses bombing, incendiary bombings, attempted bombings,
stolen and recovered explosives, threats to government facilities
involving explosives, hoax devices and bomb threats.
EXPLOSIVE ORDNANCE DISPOSAL (EOD) PERSONNEL refers to
personnel of the AFP, PCG and NBI
FIRST RESPONDERS -are members of the police military, fire, medical
teams and other volunteer organization who are expected to be the first
to respond to calls for assistance in cases of incident involving
explosives.
HASTY CHECKPOINT is an immediate response to block the escape of
lawless elements from a crime scene, and also established when nearby
checkpoints are ignored or during hot pursuit operations. It is set up by
police personnel conducting mobile patrol on board a marked police
vehicle, or those conducting ISO and foot patrol operations within the
vicinity/periphery of the national or provincial highways.
HIGH RISK ARREST is the actual restraint of armed persons following
a high-risk stop.
HIGH RISK STOP is the actual stopping or accosting of armed man
dangerous person aboard a vehicle or on foot, including the power to
use all necessary and legal means to accomplish such end.
HOT PURSUIT (CROSS JURISDICTIONAL PURSUIT) (also termed in the
US as fresh pursuit) shall mean an immediate, recent chase or follow up
without material interval for the purpose of taking into custody any
person wanted by virtue of a warrant of arrest, or one suspected to have
committed a recent offense while fleeing from one police jurisdictional
boundary to another that will normally require prior official inter-unit
coordination but which the pursuing unit cannot, at that moment,
comply due to the urgency of the situation.
 HOMICIDE any person who shall kill another without the attendance
of any of the circumstances enumerated in the crime of murder (art 249
RPC)
IMMINENT DANGER the danger is imminent if it so on the point of
happening. It is not required that the attack already begins, for it may
be too late. (the RPC book I JBL Reyes). The elements of imminent
danger are the following: 1) intent of the suspect to attack the
policeman; 2) the capability of the suspect to harm the policeman or
other persons; and 3) accessibility or the proximity of the suspect in
harming the policeman and other person.
INQUEST PROCEEDINGS is the informal and summary investigation
conducted by a public prosecutor (called the inquest prosecutor) in
criminal cases involving a person arrested without the benefit of a
warrant of arrest issued by the court and thereafter detained for the
purpose of determining whether or not the warrantless arrest is valid,
said arrested person should remain under custody and be
correspondingly charged in court.
INVESTIGATION-ON-CASE (IOC) is the police officer who determines
the cause or motive of the crime, identify and interview witnesses and
effects arrest of suspects.
MACRO-ETCHING the examination of the serial number of engine
and chassis of a motor vehicle by a crime laboratory technician by means
of applying chemicals solution on the said serial numbers to determine
whether there is tampering and for possible restoration of the tampered
serial numbers.
MALFEASANCE OR MISCONDUCT any wrongful, improper or
unlawful conduct motivated by premeditated obstinate or intentional
purpose. It usually refers to transgression of some established and
definite rule of action, where no discretion is left except where necessity
may demand; it does not necessarily imply corruption or criminal
intention.
MAXIMUM TOLERANCE means the highest degree of restraint that
the police, military and other peace keeping authorities shall observe
during a public assembly or in the dispersal of the same.
MISFEASANCE OR IRREGULARITIES IN THE PERFORMANCE OF DUTY
the improper performance of some act which might lawfully be done.
MIRANDA DOCTRINE a principle on the rights of a suspect from self
incrimination during police interrogation as enshrined in then1987 Phil
Constitution’s bill of rights (article III, sec. 12).
 MUG SHOT (OR BOOKING PHOTOGRAPH) it is a photograph of the
suspect taken after one is arrested. The purpose of the mug shot is to
allow law enforcement agency to have a photographic record of the
arrested individual to allow for identification by victims and
investigators. This may be complied into a mug book or rouges gallery in
order to help determine the identity of a criminal in high profile cases,
mug shots may also be published by the media. The mug shot shall be
taken in four manners, front view half body, left view half body, right
side view half body, front-view whole body. It shall be printed in 4R size
and attached or printed on the mug shot sheet of the PNP-BF. If digital
camera is used, the camera should have a resolution of not less than d5
mega pixel.
