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IGAMA COLLEGES FOUNDATION, INC.

Badoc, Ilocos Norte

EARTH AND LIFE SCIENCE

Quarter 1 – Module 2
(SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL)

WEEK 2 – September 21 – 25, 2020

Name of Student:
Grade/Section:

Prepared by:
Mr. Archie C. Madarang
Ms. Angelica A. Sablay

Fill up the table and take a picture or scan this cover page and send it to your teacher via messenger.
Date Received Activity Date Started Date Finished Date Submitted
Pre-test
Read Lesson 1
Pre-test
Read Lesson 2
Assessment
Worksheet 1
Worksheet 2
Worksheet 3

Module in Earth and Life Science | Prepared by: Mr. A.C.M & Ms. A.A.S
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MODULE CONTENT

UNIT OF COMPETENCY : PRELIM

MODULE TITLE : EARTH AND LIFE SCIENCES

MODULE DESCRIPTION : Classify rocks into igneous, sedimentary and

metamorphic (S11/12ES -Ib-10)

Describe where the Earth’s internal heat comes from

(S11/12ES -Ib-14

NOMINAL DURATION : 1 Week

SUMMARY OF LEARNING OUTCOMES:

At the end of this module the learners demonstrate understanding of:

1.Classify rocks into igneous, sedimentary and metamorphic (S11/12ES -Ib-10)
2.Describe where the Earth’s internal heat comes from (S11/12ES -Ib-14

MODULE 1
EARTH MATERIALS AND PROCESSES
CONTENT:
1. Classification of rocks
2. Source of the heat in Earth’s interior

CONDITIONS:
The students will have access to:
1. Earth and Life Science books
2. Worksheets

METHODOLOGIES:
 Blended Learning

ASSESSMENT METHODS:
 Demonstration
 Online Observation
 Online Questioning/Interview

Module in Earth and Life Science | Prepared by: Mr. A.C.M & Ms. A.A.S
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Lesson
TYPES OF ROCKS
1
At the end of this module, you should be able to:
1. Classify rocks into igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic (S11/12ES -Ib-10)
2. Describe where the Earth’s internal heat comes from (S11/12ES -Ib-14

PRE-TEST!
Multiple Choice. Select the letter of the best answer from among the given choices.

1. Igneous rocks are strong because of their

A. Temperature C. Water Content
B. Color D. Interlocking grain textures

2. Which of the following is one of the most durable igneous rocks?

A. Granite C. Marble
B. Sandstone D. Limestone

3. The pressure required for the metamorphism can be generated by

A. Pressure from weight of overlying rock.
B. Heat from magma bodies in touch with surrounding rock
C. Cementation and lithification
D. Hydrothermal solutions

4. Minerals that crystallize at higher temperatures as a result of contact

A. Coal deposits C. Coral reefs
B. Bodies of Water D. Igneous intrusions

5. Metamorphic rocks that lack mineral grains with long axes oriented in one direction
are described as
A. Marble-like B. Quartzite-like C. Foliated D. nonfoliated

6. What kind of rock that forms when magma cools?

A. Igneous B. Metamorphic C. Sedimentary D. Cement
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Minerals are naturally occurring inorganic solids that have a crystalline structure and definite
chemical composition. Minerals are referred to as naturally occurring because they are formed
though natural geological processes. Now that we know what minerals are, we can discuss
rocks. Rocks is made up of naturally occurring aggregate of one or more minerals.

Most minerals are derived or extracted from nature through the process of mining. They are
generally made up of higher form of elements, like iron, magnesium, chromium, and silicon. These
are usually crystalline solids with definite shape and structure. There are substances, however, that
meet five criteria but do not have definite shape or crystallinity. These amorphous minerals are
classified as mineraloids.

