Earth Science- Grade 11

I. Introductory Concept

Rocks and minerals are all around us. Rocks are defined as solid mass of
geological materials which include mineral crystals, organic and inorganic materials.
Rocks are made up of different types of minerals. Minerals are everywhere, from
gemstones in jewelry, to marbles in buildings, to microprocessors in computers.
Every single item in our houses are a product of mining rocks and minerals. Rocks
and minerals play valuable role in natural systems as well as it contributes to the
beauty and wonderment of the surroundings.

In this Learning packet, you will learn more about the classification of rocks
and minerals that are important to society.

II. Learning Competencies

 Classify rocks into igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic. (S11ES-Ic-6)
 Identify the minerals important to society. (S11ES-Ic-7)

III. Activities
ACTIVITY 1 YOU ROCK MY WORLD!
Directions. Study the rock samples below. Determine the rock being described in
the statements below. Write the letter of your answer on the space
provided before each number (For items 1-5 only).

A B C

_______ 1. It is made up of sand, shell, pebbles and other materials such as coal.
_______ 2. It has a ribbon-like layer caused by heat and pressure.
_______ 3. Fossils are usually found in this rock.
_______ 4. It forms when magma cools and hardens.
_______ 5. It has bands of minerals over their surfaces known as foliations.

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 6. Which picture illustrates igneous rock? sedimentary rock? metamorphic rock?
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________

7. Differentiate igneous, sedimentary and metamorphic rocks. Take your answers

from the descriptions above.
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________

ACTIVITY 2 LET ME KNOW THE DIFFERENCE!

Directions. Differentiate igneous, sedimentary and metamorphic rocks using the

Venn diagram.

Igneous Sedimentary

Metamorphic

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 Analysis
Directions. Create a concept map on Rocks and Its Classifications by completing
the
concept map below. Choose your answers from the box below.

Concept Mapping: Rocks & Its Classifications

Rocks

Igneous Sedimentary Metamorphic

Pressure Biological matter Lava cools quickly

Clastic Maybe vesicular Compacted sediments

Extrusive Classified by size Contains air bubbles

Rocks Large crystals form Small or no crystals form

heat Evaporates Magma cools slowly

Contact Building blocks of Classified on how they

are formed
Intrusive Non-clastic

Mineral Regional Precipitates

Forms from cooling and Rocks change due to Generally forms from the
solidification of lava or temperature and/or compaction and
magma pressure change cementation of sediments

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 Abstraction

A rock is an aggregate of one or more minerals. It can be monomineralic or

polymineralic. A monomineralic rock is composed of one type of mineral only.
Examples are marble (made up of calcite) and quartzite (made up of silicon dioxide).
While a polymineralic rock is composed of more than one type of mineral. Example is
granite (made up of quartz and feldspar). Igneous, metamorphic and sedimentary are
the three types of rocks.

1. IGNEOUS ROCKS - are formed when magma have cooled down. There are
two types of igneous rocks: intrusive or plutonic and extrusive or volcanic.
 Intrusive igneous rocks crystallize below Earth's surface, and the slow
cooling that occurs there allows large crystals to form. Examples of
intrusive igneous rocks are diorite, gabbro, granite, pegmatite, and
peridotite.
 Extrusive igneous rocks erupt onto the surface, where they cool quickly to
form small crystals. Examples include basalt, rhyolite, andesite, dacite,
pumice, scoria, komatiite and obsidian.

2. SEDIMENTARY ROCKS - are formed by the accumulation of other eroded

substances. There are three basic types of sedimentary rocks.
 Clastic sedimentary rocks such as breccia, conglomerate, sandstone,
mudstone, siltstone, and shale are formed from mechanical weathering
debris.
 Chemical sedimentary rocks, such as halite, iron ore, chert, flint,
some dolomites, gypsum, and some limestones, form when dissolved
materials precipitate from solution.
 Organic sedimentary rocks such as coal, some dolomites, and
some limestones, form from the accumulation of plant or animal debris.

