CENTRO DE IDIOMAS

MODULO DE PRIMER
NIVEL
IST “CARLOS CISNEROS”
IST “ISABEL DE GODIN”
IST“JUAN DE VELASCO”
GRAMMAR

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 The verb to be
The verb to be is the most important verb in the English language. It is difficult to
use because it is an irregular verb in almost all of its forms. In the simple present
tense, to be is conjugated as follows:
Affirmative forms of the verb to be
Subject Pronouns Full Form Contracted Form
I am 'm
you are 're
he/she/it is 's
we are 're
you are 're
they are 're
Interrogative forms of the verb to be:
Am I?
Are you?
Is he/she/it?
Are we?
Are you?
Are they?
Negative Forms of the verb to be:
Subject Pronouns Full Form Contracted Form
I am not 'm not
you are not aren't
he/she/it is not isn't
we are not aren't
you are not aren't
they are not aren't
Examples:

 Is Brad Pitt French?

 No, he isn't. He's American.
 What about Angelina Joli? Is she American, too?
 Yes, she is. She is American.
 Are brad Pitt and Angelina Joli French?
 No, They aren't. They are American.

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 Use of the simple present of to be
The principal use of the simple present is to refer to an action or event that takes
place habitually, but with the verb "to be" the simple present tense also refers to a
present or general state, whether temporary, permanent or habitual.

 I am happy.
 She is helpful.

The verb to be in the simple present can be also used to refer to something that is
true at the present moment.

 She is 20 years old.

 He is a student.

Remember:
 I, you, he, she, it, you, they are subject pronouns (also called personal pronouns, a term
used to include both subject and object pronouns.)
 am, are, is are forms of the verb to be in the simple present.
 'm, 're, 's are short (contracted) forms of am, are, is
 'm not, aren't, isn't are short (contracted forms) of am not, are not, is not.

FORMA
FORMA AFIRMATIVA FORMA NEGATIVA
INTERROGATIVA
I am (I'm) I am not (I'm not) am I?
soy, estoy no soy, no estoy ¿soy yo?, ¿estoy yo?
you are (you're) you are not (you're not) are you?
eres, estás no eres, no estás ¿eres tú?, ¿estás tú?
he is (he's) he is not (he's not) is he?
él es, está él no es, no está ¿es él?, ¿está él?
we are (we're) we are not (we're not) are we?
somos, estamos no somos, no estamos ¿somos?, ¿estamos?
you are (you're) you are not (you're not) are you?
sois, estáis no sois, no estáis ¿sois?, ¿estáis?
they are not (they're
they are (they're) are they?
not)
ellos son, están ellos no son, no están ¿son, están ellos?

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 Present Simple

Present simple and present time

We use the present simple to talk about:

 something that is true in the present:

I'm nineteen years old.

I'm a student.
He lives in London.

 something that happens regularly in the present:

I play football every weekend.

 something that is always true:

The human body contains 206 bones.

Light travels at almost 300,000 kilometres per second.

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IN THE PRESENT SIMPLE 3RD PERSON SINGULAR (HE, SHE, IT), ADD S, ES, OR
IES TO THE BASE FORM OF THE VERB.

 To regular verbs just add an s

Ex:

travel >travels
give > gives
play >plays

 To verbs that end in s, ss, sh, ch, x, and o, add an es

Ex:

wash > washes

mix > mixes
go >goes

 To verbs end in y after a consonant (any letter that isn’t a vowel), change the y to i
and add es.
Ex:

study > studies

fly > flies

TIME EXPRESSIONS

PRESENT SIMPLE
(he, she ,it +s/es/ies)

every day/week/month/year usually/generally/

regularly/ frequently/ habitually/ repeatedly

once/twice a week/month etc.

…times a week/month/year

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 WH- questions (Question Words)
There are two main types of questions: Yes/No questions and WH- question. WH-
questions are questions starting with WH-words including: what, when, where, who,
whom, which, whose, why and how.
Question words are used to ask about specific qualities, times, places, people and so
on. Below is a list of question words and example sentences:

- What are you doing?

What Used to ask about things
When Used to ask about time
Where Used to ask about places
Who Used to ask about people
Used to ask about people (object my English teacher.
Whom
of verb)
Which Used to ask about choices
Whose Used to ask about possession
Used to ask about reasons/
Why
causes
- What do you think about the movie?
- When will the meeting start?
- When are you leaving?
- Where’s my bag?
- Where do you live?
- Who do you love the most in your family?
- Who told you that story?
- Whom did you see in the morning? I saw Mr. Mark,
- Whom was Jim talking to? He was talking to Jack,
his new roommate.
- Which one do you choose? The left or right?
- Of all the drinks in the menu, which one would you
like?
- Whose pencil is this? Is it yours?
- Whose books are these?
- Why did it happen? I didn’t understand.
- Why is he crying?

Used to ask about manner/ - How can you explain this problem? Please tell us.
How
process - How can you get here?

I. How to form WH-questions?

1. With an auxiliary
Wh-word + auxiliary + subject + main verb …?
 Auxiliary verbs are helping verbs (not main verbs).

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 Common auxiliary verbs include be, do, have. Others are will, shall, would, can,
could, must, should, may, might, etc.

 What do you do for a living?

 Why should we read books?
 When is she coming?

2. Without any auxiliary

(when WH-words replace subjects already)

Wh-word + main verb …?

 What happened to Peter?
 A bad accident happened to him today.
 Who won the game?
 Tio won the game.
 Who gave you this present?
 My cousin gave me this present.

FREQUENCY
We use some adverbs to describe how frequently we do an activity.

These are called adverbs of frequency and include:

FREQUENCY ADVERB OF EXAMPLE SENTENCE

FREQUENCY
100% ALWAYS I ALWAYS GO TO BED BEFORE 11 P.M.
90% USUALLY I USUALLY HAVE CEREAL FOR
BREAKFAST.
80% NORMALLY / I NORMALLY GO TO THE GYM.
GENERALLY
70% OFTEN* / FREQUENTLY I OFTEN SURF THE INTERNET.
50% SOMETIMES I SOMETIMES FORGET MY WIFE'S
BIRTHDAY.
30% OCCASIONALLY I OCCASIONALLY EAT JUNK FOOD.
10% SELDOM I SELDOM READ THE NEWSPAPER.
5% HARDLY EVER / I HARDLY EVER DRINK ALCOHOL.
RARELY
0% NEVER I NEVER SWIM IN THE SEA.

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Some people pronounce the 'T' in often but many others do not.

These are also known as Adverbs of INDEFINITE frequency as the exact frequency is not
defined

SUBJECT + ADVERB + MAIN VERB

I always remember to do my homework.
He normally gets good marks in exams.

An adverb of frequency goes after the verb To Be.

SUBJECT + TO BE + ADVERB
They are never pleased to see me.
She isn't usually bad tempered.

When we use an auxiliary verb (have, will, must, might, could, would, can, etc.), the
adverb is placed between the auxiliary and the main verb. This is also true for to be.

SUBJECT + AUXILIARY + ADVERB + MAIN VERB

She can sometimes beat me in a race.
I would hardly ever be unkind to someone.
They might never see each other again.
They could occasionally be heard laughing.

We can also use the following adverbs at the start of a sentence:

Usually, normally, often, frequently, sometimes, occasionally

Occasionally, I like to eat Thai food.

BUT we cannot use the following at the beginning of a sentence:

Always, seldom, rarely, hardly, ever, never.

We use hardly ever and never with positive, not negative verbs:

She hardly ever comes to my parties.

They never say 'thank you'.
We use ever in questions and negative statements:

Have you ever been to New Zealand?

I haven't ever been to Switzerland. (The same as 'I have never been Switzerland').

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 A – AN AND THE
INDEFINITE AND DEFINITE ARTICLES

How to Use the Indefinite Articles A vs. An

The two indefinite articles in English are a and an. The indefinite article an is used to make

pronunciation easier when reading a text aloud. The general rule is to use awhen the

indefinite article precedes a word beginning with a consonant sound and an when it

precedes a word starting with a vowel sound.

1 Use a when the indefinite article comes before a word beginning with a consonant

sound: a toy a book a house

2 Use an when the indefinite article comes before a word beginning with a vowel

sound:

an operation an idea an apple

Exceptions

It’s important to note that not all nouns that begin with a consonant begin with the

consonant sound. Always trust the sound, not the letter when applying the a vs. an rule.

