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 PRAYER BEFORE STUDY
(St. Thomas Aquinas)

Lord, true source of light and wisdom,

give me keen sense of understanding,
a retentive memory and a capacity
to gasp things correctly.
Grant me the grace to be accurate in my expositions and
the skill to express myself with thoroughness and clarity.

Be with me at the start of my work,

guide its progress and bring it to
completion.
Grant this through Christ, our Lord. Amen.
St. Thomas Aquinas Pray for Us St. Gemma Galgani Pray for Us
St. Catherine of Alexandria Pray for Us St. Albert the Great Pray for Us
St. Joseph of Cupertino Pray for Us St. John Berchmans Pray for Us
St. Gregory the Great Pray for Us St. Aloysius Gonzaga Pray for Us
St. John Baptist de la Salle Pray for Us
St. Thèrése of Lisieux Pray for Us
By Himsan https://pixabay.com/get/5435d147435ba814f6da8c7dda7938f7f1636dfe2564c704f752f7ad79145c550_1280.jpg
2
MODULE
The Origin of Environment
and the Formation of Common
Minerals and Rocks

Minerals are important resources that must be sustained for present and future generations.

At the end of this lesson, the student should be able to

 identify the minerals important to society;
 describe how ore minerals are found, mined, and processed for human use; and
 describe how fossil fuels are formed.
  Olivaro II, J.T. et al (2018). Exploring Life Through Sciences SERIES: Earth Science. Manila, Philippines: Phoenix
Publishing House, Inc.
 Learning Guide (2018). Exploring Life Through Sciences SERIES: Earth Science. Manila, Philippines: Phoenix Publishing
House, Inc.Tarbuck et al (2009). Earth Science 12th ed. (Phil. Ed), PEARSON EDUCATION SOUTH ASIA PTE LTD

We use metals in most of our everyday items, such as phones, computers, cars, cutlery and infrastructure. Metals such as
iron and copper are common and used in many things, while others such as rare earth elements or indium are less common. All
metals have one thing in common – they are extracted from the ground. One rule is that “what can’t be grown, must be mined”.

Metals are extracted from minerals. Minerals are naturally occurring, inorganic, solid chemical compounds, which often
forms crystals. A rock is composed of one or several minerals. While all rocks contain metals, not all rocks are considered
valuable enough to mine. It is possible for rocks to contain so called mineralizations, which is a deposition of valuable minerals in
a large quantity. These depositions occur due to various geological processes. If a mineralization can be mined with profit,
considering all costs of mining and the value of the minerals on the market, it is called an ore.

Ore is rare in the crust. The geological formation processes are several and often complex, and no ore body is the same.
Trying to find ore is called mineral exploration, or just exploration. Exploration is done in many steps, and often takes several
years or even decades before an ore body can be defined and potentially mined. Few exploration projects lead to mining.
Intro to Ores and Minerals https://www.sgu.se/en/geointro/lecture-1/ Retrieved from September 16, 2020

Minerals have different properties thus, offers various applications. Almost all ingredients of the products we use at home
and the various improvements in infrastructures have used minerals. Its utilization has given ample benefits to humanity and the
society as a whole. Moreover, there are certain minerals that our body need so we can grow healthy and strong. Indeed, life would
not be comfortable and pleasant in the absence of minerals due to its significance to our daily life.
DIRECTION: Fit each word into a mineral-word shape puzzle. Beside those precious boxes are helpful clues for you to complete the task. Enjoy fitting minerals on the bo

MINERAL-
WORD
1. This mineral maintains a healthy immune system.
Talc
Gold
2. This metallic mineral is used as planting materials Zinc
for peacemakers, as treatment for rheumatoid arthritis, Coppe
r
other autoimmune disorders and cancer patients. Potas
h
3. This is used as a fertilizer to encourage water retention Calcit
e
in plants, increase crop yields, improve taste and help
Quarts
plants resist disease. Phosphate

4. It is use to produce fertilizer and also used in

animal feed supplements, food preservatives,
anti-corrosion agents, cosmetics, fungicides,
ceramics, water treatment and metallurgy.