3. METAMORPHIC ROCKS - are formed when rocks change their original

shape and form due to intense heat or pressure. There are two basic types of
metamorphic rocks.
 Foliated metamorphic rocks such as gneiss, phyllite, schist,
and slate have a layered or banded appearance that is produced by
exposure to heat and directed pressure.
 Non-foliated metamorphic rocks such as hornfels, marble, quartzite, and
novaculite do not have a layered or banded appearance.

Application
Direction. Classify the sample rocks according to its sub-type. For Igneous rocks:
intrusive or extrusive, for sedimentary: clastic, chemical or organic and for
metamorphic: foliated or non-foliated. Write your answers on the space
provided for each type of rock.

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 Igneous Rocks Sedimentary Rocks Metamorphic Rocks

___________
___________ __________

___________

___________ __________
___________

___________ __________ ___________

ACTIVITY 3. ONLY IN THE PHILIPPINES

Directions. Read the information below. Then, fill up the table with the needed
information.

Do you know that the Philippines has large reserves of various kinds of
minerals? In fact, it is the fifth richest country in the world in terms of minerals, such
as gold, nickel, copper, and chromite. The reason for this abundance is its location
along the circum-Pacific Rim, where the processes of volcanism and plate
convergence caused the deposition of both metallic and non-metallic minerals.

The country’s mineral resources were estimated and valued around USD1.32
trillion worth of untapped mineral wealth from metallic and nonmetallic minerals
(Australian Trade and Investment Commision, 2021).

The metallic minerals include gold, copper, nickel, chromite and iron.
Benguet, Masbate, Camarines Norte, Compostela Valley, Agusan del Sur, and
Surigao del Norte have large deposits of gold and silver, Copper with gold and silver
deposits are found in Benguet, Cebu, Zamboanga del Norte and Nueva Viscaya,
Chromite deposits are located in Surigao del Norte and Samar. Large deposits of
nickel are found in Palawan, Zambales, Surigao del Norte and Surigao del Sur, as
well as Dinagat Island. Iron deposits are located in Leyte, Bulacan, Camarines Sur,
and Zamboanga.

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 The nonmetallic minerals include limestone, marble, gravel and sand, and
other quarry materials. Limestone deposits are found in Guimaras Island, La Union,
and Pangasinan and largest marble deposits are found in Romblon-the marble
capital of the Philippines. Cobrador Island has deposits of rare black gold and green
marbles.

Places in the Philippines

MINERALS Uses
abundant of these deposits
a. Metallic

b. Non-Metallic

Analysis
Direction: Answer the questions that follow.

1. What is the economic importance of these minerals?

___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________

2. Other than jewelry, why is gold important to society?

___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________

Abstraction

The earth’s crust is composed of many kinds of rocks, each of which is an

aggregate of one or more minerals. In geology, the term mineral describes any
naturally-occurring solid substance with an specific composition and crystal structure.
It is a pure inorganic substance that occurs naturally in the earth’s crust.

TYPES OF MINERALS & ITS ECONOMIC VALUE

Minerals that are of economic value can be classified as metallic or

nonmetallic. Metallic minerals are those from which valuable metals (e.g. iron,
copper) can be extracted for commercial use. Some important metallic minerals are:
hematite (a source of iron), bauxite (a source of aluminum), sphalerite (a source of
zinc) and galena (a source of lead). Metallic minerals occasionally but rarely occur as
a single element (e.g. native gold or copper).

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 Nonmetallic minerals are valuable, not for the metals they contain, but for
their properties as chemical compounds. Because they are commonly used in
industry, they are also often referred to as industrial minerals. They are classified
according to their use. Some industrial minerals are used as sources of important
chemicals (e.g. halite for sodium chloride and borax for borates). Some are used for
building materials (e.g. gypsum for plaster and kaolin for bricks). Others are used for
making fertilizers (e.g. apatite for phosphate and sylvite for potassium). Still others
are used as abrasives (e.g. diamond and corrundum).