Minerals are present everywhere and some examples of these can be found at home.
Diamond rings, aluminum foil, and talcum powder are made of minerals. Other examples are as
follows:

Hematite hinges, handles, mattress spring, make-up color

Chromite chrome plating, dyes
Copper electrical wires
Quartz clocks, mirrors
Gold jewelries, plating, coating
Borax abrasive cleaner, antiseptic
Feldspar porcelain, ceramics
Fluorite toothpaste
Sphalerite dyes

Minerals are made up of different ions bonded together. Ions are charged atoms and
categorized as cation (positive ions) and anion (negative ions). Some of the common cations are Si,
Al, Fe, Ca, Na, K, and Mg, while the most common anions are O and Cl. The crystalline structure of
the minerals greatly depends on the sizes of and charges on ions. For example, carbon ions assume
tetrahedral structure in diamond, similar to silica (SiO2).

Classification of Minerals

Minerals can be classified based on their chemical compositions and physical properties.
Generally, minerals are categorized as silicates, nonsilicates, metallic, nonmetallic and gem.

Silicate minerals are those that contain silicon and oxygen. They are further classified into
mafic silicates and felsic silicates.

Mafic silicates generally contain iron (Fe) or magnesium (Mg) and are dark in color.
Examples are olivine, pyroxene, amphibole, and biotite mica.

Felsic silicates contain potassium (K) or sodium (Na), and aluminum (Al) and are light in color.
Examples are feldspar, quartz, clay minerals, and muscovite (white mica).

Nonsilicate minerals are those that do not contain silicon. The most common groups of
nonsilicate minerals are carbonates halides, and sulfates. Carbonates include calcium corbonate
(CaCO3). Also known as calcite, calcium carbonate is a common constituent of limestone. Halite, or
sodium chloride (NaCl), is an example of halide. Other forms of halides are bromide, fluoride, and
iodide. Gypsum or calcium sulfate (CaSO4) is an example of a sulfate.

Metallic minerals are those that are made up of heavy metallic elements. Copper, iron, gold,
silver, chromium, nickel are examples of metallic minerals.
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Nonmetallic minerals lack the properties of the metallic minerals, such as bright metallic
luster, hardness, density, and good conduction of heat and electricity. Examples of nonmetallic
minerals are calcite, quartz, talc, and gypsum.
Gem minerals are those that possesses unique bright colors and commonly used for jewelry.
Some examples are jade, sapphire, ruby, opal and garnet.

Rocks are found everywhere in the Earth surface or beneath land surface. There are three
types of rocks the sedimentary, metamorphic and igneous rocks. These rocks undergo rock cycle.
During weathering and erosion these rocks on the earth surface are constantly being broken down
and by wind and water. Sedimentary rocks are formed sediment that is deposited over time, usually
as layers at the bottom of lakes and oceans this sediments are the minerals, small pieces of plant
and other organic matter, pre-existing rocks or pieces of remains of living organism that accumulate
in Earth Surface. These sediments are compressed over a long period of time before they combine
into solid layers of rocks. Sedimentary rocks cover most of the rocky Earth surface and less amount of
the Earth’s crust. When these rocks are exposed to extreme heat caused by magma or by the
intense collisions and friction of tectonic plates which lead to changes in their mineralogy and
texture of the rock the Metamorphic rock is formed. Those rocks that are found beneath the Earth
surface melts and become magma when a volcano erupts, magma flows out of it. (When magma is
on the earth’s surface, it is called lava.) As the lava cools it hardens and becomes igneous rock. As
soon as new igneous rock is formed, the processes of weathering and erosion begin, starting the
whole cycle over again!

Sedimentary structures include features like bedding, ripple marks, fossil tracks and trails, and
mud cracks. Sandstone, rock salt and limestone are sedimentary rocks. Metamorphic textures
are salty, schistose, gneissose, granoblastic and Hornfelsic. Anthracite and Marble are metamorphic
rocks. Igneous rocks usually hence no layering made up of two or more minerals and they are either
glassy or coarse in appearance. Basalt, granite, pumice, obsidian are examples of igneous rocks

IGNEOUS ROCKS

Igneous rocks are formed from the solidification of lava when a volcano erupts. These are
basic types of – intrusive or plutonic igneous rocks, and extrusive or volcanic igneous rocks.