5. It is the world’s main source of aluminium and gallium

DIRECTION: Fit each word into a mineral-word shape puzzle. Beside those precious boxes are helpful clues for you to complete the task. Enjoy fitting minerals on the bo

6. It is the softest mineral on Earth that is used in pulp, MINERAL-

WORD
paper and board industry. It is also used in talcum products
and ingredients in a range of personal care products. Talc
Gold
Zinc
7. It is found in pennies, MRI scanners and the Statue of Coppe
Liberty’s skin, this metal is also needed for firm skin, cartilage r
and ligaments. It has been used to disinfect wounds and treat Potas
infections. h
Calcit
e
8. It is the second most abundant mineral in the Earth’s Quarts
continental crust, after feldspar Phosphate

9. It was used in World War II for gun sights, specifically

in bomb sights and anti-aircraft weaponry. Also, experiments
have been conducted to use this for a cloak of invisibility.
Moreover, it has a wide range of applications, such as soil
remediation, soil stabilisation and concrete repair.

10. Without this mineral, soil would be poor and incapable of

holding nutrient elements like potassium, nitrogen, and
phosphorous, which are necessary for plant growth.
Read and analyze the concepts on your book on page 43 to 47.

Ore minerals, industrial minerals, and the gems are the

classifications of minerals that have been giving people in the
community an unending list of benefits. Ore minerals such as
bauxite, rutile, hematite, and chalcopyrite are the sources of our
most important metals. Metallic minerals such as aluminum,
copper, and magnesium are extracted from these ores. On the
other hand, clays, gypsum, potash, mica, calcium carbonate,
talc, halite and zeolite are a few well known industrial minerals
that offer a wide array of domestic and industrial applications.

Industrial minerals are defined as rocks or resources from

the Earth that are utilized because of their physical and chemical
characteristics (Schumaker et al. 1975,12) and not because of
their metal content and which are energy sources (Christidis,
2011,2). Clays, gypsum, potash, phosphates, mica, calcium
carbonate, talc, and zeolite are a few well known industrial
minerals.

Gems on the other hand like diamond, corundum varieties

(ruby and sapphire), beryl varieties (emerald, aquamarine, and
kunzite) and many other semiprecious gems are unearthed and
valued for their sparkle, beauty and its contribution to jewellery,
cosmetics and medicine.
Presented in a table is the list of important minerals that includes
ore minerals and their metals, industrial minerals and the gems.
Read closely so you can learn something new from it.
 MAIN IDEA:
Mineralsareimportantresourcesthatmustbe sustained for present and future generations.

MINERAL ROCK
WHAT IS ORE?

ORE naturally-occurring materials

METALLIC
S NONMETALLIC
 MAIN IDEA:
Mineralsareimportantresourcesthatmustbe sustained for present and future generations.

WHAT IS DEPOSIT?

DEa
PpoteOntialSoreI
T
b ody
 MAIN IDEA:
Mineralsareimportantresourcesthatmustbe sustained for present and future generations.

WHEN CAN A ROCK/MINERAL

CONSIDERED AN ORE?

1.) Overall chemical composition

2.) Percentage of extractable resources
with respect to its total volume
3.) Market value of the resource
IMPORTANCE OF
MINERALS
TO SOCIETY
With the advent of modern technologies, ore minerals and their metals,
industrial minerals and gems are carefully studied and converted into
products to provide society with more than a handful of benefits (Carambo
2017,7).
In medicine, minerals and metals are important elements and components
in making advancements in today’s biomedical enterprise. The elements
like calcium (Ca), iron (Fe), sodium (Na), magnesium (Mg), potassium (K),
aluminum (Al) and titanium oxide (TiO) are utilized to create drugs and
devices. Calcium carbonate (CaCO3), is a dietary supplement to be used
when the amount of calcium in the diet is not enough. We know that calcium
is needed by the body for healthy bones, muscles, nervous system, and
heart. Heartburn, acid indigestion and an upset stomach can be relieved
using calcium carbonate. Copper, was used in MRI scanners. Likewise, it
also kills bacteria, viruses, and fungi on contact thus, hospitals utilize it for
critical surfaces like door handles, bed rails, and chair armrests. Another
mineral with significant medical benefits is silver, an active ingredient in
some topical antibiotics, wound dressings, and medical devices. Silver
prevents bacterial growth and promotes healing. A small amount of silver
makes E. coli bacteria significantly more sensitive to commonly prescribed
antibiotics like penicillin. Moreover, the metal titanium is a critical
component in artificial joints because it is strong yet light and works well as
Figure 2.1 Importance of Minerals to Society
a substitute for bone. This metal is preferably used in the field of dentistry https://mineralseducationcoalition.org/wp-content/uploads/MoveMining-Earth-Ad-CIRCLE-Copy.jpg
specially in performing oral implants due to its biocompatibility, resistance to
corrosion and mechanical properties (Ozcan and Hammerle, 2012,5)