Remember, it’s about pronunciation. Consider the examples below:

 a hourglass
 an hourglass
 a honor
 an honor

Likewise, there are some nouns beginning with a consonant that makes a vowel sound. In
these cases, the indefinite article a should be used:

 an university

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VERBS (REGULAR AND IRREGULAR)
IRREGULAR

11
ADJECTIVES

12
 PLURALS
GRAMMAR

Most nouns make their plurals by simply adding –s to the end (e.g. cat/cats, book/books,
journey/journeys). Some do change their endings, though. The main types of noun that do
this are:

Nouns ending in -y

If the noun ends with a consonant plus -y, make the plural by changing -y to -ies:

Singular plural

berry berries
activity activities
daisy daisies
If the noun ends with -ch, -s, -sh, -x, or -z, add -es to form the plural:

singular plural

church churches

bus buses

fox foxes

There’s one exception to this rule. If the -ch ending is pronounced with a ‘k’ sound, you
add -s rather than -es:

singular plural

stomach stomachs

epoch epochs

Nouns ending in -f or -fe

With nouns that end in a consonant or a single vowel plus -f or -fe, change the -f or -fe to -
ves:

singular plural

knife knives

half halves

scarf scarve

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Nouns which end in two vowels plus -f usually form plurals in the normal way, with just
an -s

singular plural

chief chiefs

spoof spoofs

Nouns ending in -o

Nouns ending in -o can add either -s or -es in the plural, and some can be spelled either
way.

As a general rule, most nouns ending in -o add -s to make the plural:

singular plural

zero zeros

avocado avocados

Those which have a vowel before the final -o always just add -s:

Singular plural

studio studios
zoo zoos
embryo embryos

PLURALS

Here’s a list of the most common nouns ending in -o that are always spelled with -es in the
plural:

singular plural
buffalo buffaloes
domino dominoes
echo echoes
embargo embargoes
hero heroes
mosquito mosquitoes
potato potatoes
tomato tomatoes

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 DEMOSTRATIVE PRONOUNS

THIS / THAT / THESE / THOSE

Demonstrative pronouns are usedfor pointing out things.

Why do we use this and these?

We use this (singular) and these (plural) as pronouns:

- To talk about people or things near us:

This is a nice cup of tea.

Whose shoes are these?

- To introduce people:

This is Janet.
These are my friends, John and Michael.

WARNING:
We don’t say These are John and Michael.
We say This is John and this is Michael.

- To introduce ourselves to begin a conversation on the phone:

Hello, this is David, Can I speak to Sally?

Why do we use that and those?

We use that (singular) and those (plural):

- To talk about things that are not near us:

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 What’s that?
This is our house, and that’s Rebecca’s house over there.
Those are very expensive shoes.

- We also use that to refer back to something someone said or did:

 - Shall we go to the cinema?

- Yes, that’s a good idea.

 - I’ve got a new job.

- That’s great.

 - I’m very tired.

- Why is that?

We also use this, these, that and those with nouns to show proximity

We use this and these for people or things near us:

We have lived in this house for twenty years.

Have you read all of these books?

… and that and those for people or things that are not near us:

Who lives in that house?

Who are those people?

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THERE IS AND THERE ARE

17
 POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS

PERSONAL PRONOUNS P. PRONOUS P. ADJECTIVES

I me my
You you your
He him his
She her her
It It its
We Us our
They Them their

We can use a possessive pronoun instead of a noun phrase:

Is that John’s car? No, it’s [my car] > No, it’s mine.
Whose coat is this? Is it [your coat]? > Is it yours?
Her coat is grey, [my coat]is brown Her coat is grey, mine is brown.

We can use possessive pronouns after of.

We can say:

Susan is one of my friends.

or
Susan is a friend of mine.
but not
Susan is a friend of me

or

I am one of Susan's friends.

or
I am a friend of Susan's.
but not
I am a friend of Susan

Possessive pronouns are used in English to avoid repeating information that is already
clear. In general it makes the sentence less confusing because the same information is not
being repeated.

This book is my book, not your book. (Sounds repetitive)

This book is mine, not yours. (Mine and yours are possessive pronouns)

In the sentence, mine is a possessive pronoun that replaces my book.

In the sentence, yours is a possessive pronoun that replaces your book.

The possessive pronouns in English are as follows:

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 Possessive
Subject
Pronouns

I Mine

You Yours

He His

She Hers

It --- *

We Ours

You (pl) Yours

They Theirs
* We avoid using the possessive pronoun ITS.

Examples:

 I didn't have my umbrella so Marta lent me hers.

(I didn't have my umbrella so Marta lent me her umbrella).
 Her car is faster than mine.
(Her car is faster than my car).
 That food is ours and not theirs.
(That food is our food and not their food).
 I know this drink is yours but I need to drink something.
(I know this drink is your drink but I need to drink something).

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 POSSESSIVE ADJETIVES
Possessive adjectives - my, your, his, her, its, our, your, their - modify the noun
following it in order to show possession.

Examples:

 I'll get my bag.

 Is this your luggage?

Possessive adjectives are often confused with possessive pronouns.

Examples:

 Your bike is blue. (your is an adjective which modifies bike)

 Mine is yellow. (mine is a pronoun which functions as the subject of the verb is)

Examples
Subject Pronouns I you he she it we you they
Possessive Adjectives my your his her its our your their

Examples:

 Why didn't you clean your room?

(your modifies the noun room)
 Mary doesn't like her dress.
(her modifies the noun dress)
 The chameleon can change its color.
(its modifies the noun color)

Her hair is long.His hair is short

Things to remember:

1. Possessive adjectives are different from possessive pronouns.

 This is your (possessive adjective) book and this is mine (possessive pronoun).

2. its, their are possessive adjectives.

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  Its color is beautiful.
 Their car is in their garage.

3. it's, they're and there are not possessive adjectives — its is a contraction of it is or it
has; they're is a contraction of they are; there is an adverb of place.

 It's not my book = It is not my book.

 My house is big. It's got five bedrooms = It has got five bedrooms.
 Nancy and Alan are from New York. They're my friends = They are my friends.
 Please, put the chair there. (adverb)

Can / Can't

Can is a modal verb.

Can is used to express ability or to say that something is possible.
Can is the same for all subjects. We don't add an 'S' in the third person (like other verbs)
The verb that comes after Can is in the infinitive without to:

 I can speak Spanish. (= it is possible for me to speak Spanish = I have the ability to
speak Spanish)
 He can swim well.
 We can see our neighbour in the garden.
 They can play the guitar.

Negative
To form the negative we add "not" after can to form one word: cannot.
We can also contract the negative to form can't. (can't = cannot)

 I cannot play the piano. We can't go to the cinema tonight.

 She cannot speak French very well. He can't drive a car.

Questions
To from the question we change the position of the subject and the auxiliary verb.
The main verb is still in the infinitive without to.

 Where can I buy an ice-cream?

 Can I go to the party, please?
 Can you speak Japanese?
 What can we do on Saturday?

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Remember that you can use short answers:

 Can I sit here please? Yes, you can.

 Can you speak Chinese? No, I can't.

Summary Chart

Impersonal Can
Sometimes You can and Can you…? are impersonal and refer to people in general.

 You can see many stars at night from here. (= people in general can see many
stars)

It doesn't necessarily refer to you but people in general.

 You can't run naked in the middle of the street.

Not necessarily saying YOU can't run naked in the middle of the street but in general it is
not possible for anyone.

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Prepositions of Places

23
Prepositions of Place are used to show the position or location of one thing with another.
It answers the question "Where?"
Below we have some more examples of Prepositions of Place:

In front of

 A band plays their music in front of an audience.

 The teacher stands in front of the students.
 The man standing in the line in front of me smells bad.
 Teenagers normally squeeze their zits in front of a mirror.

Behind
Behind is the opposite of In front of. It means at the back (part) of something.

 When the teacher writes on the whiteboard, the students are behind him (or her).
 Who is that person behind the mask?
 I slowly down because there was a police car behind me.

Between
Between normally refers to something in the middle of two objects or things (or places).

 There are mountains between Chile and Argentina.

 The number 5 is between the number 4 and 6.
 There is a sea (The English Channel) between England and France.

Across From / Opposite

Across from and Opposite mean the same thing. It usually refers to something being in
front of something else BUT there is normally something between them like a street or
table. It is similar to saying that someone (or a place) is on the other side of something.

 I live across from a supermarket (= it is on the other side of the road)

 The chess players sat opposite each other before they began their game.
(= They are in front of each other and there is a table between them)

Next to / Beside
Next to and Beside mean the same thing. It usually refers to a thing (or person) that is at the
side of another thing.

 At a wedding, the bride stands next to the groom.

 Guards stand next to the entrance of the bank.
 He walked beside me as we went down the street.
 In this part of town there isn't a footpath beside the road so you have to be careful.