Magma does not always reach the surface of the Earth and sometimes gets trapped
beneath the ground. The magma cools down very slowly, forming larger crystals and coarse-grained
rocks. The rock formed is called intrusive or plutonic igneous rock. Granite is an example of this kind
of rock. Other examples are include diorite, gabbro, pegmatite, dunite, and peridotite.

When hot magma reaches the Earth’s surface as a volcano erupts, it cools quickly to form
small crystals. Some cool so quickly that they form an amorphous glass. The rock formed is called
extrusive or volcanic igneous rock. Basalt is an example of this kind of rock. Other examples include
andesite, obsidian, pumice, rhyolite, scoria, and tuff.

Igneous rocks can be classified according to their mode of occurrence, texture, mineralogy,
chemical composition, and the geometry of the igneous rock.

Texture describes the physical and appearance of the rock and based on the size and
arrangement of its crystal components. Igneous rocks can be classified as follows:

a. Fine-grained igneous rocks – consist of very small crystals formed through rapid
cooling at the surface of the earth.
b. Coarse-grained igneous rocks – consist of large crystals and likely formed far below
the surface of the earth
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c. Porphyritic igneous rocks – consist of large crystals embedded on a group of smaller

crystals
d. Glassy igneous rocks – formed when a molten rock is ejected by a volcano into the
atmosphere causing the lava to cool instantly.

The chemical composition of igneous rocks depends on the chemical elements and
compounds present in the magma when it solidifies rapidly or slowly. As discovered by the
Canadian petrologist Norman L. Bowen, some minerals cools down and solidify rapidly even at high
temperature, while the rest cool slowly as the temperature lowers down.

SEDIMENTARY ROCKS

Sedimentary rocks are formed by the accumulation of sediments. There are three basic types
of sedimentary rocks: clastic, chemical, and organic.

Clastic sedimentary rocks are composed of clasts, which are little pieces of broken rock
particles that have been joined together as a result of compaction and cementation. Examples of
clastic sedimentary rocks, such as breccia, conglomerate, sandstone, siltstone, and shale are
products of mechanical weathering.

Chemical sedimentary rocks are formed as a result of repeated flooding and evaporation.
Usually, when water evaporates, it leaves a layer of dissolved minerals behind, such as rock salt, iron
ore, chert, flint, some dolomites, and some limestones.

Organic sedimentary rocks such as coal, some dolomites, and some limestones, form from
the accumulation of plant or animal debris.

METAMORPHIC ROCKS

Metamorphic rocks have been modified by heat, pressure and chemical processes usually
while buried deep below the Earth’s surface. Exposure to these extreme conditions can alter the
mineralogy, texture, and chemical composition of the rocks.

Metamorphic rocks can be foliated or nonfoliated. Foliated metamorphic rocks, such as

gneiss, phylllite, schist, and slate, have layered or banded appearance caused by exposure of
minerals to heat and pressure. Nonfoliated metamorphic rocks, such as hornfels, marble, quartzite,
and novaculite, do not display layering or banding that are present in foliated rocks.
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Lesson SOURCE OF THE HEAT IN EARTH’S

2 INTERIOR

In lesson 1, we learned the three types of rocks the sedimentary, metamorphic and igneous
and rock cycle. We have also discuss the characteristics of each type of rock. In Lesson 2, we will
discuss the Source of Internal heat of the Earth and how it transfer from internal surface of the Earth
to the ground.

The Earth is composed of three distinct layers mantle, crust and core. The hottest layer is the
core that produces heat. In this lesson, you will be able to answer the following questions:
1. How heat is originated in the Earth internal surface?
2. What are the sources of Earth’s internal heat?
3. What are the different process on heat transfer?

PRE-TEST!
Choose the correct answer.