In agriculture a lot of minerals like gypsum (CaSO 4), zinc (Zn), potassium (K), phosphate (PO 43-), potash (KOH), and sulfur (S) are commonly utilized
as fertilizers to help crops yield better. Similarly, some of them are used as micronutrients in tissue culture and researches in biotechnology. Clay
mineral is also important in agriculture because it enriches the soil by holding nutrient elements like potassium, nitrogen, and phosphorous, which are
necessary for plant growth. In addition, clay was utilized in medicine because of its antibacterial properties (Williams and Haydel 2010,745-770). In
cosmetic industries, talc (Mg3Si4O10(OH)2), bentonite, steatite are the usual used minerals. These minerals are needed in making talcum powders,
lotions, creams, and other products. Talc which is the softest mineral, adsorbs microorganisms and other proteins. Bentonite adsorbs heavy metal.
Steatite provides luster required for a shiny skin. In the Middle East, Far East and North Africa, eye kohl, an ancient eye cosmetic has been used by
girls and mature women cosmetically for eye makeup and eye treatments against some diseases.
IMPORTANCE OF
MINERALS
TO SOCIETY
Most of these eye cosmetics that were sold came from the Libyan markets comes from Africa, Asia and Middle East and all are made from
stones containing elemental substances such lead, nickel, cadmium, and sulfur (Hardy, Walton and Ragini 2004, 2).
Metal-equipment industries have used metals to make many automobile devices and machineries that helped everyone in the society.
Metals are chosen due to their properties like hardness, ability to resist temperature and easily gets cold. These metals include copper (Cu),
gold (Au), zinc (Zn), nickel (Ni), silver (Ag), aluminum (Al) and titanium (Ti). Moreover, metals are environmentally friendly. In the glass-
making industries, minerals like antimony, feldspar, lead, lithium, quartz, silica, sodium carbonate, tantalum, calcite, gypsum, muscovite
mica and orthoclase are the raw materials to be used. Sand is primarily composed of quartz or silica is the main ingredient of glass.
At present, the energy needs of the First World countries are becoming a challenge for they entirely rely on one energy source, the nuclear
power. Radioactive minerals like uranium (U) and plutonium(P) are utilized to generate nuclear power. Increasingly, physicians are opposing
the mining of uranium because it has a potential to cause a spectrum of adverse health effects like renal failure, weaken bone growth and
damage DNA (Dewar 2016, 469-471).
Plaster of Paris, granite, marble stone, rocks, sand and gravel and some other native metals are used in home construction. The glass in
windows is made up of a mineral called quartz and the tiles are made up of clay minerals. Cement on the other hand, is made up of various
minerals like clay and gypsum. Gypsum is needed to harden the cement and stay intact with pressure. Also, the use of by-product gypsum is
an important alternative in concrete design (Baohong Guan et al.2009, 1). The plumbing systems have used copper instead of lead because
of the potential hazards and poisons given off by the lead. Also, copper is used in electrical installations at home. Likewise, a lot of household
items are by products of minerals. For example, a can opener is made up of ore minerals called hematite, chromite, galena, and chalcopyrite.
The earliest finding of jewelry was dated around 25,000 years ago in a cave in Monaco. Jewelry in the past was made of feathers, bones,
shells, and colored pebbles and was worn as amulets to protect oneself from failures and diseases. These colored pebbles were called gems
and have been esteemed and prized in the jewellery business because of their beauty and durability (LeGrand 2012,2). Several jewelry
items that are manufactured today began as functional objects. Clasps that held clothing together give rise to the creation of pins and
brooches. A person’s identification, rank and authority in the community were made known to society because of rings and pendants.
Diamonds were not well-known until people in Europe in the year 1300’s learned how to cut them to show their brilliance. Ruby (corundum),
sapphire and emerald (beryl) and diamond are some of the traditional list of gemstones that were considered precious. Diamond (C) is a
hardest well-known gem that is a solid mineral form of pure carbon. Ruby and sapphire tie for the second-hardest precious stone with a
hardness of 9.0 as measured on Mohs scale. Both ruby and sapphire are made from the mineral corundum (Hughes 2016,452). Many people
believed that the gem’s beauty possesses an ounce of miraculous power. With the hope of conquering love, gaining wealth and power,
achieving emotional stability and regaining back health, some people all over the world need to own gems.
These are few of minerals that have contributed much to the society. With this tremendous list of importance, we can infer how vital the
minerals are in sustaining societal progress and development. Indeed, these minerals have made modern urbanization, industrialization and
communication systems very simple.
 IMPORTANCE OF
MINERALS
TO SOCIETY
NEWS REPORT ACTIVITY

Based on the news report on the previous slide, in your own understanding. How are
minerals important to society? or Are these minerals really important to us, society, and
environment?

