Number Technical Terms Definition

A gas is defined as a state of matter consisting of

particles that have neither a defined volume nor
1 GASES defined shape. It is one of the four fundamental
states of matter, along with solids, liquids, and
plasma.

Venturi tubes, which are constrictions or “throats”

2 Venturi Tube in fluid conduits, are regions of reduced pressure
that are used in a number of devices.

Is usually piping used to guide reaction exhaust

3 Engine Exhaust system gases away from a controlled combustion inside
an engine or stove

The components of an engine involved in

4 Induction delivering fuel and air into the combustion
chamber.

5 Piston Chamber of an engine in which a piston moves.

 The valve through which a fluid is drawn into the
6 Inlet Valve cylinder of a positive-displacement engine, pump,
or compressor. Also known as induction valve.

A valve that releases burned gases from a

7 Exhaust Valve
cylinder.

A chemical reaction between substances, usually

including oxygen and usually accompanied by
8 Combustion
the generation of heat and light in the form of
flame.

The stroke in the cycle of an internal-combustion

9 Compression stoke engine in which the gases are compressed
before firing.

The air flowing past or through a moving body, as

10 Air Flow
an airplane or automobile.
 The stroke in the cycle of an internal-combustion
engine during which the piston is propelled by the
11 Power stroke pressure of the expanding steam or
gases._x000D_

Responsible for creating and supplying the

electrical spark that ignites the fuel air mixture in
12 Ignition
the aircraft engine's cylinders, has been a key
part of aircraft engines since the very beginning.

The movement of an engine piston (as of a 4-

stroke-cycle engine) that forces the used gas or
13 Exhaust stroke
vapor out through the exhaust ports

Internal combustion engines (ICE) are the most

common form of heat engines, as they are used
14 Internal Combustion Engine in vehicles, boats, ships, airplanes, and trains.
They are named as such because the fuel is
ignited in order to do work inside the engine.
 A process without transfer of heat or matter to or
from a system, so that Q = 0, is called adiabatic,
15 Adiabatic Heating
and such a system is said to be adiabatically
isolated.

16 Continuity Equation

An enclosed space in which combustion takes

17 Combustion Chamber
place, especially in an engine or furnace.

The cylinder is the power unit of the engine. This

is where fuel is burned and converted into
18 Cylinder mechanical energy that powers the vehicle. The
number of cylinders in a typical car could be four,
six or eight.

A crankshaft is a rotating shaft which (in

conjunction with the connecting rods) converts
reciprocating motion of the pistons into rotational
19 Crankshaft motion. Crankshafts are commonly used in
internal combustion engines and consist of a
series of cranks and crankpins to which the
connecting rods are attached.
 It is starting section of venturimeter which
20 Convergent
attached at inlet pipe.

Device for supplying a spark-ignition engine with

21 Carburetor
a mixture of fuel and air.

22 Divergent
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
 POWERPLANT 1 TECHNICAL TERMS

Description

Sample of matter that conforms to the shape of a

container in which it is held and acquires a uniform
density inside the container

The simplest apparatus is a tubular setup known as a

Venturi tube or simply a Venturi . Fluid flows through a
length of pipe of varying diameter. To avoid undue
aerodynamic drag, a Venturi tube typically has an entry
cone of 30 degrees and an exit cone of 5 degrees.

Is fundamentally a scavenging system that collects and

disposes of the high temperature, noxious gases being
discharged by the engine.

The air filter is generally housed in the carburetor heat

box or other housing close by that is attached to the
carburetor or fuel injection controller.

A circular in shape, and in which the piston is move. It is

made by the same material as of piston
Intake valves operate at lower temperatures than exhaust
valves and, therefore, are typically made of chrome,
nickel, or tungsten steel.

All of the valves are exposed to combustion heat, but

exhaust valves are heated twice. But the bigger you
make an engine, the distance that heat has to flow out of
the valve to the cooler seat becomes larger and the valve
operates hotter.

Burning

The charge (fuel or air fuel) is compressed due to this its

pressure and temperature gets higher and higher, and at
this time spark plug for petrol engine give the spark and
the whole, the charge gets burned.

In engineering, airflow is a measurement of the amount

of air per unit of time that flows through a particular
device. Flow of air or any other fluid is caused by a
pressure differential between two points. Flow will
originate from an area of high energy, or pressure, and
proceed to area(s) of lower energy or pressure.
A high thrust produced by the burned gas to the piston,
so that the piston shifted to the BDC, and the piston is
connected with the crankshaft via a connecting rod, so
the crankshaft starts rotating.

All ignition systems must deliver a high-tension spark

across the electrodes of each spark plug in each cylinder
of the engine in the correct firing order.

The final stroke and occurs when the exhaust valve is

open and the intake valve is closed. Piston movement
evacuates exhaust gases to the atmosphere.

An engine that generates motive power by the burning of

gasoline, oil, or other fuel with air inside the engine, the
hot gases produced being used to drive a piston or do
other work as they expand.
A thermodynamic process in which the system
undergoing the change exchanges no heat with its
surroundings. Adiabatic heating occurs when the
pressure of a gas is increased from work done on it by its
surroundings.