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Near / Close to
Near and Close to mean the same thing. It is similar to next to / beside but there is more of
a distance between the two things.

 The receptionist is near the front door.

 This building is near a subway station.
 We couldn't park the car close to the store.
 Our house is close to a supermarket.

On
On means that something is in a position that is physically touching, covering or attached
to something.

 The clock on the wall is slow.

 He put the food on the table.
 I can see a spider on the ceiling.
 We were told not to walk on the grass.

Above / Over
Above and Over have a similar meaning. The both mean "at a higher position than X"
but above normally refers to being directly (vertically) above you.

 Planes normally fly above the clouds.

 There is a ceiling above you.
 There is a halo over my head. ;)
 We put a sun umbrella over the table so we wouldn't get so hot.
 Our neighbors in the apartment above us are rally noisy.

Over can also mean: physically covering the surface of something and is often used with
the word All as in All over.

 There water all over the floor.

 I accidentally spilled red wine all over the new carpet.

Over is often used as a Preposition of Movement too.

Under / Below
Under and Below have a similar meaning. They mean at a lower level.
(Somethingisaboveit).

 Your legs are under the table.

 Monsters live under your bed.
 A river flows under a bridge.
 How long can you stay under the water?
 Miners work below the surface of the Earth.

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 Prepositions of Time
In, at, on and no preposition with time words:

Prepositions of time - here's a list of the time words that need 'on', 'in', 'at' and some that
don't need any preposition. Be careful - many students of English use 'on' with months (it
should be 'in'), or put a preposition before 'next' when we don't need one.

 times: at 8pm, at midnight, at 6:30

 holiday periods: at Christmas, at Easter
 at night
at
 at the weekend
 at lunchtime, at dinnertime, at breakfast time

 days: on Monday, on my birthday, on Christmas Day

 days + morning / afternoon / evening / night: on Tuesday morning
on
 dates: on the 20th of June

 years: in 1992, in 2006

 months: in December, in June
 decades: in the sixties, in the 1790s
in  centuries: in the 19th century
 seasons: in winter, in summer
 in the morning, in the afternoon, in the evening

 next week, year, month etc

 last night, year etc
no  this morning, month etc
prep every day, night, years etc
 today, tomorrow, yesterday

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VOCABULARY

27
THE ALPHABET

28
 GREETINGS AND FAREWELLS
Greetings

Saludosen Ingles Español

Hello, Hi Hola
Good morning Buenos días
Good afternoon Buenastardes
Good evening Buenasnoches (Al llegar)
How are you doing? ¿Como teva?
How are you getting on? ¿Como andas?
How are things? ¿Quétal?
Nice / pleased to meet you. Encantado, Mucho gusto en conocerte
Nice to see you again. Encantado de verle de nuevo.
Farewells
Despedidasen Ingles Español
Goodbye / bye Hasta luego/Adios
See you soon Hasta pronto
See you tomorrow Hasta mañana
See you later Hasta luego
Good night Buenasnoches (Al irse)
Take care Cuidate
Best wishes! Recuerdos / Mismejoresdeseos
Good to have seen you again. Ha sido un placer verte de nuevo

¡Adios!
Bye, Goodbye

¡Hasta luego!
See you later!

¡Hasta pronto!
See you (soon)!

¡Hasta mañana!
See you tomorrow!

¡Hola!
Hi!Hello!
(también en inglés americano: howdy!hiya!)

¿Cómoestás?
How are you?

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¿Quétal?
How are things?

¿Quétal?
How are you getting on?

bien, gracias
fine, thanks

¿A quétededicas?
What do you do?

¿Cómote llamas?
What's your name?

¿Puedopresentarme?
May I introduce myself?

Quisiera que conociese a...

I'd like you to meet...

Le presento a ...
Let me introduce you to ...

Encantado, Mucho gusto

Nice / pleased to meetyou.

¡Mucho gusto! / Cómo les va?

How do you do?

¿Cómo está tu familia?

How's your family?

¿Tufamiliaestábien?
Is your family well?

Salúdalosen mi nombre.
Givethemmykindestregards.

¡buenasuerte!
All the best!

Estoy a tudisposición.
I am at your disposal.

Recuerdos a todos.
Kindregards to everybody.

Recuerdos! / Mis mejores deseos!

Best wishes!

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¡Hola! Hi (Hello)!
¿Cómoestás? How are you? (3)
¿Cómoteva? How are you doing?
¿Cómoandas? How are you getting on?
¿Cómoandanlos Murphy? How are the Murphys (4) getting on?
Estoybien, gracias I am well (fine), thank you
Perfectamente, gracias Quite well, thank you
¿De dóndeeres? Where are you from?
¿Qué haces? ¿A qué te dedicas? What do you do?
¿Desde cuándo eres entrenador de How long (5) have you been a tennis
tennis? trainer?
¿Hablascastellano? Do you speak Spanish?
¿Cuál es tu nombre? ¿Cómo te llamas? What's your name?
¿Cómo se deletrea tu nombre? How do you spell your name?

SeñorGeoghegan MrGeoghegan
Señora Murphy Mrs Murphy
Señorita Baden Miss Baden
Señorita Lucy Baden Miss Lucy Baden
Señorita Baden Ms Baden (1)
Buenos días Good morning
Buenastardes Good afternoon
Buenasnoches Good evening (2)
Buenasnoches (al despedirse) Good night (2)
¡Adios! ¡Chau! Good-bye, Bye, Bye-Bye
¡Hasta luego! ¡Nos vemos! So long! See you later!
¡Hasta pronto! See you soon!
¡Hasta mañana! See you (Till) tomorrow!
¡Hasta el mediodía! See you at noon!
¡Hasta la noche! See you in the evening (at night)!
¡Hasta la próxima! Till next time!
¡Qué pases un lindo día! Have a nice day!

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 NUMBERS

1. Look at these numbers and practice their pronunciation

1 one TEEN TY 100 one hundred

2 two 13 Thirteen 20 twenty 1000 one thousand
3 three 14 fourteen 30 thirty 1’000.000 one million
4 four 15 fifteen 40 forty
5 five 16 sixteen 50 fifty
6 six 17 seventeen 60 sixty
7 seven 18 eighteen 70 seventy
8 eight 19 nineteen 80 eighty
9 nine 90 ninety
10 ten
11 eleven
12twelve

ORDINAL NUMBERS
An ordinal number is a number that indicates position or order in relation to other
numbers: first, second, third, and so on. Contrast with cardinal number.

"Ordinal numbers do not represent quantity," "but rather indicate rank and position, such as
the fifth car, the twenty‐fourth bar, the second highest marks, and so on"

EXAMPLES

CA
RD
IN
AL
NU
M
BE
RS
32
Table of Cardinal Numbers

Cardinal numbers from 1 through 1,000,000

1 one 11 eleven 21 twenty-one 31 thirty-one
2 two 12 twelve 22 twenty-two 40 forty
3 three 13 thirteen 23 twenty-three 50 fifty
4 four 14 fourteen 24 twenty-four 60 sixty
5 five 15 fifteen 25 twenty-five 70 seventy
6 six 16 sixteen 26 twenty-six 80 eighty
7 seven 17 seventeen 27 twenty-seven 90 ninety
8 eight 18 eighteen 28 twenty-eight 100 a/one hundred
9 nine 19 nineteen 29 twenty-nine 1,000 a/one thousand
10 ten 20 twenty 30 Thirty 1,000,000 a/one million

Separation between hundreds and tens

Hundreds and tens are usually separated by 'and' (in American English 'and' is not
necessary).

110 - one hundred and ten

1,250 - one thousand, two hundred and fifty
2,001 - two thousand and one

Hundreds

Use 100 always with 'a' or 'one'.

100 - a hundred / one hundred

'a' can only stand at the beginning of a number.

100 - a hundred / one hundred

2,100 - two thousand, one hundred

Thousands and Millions

Use 1,000 and 1,000,000 always with 'a' or 'one'.

1,000 - a thousand / one thousand

201,000 - two hundred and one thousand

Use commas as a separator.

57,458,302

The Number 1,000,000,000

In English this number is a billion. This is very tricky for nations where 'a billion' has 12
zeros. 1,000,000,000,000 in English, however, is a trillion.