TOP 10 MINERALS THAT HOLD THE KEY TO LIFE IN THE 21st CENTURY

1. COPPER is the most vital mineral to modern life, this is used in everything from
electrical wiring in households and cars to the saucepans in our kitchens.
2. PLATINUM serves a critical role in the circuit board of medical apparatus,
electrical and household gadgets, including fiber optic cables for
telecommunication devices. The metal is also critical in keeping people alive,
serving a huge role in pacemakers to transmit electrical impulses to stabilize
heartbeat.
3. IRON ORE is fundamental in creating railway tracks, which had long been a
central part of daily life. Not only they connect families and communities together,
but they serve business by transporting products, services and freight needed to
power the world.
4. SILVER known for its rarity and value, has many uses in our modern day lives.
Traditionally, used for jewelry and silverware, the precious metal is also resistant
to corrosion and oxidation making it extremely useful for other industries. In
addition, silver is the best thermal and electrical conductor of all the metals.
5. GOLD is the clear breadwinner when it comes to value. The precious metal,
which is basically worshipped across the global, is primarily used for luxury
purposes such as jewelry.
6. COBALT is estimated to become the commodity of the future as it is widely
expected to be used in the company’s new Powerwall innovation. This lustrous,
silvery blue metal is magnetic and is often alloyed with aluminum and nickel to
make powerful magnets.
7. BAUXITE is formed from a laterite soil that has been severely leached of silica
and other soluble materials in a wet tropical or subtropical climate. It is widely
used to make modern life work. It is primarily used to create aluminum.
8. LITHIUM a soft silvery metal has the lowest density of all metals and is often an
alloy with aluminum and magnesium to improve its strength, and in making them
lighter. This is used in everything from mobile phones, laptops, digital cameras
and electric vehicles. It is one of the most popular metals used in today’s modern
life. In fact, with the rise in popularity for electric cars, the global consumption for
lithium has more than doubled since 2012.
9. ZINC along with health reasons is vital for modern life because of its resistance to
corrosion. It is used to make many useful alloys including lead, tin, brass and
copper. Metallic zinc is also used to make dry cell batteries, roof cladding and die
castings.
10. POTASH plays a central role in helping feed the ever-growing population. About
95% of the world’s potash production is used as fertilizers, with the remaining

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 amount used for various chemicals. Derived from “pot ash”, which refers to plant
ashes soaked in water in a pot.

Application

Direction. Identify the kitchen materials labelled 1-14. Give the minerals present
in it.
Figure 1. Mineral Use in the Kitchen

(Source: https://prd-wret.s3.us-west-2.amazonaws.com/assets/palladium/production/s3fs
public/thumbnails/image/kitchen.png)

Materials Mineral Content/Composition

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.

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Activity 2: Rock Around the Rock Cycle
Part 1: Minerals, like salt, composed rocks. The types of rocks change with time. Discover how
these changes occur by rocking around the rock cycle. Read each group of sentences below and
fill in the blanks with the appropriate words. Write the comment in the corresponding blank.

Illustrated by Frances C. Morales

Part 2: Using the completed diagram, how are igneous, sedimentary and metamorphic rocks
formed? __________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________

Activity 3: Rocks everywhere!

Study the beautiful landscape. What rock fragments or particles do you see? What forces in the
environment created them?

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 Image by: Joni S. Aborde

EXPLAIN:
Answer the following questions:
1. What is a rock?
2. What is a mineral? What are its characteristics?
3. What are the types of rocks? How are the different types of rocks formed?
4. How are rock fragments or particles transferred to different locations?

ELABORATE:

WHAT ARE MINERALS?

Minerals are inorganic substances found in the natural world. They have a different
chemical makeup. A solid crystal is formed when molecules in a mineral are organized in a
repeating pattern. These molecules are made up of atoms of different elements bound together
by chemical bonds. A mineral's physical and chemical properties are influenced by the type and
amount of elements present.

Properties of Minerals

The chemical properties of minerals comprise their chemical composition. Gold is made
up of only gold atoms, and diamond is only made up of carbon atoms. But most minerals are
made up of chemical compounds, and each of them has a unique chemical formula. For
example, quartz is a silicate mineral composed of two oxygen atoms bonded with silicon dioxide
(SiO2). At the same time, feldspar is a silicate of aluminum plus any elements sodium,
potassium, iron, calcium, or barium or their combinations. The basic building block for all silicate
minerals is the anion silica, SiO4.

