p11 Geologi Struktur Analisis Geofisika Struktur Geologi PDF

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Universitas Bangka Belitung Jurusan Teknik Pertambangan
Geologi Struktur
(Analisis Geofisika Struktur Geologi)
Oleh :
Irvani
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Referensi :
• Van Der Pluijm, B. A. and Marshak, S. 2004. Earth Structure. 2nd Edition. W. W.
Norton & Company, Inc., USA.
• Rowland, S.M., Duebendorfer, E.M. and Schiefelbein, I.M. 2007. Structural Analysis
and Synthesis : A Laboratory Course in Structural Geology. 3th Edition. Blacwell
Publishing Ltd. Voctoria, Australia.
• Bates, R.L. and Jackson, J.A., 1987. Glossary Geology. 3th Edition. American
Geological Institute Elexandria, Virginia.
• Davis, G.H. 1984. Structural Geology of Rocks and Regions. John Wiley & Sons,
New York.
• Ragan, D.M.Cambridge
4th Edition. 2009. Structural Geology
University : An
Press, Introduction
New York. to Geometrical Techniques.
• Twiss R.J. And Moores, E.M. 2007. Structural Geology. 2nd Edition. W.H. Freeman
and Company, USA.
• Ramsey J. and Huber, M. 1983. The Techniques of Modern Structural Geology :
Strain Analysis. Vol. 1. Academic Press, Inc., London.
• Ramsey J. and Huber, M. 1987. The Techniques of Modern Structural Geology : Fold
and Fractures. Vol. 2. Academic Press, Inc., London.
• Ramsey J. and Huber, M. 2000. The Techniques of Modern Structural Geology :
Applications of Continuum
Academic Press, Mechanics in Structural Geology. Vol. 3. Elsevier
Inc., California.
• Cox, A. and Hart, R.B. 1986. Plate Tectonics : How It Works . Blacwell Scienific
Publications, Inc., California.
• Trouw, R.A.J. and Passchier, C.W. 1996. Microtectonics. Springer – Verlag Berlin
Heidelberg, Germany.
• DLL.
Pokok Bahasan :
I Pendahuluan (P.1) V Identi fikasi Stru k. Geologi (P.10-11)
a. Pengukuran dan analisis
II Tektonika & Orogenesa (P.2-3) struktur geologi
a. Tektonik lempeng b. Analisis geofisika struktur
b. Orogenesa geologi
III Gaya, Tegangan, Strain & VI Aplikasi Struk. Geologi (P.12-13)

Deformasi (P.4-5) a. Mineralisasi
a. Gaya & Tegangan
b. Strain & Deformasi b. Migas
c. Kebencanaan geologi
IV Struktur Geologi (P.6-9)
a. Unsur struktur VII Geologi Struk. Indonesia (P.14)
b. Lipatan a. Umum
c. Kekar b. Sumatra&Jawa
d. Sesar/Patahan
c. Bangka Belitung
Geophysical Imaging of the Continental Lithosphere

Sismic
Pluijm & Marshak (2004)

P-waves have a particle motion parallel with the propagation direction of the wavefront and it is therefore
a compressional wave. The S-wave has a motion that is perpendicular to the direction of propagation, it is
a transverse waveform. The Love and Raleigh waves have rather complex particle motions. The latter two
are surface-related movements that do not show a great penetration depth and a rapid vertical decrease in
amplitude away from the interface (modified after Kearey and Brooks 1991).
Veeken (2007)
Reflection and refraction
Snell’s law,
Milsom (2003)
Diagram illustrating different P-wave raypath in seismic acquisition set-up for a

horizontal interface. Various rays are shown in the depth model at the top and their
recording in the time domain TX-graph at the bottom. The reflected waveform is
represented by a hyperbolic curve. Veeken (2007)
Ranges of P-wave velocities and rippabilities in common rocks. The

vertical axis, for each rock type, is intended to show approximately
the relative numbers of samples that would show a given velocity.
Milsom (2003)
Diagram showing how echo sounding, seismic reflection, and

sidescan sonar are used to study the sea floor. Modified from U.S.
Geological Survey Fact Sheet 039-02
Carlson et al. (2009)
Unconformities
Veeken (2007)
Stratigraphic subdivision in two wells from the sedimentary Mandawa Basin

