Module 2

lecture and laboratory

Domains,
Kingdoms, and
Hierarchy of
Organisms
Prepared
by:
Cherry R.
Lariosa
Instructor
Photo Source: https://www.dreamstime.com/herbal-botanical-background-botany-decorative-flat-lay-composition-space-
text-image119105988

Learning Objectives

By the end of the lecture, the students must be able to:

 describe the field of botany
 summarize and discuss the features of plants that distinguish them from nonliving things
Learning Objectives
After the discussion, the students must be able to:
1. Distinguish among the six kingdoms and three domains
2. Classify hierarchy and perform proper naming of organisms

Biological Diversity
The science community is still uncertain of the different kinds of existing organisms, but most biologists
estimated that there are about 5 million to 10 million species. Currently, the known plant organisms encompasses
to more than 330,000 species.
Prokaryotes lack member-bound organelles and heterotrophic organisms obtain food by consuming
other organisms.

Prokaryotes Prokaryotes Eukaryotes

Eukaryotes Eukaryotes
Eukaryotes
Unicellular Unicellular Mainly
unicellular or Multicellular Multicellular Multicellular
Most are Most live in simple
Photosynthetic Heterotrophic
heterotrophic, extreme multicellular Heterotrophic
some are environments
Heterotrophic Cell walls of Nervous system Cell walls of
photosynthetic or
cellulose coordinates
chemosynthetic Differ in or chitin
responses to
biochemistry and photosynthetic
stimuli
Coccus, Bacillus in cell wall Cactus, Absorb
structure from Differ in succulent Frogs, Monkeys nutrients
bacteria biochemistry
and in cell wall Molds, yeasts
structure from
Staphylothermus, bacteria
Thermoproteus
Algae, water
molds

Fig 1. The three domains of life and six kingdoms Source: Berg, 2008
Plant Classification
Photo Source: Shuttershock
Domain: Eukarya
Kingdom: Plantae
Phylum: Anthophyta
Class: Monocotyledones
Order: Commelinale
Family: Poaceae
Genus: Zea
Species: Zea mays:s
Domain: Eukarya
Kingdom: Plantae
Phylum:
Magnoliophyta
Class: Liliopsida
Order: Asparagales
Family: Liliaceae
Genus: Allium
Species:  Allium cepa
Photo Source: Emily Mccooke
Domain: Archaea
Kingdom: Archaea
Phylum: Crenarchaeota
Class: Thermoprotei
Order: Desulfurococcales
Family:
Desulfurococcaceae
Genus:
Staphylothermus
Species:
Staphylothermus marinus
Domain: Eukarya
Kingdom: Protista
Phylum: Plasmodroma
Class: Sarcodina
Order: Amoebida  Class: Thermoprotei
Family: Amoebidae
Genus: Amoeba
Species:
Amoeba  proteus
Photo Source: Kok Onn Kwong
Domain: Bacteria
Kingdom: Bacteria
Phylum: Firmicutes
Class: Bacilli
Order: Bacillales
Family: Bacillaceae
Genus: Bacillus
Species: Bacillus
subtilis
Domain: Archaea
Kingdom: Archaea
Phylum: Crenarchaeota
Order:
Desulfurococcales
Family:
Desulfurococcaceae
Genus:Aeropyrum
Species:
Aeropyrum pernix
Domain: Eukarya
Kingdom: Fungi

Phylum: Basidiomycota
Class: Agaricomycetes

Order: Agaricales

Family: Agaricaceae
Genus: Chlorophyllum

Species: Chlorophyllum
molybdite

Domain: Bacteria Kingdom:

Bacteria
Phylum: Firmicutes
Class: Bacilli
Order: Lactobacillales

Family: Lactobacillaceae

Genus: Lactobacillus

Species: Lactobacillus
acidophilus
Provide photo or draw the five common plants in your area. Classify each using proper taxonomy procedure on
the boxes provided above.

Classification
The orderly arrangement of organisms into groups.

Identification
The practical use of classification criteria to distinguish certain organisms from others, to verify the authenticity
or utility of a strain or a particular reaction, or to isolate and identify the organism that causes a disease.

Nomenclature
The means by which the characteristics of a species are defined and communicated among biologists.

Taxonomy
The science of classification, identification, and nomenclature. For classification purposes, organisms are
usually organized into subspecies, species, genera, families, and higher orders.

Species
Species is a distinct organism with certain characteristic features, or a group of organisms that resemble one
another closely in the most important features of their organization. Within one species, strains and subgroups
can differ by the disease they produce, their environmental habitat, and many other characteristics. Verification
of existing species and creation of new species should involve biochemical and other phenotypic criteria as well
as DNA relatedness.

Source: Baron, 1996

Review Questions

1. Briefly describe the field of botany.

 2. Compare and contrast the characteristics and features among three domains. The video can give
you additional information.

3. Suppose two plants are classified in the same genus and two other plant are classified into similar
class. Which pair of plant is more similar? Explain your answer.

Watch:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BnDRJAt-4aM&feature=share

References:
Baron, E.J. 1996. Medical Microbiology. Fourth Edition. Retrieved
from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK8406/
Berg, L. (2008). Introduction to Botany. Plants, People, and the Environment. Second Edition. ISBN-13:
978-0-534-46669-5