33
COLORS

34
 CLASSROOM OBJECTS

classroom Aula
class Clase
bag Bolso
blackboard Pizarrón
board pen, felt-tip pen rotulador, fibra para pizarra
boarderaser Borrador
book Libro
briefcase portafolios, maletín
chair Silla
(piece of) chalk Tiza
crayon lápiz de cera, crayón
desk Escritorio
eraser (US) goma de borrar
folder Carpeta
highlighter pen rotulador fosforescente, resaltador
hole punch Perforadora
notebook Cuaderno
notepad Cuaderno
paper Papel
pencil Lápiz
pencilsharpener Sacapuntas
rubber (GB) goma de borrar
ruler Regla
tape player reproductor de cassette
tape recorder grabadora de cassette
whiteboard Pizarra
workbook libro de ejercicios

35
 PARTS OF THE BODY
The Face

 eye, nose, mouth, ear, cheek, chin, nostril, eyebrow, eyelid, eyelash, lips.

Mouth - you use your mouth to talk, to eat and to breathe.

Nose - You can smell things with your nose. You can also breathe through your nose.
Nostrils - these are the two holes in your nose

The Arm and Hand

 finger, palm, wrist, forearm, elbow, upper arm, shoulder, thumb

The Hand and Fingers

See the photo of the parts of the hand below

1. hand
2. thumb
3. index finger
4. middle finger
5. ring finger
6. little finger (informal: pinky finger)
7. nail
8. knuckle

36
The Leg and Foot

 knee, leg, shin, calf (muscle), ankle, heel, foot, toe

ankle - the joint between your leg and your foot.

Internal Parts of the Body

heart - your heart pumps your blood around your body.

lungs - when you breathe, the air goes into your lungs.
veins - these transport blood through your body. They are like little tubes.
brain - this is your 'thinking machine' inside your head.
throat - food goes down this to get to your stomach.
liver - the organ that cleans your blood.
stomach - your food goes here when you swallow it.
kidneys - the organs that process all your body waste.
skeleton - all of the bones in your body.
ribs - these are the bones that protect the organs in your chest.
bones - your skeleton consists of many bones. There are about 206 in your body.
skin - it covers almost the entire body and helps keep all the organs and muscles in place.

Other Parts of the Body

Here is a list of some other parts of the body that have not been included above. We will
take some more photos of these when we find some more volunteers.

 face - hair - tongue - tooth - back - waist - muscles

37
neck - this connects your head with your shoulders and the rest of your body.
tongue - the muscle at the bottom of your mouth that tastes things and helps you
pronounce words
wrinkles - the lines in your skin caused by age. Old people have a lot of wrinkles.

JOBS LIST
SPANISH ENGLISH

abogado Lawyer

actor/actriz actor/actress

aduanero customs officer

agricultor Farmer

albañil Builder

arquitecto Architect

asesor Consultant

astronauta Astronaut

azafata air hostess

Barbero Barber

bombero Fireman

camarero/a waiter/waitress

camionero lorry driver

cantante Singer

Cocinero Cook

Conductor de bus Bus driver

cartero MailmanPostman

científico Scientist

cirujano Surgeon

cocinero Cook

conductor Driver

38
contable Accountant

criado Servant

cura Priest

dentista Dentist

Doctor Doctor

electricista Electrician

empleado Employee

empleado de banco bank clerk

enfermero / a Nurse

escritor Writer

estudiante Student

farmacéutico Chemist

fontanero plumber

granjero Farmer

ingeniero Engineer

jardinero Gardener

joyero Jeweller

juez Judge

librero bookseller

marinero Sailor

médico Doctor

mecánico Mechanic

minero Miner

modelo Model

monitor Instructor

monje Monk

monja Nun

Niñera Nanny

39
obrero Labourer

oficinista office worker

panadero Baker

pastor Shepherd

peluquero Hairdresser

periodista Journalist

pescador Fisherman

piloto Pilot

pintor Painter

político Politician

policía Policeman

portero Caretaker

profesor Teacher

Psicólogo Psychologist

psiquiatra Psychiatrist

recepcionista Receptionist

relojero Watchmaker

reportero Reporter

sacerdote Priest

sastre Tailor

secretario Secretary

soldado Soldier

taquimeca shorthand typist

taxista taxi driver

técnico Technician

torero Bullfighter

traductor Translator

vendedor Salesman

40
 veterinario Vet

zapatero Shoemaker

COUNTRIES AND NATIONALITIES

The word 'Nationality' is not often used in spoken English. It is a formal and official word and it
appears more frequently in written English. You will find the word 'Nationality' is used a lot in the
travel industry and for immigration.

We almost never say: What is your nationality?

We usually say: Where are you from? OR Where do you come from?

To tell someone your nationality you DON'T say: My nationality is Chilean.

You say: I'm Chilean

41
 Singular Plural

Country Countries

Nationality Nationalities

List of Countries, Nationalities and their Languages

Below is a list of countries with the appropriate nationality. The Language that appears is
the main language that is spoken in the country. We have not included all the languages
that they may speak in that country.

Country Nationality Language

Afghanistan Afghan Persian - Pashto

Argentine
Argentina Spanish
Argentinian

Australia Australian English

Belgium Belgian French / Flemish

Bolivia Bolivian Spanish

Brazil Brazilian Portuguese

Cambodia Cambodian Cambodian

Cameroon Cameroonian French / English

Canada Canadian English / French

Chile Chilean Spanish

China Chinese Chinese

Colombia * Colombian Spanish

Costa Rica Costa Rican Spanish

Cuba Cuban Spanish

Denmark Danish (Dane) Danish

Dominican Republic Dominican Spanish

42
Ecuador Ecuadorian Spanish

Egypt Egyptian Arabic

El Salvador Salvadorian Spanish

England English English

Estonia Estonian Estonian

Ethiopia Ethiopian Amharic

Finland Finnish Finnish

France French French

Germany German German

Ghana Ghanaian English

Greece Greek Greek

Guatemala Guatemalan Spanish

Haiti Haitian French / Creole

Honduras Honduran Spanish

Indonesia Indonesian Indonesian

Iran Iranian Persian

Ireland Irish Irish / English

Israel Israeli Hebrew

Italy Italian Italian

Japan Japanese Japanese

Jordan Jordanian Arabic

Kenya Kenyan Swahili

Laos Laotian Laotian

Latvia Latvian Latvian

Lebanon Lebanese Arabic

Lithuania Lithuanian Lithuanian

Malaysia Malaysian Malay / Malaysian

43
Mexico Mexican Spanish

Morocco Moroccan Arabic / French

Netherlands Dutch Dutch

New Zealand New Zealander English / Maori

Nicaragua Nicaraguan Spanish

Norway Norwegian Norwegian

Panama Panamanian Spanish

Paraguay Paraguayan Spanish

Peru Peruvian Spanish

Philippines Filipino Tagalog / Filipino

Poland Polish Polish

Portugal Portuguese Portuguese

Puerto Rico Puerto Rican Spanish

Romania Romanian Romanian

Russia Russian Russian

Saudi Arabia Saudi Arabic

Scotland Scottish English

South Korea Korean Korean

Spain Spanish Spanish

Sweden Swedish Swedish

Switzerland Swiss German, French, Italian, Romansh

Taiwan Taiwanese Chinese

Tajikistan Tajik Tajik (Persian)

Thailand Thai Thai

Turkey Turkish Turkish

Ukraine Ukrainian Ukrainian

(The) United Kingdom British English

44
 (The) United States American ** English

Uruguay Uruguayan Spanish

Venezuela Venezuelan Spanish

Vietnam Vietnamese Vietnamese

Wales Welsh Welsh / English

* NOTE: Colombia is the correct spelling of the country and not "Columbia".

** You will notice that people from United States have the nationality 'American'. Some
people from other parts of the American continent (especially Central and South America)
tend not to like the word American for people from the United States. You will find that

WEATHER
Shower Llovizna
Drizzle Llovizna
to drizzle Lloviznar
Rain Lluvia
to rain Llover
to teem down llover a cántaros
Deluge Diluvio
Flurry Ráfaga
Downpour lluviatorrencial
to pour down llovertorrencialmente
to hail llover con granizo
Hailstones Granizo
Snow Nieve
to snow Nevar
Slush nievederretida
Frost Helada
Ice Hielo
Sleet Aguanieve
to be soaked to the skin estar mojado hasta los huesos (lit. hasta la piel)
to be drenched estarempapado
to be wet through estarempapado

45
Storm Tormenta
Blizzard tormenta de nieve
thunderstorm tormentaeléctrica
Thunder Trueno
thunderclap Trueno
Lightning Relámpago
bolt of lightning Rayo
Cloud Nube
to cloud over Nublarse
Mist Niebla
Fog niebla, bruma
Haze Bruma
Breeze Brisa
Drought Sequía
Dew Rocío
heat wave ola de calor
hot spell ola de calor
cold snap ola de frío
Wind Viento
gust of wind ráfaga de viento
Gale vientomuyfuerte
biting wind vientomuyfuerte
blustery wind vientomuyfuerte
Whirlwind Torbellino
Hurricane Huracán
Tornado Tornado

weather forecast pronóstico del tiempo

changeable weather climacambiante
inclement weather climainclemente
mild weather climatemplado, suave
above zero sobre cero
below zero bajo cero
the temperature dropped la temperaturadisminuyó

46
Flood Inundación
Drought Sequía
Climate clima (ex. tropical climate)

to be hot estarcaluroso
to be boiling hot estarmuycaluroso
to be warm estartemplado
to be boiling estarmuycaluroso
to be stifling estarmuycaluroso, pesado
to be oppressive estardemasiadocaluroso
to be airless estar sin aire
to be fair Estarbueno
to be fine Estarbueno
to be muggy estartemplado y húmedo
to be humid estarhúmedo
to be damp estarhúmedo
to be dry Estarseco
to be cold Estarfrío
to be freezing estarmuyfrío
to be icy estarmuyfrío
to be chilly estardemasiadofrío
to be cloudy estarnublado
to be overcast estarmuynublado, cubierto
to be rainy estarlluvioso
to be misty estarnebuloso
to be foggy estarbrumoso
to be sunny Estarsoleado
to be windy Estarventoso

47
MONTHS OF THE YEAR

48
SEASONS

49
 TIME

There are many ways to tell time in English.