Make a News report about the importance of minerals:

As a STEM student, how are minerals important to YOU and to the society?

Your answer to the question above must be in the form of a news report. Record
(Video) your self as a news reporter. You can use background music (optional) but
make sure I can hear your voice as crystal clear. DO NOT INSERT ANIMATION/
TRANSITION on your video. NO NEED FOR COSTUME, just wear any decent/
presentable clothes.

Save/upload your video/output in your google drive and just share the link to me on
this email address: teecher.aldz@gmail.com

Ores are natural rocks or sediments that hold one or more
valuable minerals, mostly metals, that can be mined, processed
and sold at a great price (Thalhammer 2008, 10). They are
contained inside the Earth in a limited quantity because its
creation and deposition would take millions of years. Ore
genesis, the process by which a deposit of ore is created has
three major types: internal processes, hydrothermal
processes, and surficial processes. Internal processes
include geologic activity such as when volcanoes bring ore
from deep in the planet to the surface. Hydrothermal process
happens when seawater circulates through cracks in Earth’s
crust and deposits minerals in the areas around hydrothermal
vents.
Hydrothermal vents are cracks on the seafloor where
seawater meets magma. Finally, ore can accumulate through
processes that happen on the surface of Earth, like erosion.
This type of ore genesis is referred to as surficial process
(Evans 1993, 403)
Aside from ore genesis, ore minerals can also be deposited
to the Earth because of the rocky fragments or debris from the
solar system that fall. These pieces of fragments, that enter
the Earth’s atmosphere are called meteorites or what we
known as “shooting stars”. Countless meteorites contain large
amounts of iron ore where we could extract metallic iron for
industry and infrastructure purposes.
Moreover, ore minerals can be found in the Earth's surface
or to its crust and at the ocean floor. Quarts, mica and
olivine are some of the silicate rocks that are frequently found
on the surface of the Earth. Likewise, igneous rocks (granite,
gabbro and basalt), metamorphic rocks (gneiss, schist and
amphibolite) and sedimentary rocks (sandstone, shale, and
limestone) can also be found on the Earth’s crust (Williams
2013, 3).
In the ocean floor or the “seabed”, the presence of various
ore minerals can also be found since the ocean floor itself is
made up of crystallized matter from silicate magma known as
mafic rocks. Moreover, numerous Volcanic Massive Sulfide
(VMS) deposits can be observed in the ocean floor which are
rich in ore that can be mined for its resources. Minerals found
under the seabed include gabbro, basalt, serpentine,
peridotite, olivine and ore minerals from Volcanic Massive
Sulfide deposits. Franklin, J.M.; Sangster, D.M.; Lydon, J.W.;
1981,485-627)
Ore is a nonrenewable resource and since modern societies rely so much on its use in infrastructure and
industry, miners need to find new ore deposits to withstand its increasing demand. With this, mining enthusiasts
have trekked every part of the world and even explore the ocean’s depth, in search for these ores.
Mining is the process of extracting the valuable materials from the Earth. In the Philippines, mining is a growing
and promising industry. According to the Mines and Geosciences Bureau’s (MGB) Mining Facts and Figures, our
country is acknowledged as the largest copper-gold deposits of the world and the fifth mineral-rich country of the
world for gold, copper, nickel and chromite. In 2018, our country was the world’s second-largest producer of
nickel ore and sold most of its output to its top buyer China. The Northern Central and Southern part of
Mindanao were identified as rich in chromium, copper and gold deposits. Also, there are about 40 metallic mines
and 62 non-metallic mines operating in the Philippines, however, only 1.4% of these were covered by mining
permits according to the 2016 record of the bureau. These mining companies have used the two main mining
methods; surface mining and underground mining.
In surface mining, minerals are extracted near the Earth’s surface. This includes six (6) processes; strip mining,
placer mining, mountain top, hydraulic mining, dredging and open pit. In an underground mining, ores are
taken out from the ground by digging. This includes five (5) processes; slope mining, hard-rock, drift mining,
shaft and bore-hole process.
These mining techniques have unearthed a lot of mineral deposits from the Earth and have
given man countless benefits. A fact that an ore is always mixed with unwanted rocks and
minerals known as gangue, these two can still be separated by mechanical or manual
processes (Hassan 2010,2).
Metallurgy is a process used to extract metals in their pure form. A substance called flux is
added to remove the gangue (impurities). There are classifications under the metallurgical
process. The first process in metallurgy is crushing and grinding of ores into a fine
powder (pulverization) in a crusher or ball mill. Second process is called ore dressing or
the process of removing impurities from ore. Third is doing the hydrolytic method wherein
ores are poured over a sloping, vibrating corrugated table with grooves of which a jet water
flowed over the surface. This allows the denser particles to settle in the grooves and
washed away the impurities. Fourth is to do magnetic separation in which the crushed ore
is placed on a conveyor belt with two wheels. One of the wheels is magnetic and therefore
attracts magnetic particles and those non-magnetic particles just fall apart. The fifth
classification is called froth floatation in which the crushed ore are placed in a large tank
that contains oil and water, then a current of compressed air will passed through to wet the
ore and separates the impurities in the form of froth. Because the ore is lighter, it floats and
left the impurities behind. Roasting and calcination is the last method in which a
concentrated ore is heated in the presence of oxygen (roasting) and is usually applied to
sulfide ores. For ores containing carbonate or hydrated oxides, heating is done in the
absence of air to melt the ores, and this process is known as calcination. Chalcocite, galena
and sphalerite and other metals combined with sulfur were exposed to this process to yield
copper, zinc and iron (Gill 2018, 1-5)
After all these processes utilization follows. Man, further purified or mixed these metals
with other metals like what happened in a copper refinery or steel mill. Others are
utilized by people in jewellery business using the gold ores. Majority of these gold ores
were converted into jewelry and only small percentages were processed into electronic
equipment, coins and dental fillings. Likewise, since these ore minerals generate
valuable metals, they were considered a big help in infrastructure, trade and industry
that in turn have boosted the country’s economic health status in the world.
 1. Minerals are ore, solid, naturally formed by inorganic process, has specific chemical composition and has crystalline
structure.