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 Table 2 gives the seven categories of minerals based on their chemical composition.
Minerals within the same group may exhibit similar characteristics.

Table 1. Categories of Minerals According to Chemical Composition

Group Name Composition Example minerals

Native elements only one element gold, diamond

SiO4 (silica) + one or more other

Silicates quartz, feldspar
elements
Oxides O2 (oxide) + one or more other elements hematite, magnetite,
SO4 (sulfate) + one of more metallic
Sulfates gypsum, barite
elements
Sulfides S2 (sulfide) + one or more other elements pyrite, galena
CO3 (carbonate) + one or more metallic
Carbonates calcite, dolomite
element
Halides halogen + one or more elements halite, chlorite

Minerals' chemical composition is reflected in their physical characteristics, which are

used to identify them. These physical properties are given below:

1. Color and streak

Every mineral has its distinctive color.
However, color alone is not enough to identify
a mineral correctly because some minerals
may have similar colors. A more reliable test is
the streak test. A mineral is rubbed against a
piece of porcelain in this test. A mineral's
powder form gives it a streak of color.
https://geology.com/minerals/streak-test.shtml
Figure 1. The streak of a mineral can be different from its color.

2. Luster
The luster of a mineral determines how well it reflects light. Metallic or non-metallic luster
can be seen in minerals. A polished metal's luster can be compared to a metallic luster. The
shine of non-metallic materials might be dull, pearly, silky, greasy, or glassy.

3. Hardness

On a scale of one to ten, the Mohs Scale of Hardness describes the hardness of certain
common minerals. A mineral's hardness is its resistance to scratching. It is usually compared
with common objects of known hardness in the Mohs Scale, as shown in Table 5.

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 Table 2. Mohs Scale of Hardness Table 3. Hardness of Some Common Objects
Hardness Common
Mineral Hardness
(in increasing order) Objects
Talc 1 fingernail 2.5
Gypsum 2 piece of
2.5 to 3.0
Calcite 3 copper
Fluorite 4 iron nail 4.5
Apatite 5 glass 5.5
Feldspar 6 steel file 6.5
Quartz 7 streak plate 7
Topaz 8
Corundum 9
Diamond 10

4. Density and Specific gravity

The amount of matter present in a given amount of space or volume is referred to as
density. The mass of a sample is measured on a scale, and the volume is calculated using the
water displacement method to ascertain mineral density. After that, the density is computed by
dividing the mass by the volume of water displaced.

Specific gravity is a measure of a mineral's density as compared to water. It is calculated

by dividing the density of a mineral by the density of water. A mineral with a specific gravity of 2
is twice as dense as water.

5. Crystal habit and form

Crystal habit is the growth pattern exhibited by mineral crystals, while crystal form is the
external shape of a mineral. Common crystal habits are cube or cubic, prismatic, bladed,
tabular, radial, botryoidal, fibrous, and dendritic. Figure 2 shows the characteristic appearance
of these crystal habits and forms.

6. Cleavage and fracture

The tendency of a mineral to break along layers of weak points that form flat surfaces is
called cleavage. A fracture refers to the chipping shape of a mineral when broken.

7. Diaphaneity
Also known as transparency, diaphaneity is the degree to which the mineral transmits
light. It can be described as opaque, translucent, or transparent.

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From Minerals to Rocks

Rocks are formed by aggregation or collection of one or more minerals. The minerals
present in a rock contribute to the general properties of the rock. This property is due to
minerals tend to retain their characteristics even when clustered with others. Minerals combine
through several processes to produce different rocks.