1. We can say the numbers as is:

ten twenty(10:20)
two fifteen(2:15)
five forty-five(5:45)

2.To tell the hours at point we can say:

nine or nine o’clock(nueveenpunto)

twelve or twelve o’clock(doceenpunto)

50
 DATE

Dates in American English

In written American English, the month of the date comes before the day and year. For
example, Independence Day in the USA is on July 4th each year. In the year 2000 the date
was 4/7/2000 in British English. In American English this is written 7/4/2000.

Speaking the date

We ask the date or about dates in several ways. We can add the and of when we reply:

What date did they get married?

A:
What date is it?

51
 B:
It’s the first of June. (1st June)

A:
What’s the date today?

B:
It’s June the first. (June 1st)

A:
What’s today’s date?

B:
Fifteenth of April. (15th April)

We talk about years like this:

Before the year 2000

1492: fourteen ninety-two

1700: seventeen hundred

1801: eighteen hundred and one or eighteen oh /əʊ/ one

1908: nineteen oh eight

After the year 2000

2000: two thousand

2003: two thousand and three or twenty oh three

2012: two thousand and twelve or twenty twelve

Typical error

 Make sure you use the correct abbreviated form:

My birthday is the 28th of January.

Not: … the 28st …

52
CLOTHES

53
 DAILY ACTIVITIES

Daily Activities at Home

What are some of the daily activities that you do at home?

I wake up at 7am every morning.

I press the snooze button five times every morning before I turn off the alarm and get
up.
I have a cup of coffee and make breakfast. I usually read the newspaper while I have
breakfast. My children like to have a shower after they have breakfast but I like to have a
shower before I get dressed.
My wife brushes her long hair, and I have short hair so I comb my hair. How do you do
your hair in the morning?
It is important to brush your teeth, and some women like to put make-up on.
After I have finished work, I go home to cook dinner. In my house I usually make
dinner. The family eat dinner together at 7:30pm.
After dinner I make sure that my children do their homework, and then I chill out on the
sofa and watch television.

54
Daily Activities at Work
What are some daily activities that you do at work?

I go to work at 8.45am every morning.

I usually drive to work.
I always check my emails when I get to work, but I don't always reply to them
immediately.
I take a taxi or a train if I have a lunch meeting. I never take the bus because it is too
slow.
When I am at my desk I usually work on the computer, even during morning tea.
At 1pm most days I have lunch.
At 3pm we have afternoon tea, and that is when we usually talk and eat cake.

Other Daily Activities

What are some other daily activities that you do?

I exercise at least three times a week.
I usually go to the gym before work, but sometimes I go after work.
I meditate every morning so that I feel less stressed during the day.

55
WORKSHEETS

56
 WORKSHEET 1
SUBJECT : Subject Pronouns and Verb “ To Be “

A) Fill in the blanks using“HE, SHE, IT, WE, THEY”:

cat and horse………… Mary…………… Tom ……………

Jack and I ………….. books …………. sister ………….
You and Dave ……….. plane …………. sunshine ……….
cheese ……………… cactus ………… parents …………..
Pamela ……………… news ................ scissors ...................
geese ……………. flowers ………… piano …………….
school …………. daughter ………… milk ……………
children ……….. sugar ……….. feet …………..
bicycle ………… Ann and Kate ………. tennis ………….
son ……………. mice …………… sky …………….
shop ……………. buses ………….. papers …………
Mr. Green …………… brother-in-law ………….. picture ………..
friendship …………. dolphin ………… The Riggs family ………..

B) Fill in the blanks using “AM, IS, ARE, AM NOT, ISN’T, AREN’T”:

1. It ……………. an onion. (+) 11. İzmir ………….. a city. (+)

2. Jasmine ……….. a student. (-)
3. We ……….friends. (+)
4. I ………. hungry. (-)
5. Mark ............. 20 years old. (+)
6. A bee ……….. a big insect. (-)
7. Newsweek ………… a magazine. (+)
8. I …………. a professional football
player. (-)
9. I know you. You ……. in my class. (+)
10.Cows ……… insects. They …….
mammals. (- / +)
12. He ……… a postman. (+)
13. It ………. nine o’clock. (+)
14. Manhattan …………. an island. (-)
15. Mr. Richards …… a lawyer. (+)
16. I ………..ill. I …………. happy. (+ / -)
17. London ……….. a big city. (+)
18. Dave and Adrian ………… sisters. They ……..
brothers. (- / +)
19. New York ………. near to New Jersey. (+)
20. Susan and I ……….. teachers. We ………..
students. (- / +)

C) Fill in the blanks using “AM, IS, ARE, AM NOT, ISN’T, AREN’T”:

1. Germany, England, and Spain ………… cities.

2. A lemon ……….. sweet. It …….. sour.
3. Copper ……….. cheap. Diamonds ………… expensive.
4. Airplanes …….. slow. They ………. fast.
5. Ice cream and candy …….. sweet.
6. Today ……… cloudy. It …….. bright.
7. My brother ……… married. He …… single.
8. I ……… from Turkey. I …….. from Canada.
9. Maths ……… hard. It ……….. easy.
10. Mariah … a beautiful girl. She ……… ugly.

57
D) Rewrite the sentences by using “ IS, ISN’T, AM, AM NOT”:

1. London aren’t a country. …….London isn’t a

country……………..
2. The United States aren’t a city.
…………………………………………….
3. An elephant am not a small animal.
…………………………………………….
4. English and Turkish isn’t sister languages.
…………………………………………….
5. Mercedes aren’t a bike.
…………………………………………….
6. Is I a student ? …………………………………………….
7. Mrs. Stuart aren’t a poor woman.
…………………………………………….
8. Cigarettes isn’t good for people.
…………………………………………..
9. The North Pole am not hot. …………………………………………..
10. Simon are from United Kingdom.
…………………………………………..

E) Complete this postcard by using “AM, IS, ARE, AM NOT , ISN’T,AREN’T”:

Hello!
My name ….is….. Jack, and this ….is… Sue.
She ……. my sister. Sue …….. twelve years old and I …… sixteen.
We ……. adults. We …….. students. We ……… Canadians. We ………….
Americans.
We ……….. from Chicago. Chicago ……….. in the United States.
Best regards,
Jack

F) Write short sentences:

Example:
(Chris, 9, student, short, not Chinese)
…..Chris is nine years old. He is a student. He is short. He isn’t Chinese…….. .

1. (Leonard and Mike, 25, firemen, tall, American)

………………………………….………………………………………………………..
2. (Patty and Brian, 12, not electrician, short, not Turkish children)
…………………………………………………………………………………………..
3. (Natalie and I, nurse, not tall, French)
…………………………………………………………………………………………....
4. (Mark, 19, accountant, short, British)
…………………………………………………………………………………………..
5. (Cengiz, 23, lieutenant, not blonde, Turkish)
………………………………………………………………………………………….

58
G) Build up sentences:
1. Mike / drummer (-) …..Mike isn’t a
drummer…………...................
2. Charlie and Chris / policemen(+)
…………………………………………………..
3. Danny and Rick / singers (-)
………………………………………………….
4. Salem and Lucky / puppies (+)
………………………………………………….
5. Rome / London / cities (+)
………………………………………………….