2. Minerals are classified as ore minerals, industrial minerals and gems are the classifications of minerals.

3. Ore is a nonrenewable resource. Ore minerals such as galena, sphalerite, pentlandite, bauxite, rutile, hematite,
chalcopyrite, bastnaesite, monazite, and loparite are carefully fragmented and chemically processed to yield useful
metals.

4. Clays, gypsum, potash, mica, calcium carbonate, talc, halite and zeolite are a few well known industrial minerals that
offer a wide array of domestic and industrial applications.

5. Gems on the other hand like diamond, corundum varieties (ruby and sapphire), beryl varieties (emerald, aquamarine,
and kunzite) and many other semiprecious gems are unearthed and valued for their sparkle, beauty and its contribution to
jewellery, cosmetics and health.

6. The human body cannot produce all of these essential minerals; thus, obtains all of these from a well-balanced diet.

7. Bentonite ore (Al2H2Na2O13Si4) is the principal source of tin and important in well drilling. Fluorite is important in making steel.
Barite (BaSO4) is used in oil drilling, filler in paint, glass and toothpaste. Chalcopyrite (CuFeS2) is used to make electrical
wiring, motors, appliances, piping and in metal alloys. Galena (PbS) is used in automotive batteries, paint and additive in
gasoline. Limestone (CaCO3) is used as building stone, for kitchen surfaces, sculpture and cement. Sand (SiO2) has domestic
and industrial application. Halite, normally branded as rock salt, is a type of salt with the mineral form of sodium chloride
(NaCl). Gypsum (CaSO4·2H2O) is primarily used in making wallboard and an ingredient in cement.

8. Our appliances, gadgets and smartphones have used the rare Earth elements like Lanthanum (La), Cerium (Ce),
Praseodymium (Pr), Neodymium (Nd) and Europium (Eu).

9. Diamond is the hardest metal and thus, it used in cutting glass and drilling rocks. It is also considered as most expensive
gemstone that everyone loves because diamond lasts forever.

10. Ore genesis, the process by which a deposit of ore is created has three major types: internal processes, hydrothermal
processes, and surficial processes.
11. Mining is the process of extracting the valuable materials from the Earth.
Directions: You are task to make a slogan about how ore
minerals are found, mined, processed for human use. A slogan is
a memorable expression of an idea or purpose, with
the goal of persuading citizens in the society. Please be guided by
the steps below on how to make an effective slogan. Enjoy
crafting!

Steps in Making an Effective Slogan

1.Highlight your significant idea/point.

2.Keep it short.

3.Give your point some 3 R’s; rhythm, rhyme and ring

These 3 steps can help you create a slogan that is pleasing to the ear.