A Combustion Chamber is the area within the Cylinder

where the fuel/air mix is ignited. As the Piston
compresses the fuel/air mix and makes contact with the
Spark Plug, the mixture is combusted and pushed out of
the Combustion Chamber in the form of energy. The
Cylinder houses many of the important components of an
Internal Combustion Engine including the Injector Nozzle,
Piston, Spark Plug, Combustion Chamber, and others.

The cylinder is made of metal and is sealed shut. It

contains a piston that moves up and down, compressing
the fuel, which ignites and causes combustion. There are
two valves at the top of the cylinder; an inlet valve and an
outlet valve. The inlet valve is where the fuel and air
enter the cylinder from the carburettor or electric fuel
injector, and the outlet valve is where exhaust gases
escape.

The crankshaft is a moving part of the internal

combustion engine (ICE). It’s main function is to
transform the linear motion of the piston into rotational
motion. The pistons are connected to the crankshaft
through the connecting rods. The crankshaft is mounted
within the engine block.
Converging part is that region where the cross-section
reduces to conical shape” for the connection with the
upstream pipe and its area of cross-section decreases
from.

It includes a storage chamber for liquid fuel, a choke, an

idling (or slow-running) jet, a main jet, a venturi-shaped
air-flow restriction, and an accelerator pump.
WERPLANT 1 TECHNICAL TERMS

Purpose / Function

Is a versatile, clean-burning, and efficient

fuel that is used in a wide variety of
applications.

The Venturi tube provides a handy method

for mixing fluids or gases, and is popular in
carburetors and atomizers, which use the
low pressure region generated at the
constriction to pull the liquid into the gas
flow. It also offers a particularly clear
example of the Bernoulli principle.

Is to dispose of the gases with complete

safety to the airframe and the occupants of
the aircraft.

Brings in air from the outside, mixes it with

fuel, and delivers the fuel/air mixture to the
cylinder where combustion occurs

It is used for not escaping or leaking of

pressure during compression and power
strokes.
The intake valve controls the amount of
fuel/air mixture that is drawn into the cylinder
through the intake port while the exhaust
valve allows the exhaust gases to exit the
cylinder through the exhaust port.

The exhaust valves let exhaust air out

Is to retrieve energy from the burning of fuels

in the most efficient way possible.

To compressed air fuel or fuel mixture.

The primary cause of airflow is the existence

of air. The flow of air can be induced through
mechanical means (such as by operating an
electric or manual fan) or can take place
passively, as a function of pressure
differentials present in the environment.
To force expanded gases to move the piston
head away from the cylinder head.

Provides a spark that ignites the fuel-air

mixture in the cylinders and is made up of
magnetos, spark plugs, high-tension leads,
and an ignition switch

To remove burned gas from the cylinder

Its purpose is to generate mechanical power

from the chemical energy contained in the
fuel and released through combustion of the
fuel inside the engine.
With adiabatic heating, as a mass of air
descends in the atmosphere—as it does
when it moves downslope from a mountain
range—the air encounters increasing
atmospheric pressure. Compression of the
air mass is accompanied by an increase in
temperature.

The combustion chamber must direct large

amounts of heat energy toward the turbine
and/or nozzle at the proper temperature
level and with an appropriate temperature
distribution.

The function of the cylinder/engine block is

to support and ensure the accurate position
of the moving parts such as pistons,
connecting rods and crankshafts; to ensure
the engine's ventilation, cooling and
lubrication; to provide various auxiliary
systems, components and engine
installation.

The crankshaft converts reciprocative motion

to rotational motion. It contains counter
weights to smoothen the engine revolutions.
Is to increase the velocity of the fluid and
temporarily lower its static pressure. The
pressure difference between inlet and throat
is developed.

It prepares a mixture of petrol and air in

correct proportions. Also, it supplies a fine
spray of petrol.
 How it is done / How it is made

Sealed off in an oxygen-free environment and exposed to

increasing amounts of heat and pressure, the organic matter
underwent a thermal breakdown process that converted it into
hydrocarbons.

In operation the fluid passes through the convergent entrance,

increasing velocity as it does so, resulting in a differential
pressure between the inlet and throat. This differential pressure is
monitored in the same way as for the orifice plate, the relationship
between flow rate and differential.

The exhaust system in this installation consists of a down-stack

from each cylinder, an exhaust collector tube on each side of the
engine, and an exhaust ejector assembly protruding aft and down
from each side of the firewall.

The basic induction system of an aircraft reciprocating engine

consists of an air scoop used to collect the inlet air and ducting
that transfers the air to the inlet filter.

A piston start with a long aluminum rod. And will be cut into a
rotary cutter. The punch press will be preheated to 426 degrees
celcius the temperature required to forge the slugs and make into
a desired shape piston. After that the pistons will be design
according to machine that will handle it.
Inlet valves for low-power engines are usually flat headed. In
some engines, the inlet valve may be the tulip type and have a
smaller stem than the exhaust valve or it may be similar to the
exhaust valve but have a solid stem and head. Although these
valves are similar, they are not interchangeable since the faces of
the valves are constructed of different material. The inlet valve
usually has a flat milled on the tip to identify it.