H) Choose the best answer:

1. Maggie and Carol …………… good friends.

a) am b) are c) is d) isn’t

2. Sue ………. a science teacher.

a) are not b) is c) are d) am

3. Mark Steven ………….. a student at Kennedy High School. It …….. an old school.
a) am / is b) are / is c) is / am d) is / is

4. Margarita ……….. from Spain. I ………….. from Turkey.

a) is / am b) are / is c) am / is d) is / are

5. You and I ……………… at the same age.

a) am isn’t c) are d) is

I) Change the sentences into questions:

Example: I am an engineer. ……Am I an engineer?……….

1. You are ill.

…………………………………………………..
2. Linda is a pretty girl.
…………………………………………………..
3. Belinda is a singer.
…………………………………………………..
4. Nick is an actor.
…………………………………………………..
5. We are good friends.
…………………………………………………..

59
 6. He is an officer.
…………………………………………………
7. It is an eraser.
…………………………………………………
8. You and Eddie are partners.
…………………………………………………
9. Rosie is angry.
…………………………………………………
10. Jack and I aren’t good swimmers.
…………………………………………………

J) Give a short and a long answer:

Example:  Is it a car? …No, it isn’t.

What is it? …It is a house…….

1) 
Is it a fish? …………………….. 8) 
Is it Saturn?
…………………….. What is it? …………………...What is it? ……………………

2)  Is it a river? ….……….….
What is it? ……………………..
9)  Is it a mountain? …
What is it? ……………………….

3) Is it a radio? …………………….. 10)  Is it a CD player?

……………..
What is it? ……………………… What is it?
……………………….

4) Are these tomatoes ? …………… 11)  Are these farms?

…………….
What are they? ………………………. What are they ?
……………………

5)  Are these pencils ? ……………… 12)  Is this a motorcycle?

………….
What are they? …………………………… What is it?
..………………………..

60
6)  Is it a school bus? …………….. 13)  Is it a bottle?
…………………
What is it? …………………………. What is it?
…………………………

7) Is it a horse? …………………. 14)  Are these tables?

………
What is it? ………………………… What are they ? …………………

K) Give long answers:

Example: Are you a scientist? ………Yes, I am a scientist.………………

1. Are you a student? Yes, …………………………………………….

2. Is Tom in the park? No, ……………………………………………..
3. Is it a poetry book? Yes, …………………………………………….
4. Are Mary and John friends? Yes, …………………………………………….
5. Am I an executive ? No, ……………………………………………..
6. Is Thomas fifteen years old? Yes, …………………………………………….
7. Are your earrings expensive? No, ……………………………………………..
8. Is ice cream hot ? No, ……………………………………………..
9. Are lemons yellow and sour? Yes,……………………………………………..
10. Are Andy and Jack girls? No, ……………………………………………..

L) Build up questions and give answers:

Example: engineer / William Is William an engineer? Yes, he is an engineer.

(+)

1. good rider / Steve …………………….…… ?

….…………….…………(+)
2. lazy students / Mark and Lucy …………………………..?
…………………..………(- )
3. soup / hot ……..………………….…?
……......…………………(+)
4. the baby / asleep ……………………………?
………………..………... (- )
5. basketball team / L.A. Lakers ……………………………?
...………………………...(+)

M) Answer these questions:

1. Are trees green or gray?

………...……………………………………

61
 2. Are clouds brown or white?
………………………...……………………
3. Is it an English or French dictionary? (French)
……………………………………………
4. Is it a sports car or a classic car? (classic)
……………………………………….……..
5. Is Egypt in Europe or in Africa?
……………………………………….……..
6. Is it a butterfly or a bee? (butterfly)
……………………………………….……..
7. Are they skirts or pullovers? (pullovers)
……………………………………….……..
8. Is he an outlaw or a guardian? (outlaw)
……………………………………….……..
9. Is your father young or old? (old)
……………………………………………...
10. Are we army officers or police officers? (army)
…………………………………………..

N) Read the passage and answer the questions:

Sophia: I am Sophia Berger. Are you Jordan Turner?

Jordan: Yes, I am. Are you English?
Sophia: Hector is. I am French. Are you from the United States?
Jordan: Yes, I am. Hector, are you from London?
Hector: Yes, I am. Are you from California?
Jordan: No, I am from New York City. Is London a big city?
Hector: Yes, it is a big city. Sophia, are you from Lyon?
Sophia: Yes, I am from Lyon.
Hector: Is Lyon near Florence?
Sophia: No, it isn’t. Florence is in Italy.
Hector: Oh, isn’t it in France? I am a real fool.
Jordan: No, Hector. Of course you are not a fool! Are you and Sophia students?
Hector: I am a student. She is an actress in France. We are tourists in the United States.
Sophia: Are you a student, Jordan?
Jordan: No, I am not a student. I’m a lawyer. I am on a holiday.

* Give long answers. If the answer is negative, then give the right answer:

Example: Is Sophia from Paris? …No, she isn’t…… She is from Lyon…………….

1. Is Jordan from
California?……………………………………………………………..
2. Is Florence in Italy?
……………………………………………………………..
3. Are Sophia and Hector students?
……………………………………………………………………………………
4. Is Hector from Manchester?
…………………………………………………………………………………

62
 5. Is Sophia a dancer?…….
…………………………………………………………….

Write True or False:

1. …..T… Hector is English. 6. …F Sophia is from the United

States.
2. ……… Hector isn’t from Manchester. 7. … … Jordan is from New York
City.
3. ……… London is not a big city. 8. …….. Florence is in Italy.
4. ……… Hector is a student. 9. …….. Jordan is a teacher.
5. ……… Sophia is an actress in London. 10. ……. Sophia and Hector are
tourists.

63
CHOOSE THE CORRECT FORM OF THE VERB "TO BE" FOR EACH

QUESTION.

1. Russia _________ one of the largest countries in the world.

is
am
are
2. French wine _________ very tasty.
is
am
are
3. The children _________ in the garden.
is
am
are
4. The President of the United States _________ an important person.
am
is
are
5. These books _________ very hard to understand.
am
is
are
6. I think Arabic _________ a complicated language.
are
am
is
7. I _________ sure your friend is coming to the party.
are
am
is

64
CIRCLE THE CORRECT ANSWER.

1. She ________ in Florida but prefers California.

lives

goes

arrives

2. When we ________ on vacation, we never fly.

are

go

went

3. I ________ four languages, but I love Italian above all.

talk

speak

talks

4. That dog always ________ with his head against the wall.

goes

bark

sleeps

5. We don't ________ which airport the plane goes from.

know

think

like

6. My girlfriend ________ her eyes when there's a horror movie on TV.

open

shut

closes

65
7. Kathy always ________ about the boss. She hates her job!

says

tells

complains

8. She ________ to disco music, only tango.

no listen

doesn't like

doesn't dance

WH QUESTIONS
INTRODUCE YOURSELF

-Complete the information with your real situation.

Hi, My name is: _____________________________

My last name is: _____________________________

My full name is: _____________________________

I am ___________ years old.

I am from _____________________________

66
My adress is _____________________________

My telephone number is _____________________________

I am a/an: _____________________________

Are you married or single: _____________________________

How many Children do you have? _________________________

Do you have a boyfriend or girlfriend? ____________________

Do you like sports? _________________________

What is your favorite sport? ___________________________

Do you like music?:_____________________________________

What type of music do you like? :__________________________

What is your favorite subject? _________________________

When do you study?:_____________________________

How many brothers and sisters do you have?______________

Do you live in apartment or house?:________________________

What’s your favorite color? _________________________

Describe the clothing are your wearing today

:__________________________________________________

Do you have any restaurant in your city or town?

______________________________________________

67
 ADVERBS OF FREQUENCY
EXERCISES

The following exercises will help you to gain better understanding about how adverbs of
frequency work. Choose the best answer to complete each sentence.
1. I ________________ late on Saturdays.
a. Get up usually
b. Get usually up
c. Usually get up
2. Jared ______________ late for work.
a. Never is
b. Is never
3. _______________ on weekends?
a. Often do you travel
b. Do you often travel
c. Often you do travel
4. Susan ________________ early for class.
a. Often is
b. Are often
c. Often are
d. Is often
5. When do you ____________ go on vacation each year?
a. Always
b. Never
c. Usually
d. Ever

Rewrite the complete sentence using the adverb of frequency in brackets in its correct
position.