MURDER any person who shall kill another person with evident
premeditation, treachery, superior strength, aid of armed men,
consideration of prize and reward of promise and by means of fire,
poisons, explosion and other means involving great waste and ruin.
NECESSARY AND LEGAL MEANS as used in the definition shall
include, but not limited to, the employment of appropriate number of
troops, armor assets and tactical or special units effectively and
permanently quell the threat or present danger, or to swiftly restrain or
arrest the suspects.
NEGLECT failure to provide, for reasons other than poverty,
adequate food, clothing, shelter, basic education or medical care so as to
seriously endanger the physical, mental, social and emotional growth
and the development of the child.
NEGLECT OF DUTY the omission or refusal, without sufficient excuse,
to perform an act or duty, which it was the officer’s legal obligation to
perform.
OCULAR INSPECTION an auxiliary remedy which thee laws affords
the parties or the court to reach an enlightened determination of the
case, either to clear a doubt, to reach a conclusion, or to find the truth,
by viewing the object related to the fact in issue.
OFFENDED PARTY is the person appearing to have been defamed,
discredited, damaged and prejudiced by the imputation made. Is also a
person who is entitled to civil indemnity in the civil action arising out of
the criminal act for which the accused is charged.
PERSON IN AUTHORITY refers to all persons who by direct provision
of law or by appointment of competent authority are charged with the
maintenance of public order and the protection and security of life and
property, as well as all persons who come to the aid of an agents of
authority; it being public functionaries are entitled to be considered as
agents of authority; it being understood, nevertheless, that in order that
a persons who come to the aid of an agent of authority may be
considered as agents of authority, it is an essential condition that they
lend such assistance by virtue of an order or request of such agent of
authority.
POLICE BLOTTER a record or log where all types of operational and
undercover dispatches shall be recorded containing the five “W”
(who,what,when,where,why) and “H” (How) of an information.
POLICE CHECKPOINT a location where the search is conducted which
is duly authorized by the PNP to deter/prevent the commission of a
crimes, enforce the law and for other legitimate purposes.
REASONABLE DOUBT it is not a mere guess that defendant may or
may not guilty; it is a doubt as a reasonable man might entertain after a
fair review and consideration of the evidence.
RECLUSION PERPETUA the penalty of life imprisonment, however,
the offender is eligible for pardon after serving the penalty for thirty
years.
ROBBERY the taking of personal property belonging to another with
intent to gain, by means of violence against or intimidation of any
person, or using force upon anything.
ROGUES GALLERY is a police collection of mug shots and pictures or
photographs of criminals and suspects kept to identification purposes.
SCENE OF THE CRIME OPERATION (SOCO) is a forensic procedure
performed by trained personnel of the PNP crime laboratory through
scientific methods of investigation for the purpose of preserving the
crime scene, gathering information, documentation,collection and
examination of all physical evidence.
SEARCH WARRANT is an order in writing issued in the name of the
People of th4e Philippines, signed by a judge and directed to a peace
officer, commanding him to search for personal property described
therein and bring before the court.
SPOT CHECK/ACCOSTING is the brief stopping of an individual,
whether on foot or in a vehicle based on a reasonable
suspicion/probable cause, for the purpose of determining the
individual’s identity and resolving the officer’s suspicion concerning
criminal activity.
STOPPING ZONE is the strategic predetermined area strongly sealed
off, barricaded and occupied by tactical forces in a lawful display of
authority to maintain law and order or in defensive response to n event
of criminal nature or of such gravity that occurred or likely to occur
calling for a high risk stop or arrest.
SPOT REPORT refers to an immediate initial investigative or incident
report addressed to higher headquarters pertaining to the commission
of the crime, occurrence of natural or man-made disaster or unusual
incidents involving loss of lives and damage of properties.
SUBSTANTIVE DUE PROCESS the constitutional guaranty that no
person shall be deprived of his life, liberty or property for arbitrary
reasons, such as a deprivation being constitutionally supportable only if
the conduct from which the deprivation flows is prescribed by
reasonable legislation (that is the enactment is within the scope of
legislative authority) reasonably applied (that is for a purpose consonant
with the purpose of the legislation itself)
THEFT it is committed by a person who with intent to gain but
without violence against or intimidation of neither persons nor force
upon things shall take personal property of another without the latter’s
consent.
VICTIM the aggrieved party ; offended party