The exhaust valve can go up to 220 bars. As the hydraulic oil

pushes the operating piston, which is connected to the valve
spindle, the valve will move down and allow the exhaust inside
the cylinder to flow out of the engine to exhaust trunk.

burn all fuel material with an oxidizer

Occurs after the intake stroke is completed. The cylinder is now

full of air from the intake stroke, and the piston is at Bottom Dead
Center (BDC). During the compression stroke, the piston starts at
BDC and moves upward while the intake and exhaust valves stay
closed. The fuel-air mixture is compressed, causing a rise in
temperature and pressure within the cylinder. The compression
stroke is complete when the piston reaches Top Dead Center
(TDC).

Air behaves in a fluid manner, meaning particles naturally flow

from areas of higher pressure to those where the pressure is
lower. Atmospheric air pressure is directly related to altitude,
temperature, and composition.
The air-fuel mixture ignites and combusts due to initiation of spark
resulting in an explosion (expansion of gases). This explosion
applies a mean effective pressure on the piston and pushs it
down (Linear motion or reciprocating motion) and transfers the
motion to a crankshaft (rotatory motion) and piston reaches
bottom dead centre. Now, the crank transmits the torque to the
gearbox through a clutch.

Are a storage battery, an induction coil, a device to produce timed

high-voltage discharges from the induction coil, a distributor, and
a set of spark plugs.

As the exhaust stroke begins, the cylinder and combustion

chamber are full of exhaust products at low pressure. Because
the exhaust valve is open, the exhaust gas is pushed past the
valve and exits the engine. The intake valve is closed and the
electrical contact is open during this movement of the piston.

Combustion, also known as burning, is the basic chemical

process of releasing energy from a fuel and air mixture. In an
internal combustion engine (ICE), the ignition and combustion of
the fuel occurs within the engine itself. The engine then partially
converts the energy from the combustion to work. The engine
consists of a fixed cylinder and a moving piston. The expanding
combustion gases push the piston, which in turn rotates the
crankshaft. Ultimately, through a system of gears in the
powertrain, this motion drives the vehicle’s wheels.
During an adiabatic process, temperature changes are due to
internal system fluctuations. For example, the events inside an
engine cylinder are nearly adiabatic because the wide fluctuations
in temperature take place rapidly, compared to the speed with
which the cylinder surfaces can conduct heat. Similarly, fluid flow
through a nozzle may be so rapid that negligible exchange of heat
between fluid and nozzle takes place. The compressions and
rarefactions of a sound wave are rapid enough to be considered
adiabatic. An adiabatic process can also be achieved in the
absence of an adiabatic enclosure.

The basic requirements for all continuous-operation combustion

chambers include stability of the combustion process, high
thermal stress, maximum completeness of combustion, mini-mum
heat loss, and reliable operation during the rated service life of
the engine. The structural materials used in the manufacture of
continuous-operation combustion chambers depend on the
temperatures to be developed in them: for temperatures upto
500°C, chrome-nickel steels are used; for temperatures up
to900°C, chrome-nickel steels with an admixture of titanium; and
for temperatures above 950°C, special materials.

On most engines the cylinders are smoothly finished holes in the

main structural component of the engine that is known as the
block, which is generally made of cast iron or aluminum. On some
engines the cylinders are lined with sleeves (liners) that can be
replaced when they become worn.

Crankshafts are made from forged steel or cast iron. Crankshafts

for high-volume, low-load production vehicles are generally
constructed from nodular cast iron, which has high strength. Fuel-
efficient engines require a high power-to-displacement ratio,
which has increased the use of forged crankshafts.
Its length is 2.7(D-d). Here (D) is the diameter of inlet section and
(d) is the diameter of throat. Other end of converging is attached
with throat.
 Attachment / Links (Videos, references)

https://www.thoughtco.com/definition-of-gas-604478

https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/engineering/venturi-tube

https://www.aircraftsystemstech.com/p/reciprocating-engine-exhaust-systems.html#:~:text=The%20exhaus

https://www.flight-mechanic.com/powerplants/induction-and-exhaust-systems/

https://learnmechanical.com/piston/
https://aviamech.blogspot.com/2013/02/piston-engine-valves.html#:~:text=Each%20cylinder%20has%20a

https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/exhaust-valve

https://www.britannica.com/science/combustion

https://science.howstuffworks.com/transport/engines-equipment/two-stroke5.htm

https://www.dictionary.com/browse/airflow
"https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/power%20strokehttps://www.quora.com/What-is-Power-strok

https://www.aircraftsystemstech.com/2017/04/aircraft-engine-ignition-systems.html

https://www.grc.nasa.gov/WWW/K-12/airplane/engopt.html

https://energyeducation.ca/encyclopedia/Internal_combustion_engine
https://www.encyclopedia.com/science/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/adiabatic-heating

https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/engineering/combustion-chamber https://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/c

https://fas.org/man/dod-101/navy/docs/swos/eng/60b-103.html

https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/engineering/crankshafts
https://eligoprojects.com/what-is-venturimeter-construction-and-working-equation/