1. What is the primary source of Earth’s internal heat?

a. Radioactive decay
b. Convection
c. Conduction
d.Sun

2. Which of the following is NOT a major process that has contributed to Earth's internal heat?
A. Heat released by colliding particles during the formation of the Earth
B. Heat released as iron crystallized to form the inner core
C. Heat from the sun since the beginning of Earth history
D. Heat from radioactivity of radioactive isotopes of U, Th and K

3. What are the types of heat transfer?

A Conduction and Convection
B. mantle and Crust
C. Earth layer
D. None of the Above

4. A heat that transfer when a fluid, such as air or a liquid, is heated and then travels away from
the source
A. Conduction
B. Convection
C. Radiation
D. Energy

5. A heat transfer by direct contact of particles of matter.

A. Conduction
B. Convection
C. Radiation
D. Energy
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EXOGENIC PROCESSES

Exogenic processes are caused by exogenic factors, or agents supplying energy for
activities that are located at or near the Earth’s surface. Exogenic factors are usually driven by
gravitational and/or atmospheric forces. Processes that are caused by exogenic factors are
weathering, erosion, mass wasting, and denudation.

WEATHERING

Weathering is the process of degradation or breaking down of rocks into smaller fragments
known as sediments. It occurs when mechanical force is applied on rocks or through chemical
reactions happening on the surface or within the rocks. There are two types of weathering: physical
and chemical weathering

Physical weathering is also called mechanical weathering and it is caused by the breaking
apart of rocks without changing their chemical composition. The following are examples that
illustrate physical weathering.

a. Frost heaving and wedging – this occurs when water seeps into the rocks or occupies
spaces in between rocks and freezes, acting like a wedge.
b. Plant roots – huge trees that produce large roots anchor themselves on rocks and force
their way into them.
c. Burrowing animals – some animals create their homes by making holes on the rocks.
d. Abrasion – rocks in the rivers, seas, valleys, mountains, or deserts, degrade or disintegrate
due to friction or repeated collisions or impacts.
e. Temperature changes – sudden changes in temperature weaken the integral structure of
rocks, resulting to weathering.

Chemical weathering involves the chemical decomposition or rocks due to the chemical
reaction of minerals within rocks and the environment. Some agents of chemical weathering are as
follows:

a. Water – it dissolves the soluble minerals present in rocks.

b. Oxygen – it facilitates the oxidation process in the presence of water in some metallic
minerals, such as pyrite.
c. Living organisms – organisms, such as lichens, produce weak acids that slowly corrode
the rocks.
d. Acids – Carbon acid (H2CO3) is formed when carbon dioxide (CO2) present in the
atmosphere reacts with water. It easily decomposes limestones and marbles. Acid rain is
formed from nonmetallic oxides (Cox, NOx, and Sox). These oxides are formed from the
burning of coal and natural activities that react with rain or water to form the burning of
coal and natural activities that react with rain water to form acids in the atmosphere.
Abundance of these acids results in observable damages to structures, buildings, plants,
and vegetation as well.

EROSION AND MASS WASTING

Erosion happens when fragments of rocks move from one place to another. It is called erosion
if the rock fragments are moved by various agents, such as air, water and ice. Mass wasting is the
movement of large fragment of rocks down the slope due to gravity. Landslide, mudslide, slumps,
and debris flow are all examples of mass wasting.
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ENDOGENIC PROCESSES

Previously, you learned how exogenic processes cause rocks to form and break down
into smaller fragments and get transported from one area to another. These facilitate the
shaping of the Earth’s surface. However, as you will later learn, the internal processes provide a
greater influence on changing the shape of the Earth’s surface. Such changes include the
formation of mountains and spreading of the continents and ocean floor. The internal
processes can also cause earthquakes or volcanic eruptions.

Endogenic processes are caused by endogenic factors, or agents supplying energy for
activities that are located within the Earth or below the Earth’s surface. They refer to the
movement of the Earth’s lithosphere resulting to formation of various landforms.

Magmatism explains the movement of magma to form igneous rocks. This is the process
responsible also for mountain formation. Mountains, volcanoes, or island arcs at convergent
plate boundaries, as well as mid –ocean and seafloor spreading ridges at divergent plate
boundaries of the earth, are additional mass and volume formed due to magmatism.

