Geology Structure Application Slide Presentation

5/25/2018 P12GEOLOGISTRUKTURAplikasiStruktur Geologi-slidepdf.
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Universitas Bangka Belitung Jurusan Teknik Pertambangan
Geologi Struktur
(Aplikasi Struktur Geologi : Mineralasasi-Migas)
Oleh :
Irvani
Referensi :
• Van Der Pluijm, B. A. and Marshak, S. 2004. Earth Structure. 2nd Edition. W. W. Norton &
Company, Inc., USA.
• Rowland, S.M., Duebendorfer, E.M. and Schiefelbein, I.M. 2007. Structural Analysis and
Synthesis : A Laboratory Course in Structural Geology. 3th Edition. Blacwell Publishing Ltd.
Voctoria, Australia.
• Bates, R.L. and Jackson, J.A., 1987.Glossary Geology. 3th Edition. American Geological Institute
Elexandria, Virginia.
• Davi s, G.H. 1 98 4. Structural Geology of Rocks and Regions. John Wiley & Sons, New York.
• Rag an , D.M. 2 00 9. Structural Geology : An Introduction to Geometrical Techniques. 4th Edition.
Cambridge University Press, New York.
• And Moores, E.M. 2007. Structural Geology. 2nd Edition. W.H. Freeman and
Twiss R.J.USA.
Company,
• Ramsey J. and Huber, M. 1983. The Techniques of Modern Structural Geology : Strain Analysis.
Vol. 1. Academic Press, Inc., London.
• Ramsey J. and Huber, M. 1987. The Techniques of Modern Structural Geology : Fold and
Fractures. Vol. 2. Academic Press, Inc., London.
• Ramsey J. and Huber, M. 2000. The Techniques of Modern Structural Geology : Applications of
Continuum Mechanics in Structural G eology. Vol. 3. Elsevier Academic Press, Inc., California.
• Cox, A. and Hart, R.B. 1986. Plate Tectonics : How It Works. Blacwell Scienific Publications, Inc.,
California.
• Trouw, R.A.J. and Passchier, C.W. 1996. Microtectonics. Springer – Verlag Berlin Heidelberg,
Germany.
• Moon, C.J., Whateley, M.K.G. And Evans A.M., 2006. Introduction to Mineral Exploration. 2nd
Edition. Blacwell Publishing, USA.
• Reichard, J.S. 2011. Environmental Geology, McGraw-Hill, New York.
• Montgomery, C.W. 2003.Environmental Geology, 6th Edition, McGraw-Hill, New York.
• DLL.
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Pokok Bahasan :
I Pendahuluan (P.1) V Identifikasi Struk. Geologi (P.10-11)
a. Pengukuran dan analisis
II Tektonika & Orogenesa (P.2-3) struktur geologi
a. Tektonik lempeng b. Analisis geofisika struktur
b. Orogenesa geologi
III Gaya, Tegangan, Strain & VI Aplikasi Struk. Geologi (P.12-13)

Deformasi (P.4-5) a. Mineralisasi
a. Gaya & Tegangan
b. Strain & Deformasi b. Migas
c. Kebencanaan geologi
IV Struktur Geologi (P.6-9)
a. Unsur struktur VII Geologi Struk. Indonesia (P.14)
b. Lipatan a. Umum
c. Kekar b. Sumatra&Jawa
d. Sesar/Patahan
c. Bangka Belitung
I Mineralisasi
Hydrothermal
Hydrothermal ore deposits form in various ways. (A) Ore deposition

in veins around a magma chamber. Less-concentrated ore is
disseminated through the rock as fluids seep outward from magma.
(B) Sulfides can also be deposited by hydrothermal circulation
around a spreading ridge. Photographs (C and D) by W. R. Normark, USGS
Photo Library, Denver, CO. Montgomery (2008)
2 2/19
Hydrothermal Deposits
Naturally, the intense heat from the magma body raises the
temperature of any groundwater that is present in the country rocks.
The combination of these waters results in hot, mineral-rich fluids
that transport ions and chemically react with rocks in a zone around
an igneous intrusion. Minerals that crystallize from these highly
enriched fluids form what are referred to as hydrothermal deposits.
Vein and disseminated ore deposits
result from hot, mineral-rich fluids
that chemically react with minerals
in an igneous intrusion and
surrounding rocks, and then transfer
elements within a zone around the
igneous intrusion. The photo shows
a vein deposit containing valuable
tungsten and tin minerals in a
Portuguese mine.
Reichard (2011)
Massive sulfide deposits (A) form when hydrothermal fluids discharge from mid-
oceanic ridges and then mix with cool seawater. Here metallic ions bond with
sulfur, forming sulfide minerals that eventually accumulate on the seafloor. Note
how heat convection pulls cold seawater into the ridge, where it reacts chemically
with basalt to form hydrothermal fluids. Photo (B) shows sulfide minerals
precipitating as hydrothermal fluids escape from vents on the seafloor. Reichard (2011)
3 3/19
The hot, mineral-laden water streams out into the ocean at “black
smoker” chimneys (C). (D) Hydrothermal sulfides permeate this
basaltic rock. The most visible are pyrite (brassy gold crystals).
Photographs (C and D) by W. R. Normark, USGS Photo Library,
Denver, CO. Montgomery (2008)
Lutgens et al. (2012)
4 4/19
Illustration of the relationship between a parent igneous body

and the associated pegmatite and hydrothermal deposits.
Inset photo shows light-colored vein deposits emplaced along
a series of fractures in dark-colored metamorphic rock. (Photo
by James E. Patterson) Lutgens et al. (2012)
High grade gold ore from a mine in Ghana, West Africa.