Igneous Rocks
Rock material in molten form is called magma or lava. Magma is found underneath the
Earth, while lava is found on the surface. When magma or lava hardens, igneous rock is
formed. Igneous rock can be intrusive or extrusive. An intrusive igneous rock forms beneath the
surface, while extrusive igneous rock forms at the surface of the Earth. Hardening magma is an
intrusive igneous rock, while hardened lava is an extrusive igneous rock.
Solidification is the process involved by which hot molten rocks are cooled and
hardened. The texture of igneous rocks is affected by how long the solidification of molten
material takes place. Slower solidification forms larger crystals and more coarse-grained rocks.
Igneous rocks are mostly composed of the same minerals but in varying proportions.
Examples of igneous rocks are shown below.

Image by: Joni S. Aborde Figure 2. Igneous rocks

Sedimentary Rocks
Weathered rock particles are carried to bodies of water through erosion. Over time,
these particles accumulate and form sediments. Sediments are then compacted due to
additional materials' pressure,
squeezing water and reducing
pore spaces. Silica, calcium
carbonate, and iron oxide act
as chemical deposits that
cement these materials
together. These processes
turn sediments into layers of
solid rock which is called
sedimentary rock. The Image by: Joni S. Aborde
Figure 3. Sedimentary rocks
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process of compaction and cementation of sediments is called lithification.

Metamorphic rocks

Rocks that are buried deep beneath the Earth are exposed to very high temperatures
and pressure. The high temperature and high-pressure environment change rocks' crystalline
structure and chemical properties without actually melting them. This process is known as
metamorphism. The
reorientation of rocks' original
crystalline structure gives
birth to a new type of rock –
the metamorphic rock.
Compared with the parent
rock, metamorphic rocks are
usually harder and more
compact. Image by: Joni S. Aborde
Figure 4. Metamorphic Rocks

How Rocks Change: The Rock Cycle

The Rock Cycle is a series of events that take place in rocks. Igneous rock can be
transformed into sedimentary or metamorphic rock. Sedimentary rocks can transform into
metamorphic or igneous rocks. Igneous or sedimentary rock can form from metamorphic rock.

Figure 5. The Rock Cycle

Source: https://opentextbc.ca/geology/chapter/3-1-the-rock-cycle/

Processes in the Rock Cycle

Weathering & Erosion

The wind and many other elements such as water, the sun, and temperature variations
are all present on the Earth's surface. These factors wear out and tear down objects over time.

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Sediment is the term for the bits and pieces of material that result. Sediment is then carried
away by the wind and water, often far from its original location. These processes of breakdown
and transport due to exposure to the environment are called weathering and erosion.
Weathering and erosion affect all rocks on the Earth's surface.

Compacting & Cementing

Over time, sediment accumulates in oceans, lakes, and valleys, eventually building up in
layers and weighing down the material underneath. This weight presses the sediment particles
together, compacting them. Water passing through the spaces between the particles helps
cement them together even more—this process of compacting and cementing sediment forms
sedimentary rock.

Heat & Pressure

Rocks are frequently dragged beneath the Earth's surface by motions in the crust, where
temperatures rise as they descend. Temperatures are hot enough to melt most rocks between
100 and 200 kilometers (62 and 124 miles) below the Earth's surface. However, a rock can
undergo fundamental changes while still solid, transforming from one kind to another without
melting before it reaches the melting point. Another element that can change rocks is the
pressure exerted from above by tons of other rocks; heat and pressure usually work together to
change the rocks beneath the Earth's surface. Metamorphism is the term for a change that
occurs due to growing temperature and pressure, and the resulting rock is known as a
metamorphic rock.

Melting
Much heat is required to melt a rock. The needed high temperatures are usually only
found deep within the Earth. Movements in the Earth's crust pull the rock down, and it gets
hotter and hotter as it goes deeper into the Earth. A rock melts at temperatures between 600
and 1,300 degrees Celsius (1,100 and 2,400 degrees Fahrenheit), transforming it into magma
(molten rock).

Cooling
When liquid magma cools, it solidifies into a solid – a rock. Igneous rock is any rock that
forms as a result of magma cooling. One igneous rock is formed when magma cools swiftly,
while another is formed when magma cools slowly.