(Tanzania) based on biostratigraphic, seismic and lithostratigraphic information.
The 2D seismic line below illustrates the structural style of the basin fill. The
transfer zone penetrated in the Mbuo-1 well contains sands with hydrocarbon shows
directly overlying the basement pop-up block.
Veeken (2007)
Seismic section illustrating the structuration of the Macuspana Basin (onshore

Mexico). The two high areas are prospective areas for hydrocarbon exploration.
The structure on the right has been tested and contains HC’s in the Miocene-
Pliocene sequence. The structure on the left is untested, but has amplitude
anomalies associated with it. The kitchen is situated in the deeper graben below,
in which Jurassic and Cretaceous source rocks are mature (courtesy Pemex).Veeken (2007)
Complex tectonic history resulted in

tectonic inversion of the sediments across
the Fahud fault zone in northern Oman.
The velocity distribution is anomalous
due to the Tertiary uplift on the right hand
side, disturbing the natural increase in
velocity due to ongoing burial and
compaction is no longer valid. This
should be taken into account when doing
TD conversion. Local velocity trends are
calibrated by wells and should be
respected by the conversion procedure
(Veeken et al. 2005).
Veeken (2007)
Veeken (2007)
Seismic reflection profile across the southern Rocky Mountain

Trench near the Canada-U.S. border. Note that the prominent
layering, which is drilled on the west and is known to be dominantly
Proterozoic sills, is offset along a west-dipping listric normal fault
that has about 10 km of dip-slip displacement. Data were recorded by
Duncan Energy of Denver, Colorado.
Seismic profile from the Wind River Mountains in Wyoming (USA).

The Wind River fault juxtaposes crystalline rocks of the Wind River
Mountains with sedimentary rocks of the Green River Basin along a
moderately east-dipping fault, and this provides a simple explanation
for the prominent reflection. Below a travel time of about 3.5–4.0 s,
however, the fault zone places crystalline rocks onto crystalline rocks
and the reflections must be caused by other mechanisms. Data
recorded by COCORP (Consortium for Continental Reflection
Profiling) in 1977. Pluijm & Marshak (2004)
Seismic profile from the Proterozoic Trans-Hudson Orogen in

northern Saskatchewan (Canada) illustrating prominent subhorizontal
reflections that have been interpreted as intrusive rocks. Note that the
reflector appears to cross cut several dipping reflections. Note also the
prominent Moho on these data.
372
Some reflection characteristics of the crust–mantle transition. (a) Profile from south-central
portion of the Canadian Cordillera illustrating a relatively simple, single reflection from near
the transition. On the right side of the figure, the numbers 6.0 and 7.0 represent the positions
of the Moho, as identified from adjacent seismic refraction data, for average velocities of 6.0
and 7.0 km/s, respectively. RM represents the preferred position of the Moho using the
crustal velocity structure determined from the refraction profile. Note that the Moho appears
to be located at the base of crustal reflectivity, and that the underlying mantle has fewer
reflections (e.g., MR). Data were recorded by LITHOPROBE in 1988.
Reflection characteristics of the crust–mantle transition. Portion of a
seismic profile
transition. Datathat illustrates
were recordedlistric
by structures
LITHOPROBEinto theincrust–mantle
1996. This
segment is from beneath the Great Bear arc region on the regional
profile.
(upper) Regional seismic profile from ancient (>2.6 Ga) rocks of the Slave
Province on the east, across the Proterozoic (2.1–1.85 Ga) Wopmay Orogen in the
center, and then the younger Proterozoic ( 1.74–0.55 Ga) Fort Simpson Basin on
∼
the west. The data are plotted to 32.0 s travel time, or about 120 km depth. Note the
prominent crustal reflectivity, the crust–mantle transition, and sparse, but important
reflections from within the upper mantle (M1 and M2). A general interpretation is
shown (lower) to illustrate that the accretion of the Proterozoic rocks to the Slave
Province probably resulted from subduction, the remnants of which are probably
the dipping mantle reflections. Pluijm & Marshak (2004)
Enlargement
Province. Here,of athe
segment
Moho ofappears
the regional
to haveprofile fromofthedipping
a series Slave
surfaces (arrows) that are cross cut by horizontal reflections (RM).
One possible interpretation is that these horizontal reflections
represent intrusives. Pluijm & Marshak (2004)
Portion of a seismic profile that illustrates many lower crustal layers