On the other hand, plutonism, also known as volcanism, explains that rocks are formed
in fire by volcanic activity. According to this theory, rocks gradually weather through time, are
washed away, and then deposited on the seafloor, forming layers of sedimentary rocks through
heat and pressure. This results in stratified layers of rocks that determine the age of the
continents and the ocean.

Endogenic Processes are geological processes that occurs beneath the surface of the
Earth. Forces that causes the Earth surface to move is Endogenic forces. There are two
categories of heat the primordial heat, generated during earth’s formation and radioactive
heat generated by long-term radioactive.

The bowels of the Earth closely resemble a giant thermal power station, powered by
convection currents that heat the surface by taking energy from the rocks buried deeper
underground. At the very center of this giant factory we have the inner core and the molten
outer core. Moving outwards, we have the terrestrial mantle, followed by the Earth’s crust. The
outer layer of the mantle and the whole of the crust are sometimes collectively referred to as
the lithosphere: a puzzle comprised of twelve enormous pieces that move against each other
to the rhythm of powerful subterranean currents. These pieces are known as tectonic plates,
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and the boundaries between them are where the Earth’s inner workings can most clearly be
seen; as these are places where one frequently finds earthquakes and volcanoes.

A major source of Earth’s heat is radioactivity, the energy released when the unstable
atoms decay. The radioactive isotopes uranium-235 (235U), uranium-238 (238U), potassium-40
(40K), and thorium-232 (232Th) in Earth’s mantle are the first source decay produced more heat
early in Earth’s history than it does today, because fewer atoms of these isotopes are left today
(Figure 3.14). Heat contributed by radioactivity is now roughly 1 / 4 what it had been when
Earth formed.

Production of heat within the Earth over time by

radioactive decay of uranium, thorium, and potassium.
Heat production has decreased over time as
the abundance of radioactive atoms has decreased.
Source: Steven Earle (2015) CC BY 4.0 view source,
modified after Arevalo et al. (2009)

The Heat from Earth’s interior is distributed through heat transfer the Convection and
Conduction. Heat transfer is that the movement of thermal energy from a hotter place to a
cooler place Convection is a heat transfer when a fluid, such as air or a liquid, is heated and
then travels away from the source, it carries the thermal energy along. Conduction heat
transfer by direct contact of particles of matter. Convection in Earth's Mantle Convection is
typically discussed as it relates to heat flow in liquids and gases. Warmer parts of a fluid tend to rise,
while cooler parts tend to sink. This results in convection currents that help distribute heat more
evenly throughout the fluid.

Warm Particle Rises

Cold Particles Sink

Convection currents occur when warmer parts of a fluid rise, while cooler parts sink.
Convection can also occur in some solids. For example, pressure and temperature conditions in the
Earth's mantle allow mantle rock to slowly convert. Hotter rock rises and cooler rock sinks in mantle
convection cells, or currents. This process is related to several other processes, including the
movement of tectonic plates and the outward transfer of Earth's internal heat.
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Summary

 Rock is a solid collection of mineral grains that grow or become cemented together.
 There are three types of rocks, Igneous, metamorphic and sedimentary
 Igneous rocks usually hence no layering made up of two or more minerals and they are
either glassy or coarse in appearance.
 Sedimentary rocks are formed sediment that is deposited over time, usually as layers at the
bottom of lakes and ocean. This sediments are the minerals, small pieces of plant and other
organic matter
 Igneous rocks are found beneath the Earth surface melts and become magma when a
volcano erupts, magma flows out of it. (When magma is on the earth’s surface, it is called
lava.) As the lava cools it hardens and becomes igneous rock
 Rocks are any naturally occurring solid mass or aggregate of minerals
 Radioactive decay is a major source of Earth’s heat

References

Arevalo, Ricardo, and William F. McDonough. "Tungsten geochemistry and implications for understanding the Earth's interior."
Earth and Planetary Science Letters 272, no. 3-4 (2008), 656-665. doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2008.05.031.

10(F) Characteristics Of Sedimentary Rocks". 2020. Physicalgeography.Net.

http://www.physicalgeography.net/fundamentals/10f.html.

