Republic of the Philippines

Aklan State University

School/College of Arts and Sciences
Banga, Aklan

Vision: An Academic Pillar of Excellence (APEx) for Sustainable Development

Mission: Aklan State University is committed to offer degree and non-degree curricular
in agriculture, forestry, arts and sciences, engineering and technology, education
and veterinary medicine to produce globally competent professionals, leaders
and entrepreneurs through technological breakthroughs in research,
efficacy of extension, and efficiency in production.

FCGB - General

Botany Prerequisites:

none Course credit: 5

units

Course Description: The course provides an introduction to the classification,

relationships, structures, and function of plants. Topics include reproduction and
development of seed and non-seed plants, levels of organization, form and functions of
systems, and a survey of major taxa. The laboratory exercises are coordinated with
lecture topics and may include field exercises.
 Module 1
lecture and laboratory

al Botany: An Introd
Prepared by:
Cherry R. Lariosa Instructor

Photo Source: https://

Learning Objectives

By the end of the lecture, the students must be able to:

 describe the field of botany
 summarize and discuss the features of plants that distinguish them from nonliving things

Botany

Encompasses the origin, diversity, structure, and internal processes of plants as well as
their relationships with biotic and abiotic organisms.

ific study of plants, including their physiology, structure, genetics, ecology, distribution, classification, and economic
 Based on your own understanding, answer the following:
What is a plant?
Plant is one of our main sources of life, they produce oxygen that give us clean air supply to breath, they also clean the water by absorbing Carbon Dioxide, they gi

How do you distinguish plants from animals?

Plants are far more different than animals, without plants there will be no existing animals in this world, because of the fact that plants is their first source of energy

What are the benefits of plants in your everyday life?

Plants give me a sense of relief, i mean i prefer being surrounded by nature over industrial buildings and cities. They give me clothes to wear, foods to eat, and abo
Plants and People

Plants produce various organic chemicals which have significant contribution in pharmaceutical industry.

Most people rely on plants for food and in making our food taste better.

People were dependent upon plants for fibers and building materials before synthetic
products were produced.

Protects people and other organisms during calamities in terrestrial or coastal areas.

Aesthetic purposes that provides sense of relief in the environment.

In history, the spices were an important commodity globally which attracted different
races to colonize other states, including the Philippines.

Today, spices and herbs are grown, packaged, priced, and easily distributed wherein
nearly everyone can afford a well-stocked spice shelf.
Identify these spices which are used globally from temperate to tropical countries. Which spices are you m

I am most
familiar with
every spices
here.
Carom Seed Red Chili Coriander

Paprika Cinnamon Sesamum Indicum

Photo Source: Barry Wong

Nutmeg Turmeric Powder Bay Leaves

Characteristics of Plants

Plants are highly organized

An atom is the smallest particle of an element that possesses the properties of that element. Atoms combi
A molecule can be composed of two or more atoms of a single element or different elements. Molecules, i
Macromolecule is a large biological molecules such as proteins and nucleic acids.
Macromolecules associate with one another to form compartments called organelles within cells.
Organelles associate to form the cell. Cells are organized into tissues.
Tissues are organized into organs which are the functional units that perform specific roles.
Organs make up the plant organisms.
Biological organization at ecological level:

Population: groups of members of the same species that live together in the same area
at the same time
Community: all the populations of different organisms that live and interact within
an area
Ecosystem: a community together with its nonliving environment

Photo source: Doterra.com

Levels of biological organization from atoms to ecosystem

Plants take in and use energy

Plants perform photosynthesis, wherein radiant energy from the environment is

converted to chemical energy that are manufactured from carbon dioxide and water and
produces oxygen. Cellular respiration is a process which energy of organic molecules is
released for biological work.
The energy can be transferred from one organism to another.

Plants respond to stimuli

Stimuli to which plants respond include changes in

the direction, color, or luminosity of light; in temperature or
in the orientation toward gravity; and in the chemical
composition of the surrounding soil, air, or water.

Photo source: Berg, 2008

Plants grow and develop

Growth is a part of development, which includes all the changes in a plant or other
organism from the start of its life through its juvenile and mature stage to its death.
Growth in plants results from both an increase in the number of cells and an
increase in the size of cells.

Photo source: Bezvershenko

 Plants reproduce

Reproduction, the formation of a new

individual by sexual or asexual means, is the
most distinctive characteristic of life.
Asexual reproduction does not involve
the union of gametes; while sexual reproduction
in plants involves the union of gametes that may
or may not come from two separate individuals.

Photo source: Doterra.com

Plants undergo genetic changes

Every organism contains many interdependent adaptations that help it survive in

the particular environment.
Adaptations are characteristics
that enable an organism to better survive
in a certain environment. Adaptations
may involve changes in structure, form,
or function.
Evolution is the process by which
organisms adapt to their environment
over time, and is the genetic change in
a population of organisms from
generation to generation. Evolutionary
processes typically require long periods
Photo source: Dashorst
of time and occur over many generations.

Plant DNA transmits information

Information encoded in the DNA of plants is transmitted from one generation to the
next during the process of reproduction.
Activity 1
Identify what plant species have adapted to these different conditions.
anoxic soils
freshwater environment estuarine environment
 Mangroves
Water Lilies Mangroves
Algae
 White Lotus Cord Grass
Duckweed  Cattail Eel Grass

extreme heat conditions marine environment aerial environment

Prickly Pear Cacti Sea Anemones Tiilandsia ionantha
Barrel Cactus Seaweed Tillandsia caout-medusa
Organ Pipe Cactus Marsh Grasses Tillandsia andreana

Activity 2
Take photo or draw five plant species that are regularly used/consumed in your
household. Describe each and provide what their uses are.

Plant species: Oregano Plant species: Ginger

Description:Is a flowering plant in the
mint family. It is native to temperate
Western and Southwestern Eurasia and
the Mediterranean region.
Uses: The leaf is used to make
medicine
for respiratory tract disorders such as
coughs, asthma, croup, and bronchitis.
Description:Ginger is a flowering
plant whose rhizome, ginger root or
ginger, is widely used as a spice and a folk
medicine
Uses:Ginger is often associated with
Asian cooking, it is often used to flavor
Filipino soups and stews like chicken tinola.
 Plant
Plant species:
species: Lemongrass
Black Pepper Plant species:Calamansi
Description: is a perennial grass in the family poaceae grown for its fragrant leaves and stalks which are used as flavoring.
Uses: The leaves
Description: and the oilvine
it is a flowering areinused to make medicine. It is also used fresh or dried toDescription:
flavor foods. Calamansi grows
the family Piperaceae, cultivated for its natively in the Philippines. Calamansi
fruit, known as a peppercorn. trees bear small, orange-like fruits, dark
green foliage and white flowers.

Uses:It is usually used as an ingredient Uses:The fruit can be frozen whole and
in recipes to add flavor and spice to meats, used as ice cubes in beverages such as
fish, vegetables, salad dressings and more. tea, soft drinks, water, and cocktails.

Reference:
Berg, L. 2008. Introduction to Botany. Plants, People, and the Environment. Second
Edition. ISBN-13: 978-0-534-46669-5