that are parallel to the Moho as well as a possible truncation (T?).
Data were recorded by LITHOPROBE in 1996.
Portion of a seismic profile from northern Saskatchewan (Canada)

that illustrates a local deepening of the crust–mantle transition (Moho
keel). Note that although there is not a prominent reflection near the
transition, the reflectivity does diminish near it. In this figure, two
locations for estimates of travel time to the reflection Moho are
indicated from adjacent refraction profiles. Pluijm & Marshak (2004)
The regional seismic profile across the Proterozoic basin illustrating

the huge thickness of strata on the west and the associated
shallowing of the Moho.
Enlargement of the regional profile in the upper part of the

Proterozoic Fort Simpson Basin on the west. Note the sedimentary
features such as the unconformity at the base of the Paleozoic
sediments, unconformities in the eastward-thinning Proterozoic
layers, and the prominent cross-cutting reflection that may be an
igneous dike. Pluijm & Marshak (2004)
Enlargement of the regional profile across a feature that has been

interpreted as the remnants of an accretionary complex. Note that the
mantle reflections, M1, can be followed westward where they
correlate with the Moho and that dipping layers above M1 tend to
steepen eastward (upper arrows) as is common in accretionary
wedges. Pluijm & Marshak (2004)
The Accretionary Prism
Schematic detail of an accretionary prism, showing different regimes of deformation

referred to in the text. (b) Interpreted seismic-reflection profile of the toe edge of an
accretionary prism forming in the Nankai trough off Japan. Several faults can be imaged.
Abyssal Plains
Seismic profiler record of an abyssal plain, showing sediment layers

that have buried an irregular rock surface in the Atlantic Ocean.
From Vogt et al. in Hart, The Earth’s Crust and Upper Mantle, p.
574, American Geophysical Union Carlson et al. (2009)
Fold-Thrust Belts
the two continents collide. A fold-thrust belt forms in the foreland of the orogen on both
sides of the orogen. Slivers of obducted ocean crust may separate lower-plate rocks from the
metamorphic hinterland of the orogen and define the suture between the two plates.
Cross-section sketch of a fold-thrust belt forming at the seaward toe of a passive-margin basin.
Vertically exaggerated two-dimensional seismic-reflection profile

illustrating an imbricate fan of thrust faults that has developed
offshore of Nigeria (passive-margin).
Strike-slip fault
Simplified geological map of Sumatra showing the distribution of the main stratigaphic units
and the active volcanoes.
5/25/2018
Universitas Bangka Belitung
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Jurusan Teknik Pertambangan
Interpreted single-channel seismic reflection sections across the

Mentawai Fault in the southern part of the Sumatra forearc basin
(after Diament et al. 1992). Line locations as shown. Milsom (2005) in Barber et al. (ed.)
5/25/2018
Multi-channel seismic reflection section across the Mentawai Fault

south of Enggano, after Schltiter et al. (2002).
Milsom (2005) in Barber et al. (ed.)
5/25/2018
SIO Line 42-43, showing the Mentawai Fault immediately south of

Nias. Section provided by Scripps Institution of Oceanography.
Milsom (2005) in Barber et al. (ed.)
5/25/2018
Geometric distortion on seismic sections. The image is of a small graben structure beneath an unconformity. The
position of the true fault plane BB (indicated by the dashed line) can be estimated from the positions of the
terminations of the sub-horizontal reflectors representing the sediment fill within the graben (although care must be
exercised because many of the deeper sub-horizontal events are multiples). The event AA is the seismic image of BB.
It is displaced because the techniques used to display the data assume that reflections are generated from points
vertically beneath the surface points, whereas they are actually generated by normal-incidence rays that are inclined to
the vertical if reflected from dipping interfaces (Section 10.3.2). The reflections from the fault and the opposite side of
the graben cross over near the lower symbol ‘A’, forming a ‘bow-tie’. Convex-upward reflections near point C are
diffraction patterns generated by faulting. Milsom (2003)
5/25/2018
Time-migrated seismic profile from southern Appalachian fold-thrust belt (Maher 2002),
displayed with approximately no vertical exaggeration. The vertical scale is two-way travel
time in seconds. a Uninterpreted. b Interpreted Groshong (2006)
5/25/2018 Universitas Bangka Belitung
Seismic model of a faulted fold. a Geometry of the model, no vertical