They go to the movies. (often)

_____________________________________________________________

68
She listens to classical music. (rarely)

_____________________________________________________________

He reads the newspaper. (sometimes)

_____________________________________________________________

Sara smiles. (never)

_____________________________________________________________

She complains about her husband. (always)

_____________________________________________________________

I drink coffee. (sometimes)

_____________________________________________________________

Frank is ill. (often)

_____________________________________________________________

He feels terrible (usually)

_____________________________________________________________

I go jogging in the morning. (always)

_____________________________________________________________

She helps her daughter with her homework. (never)

_____________________________________________________________

We watch television in the evening. (always)

_____________________________________________________________

I smoke. (never)

_____________________________________________________________

69
 A – AN AND THE
INDEFINITE AND DEFINITE ARTICLES
Questions and Answers

1. I want to buy ......... laptop computer next week.

A. A

B. An

C. The

2. Can you please go to ......... grocery store on Fifth Street and buy 2 cartons of milk?

A. A

B. An

C. The

3. Please meet me at the train station in ......... hour from now.

A. A

B. An

C. The

4. I like to watch tennis on television. It is ......... very good game.

A. A

B. An

C. The

5. My brother won an award for being ......... best speller in our school.

A. A

B. An

70
C. The

6. I couldn't believe my eyes when I saw ......... elephant crossing the road in front of
my school yesterday.

A. A

B. An

C. The

7. Hello, my name is Bob! I haven't anything to do tonight, so if you're not busy,

would you like to watch ......... movie or something with me?

A. A

B. An

C. The

8. How much will it cost to go on ......... holiday to Bali?

Discuss

A. A

B. An

C. The

9. Can you please help me pick out ......... birthday present for my father?

A. A

B. An

C. The

71
Look at the pictures and the words. Then fill in the blanks with "a" or "an".

____strawberry ____orange ____pear ___avocado

___apple ____plum ____monkey ____elephant

___parrot ____dolphin ____anteater ____snake

____clown ____operator ____magician ____actor

___cook ____teacher ____eraser ____pencil

___owl ___palette ___acrobat ___notebook

72
 ADJECTIVES
Sometimes you need to use two or more adjectives to describe something or someone. Part
of becoming fluent in English is knowing which order to use these adjectives in. Choose
the response that sounds more natural:

1. Hans is a ________ architect.

successful German
German successful

2. The sculpture has an ________ shape.

square interesting
interesting square

3. She only wears ________ clothes.

expensive designer
designer expensive

4. The ________ sweater is very warm.

wool Italian
Italian wool

5. It's close to the ________ building.

big blue
blue big

6. The Killers are ________ band.

an American popular
a popular American

7. He wore his ________ hat to the party.

black big
big black

8. This is ________ development!

a new exciting
an exciting new

9. She sold the ________ chairs at a yard sale.

old wooden
wooden old

10. He called me ________ man!

an old fat
a fat old

73
 PLURALS
SELECT THE CORRECT PLURAL.

1. My grandmother has four ______.

childrens

children

childs

2. Tigers have sharp ______.

teeths

tooths

teeth

3. My ______ hurt.

feet

foots

feets

4. Cats like to catch ______.

mice

mices

mouses

5. Three ______ are waiting in line.

woman

women

womans

6. The ______ are on television.

men

mans

74
 man

7. ______ can bite.

Gooses

Geeses

Geese

8. What is the plural form of volcano?

volcanoies

volcanos

volcanoes

volcano

9. What is the plural form of fish?

fishes

fishies

fishs

fish

10. What is the plural form of moose?

moose

mooses

mooses\'s

moosies

11. What is the plural form of wolf?

wolves

wolfs

wolfies
wolfes

75
DEMOSTRATIVE PRONOUNS
THIS / THAT / THESE / THOSE

76
 THERE IS AND THERE ARE
COMPLETE THE EXERCISES

There is / there are

____ a police car.

There is

There are

____ some cherries.

There is

There are

____ a butterfly.

There is

There are

____ many flowers.

There is

There are

more exercises

_____ two kids.

There is

There are

____ a monkey.

There is

There are

77
POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS

78
POSSESSIVE ADJETIVES

79
 ORDINAL NUMBERS
WRITING
Complete the sentences using the ordinal numbers

May is the .................... month in the year. (5)

Our flat is on the ................... floor. (8)
Mary´s birthday is on ......................... . ( 7 )
March is the .................................. month in the year. (3)
Brazil won the World Cup for the.........................time in 1994. (4)
November is the ................................. month in the year. (11)
The Berlin Wall fell near the end of the .................................. century. (20)
My brother’s birthday is on the .......................... of August. (22)
He was the ......................................... President of the USA. (40)
December is the .............................. month in the year. (12)
READING
Read and Complete the sentences using the ordinal numbers.

1. I was the (1) …………………. of my group of friends to have a baby.

2. I was born on the (31) ………………………………………….of October, Halloween!
3. I'm going to my grandparents (50) …………………………….. wedding anniversary on
Saturday.
4. Jennifer came (2) …………………………………..and was awarded the silver medal.
5. In the (19) ……………………………………century, the world was extremely
different.
6. Today is the (5) …………………………day that I haven’t had my morning coffee!
7. I live in the (3) …………………………………. house on the left.
8. The (29) ……………………………………… of February only comes once every four
years.
9. I feel like this is the (90) …………………………………….. time I’ve told you, do your
homework!
10. This is the (23) ……………………………………….. record the band has released.

80
CARDINAL NUMBERS

81
PARTS OF THE BODY

82
COUNTRIES AND NATIONALITIES

83
DAYS OF THE WEEK

84
 MONTHS OF THE YEAR
WRITING

Unscramble the Months of the Year.

uyjnara ……………………

rybeura ……………………

hcmra ……………………

lapir ……………………

yam ……………………

enju ……………………

yjlu ……………………

gtsuua …………………….

tmesperbe …………………….

tcobore …………………….

vonmereb …………………….

85
Read and answer the questions

1. When is your birthday? …………………………………………………………….

2. What is your favorite season? ………………………………………………………

3. When is your mother´s birthday? …………………………………………………

4. What is the hottest season in the year? …………………………………………….

5. What is the coldest season in the year?.....................................................................

86
TIME

87
DATE

88
DAILY ACTIVITIES

89
 WORKSHEET

SUBJECT :Prepositions (at / in / on)

A) Fill in prepositions of time “AT / IN / ON” as in the example:

1. ..on … Saturday 8. ………… 9 o’clock 15. ………… autumn

2. ………. July 9. ………… Christmas 16. ……….. half past
two
3. ………. 1984 10. ………… September 28th 17. ………… Monday
morning
4. ………. March 25th 11…………. 1991 18. ………… Easter
5. ………. Friday 12. ……….. August 29th 19. …………10 o’clock
6. ………. summer 13. ……….. winter 20. …………Thursday
afternoon
7. ………. the morning 14. ……….. the evening 21. ………… noon

B) Fill in “AT / IN / ON” as in the example:

1. …in….. December 6. ………… February 8th 11. ………… a quarter

past six
2. ………. midnight 7. ………… noon 12. ………… Saturday
night
3. ………. 1982 8. ………… 1964 13. ………... Friday
evening
4. ………. April 9. ………… spring 14. ……….. Monday
5. ………. April 2 nd 10. ……….. night 15. ……….. June 26th

C) Fill in the blanks with “AT / IN / ON” as in the example:

1. We always go on holiday ….. in ……. summer.

2. My mother usually goes shopping …………….. Friday morning.
3. I always do my homework ……………… the evening.
4. The circus usually comes to our town ………………. spring.
5. Sophia’s birthday is …………… May 16th .
6. I usually get up ……………….. seven o’clock.
7. My favorite television programme begins …………… 6:30 …………. the
evening.
8. Sometimes it snows ……………….. winter.
9. My friend’s birthday is ……………… June.
10. Some birds and animals come out ……………… night.

D) Choose the correct answer:

1. My lesson starts ___at____ five o’clock.

a) on b) at c) in
2. My father usually buys a newspaper ___________ the morning.
a) on b) at c) in
3. We wear warm clothes _________ winter.
a) on b) at c) in
4. We get presents ________ Christmas.
a) on b) at c) in

90
 5. I usually visit my grandparents __________ Sunday afternoon.
a) on b) at c) in
6. John’s birthday is __________ August 16 th .
a) on b) at c) in
7. The film finishes ___________ 9:30.
a) on b) at c) in
8. The supermarket is closed __________ Sunday.
a) on b) at c) in

E) Fill in “AT“, “IN” or “ON”:

My birthday is …. on….. the 30th of July. Last year I had a great day. I got up
…………..
8 o’clock …………. the morning and tidied the house. Then …………. the afternoon I
went into town with my friend to buy food for the party. The party started ………….
7 o’clock ………. the evening and didn’t stop until very late …………. night!
………….. the 31st of July I was very tired, so I went to bed early …………. the
evening.

F) Fill in the spaces in the invitation with “IN”,”ON” or “AT”:

I’m going to have a party! I hope you can come!!