Sedimentary Rock - Sedimentary Structures". 2020. Encyclopedia Britannica.

https://www.britannica.com/science/sedimentary-rock/Sedimentary-structures.

King, Hobart. 2020. "Sedimentary Rocks | Pictures, Characteristics, Textures, Types". Geology.Com.
https://geology.com/rocks/sedimentary-rocks.shtml.

"What Are Metamorphic Rocks?" Last modified 2012. https://www.usgs.gov/faqs/what-are-metamorphic-rocks-0?qt-

news_science_products=0#qt-news_science_products.

Metamorphic Rock Facts For Kids - Information & Examples". 2020. Sciencekids.Co.Nz.
https://www.sciencekids.co.nz/sciencefacts/earth/metamorphicrocks.html.

"Radioactive Decay Accounts for Half of Earth's Heat – Physics World." Physics World. Last modified August 29, 2017.
https://physicsworld.com/a/radioactive-decay-accounts-for-half-of-earths-heat/.

"Earth's Internal Heat Source: Physical Science 2." Accessed June 25, 2020.
https://ops.instructure.com/courses/10087/pages/earths-internal-heat-source.

"What Are Metamorphic Rocks?" Last modified 2012. https://www.usgs.gov/faqs/what-are-metamorphic-rocks-0?qt-

news_science_products=0#qt-news_science_products.
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ASSESSMENT
Multiple Choice. Answer the question that follows. Choose the best answer from among the given
choices.
1. What type of heat transfer when there is rising of warm air currents?
A. Radiation C. Convection
B. Conduction D. None of the above

2. What is the definition of CONDUCTION?

A. When heat is transferred through waves of heat across a distance.
B. When heat transfers from objects that are touching.
C. When heat is transferred through circulation of liquid or gases
D. All of the Above

3. During convection, hot substances _________while cooler substances_______________.

A. rise, remains at rest C. sink, rise
B. rise, sink D. sink, remains at rest

4. From deep within the earth molten magma bubbles up, heating rocks that surround it. This process
turns igneous and sedimentary rocks:
A. gnesis C. marble
B. slate D. metamorphic rocks

5. A rigid substance composed of one or more minerals.

A. solid C. earth’s surface
B. rock D. particles

6. A type of rock that results from the cooling of the magma

A. Igneous C. Sedimentary
B. Metamorphic D. None of the Above

7. Rocks changed by temperature, pressure, and hot liquids

A. Igneous C. Sedimentary
B. Metamorphic D. None of the Above

8. It is called a molten rock below the surface of the Earth

A. Lava C. Rocks
B. Magma D. Minerals

9. What layer of the Earth does convection currents occur in?

A. Crust C. Mantle
B. Outer Core D. Inner Core

10. Geological processes that occurs beneath the surface of the Earth.
A. Earthquake C. Exogenic
B. Endogenic D. Tectonism
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NAME: GRADE/SECTION:
DATE STARTED: DATE FINISHED:

WORKSHEET NO. 1
Source of Earth’s Internal Heat

DIRECTION: In the table below, fill in your definition and a real-life example.

TYPES OF HEAT TRANSFER Your Definition Real-Life Example

Conduction

Convection
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NAME: GRADE/SECTION:
DATE STARTED: DATE FINISHED:

WORKSHEET NO. 2
TYPES OF ROCKS

DIRECTION. Gather rocks in your surrounding and take a picture and answer the following questions.

PICTURE OF YOUR ROCK.

Name of the rock:

Type:

Color:

Size:

Where it is found?

How it is formed?

What are some uses?

What it is made of?

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NAME: GRADE/SECTION:
DATE STARTED: DATE FINISHED:

WORKSHEET NO. 3
TYPES OF ROCKS
DIRECTION: Label each blank below as igneous rocks, sedimentary rocks or metamorphic rock.

Answer the following questions:

1. How igneous rocks are formed?

2. What will happen to igneous rocks that undergo weathering and erosion?

3. How do sediments become sedimentary rock?

4. What forces cause sedimentary rocks to be transformed into metamorphic rocks?

5. How can metamorphic rock be transformed into igneous rocks? __________________________