exaggeration. b Model time section based on normal velocity
variations with lithology and depth. Vertical scale is two-way travel
time in milliseconds. (After Morse et al. 1991)
Groshong (2006)
5/25/2018 Universitas Bangka Belitung
Time migrated seismic profile from central Wyoming. TWT: Two-way travel time; Ti:
interval thickness. a Original profile having a vertical scale of 7.5 in per second and a
horizontal scale of 12 traces per in. Vertical exaggeration (ve) is 1.87 :1. b The vertical scale
is the same as in a, the horizontal scale is reduced by two-thirds. Vertical exaggeration is
5.6: 1. c Unexaggerated version produced by expanding the horizontal scale. Thickness T 1 is
now constant across the profile. (After Stone 1991) Groshong (2006)
5/25/2018 Universitas Bangka Belitung Jurusan Teknik Pertambangan
Normal faults on a vertical profile from a time-migrated 3-D seismic reflection volume. V.E. about 1: 1. The profile is
from the Gilbertown graben system, southern Alabama (modified from Groshong et al. 2003a). a Uninterpreted. A:
fault trace between arrows; B: reflectors hang over fault trace; C: disturbed zone along fault trace. b Interpreted. The
faults indicated with heavier lines have been identified in nearby wells. Numbers next to the faults are heave (regular
type) and throw (bold). Throws are determined from the heaves using Throw=Heave times tan (fault dip). Only the
most obvious faults are interpreted below the top of the Eutaw Groshong (2006)
Corsair fault, a thin skinned growth fault on the Texas continental

shelf. 48-fold, depthconverted seismic line. F: fault reflectors.
(After Christensen 1983)
Groshong (2006)
Groshong (2006)
Velocity discontinuities create features that

look like faults on seismic profiles. a
Segment of a seismic line across Wyoming
thrust belt (dynamite source, eight-fold
common-depth-point stack, migrated time
section, approximate vertical exaggeration
1.3 at 2.7 s; Williams and Dixon 1985). b
Discontinuities in seismic reflectors that
might be normal faults. c Interpretation by
Williams and Dixon (1985). d Geological
cross section using well control and the
seismic line; no vertical exaggeration
(Williams and Dixon 1985). The box
outlines the area of the seismic line. No
normal faults are present. TWY: two-way
traveltime (s); C: Cambrian; MD:
Mississippian-Devonian; IPPM:
Pennsylvanian, Permian, Mississippian
undifferentiated; P: Permian; Tr, TR:
Triassic; J: Jurassic undifferentiated; Jn:
Jurassic Nugget sandstone; T: Tertiary
Groshong (2006)
Faults are visible on seismic sections, but with a certain resolution.
Veeken (2007)
Faults are visible on seismic sections, but with a certain resolution.
Veeken (2007)
Seismic section across the Troll Field, offshore Norway. A flat spot is seen around
1.7 seconds TWT. The gas containing reservoir sands are Jurassic in age and have
an average porosity of 28 percent (modified after Brown 1999, data courtesy
Norske Hydro). Veeken (2007)
Gravity
Gravity anomalies result from variations in rock mass,

in principle we should be able to determine the relative
positions of different masses at depth.
There are some limits (spatially), of course, because the

anomalies are located according to map position, but it is
difficult to determine much more detail without some
additional information from other techniques.
5/25/2018
Isostatic gravity map of northwestern Canada plotted with shaded

relief (artificial illumination from the west, view toward the
northeast). The position of the regional seismic profile is shown by
the thick white line. TT represents the Tintina Fault, a late strike-slip
fault within the Cordillera, and FS represents the Fort Simpson Trend
associated with the Fort Simpson Basin. The gridded digital gravity
data were provided by the Canadian Geophysical Data Centre, and
the original version of this figure was made by Kevin Hall.Pluijm & Marshak (2004)
5/25/2018
Enlargement of the map in the vicinity of the seismic profile to

emphasize the relationship of the profile to the FS anomaly. The
smaller white line near the bottom right is the location of a second
profile across the southern portion of the FS trend, and the white
circles represent locations of drill holes that penetrated crystalline
rocks below the (b) Western Canada Sedimentary Basin strata.
5/25/2018
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5/25/2018 P11GEOLOGISTRUKTURAnalisisGeofisikaStruktur Geologi-slidepdf.