It’s going to start ……… 5 o’clock …….. the afternoon

……….. the secong Saturday ……… August. We’re
going to have it in Tom’s house on Wilton Avenue.
There’s a big garden and we’re going to have the party in
the garden.
Did you know that my birthday is …….. the eighth? But
as you can see, the party is going to be ………. the tenth.
Why? Parties are better ………. the weekend!

BIRTHDAY PRESENTS WELCOME ANYDAY!!!!

91
READINGS

92
 READING 1

Read the following text, then do the exercise below.

On Sunday, Tom gets up at 10 o'clock. Then he reads his newspaper in the

kitchen. He has breakfast at 11.30 and then he telephones his mother in
Scotland.

In the afternoon, at 1.00, Tom plays tennis with his sister and after that, they
eat dinner in a restaurant. At 6.00, Tom swims for one hour and then he goes
by bike to his brother´s house. They talk and listen to music.

Tom watches television in the evening and drinks a glass of warm milk. He
goes to bed at 11.30.

1. Where does Tom have breakfast?

a) In the kitchen
b) In his bedroom
c) In the lounge
2. Who does he telephone in the morning?
a) His sister
b) His brother
c) His mother
3. Where does his mother live?
a) In England
b) In his brother's house
c) In Scotland
4. What time does he play tennis with his sister?
1. 1pm
2. 2pm
3. 11.30am

93
 5. How long does Tom swim for?
a) One hour
b) Two hours
c) Six hours
6. How does Tom go to his brother's house?
a) By bike
b) By car
c) On foot
7. What does Tom drink in the evening?
a) Wine
b) Beer
c) Milk
8. What time does Tom go to bed?
a) 11pm
b) 11.30pm
c) Midnight

READING 2 MY WORKING DAY

My working day starts very early. From Monday to Friday I get up at half past
three and I have a shower and a cup of coffee. I usually leave the house at ten
past four because the car always arrives a few minutes early. I get to the studio at
about five o'clock and start work. My programme Good Morning Britain starts
at seven o'clock and finishes at nine o'clock. Then I leave the studio at a quarter
past ten. After that, I go shopping and visit some friends. I get home at three
o'clock. A woman helps me with the housework and the ironing. I read a
newspaper and do some work.

Then my husband gets home at half past five in the evening and I cook dinner.
We stay at home in the evening. We don't go out because I go to bed very early.
We usually watch television and then I go to bed at half past eight, I'm usually
Use ONE
asleep wordo'clock.
by nine to complete each answer about the reading.

At weekends, I don't get up until ten o'clock. In the evening, we often see some
friends or go to the cinema. But I'm always up early again on Monday morning.
94
1. She gets up at half past ……………………….in the morning

2. She goes by…………………………….

3. She gets to the studio at…………………………….o'clock.

4. The TV show begins at ……………………………….o'clock.

5. It lasts for ………………………hours.

6. She gets home at …………………………..o'clock.

7. Her husband arrives home at………………………thirty.

8. No, they don't because Cynthia goes to bed …………………..

9. She goes to bed at…………………………..thirty.

10. Yes, she stays in bed until …………………………..o'clock.

95
 READING 3

The Town of Clarkson

Clarkson is a large town. It has more than fifty thousand people living there. It
sits next to a large river, the Clark River. Every day, people take the ferry
from North Clarkson to South Clarkson to go to work.

Most people live in North Clarkson. There are many trees and the streets are
very broad. When the sun shines and the children run and play in the safe
streets, North Clarkson is a wonderful place to live.

South Clarkson has a lot of shops and factories. People don't live there, but
they come in the morning to work. There is also a big stadium where the
Clarkson Tigers play. On Sundays, many people go to watch their favorite
team.

At the weekend, the people from Clarkson enjoy walking along the bank of
the Clark River. They also sail small boats on the water and if there is a little
wind, they fly kites in the large park.

Every year, Clarkson grows in size because a lot of people come to live there.
The government builds more houses and the streets get busier. Maybe in the
future, if the town continues to grow, it will become a city!

96
Underline TRUE or FALSE

1. Nearly fifty thousand people live in Clarkson.

a) True
b) False

2. The Clark River is a big river.

a) True
b) False

3. Most of the houses are in South Clarkson.

a) True
b) False

4. The local sports team is the Clarkson Tigers.

a) True
b) False

5. The sports team plays on Saturdays.

a) True
b) False

6. There is a large park in Clarkson.

a) True
b) False

7. Many new people come to Clarkson to live.

a) True
b) False

97
 8. Clarkson is now so big that it's a city.

a) True
b) False

READING 4

The Seattle Journalist

Mr. Benson is a journalist from Seattle. He is married to Jennifer and they have
three children. They have two boys, Peter and Don, and a daughter, Alice.

Mr. Benson is 47 years old. He has short black hair and he has a beard. Jennifer
has large glasses and she has long blonde hair.

Peter is 15. He has short black hair, like his father. He is tall. His brother, Don,
has fair hair and is not very tall. He is 13 years old.

Their sister, Alice, is 17. She has beautiful long black hair. She has a new car -
she is very happy.

The Benson family have a Labrador dog, Benji. They have a small apartment
in Seattle.g

Answer the questions

1.What is Mr. Benson's job?

…….………………………………………………………………………………………………………

98
2. Do they have a cat?

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

3. Does Alice have a car?

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

4. What color is Peter's hair?

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

5. How old are the sons?

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

6. Does Jennifer have glasses?

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

7. How many children do they have?

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

8. What's the name of the daughter?

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

9. Is Jennifer's hair black?

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

10. Where do they live?

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

99
LISTENINGS

100
 LISTENING 1

Leaving on a Jet Plane 2

https://www.esl-lounge.com/student/listening/1L6-leaving-on-a-jet-plane.mp3

1.They start to land at L.A. airport……………………………

2. Graham wakes up……………………………….

3. Barbara watched "Charlie and the Chocolate Factory"…………………

4. The plane flies over Chicago……………………………….

5. The plane flies over the desert…………………………..

6. Barbara eats chicken and rice…………………………….

7. Graham falls asleep…………………………….

8. The plane flies over the Rockies………………………….

LISTENING 2

A Grand Vacation

https://www.esl-lounge.com/student/listening/1L14-a-grand-vacation.mp3

Alan: I …………………………all over Europe. Twenty-four days, seven

countries.

Alan: I started in Amsterdam. I ………………………..Dutch friend Rita

there.

Alan: We went to college together.…………………………. in Amsterdam

for three days.

101
Alan: The weather …………………………and windy and really cold, but I
had a great time.

Alan: Yes, they were so beautiful. We …………………………two huge art

galleries.

Alan: They …………………………….exhibitions of the old Dutch painters

like Vermeer and Rembrandt.

Alan: I ………………………….house in Munich that was 800 years old. It

was incredible.

Alan: I …………………………….so many photos of the city.

Alan: No, not really. I ………………………………..a very good guide book

with me, very informative.

Alan: Yes, after a few days in Munich, I ……………………………….train

south to Italy and stayed two days in Milan.

LISTENING 3

Making apple Pie

https://www.esl-lounge.com/student/listening/1L4-applepie.mp3

Listen and Complete

PART ONE

The two ingredients they need to buy are …………………and ……………

PART TWO

Now, complete these sentences as you listen to Mike and Cathy's

conversation for a second time. All the words are quantifiers. Choose the
words from the box below:

102
some - any - few - a little - much - many - a lot

1. We need some apples. Do we have ………………………..?

2. Yes, we have ……………………of apples.

3. How ……………………………do we have to use?

4. Now, is there ……………………..flour?

5. How ……………………….do we have?

6. We'll have to buy ………………flour. We don't have …………………..

7. We only need ………………………..cinnamon

8. We have …………………………..of salt

9. And quite ……………………….of sugar

10. We don't have …………………………sugar!

11. Did you buy ………………….butter yesterday at the store?

12. No, I didn't get …………………How ………………………do we need

for the recipe?

13. I think we have ………………………………butter in the fridge.

14. We don't have …………………………….but there's enough.

103
 LISTENING 4

Do it like this

https://www.esl-lounge.com/student/listening/1L13-do-it-like-this.mp3

1.Susan is working in her office.

a) True
b) False

2. Ben can't cook.

a) Tue
b) False

3. Ben has an electric cooker in his house.

a) True
b) False

4. The matches are in the fridge.

a) True
b) False

5. Ben needs to press the orange knob for about five seconds.

a) True
b) False

6. There is a DVD manual that Ben can read.

a) True
b) False

104
7. The weather is sunny.

a) True
b) False

8. The cat's name is Tommy.

a) True
b) False

105