Exogenic Processes

Weathering
Weathering is the breaking down of rocks into smaller particles. The exposure of rocks
to various temperatures, pressures, chemicals, and biological processes causes this process.
Mechanical or chemical weathering can occur.

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 Mechanical weathering happens when a
large rock breaks into pieces physically without
alteration in its chemical composition. For
instance, the root of a plant growing in a boulder
crack will eventually split the rock into smaller
parts. In colder countries, water that gets into the
pores of rock may freeze and then thaw. Alternate
freezing and thawing split rocks apart. In deserts,
too much heat causes rock particles to expand
andFigure 6. Plants growing in cracks of a big rock
contract
When cooled, alternate expansion and contraction
also break rocks. When you kick a piece of rock, and it crumbles down to pieces, you become
an agent of mechanical weathering.

Chemical weathering, on the other hand, necessitates a chemical reaction between rock
minerals and other environmental chemicals in order to break rocks. For example, the iron in
rocks may combine with oxygen in the water to generate rust, weakening and making the rocks
brittle, causing them to crumble. When
Image by: Joni S. Aborde carbon dioxide comes into touch with
limestone, a carbonate-containing rock,
it may disintegrate. Rainwater absorbs
carbon dioxide and transports it to the
Earth. The rock dissolves as
groundwater penetrates pores and
crevices in limestone. Gradually, an
opening forms, eventually leading to the
https://www.needpix.com/photo/587721/limestone-stalactite-sta-subterranean-caving-mountain-
speleology-stalgtite-stalagmite formation of a cave.
Figure 7. A cave is formed through decomposition of limestone.

Some minerals in rocks, such as calcite and halite, dissolve in water, causing their
molecules to break into ions and be transported away by the water. This renders the rock brittle
and fragile.

Sediments are made of fine, loose rock particles created by mechanical and chemical
weathering. The phrases sand, silt, and clay are used to characterize the particle size of
sediment. Sediments eventually convert into the soil, which is a highly valuable resource.
Weathered rock particles, organic materials, mineral pieces, water, and air make up soil.

Erosion and Deposition

Weathering reduces the size and weight of rocks, making them easier to move and
carry. Erosion is the process of rock fragments moving from one location to another. As erosion
agents carry the rock particles, they lose energy until they can no longer hold them. The rock

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sediments are then dumped in specific areas, usually at a lower height. Deposition is the
process of sediments being dropped off by erosion processes. Gravity, together with the other
erosion factors of water, wind, and glaciers, helps to facilitate erosion and deposition.

Agents of Erosion

Water
Rainwater that does not soak or evaporate rushes across the ground, dragging rock
fragments behind it. Surface runoff eventually finds its way into bodies of water, including
streams, lakes, and oceans. Sediments are picked up by water as it moves along. Lightweight
sediments float and are transported away by the current, while heavier particles roll down the
bottom. Large ocean waves pound the land's margins, eroding down the rocks. Sediments
deposited in ocean basins may lithify over time, forming sedimentary rocks.

Wind
The wind carries loose rock and soil particles away and deposits them elsewhere. The
wind can carry light particles over vast distances of thousands of kilometers. In deserts and arid
locations, strong winds can pick up bigger particles, resulting in sand storms. When a strong
wind lifts dry and fine soil particles, a dust storm might occur.

Glaciers
A glacier is a massive ice and snow mass that forms in colder climates. Glaciers erode
solid rocks and deposit eroded materials somewhere as they move across land. When a
glacier's ice melts, water seeps into the pores and fissures of the rock beneath it. Rock shards
are pulled by the ice and moved to different sites as water refreezes. Glacial erosion scars the
surface of the rock, leaving grooves and striations behind.

Gravity
Erosion and deposition are primarily driven by gravity. Gravity pulls soil and worn
materials down from high altitudes such as hills and mountains. On a steep slope, loose rocks
may tumble down and dump stuff at the base. Mass waste or mass movement refers to the
downslope movement of huge amounts of soil and rock particles due to gravity's action. Mass
waste can happen slowly or quickly.

EXTEND:

List down at least five rocks that are economically important in your community. Cite how
they are used. Use the format below.

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