(Photo by Greenshoots Communications/Alamy)
Lutgens et al. (2012)
5 5/19
Tabular orebodies
Vein occupying a normal fault and exhibiting pinch-and-

swell structure, giving rise to ribbon ore shoots. The
development of a flat beneath impervious cover is shown also.
Moon et al. (2006)
Irregular replacement deposits
Skarn deposit at Iron Springs, Utah.

(After Gilluly et al. 1959.)
Moon et al. (2006)
6 6/19
Concordant orebodies
Cross-section through the ore zone, Sullivan Mine,

British Columbia. (After Sangster & Scott 1976.)
Moon et al. (2006)
Distribution of pay streaks (gold

orebodies) in the Main Leader
Reef in the East Rand Basin of the
Witwatersrand Goldfield of South
Africa. The arrows indicate the
direction of dip at the outcrop or
suboutcrop. (After Du Toit 1954.)
Moon et al. (2006)
7 7/19
Generalized diagram of an
unconformity associated
uranium deposit. (After
Clark et al. 1982.)
Moon et al. (2006)
Sketch map of the geology

in the vicinity of the Trinity
silver deposit, Nevada.
(After Ashleman 1988.)
Moon et al. (2006)
8 8/19
Carlin-type deposits These deposits are

responsible for the majority
of gold production in
Nevada, 261 t in 2001.
Typically the gold occurs
as micron meter-sized
grains which are invisible
to the naked eye
(“noseeum” gold), within
impure limestones or
calcareous silstones.
Diagram for the formation of

Carlin style deposits. (After
Sawkins 1984.) Moon et al. (2006)
Moon et al. (2006)
9 9/19
Underground Mining
Underground mining involves blasting shafts and horizontal tunnels to access

mineral deposits. Although safety has greatly improved, surface mining is
generally preferred over underground mining as it presents fewer hazards
and lower operating costs.
Reichard (2011)
II Migas
Petroleum
Petroleum is a general term geologists use to describe
both oil and natural gas. Oil and gas are composed of
similar types of organic molecules and are commonly
found together in the subsurface under similar geologic
conditions.
Reichard (2011)
10 10/1
Genetic
Hydrocarbon molecules form when organic-rich source rocks are buried to

the point where temperatures reach the oil and gas windows. The molecules
rise until encountering a permeable reservoir rock, then flow laterally with
the groundwater until reaching a trap where the lighter hydrocarbons
accumulate on top of the water. Aerial photo shows the characteristic pattern
that a dome trap makes at the surface. Note the individual wells that are
extracting petroleum trapped in the rocks below. Reichard (2011)
Types of petroleum traps. (A) A simple fold trap. (B) Petroleum

accumulated in a fossilized ancient coral reef. (C) A fault trap. (D)
Petroleum trapped against an impermeable salt dome, which has risen up
from a buried evaporite deposit. Montgomery (2008)
11 11/1
In addition to folded domes,

there other common types of
petroleum traps and reservoirs.
All traps must be overlain by a
low-permeability cap rock in
order to limit the ability of oil
and gas to escape over time.
The reservoir rock itself must
be quite porous in order to
store significant quantities of
petroleum, and also permeable
enough to allow petroleum to
be extracted.
Reichard (2011)
Hydrocarbon Trap Types
American Petroleum Institute, 1986
12 12/1
Gluyas & Swarbrick (2003)
Structural Traps (Tectonics)
• A simplified map and cross-section of the Zagros orogenic belt (Iran).

• Almost all of the oil and gas fields lie within the area of the Dezful Structural
Embayment, which is some 600 km long (NW-SE) and 200 km wide. (Beydoun, 1991)
13 13/1
a. Contractional folds and thrust-fault structures
-Traps may develop along contractional faults without any element of folding.
- These may be in the hangingwall or footwall of the fault.
Bailey & Stoneley (1981)
b. Extensional structures
Traps formed by extensional faults

Bailey & Stoneley (1981)
14 14/1
c. Gravitational structures
Varieties of roll-over structure forming petroleum traps in the Niger