Universitas Bangka Belitung Jurusan Teknik Pertambangan

Universitas Bangka Belitung Jurusan Teknik Pertambangan

Universitas Bangka Belitung Jurusan Teknik Pertambangan

III Gaya, Tegangan, Strain & VI Aplikasi Struk. Geologi (P.12-13)

Universitas Bangka Belitung Jurusan Teknik Pertambangan

Geophysical Imaging of the Continental Lithosphere

Pluijm & Marshak (2004)

Universitas Bangka Belitung Jurusan Teknik Pertambangan

Universitas Bangka Belitung Jurusan Teknik Pertambangan

Reflection and refraction

Universitas Bangka Belitung Jurusan Teknik Pertambangan

Diagram illustrating different P-wave raypath in seismic acquisition set-up for a

Universitas Bangka Belitung Jurusan Teknik Pertambangan

Ranges of P-wave velocities and rippabilities in common rocks. The

Universitas Bangka Belitung Jurusan Teknik Pertambangan

Diagram showing how echo sounding, seismic reflection, and

Universitas Bangka Belitung Jurusan Teknik Pertambangan

Universitas Bangka Belitung Jurusan Teknik Pertambangan

Stratigraphic subdivision in two wells from the sedimentary Mandawa Basin

Universitas Bangka Belitung Jurusan Teknik Pertambangan

Seismic section illustrating the structuration of the Macuspana Basin (onshore

Universitas Bangka Belitung Jurusan Teknik Pertambangan

Complex tectonic history resulted in

Universitas Bangka Belitung Jurusan Teknik Pertambangan

Universitas Bangka Belitung Jurusan Teknik Pertambangan

Seismic reflection profile across the southern Rocky Mountain

Universitas Bangka Belitung Jurusan Teknik Pertambangan

Seismic profile from the Wind River Mountains in Wyoming (USA).

Universitas Bangka Belitung Jurusan Teknik Pertambangan

Seismic profile from the Proterozoic Trans-Hudson Orogen in

Universitas Bangka Belitung Jurusan Teknik Pertambangan

Universitas Bangka Belitung Jurusan Teknik Pertambangan

Reflection characteristics of the crust–mantle transition. Portion of a

Universitas Bangka Belitung Jurusan Teknik Pertambangan

Universitas Bangka Belitung Jurusan Teknik Pertambangan

Portion of a seismic profile that illustrates many lower crustal layers

Portion of a seismic profile from northern Saskatchewan (Canada)

The regional seismic profile across the Proterozoic basin illustrating

Enlargement of the regional profile in the upper part of the

Enlargement of the regional profile across a feature that has been

The Accretionary Prism

Schematic detail of an accretionary prism, showing different regimes of deformation

Seismic profiler record of an abyssal plain, showing sediment layers

Vertically exaggerated two-dimensional seismic-reflection profile

Pluijm & Marshak (2004)

Interpreted single-channel seismic reflection sections across the

Multi-channel seismic reflection section across the Mentawai Fault

SIO Line 42-43, showing the Mentawai Fault immediately south of

Seismic model of a faulted fold. a Geometry of the model, no vertical

Corsair fault, a thin skinned growth fault on the Texas continental

Velocity discontinuities create features that

Faults are visible on seismic sections, but with a certain resolution.

Faults are visible on seismic sections, but with a certain resolution.

Gravity anomalies result from variations in rock mass,

There are some limits (spatially), of course, because the

Pluijm & Marshak (2004)

Isostatic gravity map of northwestern Canada plotted with shaded

Enlargement of the map in the vicinity of the seismic profile to

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