Delta area (Weber et al., 1978)
d. Compactional structures
The most important trap type
formed by compactional
processes is the drape
anticline, caused by
differential compaction.
Shddin, 2011
15 15/1
e. Diapiric structures
 Diapiric traps result from the movement of salt or over-pressured

clay.
 At depths in excess of 600—1000 m, salt is less dense than its
overburden, and liable to upward movement through buoyancy. Salt
can flow at surprisingly low temperatures and over long periods of
geological time. Shddin, 2011
Seismic profile of salt diapir showing keystone normal faulting in

overlying units (Sunwall et al., 1983).
16 16/1
Analisis Struktur Geologi

Model Harding (1985)
Anticlinal culminations
along and adjacent to a
major right-lateral
wrench fault, Andaman
Sea.
(Harding, 1985)
Ex. Anticline
Reichard (2011)
17 17/1
Seismic exploration
techniques use an energy
source to generate
vibrational waves that
reflect and refract off rock
layers of different
densities. Based on data
obtained by instruments
that record those waves
that return to the surface,
detailed views can be
obtained of subsurface rock
structure that may contain
oil and gas.
Reichard (2011)
Large production platforms (A) are towed out to sea and then placed on the
seabed where oil reserves have been confirmed by exploration wells.
Modern land and offshore operations utilize directional drilling technology
to install multiple production wells (B) from a single platform.
Reichard (2011)
18 18/19
Terima Kasih
19 19/1

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5/25/2018 P12GEOLOGISTRUKTURAplikasiStruktur Geologi-slidepdf.

Universitas Bangka Belitung Jurusan Teknik Pertambangan

Universitas Bangka Belitung Jurusan Teknik Pertambangan

Universitas Bangka Belitung Jurusan Teknik Pertambangan

III Gaya, Tegangan, Strain & VI Aplikasi Struk. Geologi (P.12-13)

Universitas Bangka Belitung Jurusan Teknik Pertambangan

Hydrothermal ore deposits form in various ways. (A) Ore deposition

Universitas Bangka Belitung Jurusan Teknik Pertambangan

Universitas Bangka Belitung Jurusan Teknik Pertambangan

Universitas Bangka Belitung Jurusan Teknik Pertambangan

Universitas Bangka Belitung Jurusan Teknik Pertambangan

Lutgens et al. (2012)

Universitas Bangka Belitung Jurusan Teknik Pertambangan

Illustration of the relationship between a parent igneous body

Universitas Bangka Belitung Jurusan Teknik Pertambangan

High grade gold ore from a mine in Ghana, West Africa.

Universitas Bangka Belitung Jurusan Teknik Pertambangan

Vein occupying a normal fault and exhibiting pinch-and-

Universitas Bangka Belitung Jurusan Teknik Pertambangan

Irregular replacement deposits

Skarn deposit at Iron Springs, Utah.

Universitas Bangka Belitung Jurusan Teknik Pertambangan

Cross-section through the ore zone, Sullivan Mine,

Universitas Bangka Belitung Jurusan Teknik Pertambangan

Distribution of pay streaks (gold

Moon et al. (2006)

Universitas Bangka Belitung Jurusan Teknik Pertambangan

Moon et al. (2006)

Universitas Bangka Belitung Jurusan Teknik Pertambangan

Sketch map of the geology

Moon et al. (2006)

Universitas Bangka Belitung Jurusan Teknik Pertambangan

Carlin-type deposits These deposits are

Diagram for the formation of

Universitas Bangka Belitung Jurusan Teknik Pertambangan

Moon et al. (2006)

Universitas Bangka Belitung Jurusan Teknik Pertambangan

Underground mining involves blasting shafts and horizontal tunnels to access

Universitas Bangka Belitung Jurusan Teknik Pertambangan

Universitas Bangka Belitung Jurusan Teknik Pertambangan

Hydrocarbon molecules form when organic-rich source rocks are buried to

Universitas Bangka Belitung Jurusan Teknik Pertambangan

Types of petroleum traps. (A) A simple fold trap. (B) Petroleum

Universitas Bangka Belitung Jurusan Teknik Pertambangan

In addition to folded domes,

Universitas Bangka Belitung Jurusan Teknik Pertambangan

Hydrocarbon Trap Types

American Petroleum Institute, 1986

Universitas Bangka Belitung Jurusan Teknik Pertambangan

Gluyas & Swarbrick (2003)

Universitas Bangka Belitung Jurusan Teknik Pertambangan

Structural Traps (Tectonics)

• A simplified map and cross-section of the Zagros orogenic belt (Iran).

Universitas Bangka Belitung Jurusan Teknik Pertambangan

a. Contractional folds and thrust-fault structures

Universitas Bangka Belitung Jurusan Teknik Pertambangan

b. Extensional structures

Traps formed by extensional faults

Universitas Bangka Belitung Jurusan Teknik Pertambangan

Varieties of roll-over structure forming petroleum traps in the Niger

Universitas Bangka Belitung Jurusan Teknik Pertambangan

Universitas Bangka Belitung Jurusan Teknik Pertambangan

 Diapiric traps result from the movement of salt or over-pressured